第一篇：山東省中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)博士考試英語復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)

中國醫(yī)藥學(xué) traditional Chinese medicine;TCM

中醫(yī)基礎(chǔ)理論basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine

臨床經(jīng)驗(yàn)clinical experience

辨證論治treatment based on syndrome differentiation 本草materia medica /medicinal herbs養(yǎng)生health-cultivation 醫(yī)療實(shí)踐medical practice

治療原則therapeutic principles

寒涼藥物herbs cold and cool in nature 滋陰降火nourishing yin and reducing fire 瘀血致病diseases caused by blood stagnation 先天之精congenitalessence

氣的運(yùn)動(dòng)變化 movement and changes of qi 形與神俱inseparability of the body and spirit 神明 spirit/mental activity

臟腑zang-organs and fu-organs/viscera 功能活動(dòng)functional activities

形神統(tǒng)一unity of the body and spirit 陰陽失調(diào)imbalance of yin and yang

正邪相爭 struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors

治未病prevention of disease 五臟five zang-organs 六腑six fu-organs

經(jīng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)system of meridians and collaterals 形神統(tǒng)一unity of the body and spirit 有機(jī)整體organic wholeness

表里關(guān)系 exterior and interior relation 開竅opening into

生長化收藏 five element function 脈象pulse conditions

邪正關(guān)系the states of pathogenic factors and healthy qi 自然現(xiàn)象 natural phenomena 哲學(xué)概念 philosophical concept 對立統(tǒng)一 unity and opposites

相互消長 mutual waning and waxing 陰陽屬性 nature of yin and yang 生理功能 physiological functions 病理變化 pathological changes 臨床診斷 clinical diagnosis

有機(jī)整體 organic wholeness/entirety

正邪斗爭struggle between healthy qi and pathogenic factors

五行學(xué)說 theory of five elements 運(yùn)動(dòng)變化 motion and variation 條達(dá)舒暢 free development

相生相克mutual(inter-)generation and mutual(inter-)restriction

生我”“我生” to be generated and to generate傳變transmission of disease

母病及子disease of the mother-organ affecting the child-organ

子病犯母 disease of the child-organ affecting the mother-organ

肝腎精血不足 insufficiency of kidney and liver essence and blood

肝陽上亢hyperactivity of liver yang 1．中國醫(yī)藥學(xué)有數(shù)前年的歷史，是中國人民長期同疾病作斗爭的經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)。TCM has a history of thousands of years and is a summary of the Chinese people’s experience in their struggle against diseases.2．中醫(yī)學(xué)在古代唯物論和辯證法思想的影響和指導(dǎo)下，通過長期的醫(yī)療實(shí)踐，逐步形成并發(fā)展成為獨(dú)特的醫(yī)學(xué)理論體系。Under the influence and guidance of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics, TCM has gradually evolved into a medical system with unique theory through long term medical practice.3．中醫(yī)學(xué)是研究人體生理、病理以及疾病的診斷和防治的一門科學(xué)TCM is a science that studies the physiology and pathology of the human body as well as diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.4．《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》總結(jié)了春秋戰(zhàn)國以來的醫(yī)療成就和治療經(jīng)驗(yàn)，確立了中醫(yī)學(xué)的獨(dú)特的理論體系，成為中醫(yī)藥學(xué)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)。Huangdi Neijing(Huangdi’s Canon of Medicine)has summed up the medical achievement and the treatment experience since the Spring-Autumn Period and Warring States, establishing the unique theoretical system of TCM, and laying the foundation for the development of TCM.5．《難經(jīng)》內(nèi)容十分豐富，補(bǔ)充了《黃帝內(nèi)經(jīng)》的不足，成為后世指導(dǎo)臨床實(shí)踐的理論基礎(chǔ)。Nan Jing is rich in content, supplementing what Huangdi Neijing lacks and serving as the theoretical basis for the clinical practice of the latter generations 1．中醫(yī)學(xué)在其形成過程中受到了古代唯物論和辯證法思想的深刻影響。During the long course of its development and practice, TCM has been under the influence of classical Chinese materialism and dialectics.2．中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為世界是物質(zhì)的，是陰陽二氣相互作用的結(jié)果。TCM holds that the world is material and is the result of the interaction of yin and yang.3．天地合氣，命之曰人。The existence of human beings depends on the interaction between the celestial qi and terrestrial qi.4．中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為精氣是生命的本原物質(zhì)，這種精氣先身而生，具有遺傳性。According to TCM, essence is the essential substance for life.Such an essential substance exists prior to the formation of the body and is hereditary.5．父母之精氣相合，形成胚胎發(fā)育的原始物質(zhì)。The combination of the parental essence is the primary substance for the formation of fetus.1．中醫(yī)理論體系的基本特點(diǎn)是整體觀念和辨證論治。TCM is characterized by the concept of organic wholeness and treatment based on syndrome differentiation.2．中醫(yī)學(xué)認(rèn)為人體是一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。Tradition Chinese medicine holds that the human body is an organic whole.3．人體各個(gè)組成部分在功能上相互為用，在病理上相互影響。The components of human body functionally depend on each other and pathologically affect each other.4．整體觀念貫穿于中醫(yī)生理、病理、診法、辨證和治療的各個(gè)方面。The concept of holism permeates through all the fields in TCM, including physiology, pathology, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation and treatment.5．人體某一局部區(qū)域內(nèi)的病理變化往往與全身臟腑、氣血、陰陽的盛衰有關(guān)。The pathological changes in certain part or region of the human body are usually related to the conditions of viscera, qi and blood as well as yin and yang in the whole body.11.地區(qū)氣候的差異在一定程度上也影響著人體的生理活動(dòng)。The geographical difference may also affect to some extent the physiological activities of human body.12.四時(shí)氣候的變化是生物生長化收藏的重要條件之一。The change of the seasons is one of the important factors affecting the sprouting, growth, transformation, reaping and storing of life.13．辨證論治是中醫(yī)認(rèn)識疾病和治療疾病的基本原則，也是中醫(yī)的基本特點(diǎn)之一。Treatment based on syndrome differentiation is the basic principle for understanding and treating disease in TCM and also one of the basic characteristics of TCM.14．證是機(jī)體在疾病發(fā)展過程中的某一階段的病理概括。Syndrome is a pathological summarization of a disease at a certain stage of its development.15．辨證和論治是診治疾病過程中相互聯(lián)系不可分割的兩個(gè)方面。Syndrome differentiation and disease treatment are two inseparable parts in diagnosing and treating disease.1．陰陽是中國古代這些的一對范疇。Yin and yang are two categories in classical Chinese philosophy.2．陰陽的對立和消長是宇宙的基本規(guī)律。The opposition and waning-waxing of yin and yang are the basic laws in the universe.3．陰陽是自然界相互關(guān)聯(lián)的某些事物和現(xiàn)象對立雙方的概括。Yin and yang refer to two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in the natural world.4．世界是物質(zhì)性的整體，是陰陽二氣對立統(tǒng)一的結(jié)果。The world is a material integrity and is the result of the unity of opposites of yin and yang.5．宇宙間一切事物的發(fā)生、發(fā)展和變化都是陰陽對立統(tǒng)一矛盾運(yùn)動(dòng)的結(jié)果。The occurrence development and changes of all things in the universe result from the unity and opposition between yin and yang.1.人生有形，不離陰陽Man has a physical shape which is inseparable from yin and yang.2.對于人體的生理功能，中醫(yī)學(xué)也是用陰陽學(xué)說加以概括說明TCM explains and summarizes the physiological functions of human body according to the theory of yin and yang.3.功能屬于陽，物質(zhì)屬于陰Function pertains to yang while substance to yin.4.如果陰陽不能相互為用而分離，人的生命也就終止了The separation of yin and yang will lead to the end of life.5.陰陽的協(xié)調(diào)平衡是健康的表現(xiàn)The balance and harmony of yin and yang are the manifestations of health.1．木、火、土、金、水是不可缺少的物種最基本的物質(zhì)。Wood, fire, earth, metal and water are the most essential and indispensable materials.2．任何事物都不是孤立的、靜止的，而是在不斷的相生、相克的運(yùn)動(dòng)中維持著協(xié)調(diào)平衡。Nothing in the world is solitary and static.In fact everything in the universe maintains harmonic balance through constant mutual generation and restriction.3．中醫(yī)理論體系在形成過程中，受到古代五行學(xué)說的深刻影響。The theoretical system of TCM has been under the influence of classical theories of the five elements.4．五行理論主要用以分析各種事物的五行屬性和研究事物之間相互聯(lián)系的基本法則。The theory of five elements is mainly used to analyze the properties of the five elements of various things according to the five elements and study the basic law of the inter-relation between things.11.腎主水而歸屬于水。Kidney governs water, thus pertains to water.12．相生是指一事物對另一事物具有促進(jìn)、助長和資生的作用。Inter-generation means that one kind of object generates, strengthens or brings forth another one.13．相克是指一事物對另一事物的生長和功能具有抑制和制約的作用。Restriction means that one kind of object restricts and controls the functions of another one.14．事物之間的相生相克關(guān)系維持了自然界的生態(tài)平衡和人體的生理平衡。Inter-generation and restriction between objects maintain the ecological equilibrium in nature and the physiological balance in the human body.15．木生火，“生我”者為木；火生土，“我生”者為土。Since wood generates fire, it is the mother of fire;because fire generates earth, earth is the child of fire.1．五行學(xué)說以五行的特性來說明五臟的生理功能。The theory of elements is used to explain the physiological function of the five zang-organs according to the properties of the five elements.2．心陽有溫煦之功能，故以心屬火。Since heart yang functions to warm the body , the heart pertains to fire.3．五臟的功能活動(dòng)不是孤立的，而是互相聯(lián)系著的。The functional activities of the five zang-organs are not solitary , but interrelated.4．肝藏血以濟(jì)心。The liver stores the blood to provide for the heart.5．脾氣散精，上歸于肺。The spleen distributes the essence upwards to the lung.11．五行學(xué)說也可以用以確定治療原則和制訂治療方法。The theory of five elements also can be used to decide therapeutic principles and methods.12．相克傳變包括“相乘”和“相侮”，均屬于不正常的相克。Restricting transmission includes “over-restriction” and “reverse-restriction” , both of which are abnormal activities of restriction.13．如面見青色，喜食酸味，脈見弦象，可以診斷為肝病。For example , the signs of bluish complexion , preference for sour taste and taut pulse may suggest liver disease.14．滋水涵木法是滋養(yǎng)腎陰以養(yǎng)肝陰的方法。Enriching water to nourish wood is a therapeutic method used to nourish kidney yin to tonify liver yin.15．益火補(bǔ)土法是溫腎陽以補(bǔ)脾陽的一種方法 Boosting fire to supplement earth is a therapeutic method used to warm kidney yang to supplement spleen yang.

第二篇：山東省中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)公告

三、招聘條件

（一）基本條件

1、具有中華人民共和國國籍;

2、遵守憲法和法律;

3、具有較高的思想政治素質(zhì)，良好的品行和職業(yè)道德，熱愛高等教育事業(yè)，有強(qiáng)烈的事業(yè)心、團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作和敬業(yè)精神，遵紀(jì)守法，身心健康;

4、應(yīng)聘的應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生應(yīng)于2014年7月底之前取得相應(yīng)畢業(yè)證和學(xué)位證;

5、應(yīng)聘初級崗位年齡在40周歲以下（1973年6月4日以后出生），應(yīng)聘中級崗位年齡在45周歲以下（1968年6月4日以后出生）, 應(yīng)聘高級崗位年齡在50周歲以下（1963年6月4日以后出生）;

6、符合山東省事業(yè)單位招聘工作人員的其他相關(guān)規(guī)定和條件。

（二）崗位條件

崗位所需要的身體條件及學(xué)歷、學(xué)位、專業(yè)、工作經(jīng)歷等詳細(xì)見《省屬事業(yè)單位公開招聘工作人員崗位匯總表》（附件1）。

（三）曾受過刑事處罰和曾被開除公職的人員，在公務(wù)員招考和事業(yè)單位公開招聘中被認(rèn)定有嚴(yán)重違紀(jì)違規(guī)行為且不得報(bào)考的人員，在讀全日制普通高校非應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生、現(xiàn)役軍人，以及法律規(guī)定不得聘用的其他情形的人員不得應(yīng)聘。應(yīng)聘人員不能報(bào)考與本人有應(yīng)回避親屬關(guān)系的崗位。

四、招聘程序

（一）發(fā)布招聘信息

經(jīng)上級主管部門審核后，通過省人力資源社會(huì)保障廳網(wǎng)站（http：//，各教學(xué)用人單位電子信箱見附件1備注處，郵件及附件2、3電子文檔名稱一律采用“崗位名稱－姓名”方式命名，例如“教師1－李**”。

報(bào)名時(shí)間：自報(bào)名信息發(fā)布之日起15日內(nèi)。

報(bào)名結(jié)束后，對應(yīng)聘人數(shù)達(dá)不到規(guī)定比例的招聘崗位，計(jì)劃招聘1人的，取消招聘崗位；計(jì)劃招聘2人以上的，按規(guī)定比例相應(yīng)核減招聘人數(shù)。

2、資格審查

資格審查采用現(xiàn)場確認(rèn)的方式進(jìn)行。學(xué)校人事處和相關(guān)學(xué)院對應(yīng)聘人員的情況進(jìn)行資格確認(rèn)，資格確認(rèn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及需攜帶的相關(guān)材料見附件4。具體資格審查時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)另行通知（請注意查看山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)校園網(wǎng)http：//

八、其他

未盡事宜，按照省委組織部、省人力資源社會(huì)保障廳《關(guān)于2014年省屬事業(yè)單位公開招聘工作人員有關(guān)問題的通知》（魯人社發(fā)〔2014〕14號）的相關(guān)規(guī)定執(zhí)行。

山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)二〇一四年六月四日

第三篇：山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)博士考試針灸推拿學(xué)試題2012

山東中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)2012年博士研究生入學(xué)考試

針灸推拿學(xué)試題

1.“平補(bǔ)平瀉”一詞出于何著作？歷代有哪幾種解釋？ 2.簡述膝骨關(guān)節(jié)炎的主要癥狀特點(diǎn)、病理變化及針灸治療作用。并例舉兩種臨床常用治法說明之。3.試用經(jīng)絡(luò)理論解釋《四總穴歌》的治療意義。

4.循行至眼區(qū)周圍的經(jīng)脈有哪幾條？請用《靈樞·經(jīng)脈》的原文描述其在眼周之循行。

5.試述針灸的辨證施治程序及針灸臨床上如何具體運(yùn)用八綱辨證？

6.請寫出《靈樞·九針十二原》篇中關(guān)于十二原穴的名稱、歸經(jīng)和定位。

7.治未病的概念和意義。常用的灸法治未病的方法及穴位有哪些？

8.請寫出《靈樞·順氣一日分為四時(shí)篇》關(guān)于五輸穴主治功能的原文。你是如何理解的？ 9.臍療的理論依據(jù)是什么？

10.偏頭痛的針灸處方以及耳穴綜合療法的器械藥品準(zhǔn)備、操作步驟。

第四篇：第三冊大學(xué)英語期末復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)句子

1.我們的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)出了毛病，但我覺得問題不大We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor.2.父親去逝的時(shí)候我還小,不能獨(dú)立生活。就在那時(shí)，家鄉(xiāng)的父老接過了教育我的責(zé)任。My father died when I was too young to live

on my own.The people of my hometown took over my upbringing at that point.3.這些玩具必須得達(dá)到嚴(yán)格的安全要求后才可出售給兒童The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children.5.一些科學(xué)家堅(jiān)信人們總有一天會(huì)喜歡轉(zhuǎn)基 因農(nóng)作物的，因?yàn)樗鼈兡軌蛱岣弋a(chǎn)量，幫助發(fā)展中國家戰(zhàn)勝饑荒和疾病Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since

they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.1.無論是在城市還是農(nóng)村，因特網(wǎng)正在改變?nèi)藗兊纳罘绞健he Internet is changing the way peopleEinstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.3.因其在激發(fā)學(xué)生創(chuàng)造性想象力方面的出色表現(xiàn)，王教授獲得了校長獎(jiǎng)Professor Wang received the Presidential Award for his

excellence in stimulating students' creative imagination.4.因存在一些設(shè)計(jì)上的重大缺陷，董事會(huì)沒有同意那個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激計(jì)劃As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn't approve of the economic

4.作為新聞和輿論的載體，廣播和電視補(bǔ)充了而不是替代了報(bào)紙。Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion.5.至于這本雜志，它刊載了世界各地許多報(bào)

紙雜志上文章的摘要When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles

from

manynewspapers

and

magazines around the world.1.雖然受到全球金融危機(jī)后果的巨大影響，但是我們?nèi)匀幌嘈盼覀兡軌蛎鎸μ魬?zhàn)，克服

危機(jī)。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.2.在持續(xù)不斷的沙塵暴的威脅下，我們被迫

離開我們喜愛的村莊，搬遷到新的地方。Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement.3.根據(jù)最近的網(wǎng)上調(diào)查，許多消費(fèi)者說他們也許會(huì)有興趣考慮購買電視廣告中播放的產(chǎn)

品。According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials.4.看到卡車司機(jī)把受污染的廢棄物倒在河邊，老人馬上向警方報(bào)告

Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.live, whether they are in urban or rural areas.2.和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到金融危機(jī)的威脅。

Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global

economic crisis than large ones.3.關(guān)于期末論文，教授要求我們先分析失業(yè)圖表，然然后對過家的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供批評性的見解。

With regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the

unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development.4.他從來也沒有想到他們隊(duì)會(huì)大比分贏得那場籃球賽。It never occurred to him that their team

would win the basketball match by a large margin.5.回顧二十年得中學(xué)教學(xué)，我把我的成功歸結(jié)為耐心、才能和對知識的不斷追求 Looking back on my twenty years' teaching in high school, I attribute my success to

patience, talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge.1.紅十字會(huì)派遣的志愿人員非常小心地對村里的飲用水進(jìn)行消毒，以避免爆發(fā)瘟疫 The volunteers sent by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution, the

drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague.2.愛因斯坦用了多年時(shí)間試圖把電磁學(xué)理論和引力理論結(jié)合起來，但沒有成功。

stimulus package.5.喬丹意識到?jīng)]人能給他幫助，終于得出結(jié)論他必須面對現(xiàn)實(shí)，獨(dú)自接受挑戰(zhàn)Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up

the challenge by himself.1.奶奶想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為糧價(jià)要漲，所以買了許多大米Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.2.我可以給你引用幾個(gè)例子來說明她獻(xiàn)身科

學(xué)的精神I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.3.20世紀(jì)80年代中國一些經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)開始迅速發(fā)展起來The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.4.兩國關(guān)系的緊張部分是由最近的間諜事件引起的Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.5.彼得已在一家律師事務(wù)所當(dāng)了多年律師。你可以考慮請他做你的律師，當(dāng)你需要法律

援助時(shí)，由他代你行事Peter has worked in a law firm for many years.You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.

第五篇：大學(xué)英語寫作教程復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)

Sentence fragments：

句子碎片：

sentences are complete thoughts because they are have subjects and verbs and because they require no other elements to complete their meaning.句子是完整的主題有完整的主語和謂語，而且并不需要成分來補(bǔ)充它的意思。

When any one of these dependent units is punctuated with a capital letter at the beginning and a full stop（period，exclamation point，or question mark）at the end，it is called a sentence fragment.當(dāng)任何一個(gè)非獨(dú)立成分被句首大寫字母強(qiáng)調(diào)并且末尾有一個(gè)停頓（句號，感嘆號，問號），他被稱為句子片段

A sentence fragment can be corrected in various ways：

句子碎片可以用多種不同的方法修正

a.by joining it to another sentence 把它加入進(jìn)另一個(gè)句子

b.by supplying a subject and a predicate提供一個(gè)主語和謂語

c.by rewriting the passage in which it occurs在不改變句意的范圍內(nèi)重寫

Any verbless or subjectlessfragment of a sentence，whether you can classify it or not，should not be allowed to stand as a sentence.任何沒有主語或謂語的句子碎片，不管是否分類，都不應(yīng)該當(dāng)做句子。

A.A verbless or subjectless fragment can be corrected by adding a subject or verb accordingly；by attaching the fragment to the sentence that comes before it or the sentence that comes after it，whichever makes sense ；or by rewriting the fragment entirely.一個(gè)缺少主語或謂語的句子碎片可以通過增加一個(gè)相應(yīng)的主語或謂語來改正；或通過把句子碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整；或完全的重寫句子碎片。

B.Added—detail fragments also lack a subject and a verb.They often begin with one of the following words.；for example，also，except，such as，including，especially，namely 額外的碎片也是缺少主語和謂語的。大多是以以下的詞開始的；例如，并且，除了，像，包含，特別，即

An added—detail fragments can be corrected in one of the three ways below： 額外碎片可以通過以下三種方式改正

a.Attach the fragment to the complete thought that precedes it.附加到他之前的完整意思中

b.Add a subject and a verb to the fragment to make it a complete sentence.在碎片中加入主語和謂語使他成為一個(gè)完整的句子

c.Change words necessary to make the fragment part of the sentence.改變必要的詞匯使句子碎片成為一個(gè)句子

Run—on sentence

連寫句

A run—on sentence is tow or more complete thoughts（or independent clauses）without adequate sign given to mark the break between them.連寫句是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的寫在一起且中間沒有明顯停頓標(biāo)記的完整的意思（獨(dú)立句）They may be corrected in four principal ways：

連寫句的四種主要的改正方法：

a.Use a period and write two separate sentence.用一個(gè)句號把它寫成兩個(gè)分開的不同的句子。b.Use a comma and a coordinating conjunction用逗號和適合的連詞

c.Use a semicolon用一個(gè)分號

d.Make one of the clauses dependent 使其中的一個(gè)句子變?yōu)閺木?/p>

Misplaced and dangling modifiers

錯(cuò)位修飾語和懸垂修飾語

A modifier is a word，a phrase，or a clause that functions in the sentence to modify，that is，to limit，qualify，or restrict the meaning of another word, phrase ,clause.Misplaced and dangling modifiers break a fundamental rule that all modifiers must be near the word they modify.Misplaced and dangling modifiers modify either the wrong word or no word at all。錯(cuò)位修飾語和懸垂修飾語修飾語在句子中的職能就是去修飾和限定句子中的另一個(gè)詞的意思。錯(cuò)位修飾語和懸垂修飾語破壞了修飾語必須挨著他所修飾的那個(gè)詞的基本的規(guī)則。錯(cuò)位修飾語和懸垂修飾語都修飾了錯(cuò)誤的詞或沒有起到修飾的作用。

Misplaced modifiers

錯(cuò)位修飾語

A modifier is misplaced when it appears so far from what it is supposed to modify that the connection is no longer clear or modifier seems to modify something else

當(dāng)一個(gè)修飾語出現(xiàn)在離他要修飾的詞很遠(yuǎn)的地方時(shí)，修飾看起來不再明顯或像在修飾其他的什么。

Squinting modifiers

偏斜修飾語

A squinting modifier is a word or phrase that appears to modify both the words that precede and follow it.Such a modifier seems to be looking in two directions at once.The result is a sentence with two possible meanings。

偏斜修飾語就是指一個(gè)修飾詞看起來在同時(shí)修飾他前后的兩個(gè)詞,看起來是在一次修飾兩個(gè)方向，結(jié)果句子就出現(xiàn)了兩種可能的意思。

Split infinitives

分裂不定式

A split infinitive is a construction in which the sign of the infinitive “to”has been separated from the verb with which it is associated.分裂不定式是將to 和有聯(lián)系的那個(gè)動(dòng)詞隔離開的結(jié)構(gòu)。

Dangling modifiers

懸垂修飾語

A dangling modifier is a group of word that has no grammatical connection to any element in the sentence.懸垂修飾語是一組在句子中與任何元素都沒有語法聯(lián)系的修飾語。

There are five kinds of dangling modifiers：五種懸垂修飾

a.dangling participles 懸垂分詞

b.dangling gerunds懸垂動(dòng)名詞

c.dangling infinitives 懸垂不定式

d.dangling elliptical clauses懸垂精簡句

e.dangling prepositional phrases懸垂介詞短語

Correcting dangling modifiers

校正懸垂修飾語

a.One way is to leave the modifier as it is and to rewrite the main clause so that its subject what the writer meant to modify。

一種方法是舍棄修飾語照現(xiàn)在的樣子改寫主句，以便明白什么才是作者修飾的主題。

b.Another way to correct sentence containing dangling modifiers is to change the dangling construction into a subordinate clause.另一種改正包含懸垂修飾語的句子方法是將懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)改成一個(gè)從句。

c.The third way to eliminate dangling modifiers is to recast the entire sentence.第三種方法是省略懸垂修飾語，重寫完整的句子。

Pronoun reference

指示代詞

Pronouns are useful because they take the place of nouns（persons，places，or things），which otherwise would have to repeated over and over.指示代詞代替那些在句子中多次出現(xiàn)的名詞。Antecedent先行詞代詞所指代的那個(gè)詞。每個(gè)代詞有且只有一個(gè)先行詞

Pronoun must be used in such a way as to make their exact reference clear.代詞必須在這樣的方式中使用已明確他們的職權(quán)

a.more than one possible antecedent 不可以有多個(gè)先行詞

b.it has no antecedent at all沒有先行詞

Weak reference

暗示指代

Weak reference refers to the type of the sentence in which the antecedent of a pronoun is implied or unspecified.暗示指代是代詞的先行詞是暗示或未指定的句子類型

Implied pronoun reference also refers to the type of sentence in which the same pronoun stands for different implied antecedents.暗含代詞也引用同樣的代名詞代表不同的隱含先行詞的句子類型

Broad reference

寬泛指代

There are two ways to improve broad reference：兩種改善寬泛指代的方法

a.Eliminate the pronoun 不要使用代詞

b.Change the pronoun to a demonstrative adjective by giving it a noun to modify

把代詞變?yōu)橹甘拘稳菰~

Parallelism

平行 排比

Parallelism is the rhetorical principle that sentence elements having the same grammatical function should be put in the same grammatical form.It is the writer’s technique of balancing like with like —noun with noun，verb with verb，infinitive with infinitive，phrase with phrase，clause with clause，and so forth.平行的修辭原則就是句子中有相同的語法功能的成分要放在相同的語法結(jié)構(gòu)中。這是作家們對類似物的平衡技巧，名詞和名詞，動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞，不定式和不定式，短語和短語，分句和分句，等等。

Value of parallelism

排比的價(jià)值

It is used by writers for two reasons ：to make a sentence smooth and coherent rather than jerky and awkward，and to give sentences rhythm，balance，and greater force.作者用排比來保持句子的流暢和連貫，和給句子 節(jié)奏平衡 強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣

Techniques used in gaining parallelism

排比的使用方法

a.Elements joined by coordinating conjunctions加入并列連詞

b.Elements joined by correlative conjunctions 加入關(guān)聯(lián)連詞

c.Repetition of certain word 重復(fù)一些有特點(diǎn)的詞

Unnecessary shifts

不必要的變幻

An unnecessary shift，as the name implies，is a sudden—andinexplicable shift in the point of view used by the writer.不必要的變幻就像名字的暗示是作者不可說明的觀點(diǎn)

A good writer needs to keep consistency in voice，tense，mood，person and discourse.一個(gè)好的作者要保持語態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài) 語氣 人稱 以及敘事方式的一致

a.Unnecessary shifts in voice or subject語態(tài)一致

b.Unnecessary shifts in tense時(shí)態(tài)上的一致

c.Unnecessary shifts in mood語氣上的一致

d.Unnecessary shifts in person or number人稱 數(shù)上的一致

e.Unnecessary shifts in discourse敘事方式上的一致

f.Discourse（speech）can be either direct or indirect敘事方式可以是直接引語或間接引語 Sentence emphasis

句子重點(diǎn)

There are some useful ways of gaining emphasis，covering order，voice，from，repetition，omission，sentence patterns and mechanical devices.一些獲得重點(diǎn)的途徑，包括：順序 語態(tài) 形式 重復(fù) 省略 句型 和機(jī)械的技巧。

A.Considering the order of words as a means achieving emphasis

句子中詞的的順序表示的重要性

a．use position for emphasis用位置來表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)end begin middle

b．invert the normal sentence order for emphasis 顛倒句子中的正常順序來表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào) c.use periodic sentences for occasional emphasis 用圓周句來表現(xiàn)偶爾的強(qiáng)調(diào)

The periodic sentences is one in which the main thought is held suspended until the end or near the end when it is suddenly released.圓周句是一種其主題思想直到句子結(jié)束或者接近結(jié)束的時(shí)候才停止之前的暫停說明而突然釋放的句子

The loose sentence is one in which the main thought is complete well before the end.松散句是一種其中心思想在句子結(jié)束之前就很好的表達(dá)了的句子

The periodic sentences is usually emphatic and conclusive because the weight of statement falls on the long—awaited predication.圓周句通常是很論述力和決定性作用的，因?yàn)槠渲亓啃偷挠^點(diǎn)建立在之前期待已久的預(yù)測上的。

d.ordinarily arrange a series of items in climactic order

層進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)

climactic order is the order that goes from the least important to the most important（or in the order that goes from the general to the specific）

層進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)是從最不重要的到最重要的，或是從總體到細(xì)節(jié)。

B.Using the voice that is most emphatic and appropriate 用最明確的語態(tài)

C.Putting statements in positive form 用肯定句式

D.Repeating words，structures，or ideas for occasional emphasis 重復(fù)要強(qiáng)調(diào)的E.Omitting unimportant words省略不必要的詞

F.Making use of special emphatic sentence patterns 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型

G.Using mechanical devices for emphasis用這些機(jī)械的技巧

Italics 斜體 boldface 黑體 capital 大寫 punctuation marks 標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號

Sentence variety

句子多樣性

A.Varying the beginning of sentences

句子開頭的多樣性

a． begin sentences with an appositive用同位語做句子開頭

b． begin sentences with an adverb用副詞做句子開頭

c． begin sentences with an adjective or adjective phrase用形容詞或形容詞短語做句子開頭 d． begin sentences with participial phrase用分詞短語做句子開頭

e． begin sentences with an infinitive phrase用不定式短語做句子開頭

f． begin sentences with a prepositional phrase用介詞短語做句子開頭

g． begin sentences with clause modifiers用從句做句子開頭

B.Varying the kinds of sentences

句子種類的多樣性

A)Use simple，compound，and complex sentences 用簡單句并列句以及含有從句的復(fù)雜句

B）use rhetorical sentences 運(yùn)用修辭手法

a．the loose sentences 松散句

b．the periodic sentences 圓周句

c．Sentences are not necessarily periodic or loose throughout句子不一定是松散句或圓周句 d．the balanced sentence is one that contains two or more phrases or clauses similar in form about the same length，but often contrasted in meaning.平衡句子是在對相同長度中的句子包括兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的相似形式短語或分句

C.Varying the length of sentences

句子長度的多樣性

Coordination 并列連詞

Coordination is the linking of equally weighed elements.連詞可連接相等重量的元素

Intelligent use of coordination can help give smoothness , variety , emphasis and unity to our writing.聰明的運(yùn)用連詞可以使句子通順，多樣性，加強(qiáng)語氣，增強(qiáng)我們文章的統(tǒng)一性。Patterns of coordination

連詞的模式

A.simple coordination

簡單的連詞

B.a second pattern of coordination makes use of correlative conjunctions to strengthen the connection between two coordination elements

第二種連詞的模式利用相關(guān)加強(qiáng)協(xié)調(diào)兩個(gè)連詞元素的連接

C.a third pattern of coordination involves the series , a list of three or more items.第三種連詞的模式包含一系列、列表、三個(gè)或更多的物品

Try eliminating all conjunctions;it is even possible to combine in a single sentence a series that repeats conjunctions with one that eliminates the rest completely;they can be grouped into pairs.試著消除所有連詞,它甚至可以用一句話概括了一系列與重復(fù)合用,消除了其余的全部，它們可以分組配對。

Avoidance of excessive coordination 避免通篇使用連詞

Subordination

從句

subordination is the technique of putting together ideas that are unequal in weight so that the relative importance of each will be quickly apparent to the reader.從句是把重要性不相等概念放在一起的手法，通過相對的比較使讀者更容易明白

Subordination helps you to avoid choppy sentences or excessive coordination and to achieve variety and smoothness.從句幫助我們避免斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的句子或者過多的連詞以達(dá)到多樣性和句子的通順

Ways of subordination

從句的方法

a.subordination by and adverbial clause狀語從句

b.subordination by and attributive clause 定語從句

c.subordination by a modifying phrase 修飾短語從句

d.subordination by an appositive 同位語從句

e.subordination by a word.用單詞

Avoidance of inverted subordination.避免倒裝的從句

Avoidance of expressive overlapping of subordination constructions

避免過量的重疊的從句

Avoidance of expressive subordination 避免表達(dá)過多的從屬