第一篇：參考資料：英文合同中常見的用詞及句型

第三章 英文合同中常見的用詞及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns）

I don’t care what their intention was.I only want to know what the words mean.A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged, it is the skin of a living thought and may vary greatly in color and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used.--Towne v.Eisner, 245 U.S.418, 425(1918)(Holmes, J.)我并不在意他們的意圖是什么，我只是想知道文字的意思。文字不是水晶般通明一成不變，而是活生生思想的外衣，會因使用的場合和時間在色彩和內容上產生巨大的變化。

—霍爾姆斯法官（美國）

英文合同中常見的用詞和句型有其相對固定的含義和用法，不僅可以幫助準確理解掌握合同條款的含義，而且這些成熟的表達方式可以為提高、完善草擬和翻譯合同所借鑒，達到事半功倍的效果。

第一節 合同常用詞(Usual Wording)

當大量接觸英文合同，就會發現英文合同中有些詞或短語出現的頻率非常高，往往影響或決定了對合同的準確理解，下面就分門別類從常見實詞和常見虛詞兩個方面進行具體介紹：

一、英文合同常用虛詞（Usual Function Words）1． Here/there/where+介詞構成的古體詞

基本規則：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介詞=介詞+this/that/which or what ? Hereby: by means of;by reason of this.特此，由此，茲等意。例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:買方向賣方訂購下列商品，條件如下：

? Herein：in this。此中，于此。

例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A.在此規定的最低特許權使用費應由乙方付給甲方。

? Hereinafter: later in the same Contract.以下，在下文。通常與 to be referred to as, referred as, called 連用。

例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______,(date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A)on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B)on the other hand.本協議書于____年___月___日由_____（以下簡稱甲方）為一方，與_____(以下簡稱乙方)為另一方簽訂。

? Hereof：of this。關于此點，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this.本文件規定。例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同雙方就本合同規定交易任一條款的適用和解釋所產生的所有爭議同意力求通過友好協商予以解決。

? Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 與之，向那里。

例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto.“特許產品”系指在本協議附件1中所述的裝置和產品，及其全部改進和修改的產品和與之相關的產品。? Herewith：with this.與此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，從而 例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.如果根據現行法律，本合同及與此有關文件中有一項或多項條款被視為無效或不能履行，本合同其余條款的效力和履行將不因此受影響。

? Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。

例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period o two years thereafter.本合作經營企業合同，此后應持續有效兩年。

? Therein: in that;in that particular context;in that respect.在那里；在那點上；在那方面。

例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.當在那里的建筑物實質完成時，該租賃房屋才認為適合占有居住。

? Therewith：with that.以此；此外。

例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.業主應賠償所有索賠、訴訟、損害賠償、支出、花費、費用，不論因本合同產生或與其相關，并保證承包人免于承擔上述責任。

? Whereby: by the agreement;by the following terms and conditions, etc.憑此協議，憑此條款等。

例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporation(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and BB Company(hereinafter referred to as Party B)whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本協議由AA公司（以下簡稱甲方）和BB公司（以下簡稱乙方）簽訂。雙方同意按下列條款進行補償貿易。（本句中省略未譯）

2． WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All Men by these presents，In witness Whereof, In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned.WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore用于英文合同前言部分，In witness Whereof用于合同結尾證明部分，在第二章篇章結構特點中已有涉及，恕不贅述。? In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此為證，特立此證。

例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____(date)accepted on _____(date).我方于__年__月__日簽署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受該文件，特此為證。? NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 茲特立約為據, 本句話也是用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協議事項。

例句：NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 茲特立約為據，并由訂約雙方協議如下：

l KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根據本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______(hereinafter called “the Bank”)will be bound unto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”)in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根據本文件，茲宣布，我行，（銀行名稱），其注冊地點在（以下簡稱本銀行）向（業主名稱）（以下簡稱本業主）立約擔保支付（金額數）的保證金。本保證書對本銀行及其繼受人和受讓人均具有約束力。l Undersigned:法律文件末尾的簽名者,前面加定冠詞the,是指文件簽署者的自稱。例句：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:茲經簽約的買賣雙方同意，按下列條款，達成這筆交易。

3． Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite.即使，盡管。

例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.即使有與本合同相悖的規定，保險范圍和責任限制應以合同各方同意為準。

例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.盡管有本合同第二條第二款規定，如上述第二條第一款規定的先決條件在合同期滿日之前既未實現又未放棄，合同各方亦可根據具體情況，約定合理延長合同的期滿日。

4． As

合同英語中as出現的頻率極高，而且用法靈活多變，是典型的自由人。在某種意義上講，as使用的熟練程度可以衡量合同英語的造詣。具體用法和含義見以下實例：

?

As 放在代表規定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等詞的過去分詞前，含義為“依照某某規定”。

例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.基于此，應依照本合同第四條第六款調整資金賬戶。

例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.基于本合同第五條第二款規定的各方在合資公司中的權益。

?

另有Except as otherwise provided結構，表示“除非本文/某條款另有規定”。

例句：Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.除非本合同另有規定，所有通知和請求以航空掛號信寄出則發出后8日應視為送達收悉，以電傳方式發出則在發送時視為收悉。?

As構成as the case may be（視具體情況而定），as the case may require（視具體要求而定）和 as the Venturers may determine等短語。

例句：The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.該合資公司視投資者決策，可隨時遷址或增添營業場所。?

As構成as of the date of ____(date)短語是英語合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表達。

例句：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written.合同雙方簽訂本文件，該文件自以上書就日期即時生效，特此為證。

?

As還用在as soon as practical短語中，意義用法相當于as soon as possible.例 句：During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter.本公司同意在聘用期間，應自本協議開始或其后盡早的時間向董事會推選受聘方為本公司董事。

As與 such連用是英文合同中一大特色，參看本書第二章第三節部分，在此不在贅述。

5.foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in question ? Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一般放在名詞前作限定，意為“前述的”或“上述的”，為避免重復已經提到的姓名或名稱。例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.本銀行將根據前述的句子以書面或電傳形式隨時及時通知借款方生效的利率。

例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in ____________.Both language versions are equally authentic.In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.本合同應以中文和_文書就，具同等法律效力。前述兩種文本如有歧異，以中文文本為準。

? In question: under consideration;being talk about.通常表示“在考慮或討論中的”某件事或某個問題，可譯為“這”或“該”問題。

例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.買方根據返銷或回購貨物合同的義務所支付的價格應為世界市場價格，結合考慮該貨物的其他交貨條件。

6.follows, as below, the following 這一族都表示“下列”，一般放在動詞后，而the following作為“下列”在英文合同中用的較少。這樣的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每個英文合同都少不了的。NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows;為此，雙方達成契約，約定如下：

NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.為此，雙方約定如下：

Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 茲以上述各點和契約所載條款為約因，訂約雙方協議如下：

7.according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with

這一族都表示“依照，根據”合同的約定或者法律的規定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最為常見。

例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.如未能達成和解，該案件可提交中國國際貿易仲裁委員會根據該仲裁委員會頒布的仲裁程序暫行規定進行仲裁。

又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.該合同設備的驗收證書的影印副本由雙方代表按照該合同第九章簽收。

再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.合同雙方應按照本合同附件中載明的項目進行出資。

8.Including but not limited to與including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation 英文合同表達“包括但不限于”時，就會用到這幾個短語。

例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.本合同規定賣方履行義務的時間應自動延長等同于由于直接或間接由于不可抗力事件導致的不能履行的期間。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火災、洪水、地震、臺風、自然災害和賣方無論怎樣也無法合理控制的阻止、妨礙、干擾本合同履行的其他風險和情形。

9.prior to, no later than, on or before，on and after

prior to, on or before，no later than, on or after常用在英文合同中限定日期，prior to表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no(not)later than,表示“不遲于”，On and after表示“從某日起”。

例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.自9月2O日起，甲方已無權接受任何定單或收據。例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.我公司的條件是，3個月內，即不得晚于5月1日，支付現金。

例如： Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December.本合同簽字之日一個月內，即不遲于12月15日，你方須將貨物裝船。

例如：10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.裝運前10天到15天，買方應以電報或電傳方式通知賣方合同編號、裝運船名，預計到達時間，裝載數量和承運代理商名稱，以便能使賣方直接聯系承運代理商安排貨物裝運。

此外，為限定時間更為明確，還常用inclusive、including和included，來限定含當日在內的時間。

例如： This credit expires till January1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.)本證在北京議付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在內，則為till and not including January 1。

10．Without prejudice to

Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不損害某規定/情況下”。

例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.不妨害買方索賠權，買方仍有權取消合同的部分或全部。

11．Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on account of，considering, in consideration of

這一組短語出現在英文合同中都表示“因為”，其中due to，owing to，because of較不正式，很少使用。

二、英文合同常見實詞(Content Words)1． Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee

在英文合同中這幾個詞都表示“保證”的含義。Represent 往往和warrant連用，出現在合同的聲明保證部分：

例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.買賣雙方保證并聲明沒有中介介入交易磋商，且保證賠償對方因中介引起的索賠并使其免受損害。

例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.根據離岸價格術語，賣方應保證根據在本合同第八條規定的時限內，按買方通知的日期，裝運貨物至買方指定船只。

例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.乙方保證機器設備未經使用，性能良好、品質卓越而且該設備能生產出鋼絲繩。

2.Principal place of business(principal office), domicile, business premise, registered office

在英文合同中，這幾個詞的意思分別是：“主營業地”、“住所地”、“營業場所”、“注冊地”。往往出現在前言的“parties”部分。

例如：This Contract made on April 1, 19--, at ______, China, between ABC Co.with its principal office at ______, China(hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co.with its principal office at______, USA(hereinafter called Party B).本合同于19**年4月1日于中國***簽訂，合同雙方為ABC公司（以下簡稱甲方），其主營業地位于中國***，和XYZ公司（以下簡稱乙方），其主營業地為美國***。例如：If franchisee is declared in default of the agreement, the franchiser has the right to conclude the terms of the agreement and also has the right, without notice to execute any dutiful and authorized acts, on the business premise necessary.如被特許方承認違約，許可方則有權終止該協議且有權未經通知在必要的營業場所采取任何盡責和授權行為。

例如：EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________(month), ____(year), by and between: _______(hereinafter referred to as the “Company”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______(hereinafter referred to as the “Employee”), an individual, with nationality of _________(Passport No._____)residing at ________________.本聘用協議訂立于*年*月*日，協議雙方為***（以下本公司），其按*州法律組織設立，注冊地為***，和***，自然人，國籍為*國，護照號碼為***，住址為***。例如： The Arbitration shall be conducted in the country of the domicile of the defendant.本仲裁應在被申請人住所地的國家進行。

3． Chapter, article, section, clause, paragraph, subparagraph

英文合同中的“章”、“條”、“款”、“項” 分別用chapter, article/section/clause, paragraph, subparagraph表示。例如：The Borrower further irrevocably consents to service of process upon it out of said courts in any such action or proceeding by mailing copies thereof by United Stated registered air mail, postage prepaid, to the Borrower at the address specified in Section 10.5 hereof.借款人進一步不可撤消同意上述法院就該事宜訴訟或程序的送達，接受按照本合同第十條第五款指定的借款人地址寄來的美國航空掛號信，郵資已付郵件中的副本。

4.Have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be(duly)authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do

這一組短語是都表示“有權做”。Be entitled to表示to give sb.the right to sth.(to sth.)體現該權利法律上的強制性。Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law體現法律上規定的權利。而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指經授權而有的權利，至于do sth.at one’s option or/and discretion則指行為人自主決定的權利。例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.盡管如此，買方有權撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨礙買方索賠權之行使。

例如：In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.在 上述第十四條第一款規定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行選擇決斷有權向乙方轉讓丙方或新公司的所有權及在建或竣工后基礎設施的所有權的全部或部分作為約定的固 定數額的違約金來替代計算賠償實際損害，但該轉讓應為丙方自己自愿實施的行為或根據二十三條的規定基于仲裁裁決的處分。

又如：The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.買方須于銷售確認書第三條所規定的日期之前開出本批交易的信用證。否則，售方有權不經通知取消本確認書，或接受買方對本銷售確認書未履行的全部或一部分，或對因此遭受的損失提出索賠。

再如：The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.甲方任命的監管人員及其代表應有權監督工程進度并發出指令。5．Perform, fulfill, execute, implement

英文合同表示合同履行時經常用到這幾個詞，perform表示to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract泛指雙方履行合同的各項責任和義務，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract強調合同一方具體履行合同的義務。Execute implement表示則強調具體實施，execute也有簽約、生效的用法。

例如：With respect to the outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No.79hp-106, we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract.We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc., who purchased LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quality.有關第79hp-106號合同項下180公噸的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款項，我方堅持要求貴方盡快開立信用證以保證合同的履行。我方在此提請貴方注意該事實，同時從我公司購買低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已經按先前的合同履行完義務，不久后，我方就提供了調整的價格并簽訂了一份產品品質優良的新合同。

例如：Each of the parties to this Agreement shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the transactions contemplated hereby and to fulfill and cause to be fulfilled the conditions to Closing under this Agreement including, without limitation, Parent using reasonable best efforts to obtain the Parent Stockholder Approval at the meeting of Parent's stockholders scheduled to be held on June 25, 1999 or at any adjournment or postponement thereof(the “June 25 Meeting”).Each party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute and deliver such other instruments and do and perform such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.合同任一方應竭盡全力來完成在此預期的交易并按本協議履行或促使交易的成交條件的履行。包括但不限于母公司盡力按日程在1999年6月25日召開的母公司股東會或該日期延后或休會期間通過母公司股東批準。本合同一方應在他方合理的要求下，應簽署并交付其他文件并切實履行本協議和預期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行為和事宜。例如：All disputes arising in connection with this contract or in the execution thereof, should be settled amicably through negotiations.所有與合同或合同履行有關的爭議，應通過友好協商解決。

例如：All expenses of keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise needed for the conduct of the Company's business shall be borne by the Company.所有履行本協議規定所要求的或其他本公司經營所需要的保存本公司賬冊記錄和準備財務報表的費用由本公司承擔。

6．Abide by, observe, obey, comply with

這幾個詞在英文合同中都表示“遵守，服從，”的意思。Comply with的主語通常是Sth.而observe和abide by則的主語通常是Sb.例如：The delivered equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.所交付的設備應由乙方安裝調試，應完全符合本合同的技術要求和工藝質量。例如：The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work.承包人必須遵守和服從與該工程有關的一切適用法律規章和條例。

7.have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do，be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for，在英文合同中這一組短語都表達“有責任、有義務”。Shall do sth.在第二章英文合同特點時，已經述及，在此不再贅述。其他短語的用法，參看下例：

例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.本公司沒有完全或隨附的任何法律義務向任何他人出售公司資產的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有權權益，或實現本公司或任一子公司的并購、合并或其他的重組或簽訂有關以上事項的協議。

例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing.RCII公司沒有任何書面或口頭上的法律義務來做以上的任何一項。

例3：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged/obligated to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.在危險或有毒貨物的情況下，賣方有義務照管確保其屬性安全且應在每一包裝上標注通常采用的標識。

Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.在買方通知的時限內，抵達裝運港后，賣方應對買方承擔全部責任并對諸如空倉費、延滯費等所有損失和費用負責。

The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.賣方對因任何不可抗力事件導致本買賣合同項下整批或部分貨物未能交付或延誤概不承擔責任。8.effect

在基礎英語中，effect一般作名詞，指效果、影響，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth.in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了這些基本用法外，effect還常用作動詞表示“實現”、“完成”的意思。例如：

This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties.本合同從雙方簽字之日起生效。

The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.匯票一經承兌交單，買方應在匯票到期時完成支付。

此外，當表達實際上，事實上的含義時，英文合同常用in effect, 而不是in fact.9．Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original

在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式幾份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有雙重雙份的意思，也常見in duplicate的用法，與此類似的還有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate（一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate（一式八份），in nonuplicate（一式九份），in decuplicate（一式十份）等等。

例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts.Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.本協議文本可同時簽署兩份或多份副本。每一副本應視為一份原件，所有副本一起應構成唯一同一文件。10．Incur

英文合同中incur指“招致，引起”，相當于基礎英語中的cause。通常以過去分詞incurred形式出現。例如：In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.如果她的年齡超過15歲，則由買方承擔因此產生的平均保險費以外的費用。

例如：No costs incurred in the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.產品的生產、銷售、分銷或開發引起的花費不得從被許可方的使用費中扣除。11．To-wit

作為法律專用語，to-wit的意思為“即”，相當于基礎英語中的“that is to say（i.e.）”。例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars($1,011,150.00)cash in hand paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain, sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the party of the second part, the following, to-wit:

茲證明（通常省略不譯）：茲以乙方支付甲方的一百零一萬一千一百五十美元現金和其他為約因，特此確認充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、轉讓***，對所有權向乙方作一般保證如下，即：

12．Sanction, approval, examination

英文合同表示審批、批準時，常常使用這幾個詞，sanction尤其專用于合同。

第三節 英語合同的常用句型(Sentence Patterns)

一、in the event that(短語為in the event of), in case(短語為in case of), providing(that), provided(that), on the conditions that, if(if and whenever), where, in so far as(insofar as), should, suppose/supposing（that）

在英文合同中，以上這些詞常用來引導條件從句表示“如果、假如”等情形，至于基礎英語中常用的“as long as”在英文合同非常鮮見。

如：In the event that the Contract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit(or Letter of Guarantee)the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.如果在信用證（或保函）開出后，合同總價或合同其他條款發生變化，業主應盡快安排對信用證（或保函）進行相應的修改。

如：In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.如上述專有技術的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的證據，則甲方不再承擔保密義務。如：15% of the above contract price, e.g.US $ 21, 000.00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract:甲方從乙方處收到以下技術資料和文件后30天內應信匯乙方上述合同總價的百分之十五，也就是兩萬一千美元，但該技術資料和文件應符合本合同要求。

如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s)it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party.任何一方可隨時更換自己委派的董事長、副董事長或董事，但必須書面通知合資公司和合資的另一方。需要注意的是，provided that通常語氣上有轉折的含義，不宜翻譯為“假如，如果”，譯為“但是”，則譯文過渡自然，符合漢語表達的規范。

Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果賣方并非因本合同第18條規定的不可抗力事件而未按合同規定的期限交貨，那么，只要賣方同意支付罰金，并由付款行從議付款中扣除，買方便同意賣方延期交貨。

句中出現兩處條件從句，should引導的從句屬于非真實條件句，即虛擬語氣，表示該條件發生的可能性很小，也就是說是當事人不希望出現的不利情況。而on condition that引導的條件從句，往往表示只要某情況出現，就如何如何。Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of the __ ordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.即使買賣公司*股普通股已經結束，只要該行為尚未履行完畢，本協議條款對雙方仍然完全有效。

In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.如果被許可方需要的工藝品涉及本許可將履行的標的，則該工藝品的費用和生產該工藝品的時耗應由被許可方承擔。

As an example, suppose that Stamps.com has a partnership agreement with a company called “Internet Marketing”.In this example, “Partner Name” would be “InternetMarketing”.試舉一例，如果Stamp.com公司與一家名叫Internet Marketing的公司有一合伙協議。本例中，該“合伙名稱就是“InternetMaketing”。

If and whenever the attorney at law designated by Party B comes to work with Party A, Party A shall offer all sufficient and necessary facilities, arrange the said legal counsel with an office, appoint a company officer to assist legal counsel with his function, provide relevant information and writ and print legal draft for such legal counsel.乙方律師到甲方工作時，甲方應充分給予安排，安排法律顧問辦公場所，選派干部協助律師工作，提供有關情況，繕寫打印稿件等。

相關鏈接：in no case, in no event, in the case of，in any case等。in no case和in no event表示“決不”即無論怎樣都不行。

例如：Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.船齡超過20年的買方概不接受。

In the case of 就什么來說，關于，in any case 無論如何

例如：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.關于危險或有毒貨物，賣方有義務照管確保其屬性安全且應在每一包裝上標注通常采用的標識。

第二篇：英文合同翻譯用詞——herein

四 herein

英文釋義:in this

中文譯詞:此中，于此

用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等時，使用該詞。如表示“本法（中）所稱的不正當競爭”，可譯為“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此處herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本協議（中）內容”，譯為“the Contents herein”，此處herein表示“in this Agreement”。

語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰所修飾詞.例1

Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當競爭

（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所稱

（3）refer to：是指

（4）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規定

（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：損害其他經營者的合法權益

（6）disturb the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經濟秩序

（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所稱的經營者 herein：in this Law

（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：從事商品經營或營利性服務 engage in：從事，be engaged in：忙于

參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經營者違反本法規定，損害其他經營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經濟秩序的行為。

本法所稱的經營者，是指從事商品經營或營利性服務（以下所稱商品包括服務）的法人、其他經濟組織和個人。

例2

This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注釋：

（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：茲制定本法

（2）maintain the foreign trade order：維護對外貿易秩序

（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促進社會主義市場經濟的健康發展

（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所稱對外貿易 herein：in this Law

（5）the international trade in services：國際服務貿易

參考譯文：

為了發展對外貿易，維護對外貿易秩序，促進社會主義市場經濟的健康發展，茲制定本法。本法所稱對外貿易，是指貨物進出口、技術進出口和國際服務貿易。

例3

The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注釋：

（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所稱

（2）limited liability company：有限責任公司

（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司

（4）within the territory of China：在中國境內

參考譯文：

本法所稱公司是指依照本法在中國境內設立的有限責任公司和股份有限公司。

例4

Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注釋：

（1）illegal gains：違法所得

（2）shall be confiscated：應當予以沒收

（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本決定規定

（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被沒收違法所得

（5）a fine imposed on：判處罰金

（6）property forfeited：沒收財產

（7）a civil compensation assumed by：承擔民事賠償責任

參考譯文：

犯本決定規定之罪有違法所得的，應當予以沒收。

犯本決定規定之罪，被沒收違法所得、判處罰金、沒收財產、承擔民事責任的，其財產不足以支付時，先承擔民事賠償責任。

例5

The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注釋：

（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交貨（…<指定裝運港>）

（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加運費（…<指定目的港>）

（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保險費加運費（……<指定目的港>）

（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)：《國際貿易術語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》

參考譯文：

除非本合同另有規定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均應依照國際商會制定的《國際貿易術語解釋通則（INCOTERMS）2000》辦理。

例6

Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注釋：

（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明確表示 herein：in this Agreement

（2）dispute：爭議

（3）controversy：糾紛

（4）difference：歧意

（5）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本協議雙方

（6）any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何違約及過失

（7）including but not limited to：包括，但不限于

（8）the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁條款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁條款 參考譯文：

除非另有明確表示，則由于執行本協議所引發或與本協議有關的協議雙方的所有爭議、糾紛或歧意，以及任何違約及過失（包括，但不限于有關本協議存續的爭議，仲裁條款有效性的爭議），如不能以友好協商的方式解決，則提交仲裁。

例7

The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause

2.2 of this Contract.注釋：

（1）the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行

（2）pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同規定的條件 herein：in this Contract

（3）on the Disbursement Date：在付款日

（4）credit the funds received：貸記入所收資金

（5）the Borrower：借款人

參考譯文：

代理行應按照本合同規定的條件，在付款日將所收資金貸記入借款人根據2.2款指定的帳戶。

第三篇：英文合同翻譯用詞——hereof

二 hereof

英文釋義: of this

中文譯詞:關于此點；在本文件中

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”時，使用該詞。例如表示本合同條件、條款時，可以說“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Works”。語法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。

hereof和thereof的區別：hereof強調“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。

例1

Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注釋：

（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不論港口習慣是否與本款規定相反，whether… or not：不論……是否

（2）the owner of the goods：貨方

（3）without interruption：無間斷地

（4）carrier：承運人

（5）in default on the provisions hereof：違反本款規定 hereof：of this Clause

參考譯文：

不論港口習慣是否與本款規定相反，貨方都應晝夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承運人需要），無間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對違反本款規定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應負擔賠償責任。

例2

Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注釋：

（1）foreign trade dealers：對外貿易經營者

（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所稱

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規定

（4）legal entity：法人

（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：從事對外貿易經營活動

參考譯文：

本法所稱對外貿易經營者，是指依照本法規定從事對外貿易經營活動的法人和其他組織。例3

The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注釋：

（1）a limited liability company：有限責任公司（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司

（3）provisions hereof：本法規定 hereof: of this Law（4）may be registered as：登記為 參考譯文：

設立有限責任公司、股份有限公司，必須符合本法規定的條件。符合本法規定的條件的，登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法規定的條件的，不得登記為有限責任公司或股份有限公司。例4

If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注釋：

（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因（2）arbitrator：仲裁員

（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規定（4）be selected or appointed：選定或指定 參考譯文：

仲裁員因回避或者其它原因不能履行職責的，應當依照本法規定重新選定或指定仲裁員。例5

In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注釋：

（1）conflict：相抵觸

（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前

（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法為準 hereof：of this Law 參考譯文：

本法施行前制定的有關仲裁的規定與本法的規定相抵觸的，以本法為準。例6

Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注釋：

（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：賠償義務機關（2）shall pay compensation：應當給予賠償（3）the claimant for compensation：賠償請求人

（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五條、第十六條 hereof：of this Law

（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有權申訴（6）claims compensation：要求賠償（7）apply to/ in：適用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.參考譯文：

賠償義務機關對依法確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規定的情形之一的，應當給予賠償。賠償請求人要求確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規定情形之一的，被要求的機關不予確認的，賠償請求人有權申訴。賠償請求人要求賠償，應當先向賠償義務機關提出。賠償程序適用本法第十條、第十一條、第十二條的規定。例7

If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注釋：

（1）arbitrator：仲裁員

（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八條 hereof：of this Law（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承擔法律責任（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委員會

（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：將其除名 參考譯文：

仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項規定的情形，情節嚴重的，或者有本法第五十八條第六項規定的情形的，應當依法承擔法律責任，仲裁委員會應當將其除名。例8

If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注釋：

（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行審批職責的有關主管部門

（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法條件（3）the company registration authorities：負責公司登記的主管部門（4）the requirements hereof：本法條件 hereof: of this Law（5）apply for reconsideration：申請復議

（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政訴訟 參考譯文：

依照本法，履行審批職責的有關主管部門，對符合本法條件的申請不予批準，或負責公司登記的主管部門不予登記，當事人可以依法申請復議或者提起行政訴訟。例9

This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and

companies limited by shares.注釋：

（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行為

（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規定 hereof: of this Decision 參考譯文：

有限責任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。例10

Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注釋：

（1）companies registered：已登記成立的公司

（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限責任公司規范意見》（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司規范意見》（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council國務院有關主管部門（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由國務院另行規定 參考譯文：

本法施行前已登記成立的公司，應依照法律、行政法規、地方性法規和國務院有關主管部門制定的《有限責任公司規范意見》，和《股份有限公司規范意見》，繼續保留。其中不完全具備本法規定的條件的，應當在規定的期限內達到本法規定的條件。具體實施辦法，由國務院另行規定。例11

Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注釋：

（1）unfair competition：不正當競爭（2）business operators：經營者（3）contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規定 the provisions hereof：本法規定 hereof：of this Law

（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法權益

（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經濟秩序

參考譯文：

本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經營者違反本法規定，損害其他經營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經濟秩序的行為。

第四篇：英文合同翻譯用詞——hereinafter

五 hereinafter

英文釋義:later in the same Contract 中文譯詞:以下,在下文 語法:一般與referred to as, called等詞組連用，以避免重復，置于這些詞組前面，與之緊鄰。

例1：

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注釋：

（1）in accordance with：under 根據

（2）Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業法

（3）Hereinafter：以下

（4）articles of association：合營公司章程（條款）

（5）hereby：特此

（6）formulate：prepare 制訂

參考譯文：

根據《中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業法》以及由公司（以下稱甲方）與公司（以下稱乙方）所訂的合資經營的合同，特制訂本公司章程。

例2

Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);

(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);

(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);

(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and

(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注釋：

(1)financial institution：金融機構(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：總行在中國境內的外國資本銀行。在中譯英時，這里的“外國資本銀行”，應理解成“外資銀行的子銀行”，英文為subsidiary banks，而不能簡單地譯成foreign banks，因為很少有一家外國銀行把自己的總部搬到國外，但在境外設立子銀行、子公司是經常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下簡稱外資銀行。

(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下簡稱外資銀行分行。(5)finance company：財務公司，這里應理解為金融公司，是指在商業銀行以外的專門從事抵押放款業務的金融企業。如果中文為會計事務所，則要譯成：accounting firm

(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下簡稱外資財務公司

(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下簡稱合資財務公司 參考譯文：

本條例所稱外資金融機構，是指依照中華人民共和國有關法律、法規的規定，經批準在中國境內設立和營業的下列金融機構：

（一）總行在中國境內的外國資本銀行（以下簡稱外資銀行）

（二）外國銀行在中國境內的分行（以下簡稱外資銀行分行）

（三）外國的金融機構同中國的金融機構在中國境內合資經營的銀行（以下簡稱合資銀行）

（四）總公司在中國境內的外國資本的財務公司（以下簡稱外資財務公司）

（五）外國的金融機構同中國的金融機構在中國境內合資經營的財務公司（以下簡稱合資財務公司）

例3

When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign

investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.注釋：(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已設立的中外合資經營企業，即現有的中外合資經營企業(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作經營企業(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外資企業

(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下簡稱外商投資企業

(5)shall have a record of making profits：應有盈利紀錄

參考譯文：

已設立的中外合資經營企業、中外合作經營企業，外資企業（以下稱為外商投資企業），如申請轉變為公司的，應有最近連續3年的盈利紀錄。

例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注釋：

（1）the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：對外貿易經濟合作部（以下簡稱外經貿部）（2）the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外經貿部門

（3）municipalities directly under the Central Government：直轄市

（4）the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan：計劃單列市

參考譯文：

申請設立投資公司，投資者應將下列文件經擬設立投資公司所在地的省、自治區、直轄市、計劃單列市外經貿部門審核同意后，報對外貿易經濟合作部（以下簡稱外經貿部）審查批準。

例5

These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the

People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the

qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注釋：（1）these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本條例 prepare：制定（2）the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中華人民共和國公司法》

（3）hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下簡稱《公司法》

（4）to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：確認公司的企業法

人資格（5）standardize the registration activities of companies：規范公司登記行為

參考譯文：

為了確認公司的企業法人資格，規范公司登記行為，依據《中華人民共和國公司法》（以下

簡稱《公司法》），制定本條例。

例6

In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to

absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign

companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as

foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations

(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the

principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares

with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注釋：（1）to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：進一步

擴大國際經濟合作和技術交流（2）to absorb foreign investment：引進外資

（3）to promote the development of socialist market economy：促進社會主義市場經濟的發展

（4）hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下簡稱外國股東 foreign shareholders：外國股東

（5）hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下簡稱中國股東

（6）within the territory of China：在中國境內

（7）a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投資股份有限公司參考譯文：

為進一步擴大國際經濟合作和技術交流，引進外資，促進社會主義市場經濟的發展，外國的公司、企業和其他經濟組織或個人（以下簡稱外國股東），按照平等互利的原則，可與中國的公司、企業或其他經濟組織（以下簡稱中國股東）在中國境內共同舉辦外商投資股份有限公司（以下簡稱公司）。

例7

In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.注釋：

（1）to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引進國外先進技術和管理經驗

（2）to establish investment company：設立投資公司

（3）hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下簡稱投資公司

（4）the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中國有關外國投資的法律、法規

參考譯文：

為了促進外國投資者來華投資，引進國外先進技術和管理經驗，允許外國投資者根據中國有關外國投資的法律、法規及本規定，在中國設立投資公司（以下簡稱投資公司）。例8

These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant

companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign

enterprises”).注釋：

（1）these Detailed Rules：本實施細則

（2）apply（to）：vi.適用于 More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.（3）the resident representative offices：常駐代表機構

（4）shipping agents：貨運代理商

（5）consultant company：咨詢公司

（6）advertising agency：廣告公司

（7）leasing company：租賃公司

（8）hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下簡稱外國企業 參考譯文：

本實施細則適用于外國貿易商、制造廠商、貨運代理商、承包商、咨詢公司、廣告公司、投資公司、租賃公司和其他經濟貿易組織（以下簡稱外國企業）在中華人民共和國境內設立的常駐代表機構。

例9

A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities

directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized

Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the

municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注釋：

（1）its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授權的對外經濟貿易委員會

（2）hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下簡稱審批機關 Examination-Approval Authorities：審批機關

（3）register with：辦理登記手續

（4）the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：國家工商行政管理局

（5）its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授權的（各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市）工商行政管理局

參考譯文：

外國企業申請在中華人民共和國境內成立常設代表機構，應經對外貿易經濟合作部或其授權的各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市對外經濟貿易委員會（廳）（以下簡稱審批機關）批準，并在中華人民共和國國家工商行政管理局或其授權的各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市工商行政管理局（以下簡稱登記機關）辦理登記手續。

第五篇：英文合同翻譯用詞——hereby

一.hereby

英文釋義:by means of , by reason of this

中文譯詞:特此,因此,茲

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、協議書等正式文件的開頭語；在條款中需要強調時也可用。語法：一般置于主語后,緊鄰主語.例1：

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.參考譯文:

業主特此立約保證在合同規定的期限內,按合同規定的方式向承包人支付合同價,或合同規定的其它應支付的款項,以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。

注釋:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立約,簽訂合同、條約;n.legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工

(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價,指工程的總造價

(6)such...as: 關系代詞,相當于that, which

(7)under: in accordance with 根據,按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款

例2：

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注釋：（1）hereby：特此

（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據我們所知

（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明

（4）herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中

（5）documentary proof：證明文件

參考譯文： 特此證明，據我們所知，上述聲明內容真實，正確無誤，并提供了全部現有的資料和數據，我們同意，應貴方要求出具證明文件。

例3：

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party

A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注釋：

（1）hereby：特此

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下稱甲方

（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基礎上

（4）through amicable consultation：通過友好協商

參考譯文：

本合同雙方，公司（以下稱甲方）與公司（以下稱乙方），在平等互利基礎上，通過友好協商，于年月日在中國（地點），特簽訂本合同。

例4：

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注釋：（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此訂立本協議

在法律文件中表示“訂立本協議”可用以下4個動詞：sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點，可用上述4個動詞中的兩個來表示）。

（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下簡稱乙方 參考譯文：

本協議特由中國公司（以下簡稱甲方）與公司（以下簡稱乙方）于年月日訂立。