第一篇：2011年中考英譯漢試題中常見的重要短語及典型句型

英譯漢試題中常見的重要短語及典型句型

1．幾個典型例句

(1)...not so much......as(but)...與其說??還不如說??

(2)...not so much that.....as(but)that......與其說??還不如說??

(3)...not so much as.....(=not even)甚至于不??，連??也不??

(4)...might as well...as.....與其說??還不如說??

例1：He is not so much a teacher as a scholar.譯文：與其說他是老師，還不如說是學者。（注意翻譯時動作的對象）

例2：It wasn“t so much his appearance I liked as his personality.譯文：與其說我喜歡他的外表，不如說我喜歡他的品格。

例3：It”s not so much that I don“t want to come but I just haven”t got the time.譯文：倒不是因為我不想來，而是我根本沒有時間。

例4：He didn“t so much as say thank you after all we”d done for him.譯文：我們為他干了那么多事，他甚至連謝謝都沒有說一聲。

例5：You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him.譯文：與其將錢借給他，還不如把錢丟進大海。（注意翻譯時動作的對象）

[注意]：more...than...1)she is more beautiful than her sister.她比她姐姐漂亮。

2)George is more intelligent than aggressive.與其說喬治言行放肆，不如說他聰穎過人。

以上第1)句是more...than結構的一般用法，即在兩個不同的事物之間就同一方面作比較；而第2)句是就同一個人的兩個不同方面作比較。因此要譯成“與其說??還不如說??”。

more...than結構在上述1)2)兩句中的用法也適用于less...than結構，得出相反的含義：例如：

1)John is less daring than quick-witted.與其說約翰膽大，不如說他腦子靈活。

2)George was less intelligent than aggressive.與其說喬治聰穎過人，不如說他言行放肆。

2．幾個不定代詞的固定搭配：

have none of: 不參加；不準；不接受

I will have none of your stupid ideas!我才不接受你那愚蠢的想法！

He was offered a job but he said he’d have none of it.他有一個工作機會，但他說他不接受。none but(=nothing but): 只有(=only)

None but the brave deserves the fair.只有英雄才配得上美人。

She chose none but the best.她只選最好的。

She is nothing but a child.她只不過是個孩子。

none other than:（表示驚訝）不是別人，正是??(= no one else but)

It’s none other than Tom!We thought you were in Africa.none the +比較級詞+ for: 毫不，一點也不

He spent 2 weeks in hospital but he’s none the better for it.他在醫院里待了兩個星期，但一點也沒好轉。

My car is none the worse for wear.我的車子一點也沒有損耗。

none the wiser: 不知情

If we take only one piece of cake, mother will be none the wiser.如果我們只拿一小塊蛋糕，母親是不會知道的。

none too:(在形容詞或副詞前)不太；一點都不

The service in this restaurant is none too fast.這家旅館的服務一點效率都沒有。

anything but: ①除---之外什么都（此處的but等于except）②決不(=not at all)

I eat anything but(except)fish.除了魚，我什么都吃。

She is anything but a good cook.她決不是個好廚師。(即：除了好廚師，她什么都是。)anything of: ①（疑問句/條件句）一點點；②（否定句）一點也（沒有）

Is he anything of a poet? 他有一點點詩人的樣子嗎？

I haven’t seen anything of him lately.最近我沒有見過他。

for anything:(否定句)（給什么都）不，決不

I won’t go there for anything.我決不去那里。

or anything:（意味著還有其他的可能性）

If Bernard wants to call me or anything, I’ll be here all day.如果伯納德要找我或什么的，我整天都會在這兒。

if anything: 若有任何不同的話

If anything, my new job is harder than my old one.要說有什么不同的話，我的新工作反而比舊工作要難些。

or something: 或什么的（表示說話者不能肯定）

She is a stewardess or something.她是空姐或什么的。

something like: 有點像，大約

An airship is shaped something like a cigar.飛船的形狀有點像雪茄。

something of a...: 多少有點，有幾分像，略懂

he’s something of a book collector.他有幾分像書籍收藏家。

something to / in:（敘述等）有些道理

There’s something to / in what you say;I’ll take your advice.你說的有些道理，我會接受你的建議

have / be something to do with: 與??有關

I think Guy Fawkes had / was something to do with a plan to blow up the bridge.我想蓋佛克跟圖謀炸毀橋梁有關。

nothing but(= none but = only): 僅僅，只不過

We could see nothing but fog.除了霧之外我們什么也看不見。

for nothing: ①免費的； ②徒勞的； ③無緣無故的She got the ticket for nothing.她免費得到那張票。

All our preparation for nothing!No one’s even come to the party.我們為宴會所作的準備都白費了!連一個人都沒來。

They quarreled for nothing.他們無緣無故地爭吵。

make nothing of:(常和can一起用)不理解；不重視,輕視(= think nothing of)

I could make nothing of the passage.我不理解這篇文章。

He makes / thinks nothing of working ten hours a day.他不在乎一天工作十小時。

to say nothing of: 更不用說（= not to mention / without mentioning）

Three people were badly hurt, to say nothing of damage to the building.三個人受了重傷，建筑物的損害更不用說了。

have nothing to do with: 與??無關

I have nothing to do with the accident.我與這場事故無關。

nothing if not: 格外地；非常地(= very / much / extremely)

He was nothing if not clever.(= He was very clever.)他格外聰明。

nothing of: 無??的部分；無??的氣質

There was nothing of the lady in her behavior.她的舉止根本沒有淑女的氣質。

區別：

all but 幾乎，差一點，除??以外其余都是

but for要不是

but that+從句：若不是??

例1：She all but fainted when she heard the news.譯文：她聽到這一消息時幾乎暈倒了。

注：此句中a11 but意為nearly，almost。

試對比：

All but the little children thought that the trip was exciting．

譯文：除了小孩，大家都認為這次旅行是激動人心的。

此句中all but意為a11 except。

例2：But for the rain we should have a pleasant journey.譯文：要不是下雨，我們的旅行本來是愉快的。

例3：He would have helped us but that he was short of money at the time.譯文：若不是他那時缺錢，他是會幫助我們的。

注1)．but that引導的從句中謂語用陳述語氣。2)．but that有靈活的譯法。如：Nothing would satisfy that child but that I place her on my lap．(那孩子什么都不要，只要我把她抱在懷里。)

3．“名詞+or+名詞”結構中or后的名詞是同位語，應譯為“即??；或者稱??”

例1：Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as the machines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.譯文：再者，除機器外技術還包括技藝，即制作方法，而動用這些技藝并不一定都需要機器。

4．“only + to do”意為“??，結果卻??”，即表示與句子謂語動作的目的相反的結果。

例1: They don“t have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.譯文：他們不必花錢去戲院、電影院或歌劇院買價格很貴的票，（如果去了，）結果卻可能發現，所演的節目令人失望。

例2: They hurried there only to find the meeting canceled.譯文：他們匆匆忙忙趕到那兒，結果卻發現會議被取消了。

5．not more /-er than 與 no more /-er than 結構

比較：

John is not better than Tom.John is no better than Tom.前一句表示“約翰不比湯姆好”，屬于普通的比較結構；后一例用了no 情況就不同了。no better than 相當于as bad as，含義是兩人一樣壞。這里，“no + 形容詞或副詞比較級 + than”所表示的可以說是該形容詞或副詞的反意。

例如： no richer than = as poor as和??一樣窮

no bigger than = as small as 和??一樣小

no later than = as early as和??一樣早

同樣地：

I have not taken more than six courses this semester.I have taken no more than six courses this semester.前一句的含義是本學期選的課不多于六門；后一句的含義是只選了六門。強調“少”。

上述結構與表示前后都否定的no more...than(= not...any more than)又有所不同：

例：A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.（鯨和馬同樣不是魚。）

另外，在某些結構中，單獨使用more than 也能表示否定概念：

例1：That is more than I can tell.我簡直不能說。

例2：My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.我去北京不僅僅是旅游觀光而已。

6．no more...than...(= not...any more than)和??—樣都不??(表示前后都否定)

例1：The heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.心臟和胃一樣都無智力可言，因為它們都是由大腦控制的。

例2：There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink．

譯文：他們沒有理由限制你服用多少維他命，就像他們不能限制你喝多少水一樣。

例3：More and more Afro-Americans see him as a tricky enemy who has no more love for them than he has for the Congolese．

譯文：越來越多的美國黑人認識到他是個詭計多端的敵人。他仇視美國黑人，正像他仇視剛果人民一樣。(直譯：?，他不愛美國黑人，正像他不愛剛果人一樣。)

注釋：not...any more than是no more...than的一種強調形式。

例如：

1)Jack is no more intelligent than John.(=Jack is not intelligent any more than John.)杰克與約翰一樣都不聰明。

2)A man can no more fly than a bird can speak.(=A man cannot fly any more than a bird can speak.)人不會飛翔，就像鳥不會說話一樣。

3)As a nation, the French are no more eager to 1earn about their wartime failings than are the Japanese.(=As a nation，the French are not eager to learn about their wartime failings any more than are the Japanese.)

作為一個國家，法國正如日本一樣不積極地從他們的戰爭失敗中吸取教訓。

上述例句表明，no more...than并不表示比較，而是表示比喻，含有比喻意義的比較級用于否定時，than后面的從句不用否定式，但譯成漢語時要用否定式。而與上述句型意義相反的是：no less...than，意為：“和??同樣是??”。例如：

Human is no less an animal than a monkey is.人和猴都是動物。

而no less than 的意思為：“簡直是，實在是”，例如：

1)It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.如此索要高價，簡直是敲詐。

2)It is no less than a scandal.這實在是一件丑聞。

7．not nearly(=by no means，far from)遠不

例1: The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.譯文：食品供應將遠遠趕不上人口的增長，這就意味著我們在糧食的生產和購銷方面正面臨危機。

注：1)this是指上面提到的“到21世紀初世界人口將增加到60億或70億”。2)又如：There are not nearly enough people here to do the job．(這里的人手遠遠不夠承擔這項工作。)

8．“更不用說”的表示法：

much less

still less

以上兩短語引導的詞組或從句，表示一種追加的否定，less是由little的比較級，所以這兩個詞組只能用于否定句中，可譯為“更不用說，更不必說”。

to say nothing of

not to speak of

not to mention

let alone

這四個詞組也意為 “更不用說”，也是一種追補的說法。但它們與much less和still less有所不同。這些詞組可以隨前一句的意思而定，即前一句是肯定，則追加的也是肯定意義；如果前一句是否定，則追加的是否定意義

例1：I could not agree to, much less participate in such proceedings.譯文：我不能同意這種行為，更談不上參加這些行動了。

例2：He knows little of mathematics, and still less of chemistry．

譯文：他幾乎不懂數學，更不用說化學了。

例3：I did not even see him, still less(= much less)shake hands with him.譯文：我看也沒有看見過他，哪里還談得上同他握手呢?

例4：In old China, here was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronic industry.譯文：在舊中國，幾乎沒有什么機器制造工業，更不用說電子工業了。

例5：Sally takes singing and dancing lessons, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lessons.譯文：莎莉學了唱歌和舞蹈課，而且還學了游泳和網球課。

例6：At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries.譯文：那時他連普通生活都不能維持，更不要說奢侈品了。

例7：They have three fine sons, not to speak of their two 1ovely daughters.譯文：他們有了三個好兒子，而且還有兩個可愛的女兒。

例8：I don”t know algebra or geometry，not to mention calculus．

譯文：我連代數、幾何都不懂，更不必說微積分了。

例9：A11 they have to do is press a button，and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.譯文：他們所要做的只是按一下電鈕，就能看到各種戲劇、電影、歌劇和各式各樣的演出，而且還能看到各種政治辯論和最近舉行的激動人心的足球賽。

例10：I can“t add two and two, let alone do fractions.譯文：我連2加2都不會，更不要說做分數題了。

注意：美國成語詞典認為let alone只能用于追加的否定。但是，有的詞典認為，該短語也可以引導追加的肯定。例如：There were five people in the car, let alone the luggage and the two dogs.9．nothing else than 完全是，實在是

例1: What the man said was nothing else than nonsense.譯文：那人講的話完全是一派胡言。

例2: Your success was due to nothing else than your own diligence.譯文：你的成功完全是由于你自己的勤奮。

10．It is not that...but that...這不是說??，而是說??

例1: It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;but that the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.譯文：這并不是說在一種情況下所使用的磅秤和另一種情況下所用的天平在構造原理上或工作方式上存在差別，而是說與前者相比，后者是一種更精密得多的裝置，因而在計量上必然更加準確。

11．can not...too...再??也不過分

例1: We cannot be too careful of health.我們無論如何注意健康也不為過。

例2: You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.你開車時再小心也不過分。

例3: We can not be too faithful to our duties.我們必須盡力忠于職守。

12．other...than...或other than...不同于，非；除了

例l: Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined.譯文：提煉礦石的廠房通常不是設在采礦石的國家而設在其它國家。

例2: Reactions other than the desired one often occur when reactants are brought together.譯文：當這些反應物放在一起時，常發生不希望有的一些反應。(即：?常發生與希望有的反應不同的反應。)

例3: All parts of the house other than the windows were in good condition.譯文：除了窗之外，屋子的其它部分都完好無損。

13．...the last + n.+ 不定式或定語從句：意為“?最不可能的??”

例1: She would be the last person to go along with the scheme.譯文：她可能會是最不同意這項計劃的人。

例2: That”s the last thing I"d expect you to do.譯文：那是我最不期望你做的事情。

14．It is asserted that．．．有人斷言．．．

It is believed that．．． 據認為．．．．，人們相信．．．．

It is considered that．．．有人認為．．．

It is reported that．．．據報道．．．

It is said that．．．據說．．．．

It is supposed that．．．據推測．．．

It is told that．．．據傳．．．

It appears that看來似乎．．．，好像．．．

It is well known that．．．眾所周知．．．

It is estimated that．．．據估計．．．

It was pointed out that．．．有人指出．．．

It is generally accepted that．．．人們通常認為．．．，一般認為．．．，大家公認．．．It is alleged that．．．人們斷言．．．

It is claimed that．．．有人主張．．．，人們要求．．．

It cannot be denied that．．．不可否認

It has been found that．．．實踐證明

It is predicted that．．．據估計．．．，據預測．．．

It is suggested that．．．有人建議．．．

15．It goes without saying that．．．不言而喻，??

例：It goes without saying that in order to speak good English, we must first of all learn good pronunciation.譯文：不言而喻，為了講好英語，首先必須學好發音。

16．It is common knowledge that?眾所周知，??

例：It is common knowledge now that Chinese people are very intelligent.譯文：眾所周知，中國人和很聰明。

17．It occurs to sb.that?(某人)想起??

例1: It occurred to me suddenly that I had met him somewhere.譯文：我突然想起在什么地方見過他。

例2: It occurred to me that she was jealous of me.譯文：我突然發覺她嫉妒我。

第二篇：2013年中考英語作文常用句型及短語

中考英語作文萬能句

1.表建議句型：

had better(not)do 最好(不)做

how about / what about doing …怎么樣？

I think you should do 我認為你應該…

I suggest / advice that you should do 我建議你做…

If I were you, I would do… 我要是你的話，我會做…It’s best to do 最好做…

Why not do / why don’t you do…? 為什么不…

It is highly suggested that you should(not)…

In addition, you are supposed to do sth

Meanwhile,…is also a good way for you.2.表示喜歡和感興趣

like / love doing

enjoy doing

be fond of doing 喜歡做…

be keen on n/doing 喜歡做…

prefer to do A rather than do B 寧愿做A也不愿做B

be interested in doing = show/ take great interest in n / doing

3.努力做…

try to do努力做…

strive to do 努力做…

try one’s best to do = do one’s best to do 竭盡全力做…

make efforts to do = make every effort to do 盡力做…

do what sb can(do)to do 盡力做…

spare no effort to do 不遺余力的做…

do what / everything sb.can to do 盡某人全力做…

4.打算做… / 計劃做…

intend / plan to do 打算做…

be going to do 打算做…

decide to do 決定做…

determine to do決定做…

be determined to do決定做…

make up one’s mind to do 下定決心做…

5.表示想/希望

want to do = would like to do 想做…

hope to do 希望做…

expect to do 期待著做…

wish to do 希望做…

consider doing 考慮做…

6.高級詞匯的順序詞

to begin with,可替換 at first,thennext,可替換 second,finally,可替換 third,7.可被替換的連詞

however,可替換 but

therefore可替換 so

otherwise可替換 or

8.It is my great pleasure to hear from you(萬能回信開頭句)

中考作文必備的10個句型

1.不用說……It goes without saying that …

=(It is)needless to say(that)….= It is obvious that ….例：不用說早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2.在各種……之中，……Among various kinds of …, … /= Of all the …, …

例︰在各種運動中我尤其喜歡慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.3.就我的看法……；我認為……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that ….例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.就我的看法打電動玩具既花費時間也有害健康。

4.隨著人口的增加……With the increase/growth of the population, …

隨著科技的進步……With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.隨著臺灣經濟的快速發展許多社會問題產生了。

5.……是必要的 It is necessary(for sb.)to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential(for sb.)to do / that …

…… 是適當的 It is proper(for sb.)to do / that …

……是緊急的 It is urgent(for sb.)to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.我們應當保持公共場所清潔。

6.花費spend … on sth./ doing sth.…

例：我們不應該在我們不感興趣的事情上花太多的時間。

We shouldn't spend too much time on something we aren't interested in.7.how 引導的感嘆句

例：那至少可以證明你很誠實。

At least it will prove how honest you are.8.狀語從句

A)如果你不……，你就會……If you don't..., you'll...例︰If you don't keep working hard, you'll lose the chance.如果你不堅持努力工作，你就會失去這次機會。

B)如此 ……，以至于……so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.當時，我非常傷心，最后都想放棄了。

C)每當我聽到……我就忍不住感到興奮。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每當我做……我就忍不住感到悲傷。Whenever I do …, I cannot but feel sad.每當我想到……我就忍不住感到緊張。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每當我遭遇……我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每當我看到……我就忍不住感到驚訝。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例：Whenever I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.每當我想到我家附近那一條清澈的小溪我就忍不住感到悲傷。

9.賓語從句

我認為，……/ 我認為……不I think / I don't think that …

我想知道是否……I wonder whether …

例：He doesn't think I should stop him joining the club.他認為我不應該阻止他參加這個俱樂部。

10.Since + S + 過去式, S + 現在完成式.例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自從他上高中，他就一直很用功。

中考作文必備的10句諺語

1.Every coin has two sides.每個硬幣都有兩面，比喻事物的兩面性。

2.The winter is coming and the spring is not far.冬天已經臨近了,春天還會遠嗎?

3.Failure is the mother of success.失敗是成功之母。

4.Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。

5.Actions speak louder than words.事實勝于雄辯。

6.A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一塹，長一智。

7.A good beginning is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日畢。Time and tide wait for no man.時不我待。

第三篇：大學四六級英語寫作中可以用到的重要短語、句型總結

大學四六級英語寫作中可以用到的重要短語、句型總結

一、備用短語

1.能源危機: energy crisis 2.民族自豪感: national pride 3.經濟和技術的進一步發展: further advances in economy and technology 4.設法對付壓力: manage one’s stress 5.非常流行: be very prevalent 6.采取行動: take action 7.保持積極的態度: keep a positive attitude 8.實現諾言: keep one’s promise 9.電腦天才: a computer genius 10.電腦盲: a computer illiterate

11.取得非凡的進步: make remarkable progress 12.生物遺傳: biological inheritance 13.在……方面起著重要(積極的/消極的)作用: play a significant(positive/negative)role in… 14.按時: be punctual 15.保持樂觀(堅定/悲觀)的態度: maintain an optimistic(a firm/ a pessimistic)attitude 16.熱愛和平: love peace 17.說明原因：account for(= is the reason of)Stem from/contribute to/arise from/ 18.缺乏生活經歷: lack life experience 19.人工智能: artificial intelligence 20.對他人有耐心: be patient with others 21.忍受痛苦: be patient of pains 22.適應新生活: adapt oneself to the new life 23.抓住機會: grasp/seize/catch the chance 24.對……有很大好處（壞處）: do great good(harm)to …(do more good than harm)25.假冒商品: fake commodities 26.盜版書: pirated books 27.從長遠來看: in the long run 28.擾亂公平競爭的市場: upset the fairly competitive market 29.有能力的公民: competent citizens 30.獲得真正的快樂: attain real happiness 31.在……花費大量的時間: devote much time to…/dedicate oneself/much time/energy/effort to/channel …into Be devoted to sth/doing sth Be dedicated to sth/doing sth 32.相反: on the contrary 33.迷信: be superstitious

34.充分利用時間: make full use of one’s time/budget one’s time

35.不顧風險: regardless of risks/despite the risks/in spite of the risks

36.發展中國家: developing countries 37.發達國家: developed countries 38.性別歧視: gender discrimination 39.做一項試驗: conduct an experiment

40.把理論應用于實踐: apply theories to practice 41.跨國公司的興起: the rise of multinational corporations

42.在……方面落后: lag behind in… 43.想做……: feel like doing… 44.自食其力: earn one’s living 45.核武器: nuclear weapons

46.認為……理所當然: take …for granted 47.不遺余力: spare no efforts 48.在激烈的競爭中占上風:

get the upper hand in the fierce competition 49.來自各行各業的人們: people from all walks of life

50.地球村: global village

51.通才教育: a broad education

52.明辨是非: distinguish right from wrong 53.老實/坦白地/一般來說:

honestly/frankly/generally speaking 54.確立目標: set goals/set the direction 55.克服困難: overcome difficulties

56.面臨挑戰: be confronted with challenges 57.把……因素考慮進去:

take … into account/ consideration 58.重視: attach great significance to…

59.對……不可或缺: be indispensable to… 60.縮小差別: narrow the gap

61.加快發展: accelerate the development

62.充分發揮潛力: bring one’s potential into full play

63.繁榮昌盛: be prosperous

64.消除饑餓和暴力: eliminate hunger and violence 65.享受更美好的生活: enjoy a higher standard of living

66.自然資源: natural resources 67.展望更加光明的未來:

look forward to a much brighter futu

二、經典句型

（一）、起筆句型

1.When it comes to/when we speak of science, the overwhelming majority of people hold an optimistic view that.They regard/take it as our duty to....But others argue/assume/claim/advocate/propose/hold that the opposite is true.There is probable some truth on both sides, but as far as I am concerned, I believe that…

2.There is a general debate over the phenomenon of students’ doing a part-time job.Those who advocate it claim that the experience does great good to these students/do more good than harm to students But people who object to it, on the other hand, hold the view that…

3.It’s widely held/claimed/advocated/acknowledged/assumed/cited/well known that the rise/increase in teenage smoking is the inevitable result of economic development.But it’s not a satisfactory explanation.Personally speaking, I think the primary cause is that…

4.In recent years, there has been a dramatic/ steady increase/ decrease in the number of PCs in China, which has drawn/aroused public attention/concern.5.In the past few years, China has witnessed/ seen a sharp rise/fall in the number of PCs.It is well known that the number has increased/ jumped/soared/rocketed/ decreased/ dropped/shrank(shrink的過去式)by 20 percent compared with 10 years ago.A couple of factors can account for the phenomenon.（二）、用于承接轉折句型

1.There are a number of reasons for my choice.For one thing/On one hand…;for another/ on the other hand… 2.A good case in point is …

3.It is no easy task to find the reason for the deep-seated/deep rooted tendency which involves several factors.Frankly speaking, however …

4.There is no denying that everything has two sides.But when we weigh this measure’s advantages against its disadvantages, we can see easily that its advantages outweigh its disadvantages.So I’m for it.5.Take… for example 6.Thanks to/ Owing to/ Due to/ As a result of/ Because of…

7.“Knowledge is power.” Such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people.8.Let me cite another example to prove my opinion.9.It may seem reasonable for people to draw such a conclusion, but they fail to take into account the fact that…

10.As a result, it may give rise to other problems.11.For all/In spite of/Despite its demerits, it still has striking merits.So, although some people are against it, I won’t change my mind.I am in favor of it.12.Etiquette is to society what apparel is to the individual.Forest is to our earth what lungs are to our body.（三）、用于文章結尾句型

1.Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably draw/come to/arrive at the conclusion that…

2.In summary/ In brief/ In a word/ In conclusion/ All in all, we’d better… 3.No doubt, it’s high time that we took immediate action 4.It is necessary that effective measures/ remedies should be taken to bring the current phenomenon to an end.四級寫作開頭技巧

1． 開頭技巧一：名人名言

開頭引用名人不僅能夠作為很好的切入點展開話題，而且還能夠顯示考生深厚的英語功底。可能有的考生會疑惑：“我沒有記住名言，怎么辦？尤其是英語名言？” 一般來說，引用名人名言不一定要記住每個單詞才行。如果考生能夠記住大致的內容，也可以引用。引用名人名言的經典句型：

A proverb says, “you are only young once.”（適用于已記住的名言）

It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.（適用于只記住大致意思的名言（…是不言而喻的）更多經典句型：As everyone knows, no one can deny that 2． 開頭技巧二：數字統計

要想使自己的論證更有說服力，就應該用實際的數字來說明。原則上在議論文當中十不應該出現虛假數字的，可是在考試考生只需要記住一個大概得數據即可。所以不妨試用下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 78.9％ of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.更多句型：A recent statistics shows that

除以上兩種特殊用法以外，我們為考生整理了以下開頭常用句型，供考生參考： 文章開頭句型：

1．對立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法,然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法, 適用于有爭議性的主題.例如1）When asked about..., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that...But I think/view a bit differently/I think the opposite way.2）When it comes to...., some people believe that.......Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true.There is probably some truth in both arguments/statements , but(I tend to the former/latter...)3）Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that....They claim/believe/argue/propose/assume/ that...But I wonder/doubt whether.....2． 現象法 引出要剖析的現象或者問題, 然后評論.1）Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of)...has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/worldwide concern.2）Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of...has been brought into focus.(has been brought to public attention)

3）Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality...is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face/be confronted with now/constantly.3．觀點法--開門見山,直截了當地提出自己對要討論的問題的看法.1）Never history has the change of..been as evident as...Nowhere in the world/China has the issue/idea of..been more visible/popular than...2）Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginning/coming to realize/accept/(be aware)that...3）Now there is a growing awareness/recognition of the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of/concerned about,over the importance of......4）Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......4.引用法--先引出有代表性的看法, 來引出文章要展開論述的觀點!1）“Knowledge is power.” such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people.“Education is not complete with graduation.” Such is the opinion of a great American philosopher.Now more and more people share his opinion.2）“.........” How often we hear such statements/words like those/this.In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this “......”.5．比較法--通過對過去,現在兩種不同的傾向,觀點的比較, 引出文章要討論的觀點.1）For years,...had been viewed as...But people are taking a fresh look now.With the growing..., people........2）People used to think that...(In the past,....)But people now share this new.6．故事法--先講一個較短的故事來引發讀者的興趣, 引出文章的主題.1）Once in(a newspaper), I read of/learnt....The phenomenon of...has aroused public concern.2）I have a friend who...Should he....? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.3）Once upon a time , there lived a man who...This story may be(unbelievable), but it still has a realistic significance now.7．問題法--先用討論或解答的設問, 引出自己觀點, 適用于有爭議性的話題.Should/What......? Options of...vary greatly, some..., others...But in my opinion,...

第四篇：中考完成句子中出現的短語、句型總結

2008 年—2013 年中考大綱卷完成句子所涉及到的短語或句型

1.had better(not)do

2.why not

3.what’s wrong with

4.too… to

5.It’s+ adj.+ for sb.to do sth.6.what /how about

7.It’s good for

8.as soon as

9.not only… but also

10.stop sb.from doing sth.11.It’s time for sb.to do sth./ It’s time for sth.12.be famous for

13.as…as

14.depend on

15.would like

16.It takes sb.sometime to do sth.17.tell sb.to do sth.18.neither…nor

19.look down upon

20.show sb.off

21.be sorry to /for

22.like doing

23.get /along on well with

24.so…that

25.used to

26.look forward to

27.as soon as

28.not…until

第五篇：參考資料：英文合同中常見的用詞及句型

第三章 英文合同中常見的用詞及句型（Usual Wordings and Sentence Patterns）

I don’t care what their intention was.I only want to know what the words mean.A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged, it is the skin of a living thought and may vary greatly in color and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used.--Towne v.Eisner, 245 U.S.418, 425(1918)(Holmes, J.)我并不在意他們的意圖是什么，我只是想知道文字的意思。文字不是水晶般通明一成不變，而是活生生思想的外衣，會因使用的場合和時間在色彩和內容上產生巨大的變化。

—霍爾姆斯法官（美國）

英文合同中常見的用詞和句型有其相對固定的含義和用法，不僅可以幫助準確理解掌握合同條款的含義，而且這些成熟的表達方式可以為提高、完善草擬和翻譯合同所借鑒，達到事半功倍的效果。

第一節 合同常用詞(Usual Wording)

當大量接觸英文合同，就會發現英文合同中有些詞或短語出現的頻率非常高，往往影響或決定了對合同的準確理解，下面就分門別類從常見實詞和常見虛詞兩個方面進行具體介紹：

一、英文合同常用虛詞（Usual Function Words）1． Here/there/where+介詞構成的古體詞

基本規則：Here代表this，there代表that，where代表which或what即here/there/where+介詞=介詞+this/that/which or what ? Hereby: by means of;by reason of this.特此，由此，茲等意。例句：The Buyer hereby orders from the Seller the undermentioned goods subject to the following conditions:買方向賣方訂購下列商品，條件如下：

? Herein：in this。此中，于此。

例句：The minimum royalty herein specified shall be paid by Party B to Party A.在此規定的最低特許權使用費應由乙方付給甲方。

? Hereinafter: later in the same Contract.以下，在下文。通常與 to be referred to as, referred as, called 連用。

例句：This Agreement is made and concluded on ______,(date)____(year), by and between _____(hereinafter called Party A)on the one hand and _____(hereinafter called Party B)on the other hand.本協議書于____年___月___日由_____（以下簡稱甲方）為一方，與_____(以下簡稱乙方)為另一方簽訂。

? Hereof：of this。關于此點，在本文件中。Hereunder：under this.本文件規定。例句：Both parties agree to attempt to resolve all disputes between the parties with respect to the application or interpretation of any term hereof of transaction hereunder, through amicable negotiation.合同雙方就本合同規定交易任一條款的適用和解釋所產生的所有爭議同意力求通過友好協商予以解決。

? Hereto：to this.本文件的。Thereof：of that.它的，其。Thereto：to that 與之，向那里。

例句：“Licensed Products” means the devices and products described in Schedule 1 annexed hereto together with all improvement and modification thereof or development with respect thereto.“特許產品”系指在本協議附件1中所述的裝置和產品，及其全部改進和修改的產品和與之相關的產品。? Herewith：with this.與此，附此。Thereby：by that means.因此，由此，從而 例句：In any one or more of the provisions contained in this Contract or any document executed in connection herewith shall be invalid of unenforceable in any respect under any applicable law, the validity and enforceability of the remaining provisions contained herein shall not in any way be affected thereby.如果根據現行法律，本合同及與此有關文件中有一項或多項條款被視為無效或不能履行，本合同其余條款的效力和履行將不因此受影響。

? Thereafter: after that，afterwards.此后。

例句：The Contract for the contractual joint venture shall continue from a period o two years thereafter.本合作經營企業合同，此后應持續有效兩年。

? Therein: in that;in that particular context;in that respect.在那里；在那點上；在那方面。

例句：The Leased Premises are deemed to be fit for occupation when the building therein is substantially completed.當在那里的建筑物實質完成時，該租賃房屋才認為適合占有居住。

? Therewith：with that.以此；此外。

例句：The Employer shall indemnify and save harmless the Contractor against and from the same and against and from all claims, proceedings, damages, costs, charges and expenses whatsoever arising there out or in connection therewith.業主應賠償所有索賠、訴訟、損害賠償、支出、花費、費用，不論因本合同產生或與其相關，并保證承包人免于承擔上述責任。

? Whereby: by the agreement;by the following terms and conditions, etc.憑此協議，憑此條款等。

例句：This Agreement is made and concluded by and between AA Corporation(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and BB Company(hereinafter referred to as Party B)whereby the Parties hereto agree to enter into the compensation trade under the terms and conditions set forth below: 本協議由AA公司（以下簡稱甲方）和BB公司（以下簡稱乙方）簽訂。雙方同意按下列條款進行補償貿易。（本句中省略未譯）

2． WITNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore, NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS, Know All Men by these presents，In witness Whereof, In Testimony Whereof, Undersigned.WITHNESSETH, Whereas, Now Therefore用于英文合同前言部分，In witness Whereof用于合同結尾證明部分，在第二章篇章結構特點中已有涉及，恕不贅述。? In Testimony Whereof: in Witness Whereof.以此為證，特立此證。

例句：In Testimony Whereof we have hereto signed this Document on _____(date)accepted on _____(date).我方于__年__月__日簽署本文件，并于__年__月__日接受該文件，特此為證。? NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS: 茲特立約為據, 本句話也是用于WHEREAS條款之后引出具體協議事項。

例句：NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows: 茲特立約為據，并由訂約雙方協議如下：

l KNOW ALL MEN by these presents:根據本文件，特此宣布。（通常用于前言部分）例句：KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that we_____(bank’s name)having our registered office at ______(hereinafter called “the Bank”)will be bound unto _____(the Owner’s name)(hereinafter called “the Owner”)in the sum of ____ for payment well and truly to be made to the said Owner, the Bank will bind itself, its successors and better assignee by these presents.根據本文件，茲宣布，我行，（銀行名稱），其注冊地點在（以下簡稱本銀行）向（業主名稱）（以下簡稱本業主）立約擔保支付（金額數）的保證金。本保證書對本銀行及其繼受人和受讓人均具有約束力。l Undersigned:法律文件末尾的簽名者,前面加定冠詞the,是指文件簽署者的自稱。例句：The undersigned Seller and Buyer have agreed to close the following transaction in accordance with the terms and conditions stipulated as follows:茲經簽約的買賣雙方同意，按下列條款，達成這筆交易。

3． Notwithstanding: in spite of, despite.即使，盡管。

例1：Notwithstanding any other provisions to the contrary herein, insurance coverage and limits shall be subject to approval of all the parties.即使有與本合同相悖的規定，保險范圍和責任限制應以合同各方同意為準。

例2：Notwithstanding Article 2.2, the parties may agree to extend the Expiration date to such date as is reasonable in the circumstances if any of the conditions precedent referred to in Article 2.1 is not satisfied or waived on or before the Expiration Date, any such agreement or waiver to be in writing.盡管有本合同第二條第二款規定，如上述第二條第一款規定的先決條件在合同期滿日之前既未實現又未放棄，合同各方亦可根據具體情況，約定合理延長合同的期滿日。

4． As

合同英語中as出現的頻率極高，而且用法靈活多變，是典型的自由人。在某種意義上講，as使用的熟練程度可以衡量合同英語的造詣。具體用法和含義見以下實例：

?

As 放在代表規定的provide，stipulate，set forth，prescribe等詞的過去分詞前，含義為“依照某某規定”。

例1：For purpose of this, Capital Account shall be adjusted hypothetically as provided for in Section 4.6 herein.基于此，應依照本合同第四條第六款調整資金賬戶。

例2：based on their respective Venture interests as set forth in Section 5.2 hereof.基于本合同第五條第二款規定的各方在合資公司中的權益。

?

另有Except as otherwise provided結構，表示“除非本文/某條款另有規定”。

例句：Except as otherwise provided herein, all notices or demands sent by registered airmail shall be deemed received 8 days after they have been sent and notices or demands sent by telex shall be deemed received at the time of the dispatch thereof.除非本合同另有規定，所有通知和請求以航空掛號信寄出則發出后8日應視為送達收悉，以電傳方式發出則在發送時視為收悉。?

As構成as the case may be（視具體情況而定），as the case may require（視具體要求而定）和 as the Venturers may determine等短語。

例句：The Venture may relocate its office from time to time or have additional offices as the Venturers may determine.該合資公司視投資者決策，可隨時遷址或增添營業場所。?

As構成as of the date of ____(date)短語是英語合同中表示“自某年某月某日起”最正式的表達。

例句：In witness whereof, the parties have caused this instrument to be duly executed as of the day and year first above written.合同雙方簽訂本文件，該文件自以上書就日期即時生效，特此為證。

?

As還用在as soon as practical短語中，意義用法相當于as soon as possible.例 句：During the Employment Period, the Company agrees that it shall recommend to the Board the election of the Employee as a Director of the Company on the Commencement Date or as soon as practical thereafter.本公司同意在聘用期間，應自本協議開始或其后盡早的時間向董事會推選受聘方為本公司董事。

As與 such連用是英文合同中一大特色，參看本書第二章第三節部分，在此不在贅述。

5.foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned, in question ? Foregoing, aforesaid, the said, aforementioned, above-mentioned一族，一般放在名詞前作限定，意為“前述的”或“上述的”，為避免重復已經提到的姓名或名稱。例1：The Bank shall give prompt written or telex notice to the Borrower of the Interest Rate in effect from time to time in accordance with the foregoing sentence.本銀行將根據前述的句子以書面或電傳形式隨時及時通知借款方生效的利率。

例2：The contract shall be written in Chinese and in ____________.Both language versions are equally authentic.In the event of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions, the Chinese version shall prevail.本合同應以中文和_文書就，具同等法律效力。前述兩種文本如有歧異，以中文文本為準。

? In question: under consideration;being talk about.通常表示“在考慮或討論中的”某件事或某個問題，可譯為“這”或“該”問題。

例句：All prices to be paid by the Buyer under its obligations of the buyback/counter-purchase Contract shall be the world market prices taking into account the other delivery terms for the goods in question.買方根據返銷或回購貨物合同的義務所支付的價格應為世界市場價格，結合考慮該貨物的其他交貨條件。

6.follows, as below, the following 這一族都表示“下列”，一般放在動詞后，而the following作為“下列”在英文合同中用的較少。這樣的例子俯手皆是，恐怕每個英文合同都少不了的。NOW THEREFORE, the parties hereby covenant and agree as follows;為此，雙方達成契約，約定如下：

NOW THEREFORE, it is hereby agreed as below.為此，雙方約定如下：

Now therefore, in consideration of the premises and covenants described hereinafter, Party A and Party B agree as follows: 茲以上述各點和契約所載條款為約因，訂約雙方協議如下：

7.according to, under, subject to, in accordance with, as per, as provided in, pursuant to, in compliance with

這一族都表示“依照，根據”合同的約定或者法律的規定。其中尤以“according to”最不正式，自然用的最少了，而“in accordance with”最為常見。

例如：In case no settlement can be reached, the case may then be submitted for arbitration to China International Economic And Trade Arbitration Commission in accordance with the provisional Rules of Procedures promulgated by the said Arbitration Commission.如未能達成和解，該案件可提交中國國際貿易仲裁委員會根據該仲裁委員會頒布的仲裁程序暫行規定進行仲裁。

又如：A Photostat copy of the Acceptance Certificate of the Contract Plant signed by the representatives of both parties as per Chapter 9 of the present Contract.該合同設備的驗收證書的影印副本由雙方代表按照該合同第九章簽收。

再如：Both Parties shall each contribute their paid in capital in compliance with the items specified in the appendix to the Contract.合同雙方應按照本合同附件中載明的項目進行出資。

8.Including but not limited to與including, without limitation以及including by way of illustration but not limitation 英文合同表達“包括但不限于”時，就會用到這幾個短語。

例如：The time for the performance of the Seller's obligations set forth in this Contract shall be automatically extended for a period equal to the duration of any nonperformance arising directly or indirectly from Force Majeure events including but not limited to fire, flood, earthquake, typhoon, natural catastrophe, and all other contingencies and circumstances whatsoever beyond the Seller's reasonable control preventing, hindering or interfering with the performance thereof.本合同規定賣方履行義務的時間應自動延長等同于由于直接或間接由于不可抗力事件導致的不能履行的期間。不可抗力事件包括但不限于火災、洪水、地震、臺風、自然災害和賣方無論怎樣也無法合理控制的阻止、妨礙、干擾本合同履行的其他風險和情形。

9.prior to, no later than, on or before，on and after

prior to, on or before，no later than, on or after常用在英文合同中限定日期，prior to表示“某日之前，提前多少日”。on or before, no(not)later than,表示“不遲于”，On and after表示“從某日起”。

例如：Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any order sort to collect any account on and after September 20.自9月2O日起，甲方已無權接受任何定單或收據。例如：Our terms are cash within three months, i.e.on or before May 1.我公司的條件是，3個月內，即不得晚于5月1日，支付現金。

例如： Party B shall ship the goods within one month of the date of signing this Contract, i.e.not later than December.本合同簽字之日一個月內，即不遲于12月15日，你方須將貨物裝船。

例如：10-15 days prior to the date of shipment, the Buyer shall inform the Seller by cable or telex of the contract number, name of vessel, ETA of vessel, quantity to be loaded and the name of shipping agent, so as to enable the Seller to contact the shipping agent direct and arrange the shipment of the goods.裝運前10天到15天，買方應以電報或電傳方式通知賣方合同編號、裝運船名，預計到達時間，裝載數量和承運代理商名稱，以便能使賣方直接聯系承運代理商安排貨物裝運。

此外，為限定時間更為明確，還常用inclusive、including和included，來限定含當日在內的時間。

例如： This credit expires till January1(inclusive)for negotiation in Beijing.(or:This credit expires till and including January1 for negotiation in Beijing.)本證在北京議付，有效期至1月1日。如果不包括1月1日在內，則為till and not including January 1。

10．Without prejudice to

Without prejudice to,常用于英文合同中，表示在“不損害某規定/情況下”。

例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.不妨害買方索賠權，買方仍有權取消合同的部分或全部。

11．Attributable to, due to, owing to, by virtue of, in view of, because of, on account of，considering, in consideration of

這一組短語出現在英文合同中都表示“因為”，其中due to，owing to，because of較不正式，很少使用。

二、英文合同常見實詞(Content Words)1． Represent, warrant, undertake, guarantee

在英文合同中這幾個詞都表示“保證”的含義。Represent 往往和warrant連用，出現在合同的聲明保證部分：

例如：Both the Seller and the Purchaser warrant and represent that no broker was involved in negotiating this purchase and sale, and both the Seller and the Purchaser agree to indemnify and hold each other harmless against any and all claims for brokerage.買賣雙方保證并聲明沒有中介介入交易磋商，且保證賠償對方因中介引起的索賠并使其免受損害。

例如：Under FOB terms, the Seller shall undertake to load the contracted goods on board the vessel nominated by the Buyer on any date notified by the Buyer, within the time of shipment as stipulated in Clause 8 of this Contract.根據離岸價格術語，賣方應保證根據在本合同第八條規定的時限內，按買方通知的日期，裝運貨物至買方指定船只。

例如：Party B guarantees that the machines and equipment are unused, sophisticated and of best quality, and that the machines and equipment are capable of manufacturing the steel wire rope.乙方保證機器設備未經使用，性能良好、品質卓越而且該設備能生產出鋼絲繩。

2.Principal place of business(principal office), domicile, business premise, registered office

在英文合同中，這幾個詞的意思分別是：“主營業地”、“住所地”、“營業場所”、“注冊地”。往往出現在前言的“parties”部分。

例如：This Contract made on April 1, 19--, at ______, China, between ABC Co.with its principal office at ______, China(hereinafter called Party A), and XYZ Co.with its principal office at______, USA(hereinafter called Party B).本合同于19**年4月1日于中國***簽訂，合同雙方為ABC公司（以下簡稱甲方），其主營業地位于中國***，和XYZ公司（以下簡稱乙方），其主營業地為美國***。例如：If franchisee is declared in default of the agreement, the franchiser has the right to conclude the terms of the agreement and also has the right, without notice to execute any dutiful and authorized acts, on the business premise necessary.如被特許方承認違約，許可方則有權終止該協議且有權未經通知在必要的營業場所采取任何盡責和授權行為。

例如：EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT is made and entered into on ________ day of _________(month), ____(year), by and between: _______(hereinafter referred to as the “Company”), a corporation organized and existing under the laws of the State of ____, with its registered office located at ________________, and ______(hereinafter referred to as the “Employee”), an individual, with nationality of _________(Passport No._____)residing at ________________.本聘用協議訂立于*年*月*日，協議雙方為***（以下本公司），其按*州法律組織設立，注冊地為***，和***，自然人，國籍為*國，護照號碼為***，住址為***。例如： The Arbitration shall be conducted in the country of the domicile of the defendant.本仲裁應在被申請人住所地的國家進行。

3． Chapter, article, section, clause, paragraph, subparagraph

英文合同中的“章”、“條”、“款”、“項” 分別用chapter, article/section/clause, paragraph, subparagraph表示。例如：The Borrower further irrevocably consents to service of process upon it out of said courts in any such action or proceeding by mailing copies thereof by United Stated registered air mail, postage prepaid, to the Borrower at the address specified in Section 10.5 hereof.借款人進一步不可撤消同意上述法院就該事宜訴訟或程序的送達，接受按照本合同第十條第五款指定的借款人地址寄來的美國航空掛號信，郵資已付郵件中的副本。

4.Have the right to do, be entitled to, may do, reserve the right to do, be(duly)authorized to do, have the authority to do, do sth at one’s option or/and discretion, be liberty to do

這一組短語是都表示“有權做”。Be entitled to表示to give sb.the right to sth.(to sth.)體現該權利法律上的強制性。Reserve the right to do表示to have a specified power of right in law體現法律上規定的權利。而be authorized to do, have the authority to do指經授權而有的權利，至于do sth.at one’s option or/and discretion則指行為人自主決定的權利。例如：The Buyer shall nevertheless have the right to cancel in part or in whole of the contract without prejudice to the Buyer's right to claim compensations.盡管如此，買方有權撤消合同的全部或部分，概不妨礙買方索賠權之行使。

例如：In circumstance provided above in Clause 14.1 C or New Company shall, at its sole option and discretion, be entitled to transfer to B all or part of C or New Company's proprietary rights and ownership of the infrastructure project, under construction or after Completion Date, as liquidated damages, in lieu of computing and compensating the actual damages provided that such transfer shall be conducted of C's own free will or rendered in the arbitration award as stipulated in clause 23.在 上述第十四條第一款規定的情形下，丙方或新公司自行選擇決斷有權向乙方轉讓丙方或新公司的所有權及在建或竣工后基礎設施的所有權的全部或部分作為約定的固 定數額的違約金來替代計算賠償實際損害，但該轉讓應為丙方自己自愿實施的行為或根據二十三條的規定基于仲裁裁決的處分。

又如：The Buyer shall establish the covering letter of credit before the date specified in Clause Three of this Sales Confirmation, failing which the Seller reserves the right to rescind without further notice, or to accept whole or any part of this Sales Confirmation not fulfilled by the Buyer, or to lodge a claim for losses sustained, if any.買方須于銷售確認書第三條所規定的日期之前開出本批交易的信用證。否則，售方有權不經通知取消本確認書，或接受買方對本銷售確認書未履行的全部或一部分，或對因此遭受的損失提出索賠。

再如：The supervision personnel appointed by Party A and its representative shall have the authority to supervise the progress of work and give instruction.甲方任命的監管人員及其代表應有權監督工程進度并發出指令。5．Perform, fulfill, execute, implement

英文合同表示合同履行時經常用到這幾個詞，perform表示to do what one party is obliged to do by a contract泛指雙方履行合同的各項責任和義務，而fulfill表示to do everything which is promised in a contract強調合同一方具體履行合同的義務。Execute implement表示則強調具體實施，execute也有簽約、生效的用法。

例如：With respect to the outstanding 180 M/T of low-density polyethylene NY2-11 under Contract No.79hp-106, we insist that you must open the covering letter of credit the soonest possible to secure the performance of the contract.We hereby would like to call your attention to the fact that the Adviser Inc., who purchased LDPE NY2-11 from us at the same time as you did have fulfilled their commitment under the previous Contract not long after we offered our regulated price and signed a new contract covering substantial quality.有關第79hp-106號合同項下180公噸的低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）未付款項，我方堅持要求貴方盡快開立信用證以保證合同的履行。我方在此提請貴方注意該事實，同時從我公司購買低密度聚乙烯（NY2-11）的Adviser公司已經按先前的合同履行完義務，不久后，我方就提供了調整的價格并簽訂了一份產品品質優良的新合同。

例如：Each of the parties to this Agreement shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the transactions contemplated hereby and to fulfill and cause to be fulfilled the conditions to Closing under this Agreement including, without limitation, Parent using reasonable best efforts to obtain the Parent Stockholder Approval at the meeting of Parent's stockholders scheduled to be held on June 25, 1999 or at any adjournment or postponement thereof(the “June 25 Meeting”).Each party hereto, at the reasonable request of another party hereto, shall execute and deliver such other instruments and do and perform such other acts and things as may be necessary or desirable for effecting completely the consummation of this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby.合同任一方應竭盡全力來完成在此預期的交易并按本協議履行或促使交易的成交條件的履行。包括但不限于母公司盡力按日程在1999年6月25日召開的母公司股東會或該日期延后或休會期間通過母公司股東批準。本合同一方應在他方合理的要求下，應簽署并交付其他文件并切實履行本協議和預期交易完全成就所必需或需要的行為和事宜。例如：All disputes arising in connection with this contract or in the execution thereof, should be settled amicably through negotiations.所有與合同或合同履行有關的爭議，應通過友好協商解決。

例如：All expenses of keeping the books and records of the Company and the preparation of financial statements required to implement the provisions of this Agreement or otherwise needed for the conduct of the Company's business shall be borne by the Company.所有履行本協議規定所要求的或其他本公司經營所需要的保存本公司賬冊記錄和準備財務報表的費用由本公司承擔。

6．Abide by, observe, obey, comply with

這幾個詞在英文合同中都表示“遵守，服從，”的意思。Comply with的主語通常是Sth.而observe和abide by則的主語通常是Sb.例如：The delivered equipment shall be installed and tested by Party B and shall fully comply with the technical requirements and processing quality of the contract.所交付的設備應由乙方安裝調試，應完全符合本合同的技術要求和工藝質量。例如：The Contractor shall observe and abide by all applicable laws, rules and regulations in connection with the Work.承包人必須遵守和服從與該工程有關的一切適用法律規章和條例。

7.have the legal obligation to do, be obliged/obligated to, shall do, be under the obligation to do，be liable/responsible to do, be liable/responsible for，在英文合同中這一組短語都表達“有責任、有義務”。Shall do sth.在第二章英文合同特點時，已經述及，在此不再贅述。其他短語的用法，參看下例：

例1：The Company has no legal obligation, absolute or contingent, to any other Person to sell any material portion of the assets of the Company, to sell any material portion of the capital stock or other ownership interests of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or to effect any merger, consolidation or other reorganization of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or to enter into any agreement with respect thereto.本公司沒有完全或隨附的任何法律義務向任何他人出售公司資產的任何重要部分，出售股本的任何重要部分或本公司或其任一子公司的其他所有權權益，或實現本公司或任一子公司的并購、合并或其他的重組或簽訂有關以上事項的協議。

例2：RCII is not under any legal obligation, whether written or oral, to do any of the foregoing.RCII公司沒有任何書面或口頭上的法律義務來做以上的任何一項。

例3：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged/obligated to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.在危險或有毒貨物的情況下，賣方有義務照管確保其屬性安全且應在每一包裝上標注通常采用的標識。

Within the time as notified by the Buyer, after its arrival at the port of shipment the Seller shall be fully liable to the Buyer and responsible for all losses and expenses such as dead freight, demurrage.在買方通知的時限內，抵達裝運港后，賣方應對買方承擔全部責任并對諸如空倉費、延滯費等所有損失和費用負責。

The Seller shall not be held liable for failure or delay in delivery of the entire lot or a portion of the goods under this Sales Contract in consequence of any Force Majeure incidents.賣方對因任何不可抗力事件導致本買賣合同項下整批或部分貨物未能交付或延誤概不承擔責任。8.effect

在基礎英語中，effect一般作名詞，指效果、影響，英文合同中如：come into effect表示生效，sth.in effect表示生效的法律文件。除了這些基本用法外，effect還常用作動詞表示“實現”、“完成”的意思。例如：

This contract shall come into effect on the date when it is signed by both parties.本合同從雙方簽字之日起生效。

The Buyer shall accept the bill of exchange immediately upon the first presentation of the bill of exchange and the required documents and shall effect the payment on the maturity date of the bill of exchange.匯票一經承兌交單，買方應在匯票到期時完成支付。

此外，當表達實際上，事實上的含義時，英文合同常用in effect, 而不是in fact.9．Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original

在英文合同中，Counterpart, copy, duplicate, original 都用作表示合同一式幾份。Counterpart, copy和duplicate指副本，而original指的是正本，而且duplicate就有雙重雙份的意思，也常見in duplicate的用法，與此類似的還有in triplicate（一式三份）, in quadruplicate（一式四份），in quintuplicate（一式五份），in sextuplicate（一式六份），in septuplicate（一式七份），in octuplicate（一式八份），in nonuplicate（一式九份），in decuplicate（一式十份）等等。

例如：This Agreement may be executed simultaneously in two or more counterparts.Each counterpart shall be deemed an original, and all of the counterparts together shall constitute but one and the same instrument.本協議文本可同時簽署兩份或多份副本。每一副本應視為一份原件，所有副本一起應構成唯一同一文件。10．Incur

英文合同中incur指“招致，引起”，相當于基礎英語中的cause。通常以過去分詞incurred形式出現。例如：In case her age exceeds 15 years, the extra average insurance premium thus incurred shall be borne by the Seller.如果她的年齡超過15歲，則由買方承擔因此產生的平均保險費以外的費用。

例如：No costs incurred in the manufacture, sale, distribution or exploitation of the articles shall be deducted from any royalty payable by Licensee.產品的生產、銷售、分銷或開發引起的花費不得從被許可方的使用費中扣除。11．To-wit

作為法律專用語，to-wit的意思為“即”，相當于基礎英語中的“that is to say（i.e.）”。例如：WITNESSETH: That for and in consideration of the sum of One Million Eleven Thousand One Hundred Fifty Dollars($1,011,150.00)cash in hand paid by the party of the second part to the party of the first part and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of all of which are hereby acknowledged, the said party of the first part does hereby bargain, sell, grant and convey, in fee simple, with general warranty of title, unto the party of the second part, the following, to-wit:

茲證明（通常省略不譯）：茲以乙方支付甲方的一百零一萬一千一百五十美元現金和其他為約因，特此確認充分并予接受，上述甲方由此交易、出售、轉讓***，對所有權向乙方作一般保證如下，即：

12．Sanction, approval, examination

英文合同表示審批、批準時，常常使用這幾個詞，sanction尤其專用于合同。

第三節 英語合同的常用句型(Sentence Patterns)

一、in the event that(短語為in the event of), in case(短語為in case of), providing(that), provided(that), on the conditions that, if(if and whenever), where, in so far as(insofar as), should, suppose/supposing（that）

在英文合同中，以上這些詞常用來引導條件從句表示“如果、假如”等情形，至于基礎英語中常用的“as long as”在英文合同非常鮮見。

如：In the event that the Contract Price or any other terms of the Contract changes after the issuance of the Letter of Credit(or Letter of Guarantee)the Owner shall arrange for such Letter to be amended accordingly as soon as possible after any such changes.如果在信用證（或保函）開出后，合同總價或合同其他條款發生變化，業主應盡快安排對信用證（或保函）進行相應的修改。

如：In case part of or all know-how of the above-mentioned technical contents have been published by Party B or Third Parties A obtains evidence of such publication, then Party A shall no longer be responsible for keeping secret and confidential the part already published.如上述專有技術的一部分或全部已由第三方公布，而甲方也掌握了已公布的證據，則甲方不再承擔保密義務。如：15% of the above contract price, e.g.US $ 21, 000.00 shall be paid by Party A to Party B by M/T within 30 days after Party A has received from Party B the following technical documentations and documents and providing that they are in conformity with the contract:甲方從乙方處收到以下技術資料和文件后30天內應信匯乙方上述合同總價的百分之十五，也就是兩萬一千美元，但該技術資料和文件應符合本合同要求。

如：Either party may at anytime replace the chairman, deputy chairman or director(s)it has appointed, provided that it gives written notice to the Joint Venture Company and the other party.任何一方可隨時更換自己委派的董事長、副董事長或董事，但必須書面通知合資公司和合資的另一方。需要注意的是，provided that通常語氣上有轉折的含義，不宜翻譯為“假如，如果”，譯為“但是”，則譯文過渡自然，符合漢語表達的規范。

Should the seller make delivery on time as stipulated in the Contract with the exception of Force Majeure specified in Clause18 to this contract, the Buyer shall agree to postpone the delivery on condition that the Seller agree to pay a penalty which shall be deducted by the paying bank from the payment under negotiation.如果賣方并非因本合同第18條規定的不可抗力事件而未按合同規定的期限交貨，那么，只要賣方同意支付罰金，并由付款行從議付款中扣除，買方便同意賣方延期交貨。

句中出現兩處條件從句，should引導的從句屬于非真實條件句，即虛擬語氣，表示該條件發生的可能性很小，也就是說是當事人不希望出現的不利情況。而on condition that引導的條件從句，往往表示只要某情況出現，就如何如何。Notwithstanding the completion of the sale and purchase of the __ ordinary shares in the Company, the terms and conditions of this agreement shall remain in full force and effect as between the parties hereto in so far as the same are not fulfilled.即使買賣公司*股普通股已經結束，只要該行為尚未履行完畢，本協議條款對雙方仍然完全有效。

In all cases where Licensee desires artwork involving articles which are the subject of this license to be executed, the cost of such artwork and the time for the production thereof shall be borne by Licensee.如果被許可方需要的工藝品涉及本許可將履行的標的，則該工藝品的費用和生產該工藝品的時耗應由被許可方承擔。

As an example, suppose that Stamps.com has a partnership agreement with a company called “Internet Marketing”.In this example, “Partner Name” would be “InternetMarketing”.試舉一例，如果Stamp.com公司與一家名叫Internet Marketing的公司有一合伙協議。本例中，該“合伙名稱就是“InternetMaketing”。

If and whenever the attorney at law designated by Party B comes to work with Party A, Party A shall offer all sufficient and necessary facilities, arrange the said legal counsel with an office, appoint a company officer to assist legal counsel with his function, provide relevant information and writ and print legal draft for such legal counsel.乙方律師到甲方工作時，甲方應充分給予安排，安排法律顧問辦公場所，選派干部協助律師工作，提供有關情況，繕寫打印稿件等。

相關鏈接：in no case, in no event, in the case of，in any case等。in no case和in no event表示“決不”即無論怎樣都不行。

例如：Vessel over 20 years of age shall in no event be acceptable to the Buyer.船齡超過20年的買方概不接受。

In the case of 就什么來說，關于，in any case 無論如何

例如：In the case of dangerous and/or poisonous cargo(es), the Seller is obliged to take care to ensure that the nature and the generally adopted symbol shall be marked conspicuously on each package.關于危險或有毒貨物，賣方有義務照管確保其屬性安全且應在每一包裝上標注通常采用的標識。