第一篇：精讀教案1
Unit 1 Essentials of business Teaching Time: six periods Part I Pre-learning I.Teaching Aims
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: A.Know what business is and the four basic factors of production.B.Understand how to greet people and say good-bye in informal and formal situations.C.Master countable and uncountable nouns.D.Grasp the words and phrases related to business.II.Teaching Important and Difficult Points Cultural Background A.Business(生意)In business English, business means the organized effort of individuals to produce and sell, for a profit, the goods and services that satisfy society’s needs.Generally business can mean buying or selling goods or services.That is the activity of making money by
producing or buying and selling goods, or by providing services.When it is used in this meaning, it is uncountable.It can also be used to refer to an organization such a company, shop, or factory that produces or sells goods or provides a service.When it is used in this meaning, it is countable.B.Entrepreneur(企業(yè)家)A person who risks his or her time, effort, and money to start and operate a business is called an entrepreneur.C.Types of business Businesses are generally of three types.Manufacturing businesses(or manufacturers)are organized to process various materials into tangible goods, such as trucks or towels.Service businesses produce services, such as haircuts or legal advice.And some firms------called middlemen------are organized to buy the goods produced by manufacturers and then resell them.Part II Teaching Procedure Reading I I.Key Language Points
1.relate: v.to connect 聯(lián)系，涉及
[相關(guān)搭配] relate ?to/with與?有關(guān)，有聯(lián)系
【例句】Faced with the facts I had to relate the matter with you.面對這些事實我不得不把你和這件事聯(lián)系起來。
[相關(guān)詞] relation n.similarity, contrast or connection between people, things or events聯(lián)系，關(guān)聯(lián)，關(guān)系
【例句】There is close relation between rainfall and crop production.降雨量與農(nóng)作物之間有密切的聯(lián)系。
2.construct: v.build sth.;put or fit together;form 建造，建筑，構(gòu)成
【例句】construct a factory/ an airplane/a sentence 建工廠/造飛機/造句
[相關(guān)詞] constructor n.person who constructs things建筑者，建設(shè)者
construction n.action or manner of constructing 建筑，建造的活動或方式
3.finance: v.provide money for(a project);fund 為（某計劃）提供資金，提供款項
【例句】The scheme is partly financed by this company.此計劃部分是由這家公司資助的。
finance company(or finance house): company that lends money for
hire-purchase transactions 信貸公司，財務(wù)公司
the Ministry of Finance 財政部
the Minister of Finance 財政部部長
[相關(guān)詞]financial adj.concerning money and finance 財務(wù)的，金融的，財政的
【例句】a financial magnate 金融巨頭
financial circles 金融界
financial reports 會計報告
4.stock: n.[C usu pl] a portion of capital of a business company held by an investor, share股份
[相關(guān)詞]stockholder/ shareholder股東
stockbroker n.person who buys or sells stocks and shares for clients
證券經(jīng)紀人；股票經(jīng)紀人
stock exchange n.place where stocks and shares are publicly bought and sold
股票交易所；證券交易所
5.insurance: n.guarantee of compensation for loss, damage, sickness, etc.in return for regular payment 保險
【例句】an insurance against theft/ fire 盜竊保險/火險
personal insurance人身保險 6.secure: v.1）to make sure of getting sth.獲得
【例句】He’s lucky to have secured himself such a good job.他能找到這么好的工作是幸福。
2）make safe 使安全，防護，保衛(wèi)（常與against, from , to 連用）
【例句】By strengthening the river banks the city secured itself
against
flood.由于加固河堤，該城可以免遭水災(zāi)。7.distribute: vt.1)give or send out 分配，分發(fā)，配給（常與to, among 連用）
【例句】distribute the books to the students 給學(xué)生分發(fā)書本
2)spread out, scatter 分布，散步，散開（常與over連用）
【例句】Our shops are distributed all over the city.我們的商店遍布在城市的各個地方。
3)give out or deliver 分送，運送
【例句】The man had thirty parcels to be distributed at houses all over the town.這個人有30個包裹要分送全鎮(zhèn)各家。
[相關(guān)詞] distribution n.the act of distributing分配，分發(fā)
distributive adj.of or having to do with distribution分配的，分布的
8.estate: n.1)a large area of land developed for a specific purpose, e.g.for houses or factories 做某種用途的地區(qū)
【例句】a housing/ trading estate 住宅區(qū)/商業(yè)區(qū) an industrial estate 工業(yè)區(qū)
2)area of land, esp.in the country 地產(chǎn)，（尤指）莊園
【例句】He owns a large estate in Scotland.他在蘇格蘭有大量地產(chǎn)。
3)all the money and property that a person owns , esp.that which is left at death
個人財產(chǎn)，（尤指）遺產(chǎn)
【例句】Her estate was divided among her four children.她的遺產(chǎn)分給了她的四個子女。9.yield: v.1)to give, produce, bear, etc.生產(chǎn)，出產(chǎn)，生長出，結(jié)出
【例句】The tree has yielded a lot of apples this year.這棵樹今年結(jié)了很多蘋果。
This land yields abundantly.這塊地收成很好。
2)give up, surrender 讓步，讓與，放棄，屈服，投降
【例句】He yielded all his possessions to the state.他把自己的所有財產(chǎn)都轉(zhuǎn)讓給了國家。
He was yielding to public pressure.他屈服于輿論的壓力。10.manufacture: v.1)to make goods on a large scale(尤指大量)生產(chǎn)
【例句】manufacture shoes 制造鞋
manufacturing industry制造業(yè)
2)invent 假造，虛構(gòu)，捏造
【例句】She manufactured a false story to hide the facts.她編造瞎話以掩蓋事實。
11.accomplish: v.to succeed in doing 完成
【例句】He accomplished his purpose.他達到了他的目的。
[相關(guān)詞]accomplished adj.完成的，達到的 【例句】an accomplished fact 已成的事實
[相關(guān)詞]accomplishment n.實行，完成，達到,成績，成就 12.process: v.1)to perform operation on(sth.)in computer(用計算機處理)【例句】data processing equipment數(shù)據(jù)處理設(shè)備
2)a continued set of actions performed intentionally in order to reach some results 步驟，程序，過程
【例句】Unloading the cargo was a slow process.卸貨是個緩慢的過程。
in the process 在進行中 13.conduct:
v.1)manage, direct, carry on 經(jīng)營，管理，指揮
【例句】The oldest son conducts the family’s business.由長子掌管家里的日常事務(wù)。
2)behave oneself 行為，舉止
【例句】He conducted himself honestly.他為人誠懇。
3)lead or guide 指導(dǎo)，引導(dǎo)
【例句】The curator conducted the visitors round the museum.館長領(lǐng)著游客們在博物館各處參觀。
n.1)moral behavior 行為，品行
【例句】His conduct in school is excellent.他在學(xué)校的品行是極好的。
2)manner of directing or managing affairs.執(zhí)導(dǎo)，管理
【例句】under the conduct of 在?的引導(dǎo)下
His conduct of the business was very successful.他的商業(yè)經(jīng)營十分成功。
14.initiate: v.1)start(sth.)working 創(chuàng)始，發(fā)起
【例句】This year we shall initiate a series of free concerts.今年我們將發(fā)起一系列的免費音樂會。
They initiated certain reforms.他們創(chuàng)始了某些改革。
2)introduce(someone)into a club, group esp.with a special
ceremony
以正式方式介紹加入
【例句】We were initiated into a sports club by one of the members.一位老會員以正式儀式介紹我們加入體育運動俱樂部。
[相關(guān)詞] initiation n.創(chuàng)始，開始
initiative adj.主動的，起始的，初步的
15.innovative: adj.make changes, bring in sth.new or new ways of doing
things革新，變革：（常與 on, upon 或in連用）
[相關(guān)詞] innovation n.改革，革新
innovational adj.革新的，富有革新精神的
innovative, innovatory adj.tending to innovate, characterized by
innovation 革新的，創(chuàng)新的，富于革新精神的innovator n..革新者，創(chuàng)新者
【例句】innovative behavior革新的行動
Inventors are innovative people.發(fā)明者都是富于革新精神的人。
innovate in techniques 在工藝上革新
innovate upon religious forms革新宗教形式
These are innovations in methods of teaching.這些都是教學(xué)方法上的改革。
16.profit: 1)n.money gained by business 收益，利潤，贏利
【例句】How much profit did you make? 你獲多少利潤？
2)n.advantage or benefit gained from sth.益處，好處
【例句】What profit is there in worrying? 擔(dān)憂有何益處？
There is no profit in such pursuits.做這種事情徒勞無益。
3)vt.be of use or advantage to sth.or sb.有利于，有益于
【例句】It’ll not profit you to start an argument.引起爭論對你不利。
4)vi.learn or gain advantage from 得利，獲益（常與by, from連用）
【例句】I profited by/ from the deal.我在那筆交易中獲利。
He profited greatly from his year abroad.他在國外的一年獲益匪淺。
[相關(guān)詞] profitable adj.1）yielding profit 有利可圖的，有贏利的【例句】profitable business 有利可圖的買賣
2)resulting in advantage 有益的，有用的
【例句】His advice was profitable to all of us.他的建議對我們大家都有好處。
profitless adj.無益的，無利可圖的，沒有好處
profitably adv.有利地，贏利地，有益地
17.relate…to/with:
1)relate sth.to /with sth.connect(two things)in thought or meaning;
associate sth.with sth.else(在思想上或意義上)將(兩事物.)聯(lián)系起來；將某事物與另一事物相聯(lián)系
【例句】It is difficult to relate cause and effect in this case.這個案件中的動機與效果很難聯(lián)系起來。
People relate high wages to/with high consumption.人們把高收入和高消費聯(lián)系起來。
2)relate to sb./sth.be connected with sb./sth.else;refer to sb./sth.與某人[某事物]有關(guān)；涉及某人[某事物] 【例句】Wealth is seldom related to happiness.財富鮮與幸福相關(guān)。
Statements relating to his resignation 與他辭職一事有關(guān)的說法
18.refer to:
1)mention, speak of , be directed towards 提及`，談到，指
【例句】He doesn’t like anyone referring to his wooden leg.他不喜歡任何人提及他那條木制的假腿。
The new law doesn’t refer to land used for farming.這條新法令并非指農(nóng)用土地。
2)look for information or help參考，引用，查詢，查閱
【例句】If I’m not sure how to spell a word, I refer to a dictionary.若拿不準(zhǔn)一個單詞的拼法，我便查閱詞典。
19.be extracted from: to take sth.from sth.else 從??中提取
【例句】Oil can be extracted from olive.油可自橄欖中榨取。
A miner extracts gold from earth.礦工從泥土里提取黃金。
Some sentences are extracted from grammar books.一些句子可從語法書中摘取。
20.be responsible for: to have the duty of looking after sth.對??負責(zé)； 負責(zé)某事
【例句】He is not primarily responsible for it.他對這事不負主要責(zé)任。
directly responsible for 對?? 直接負責(zé)
hold sb responsible for 使某人負擔(dān)?的責(zé)任
make oneself responsible for 負起?的責(zé)任
21.decide on: consider and come to a conclusion;make up one’s mind
做出決定（選定某物）
【例句】After seeing so many candidates we have decided on this one.我們見了所有的候選人，決定選這位。
decide against: 決定反對?，做出不利于?的決定
decide against changing the job 決定不改變工作
22.distribute…to/among: separate sth.into parts and give a share to each
person or thing;give or send out 分配，分發(fā)，配給
【例句】He distributed the food to the hungry people.他把食物分給饑餓的人。
Mother distributed the candy among the children.母親把糖果分給孩子們。
23.pay for:
1)to give money for 為?什么而付錢
【例句】They tried to leave the restaurant without paying for their
meal.他們不付錢就要溜走。
How much did you pay for your house? 你們買房花了多少錢？
2)suffer or be punished for sth.為某事是苦頭或受懲罰。
【例句】I’ll make him pay for his insolence!他蠻橫無禮，我要讓他嘗嘗苦頭。
He paid much for his own dishonesty.他為自己的不誠實付出了巨大的代價。
II．Difficult Sentences 1)Other forms of business include merchandising, which is the selling of
products, and providing various services, such as accounting，distributing, and repairs.要點：本句的主語是other forms of business謂語動詞是
include;
include后跟了兩個賓語merchandising和providing various services而which is the
selling of products為定語從句，修飾merchandising;such as accounting，distributing, and repairs也是定語，舉例說明前面的various services.譯文：其他形式的生意包括出售產(chǎn)品之類的買賣和提供諸如會計，分配和修理等不同形式的服務(wù)。
2)It refers not only to a piece of real estate where we might build a
factory, but it also means all the raw materials used for production.要點：本句由but連接一個并列句，在句中又由not only?? but also這一結(jié)構(gòu)連接兩個并列的謂語動詞refer
to和means。where we might build a factory做定語，修飾a piece of real estate;
在后面的句子中used為過去分詞做定語修飾前面的raw
materials, 可以把它改成定語從句which are used for
production。
譯文：土地不僅指我們可以建造房子的一塊地，也指用于生產(chǎn)的所有原材料。
3)Therefore, to a certain extent the next factor, capital, can be used to
replace labor or reduce the amount of physical and mental labor that
humans have to use in order to conduct business.要點：to a certain extent: to a certain degree達到某程度
or在本句中連接兩個并列的謂語動詞replace 和reduce;that humans have to use in order to
conduct business 為定語從句，修飾前面的physical and mental labor。
譯文： 因此，某種程度上，下一個要素-資本，可以用來取代勞動或者減少為了經(jīng)營生意，人類不得不花費的體力和腦力勞動的量。
4)He must be able to decide on the value of things that other
people
invent, whether it is a new toy, a new method of filing, or a new way of
advertising.要點：decide on/upon: 對??作出決定
【例句】They have decided on/upon building a reservoir there.他們決定要在那里建一座水庫。
句中whether it is a new toy ,a new method of filing, or a new way of
advertising shi 是名詞性從句，修飾前面的things.譯文：他必須能夠決定其他人發(fā)明出來的東西的價值，不管它是一個新玩具，一種新的文件歸檔的方法或者是一種新的廣告宣傳方式。
5)It is hard for the employees who may have to seek work elsewhere;the
customers must look for another place to buy the products;creditors
usually lose some of the money to the company.要點：本句是由三個句子組成的并列句，具體解釋了前面的it causes problems for many people.譯文：對于那些不得不在其他地方找工作的員工們來說，這是一件難事；顧客們必須尋找另外一個地方購買產(chǎn)品；債權(quán)人通常也會從這個公司失去一些錢。
III.Structure of Reading I Part I(Paragraph 1)Introduction: What is Business?
Business is the activity of producing and distributing goods and services.This paragraph explains the definition of business through three ways: 1)Business includes the production of goods.2)Business can also provide the finance for production activities.3)Business also includes merchandising products and providing various
services.Part II(Paragraph 2-8)
Explanation of the four basic factors of production 1)(Paragraph 2)It introduces the four basic factors of production: land，labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.2)(Paragraph 3)It explains what land is: land not only refers to a piece
of real estate, it also means all the raw materials for production
extracted from the land, the air, and the oceans.3)(Paragraph 4-5)These two paragraphs explain what labor is: labor
refers to the use of mental or physical work to produce goods.(1)In industrialized countries, labor is generally more mental than
physical.(2)In other countries, robots and other forms of data processing
equipment perform many jobs requiring a lot of mental labor in the past.4)(Paragraph 6)It explains what capital means: Capital refers to
anything that helps to produce and distribute goods.(1)Generally capital means wealth or money.(2)It also means the equipment that money purchases, eg.tools, machines
and buildings.5)(Paragraph 7-8)These two paragraphs explain what entrepreneurship is:
Entrepreneurship refers to some activities conducted by the entrepreneur
by initiating business activity and managing the business.It emphasizes
that in order to be successful, an entrepreneur must be
innovative and be
able to decide on the value of things invented by others.Part III(paragraph 9)Discussion of the risks of the business 1)It emphasizes that everyone connected with a business shares the risks
of the business.But the entrepreneur takes the biggest one.2)It illustrates when the business is profitable and when it goes
bankrupt.Reading II I.Notes 1.辨析company, firm and business “A company” is an organization made up of people who work together for the
purposes of making or selling goods or services in order to get money.【例句】an insurance/ automobile company 保險公司/ 汽車公司
a state-owned company國營公司
“A firm” refers to a small business company that makes goods or provides
services.【例句】a law firm 法律公司
an engineering firm工程公司
a firm of accountants 會計師事務(wù)所
“A business” is a shop, a factory or a company that sells goods or
provides services, esp.one that employs a small number of people or even
only one person.【例句】He runs a small business in the town.他在鎮(zhèn)上經(jīng)營著一家小鋪子。
to start up a new business 新開一家商號
2.“sb.be said to do”: 據(jù)說 This phrase can be used to introduce
information or message.Besides “ said”, some other verbs can also be
used, such as “ assumed, believed, considered, estimated, expected，recognized, recommended, regarded, reported, supposed”.相當(dāng)于 “It is said +that clause” 結(jié)構(gòu)
【例句】He is said to be the richest man in the world.= It is said that he is
the richest man in the world.據(jù)說他是世界上最富有的人。
3.expand: to increase something so that it covers a wider area or range
of activities.使（某事物）變大，擴大，增大，增加，增強，擴展
【例句】expand business 擴展生意
Metals expand when they are heated.金屬受熱則膨脹。
[相關(guān)詞]expansion n.擴大，擴展，膨脹
4.tonne: metric ton, measurement of weight, which is equal to 1,000 kg.公噸
5.in bulk: in large quantities大批，整批
【例句】to buy/ sell in bulk整批或大批購買/出售
We always buy in bulk then we will get a big discount.我們總是大批購買，這樣我們就能獲得比較大的折扣。
6.wholesale & retail: Wholesale refers to the sale of goods in large quantities at a time，usually to storekeepers or others who will in turn sell them in small
quantities to users.批發(fā)
Retail is the sales of goods in small quantities at a time, directly to
the consumer.零售
[相關(guān)詞]wholesaler 批發(fā)商
retailer 零售商
7.distributor: a wholesaler who has exclusive rights to market, within a
given territory, the goods of a manufacturer or company.批發(fā)商
8.compete: to try to win something競爭
[相關(guān)搭配] compete for: 為?? 而競爭
【例句】compete for attention 爭著出風(fēng)頭
compete for the contract 為贏得合同而競爭
[相關(guān)搭配] to compete with/ against 競爭，對抗比賽
【例句】compete with/ against each other 相互競爭
compete with a trading company for the contract為合同和一家外貿(mào)公司展開競爭
[相關(guān)詞] competition n.比賽，競賽
competitive adj.比賽的，競爭的
competitor n.競爭者，比賽者，對手，敵手
9.keep ahead of: surpass, be in a more successful position than勝過，優(yōu)于，領(lǐng)先于
【例句】If she works hard, she will surely keep ahead of her colleagues.10.have an advantage over somebody: to have a better position than
somebody與??相比具有優(yōu)勢
【例句】 She has an advantage over other girls.她比其他女孩子具有優(yōu)勢。
11．give sb./ sth.an edge on/over = have an/the edge on/over: have a
slight advantage over sb./sth.略勝過某人/某物
【例句】The young tennis player definitely had the edge on his older opponent.這個年輕的網(wǎng)球運動員顯然比哪個年紀大的對手略勝一籌。
II．Difficult Sentences 1)A firm which is just starting up is going into business and a company
which stops operating goes out of business.要點: which is just starting up為定語從句修飾主語a firm;which stops operating
為又一個定語從句修飾主語a company.start up: begin working , running啟動，開始
go into business: to begin business 開始做生意
go out of business: become bankrupt 破產(chǎn)，倒閉
譯文：剛初建起來的公司就開業(yè)了，而停止運營的公司就破產(chǎn)停業(yè)了。
2）If one year it produces 100 tonnes and the next year it produces 110
tonnes, it has increased production by 10%.要點: “increase production by”.Here the proposition “by” indicates the
amount or degree of increase, and the Chinese for it is 增加了.Similarly，“to reduce??by” means 減少了。
If we use another proposition “to”, it indicates the total amount
including the part that has been increased “增加到” or reduced, “減少到”。
【例句】Our car production has increased by 10% to 33,000 a year.我們的年汽車產(chǎn)量增加了10%，增加到了33，000輛。
譯文：如果廠家一年生產(chǎn)100公噸，下一年生產(chǎn)110公噸，它的產(chǎn)量就增加了10%。
Word Study 1.risk 基本用法
n.1)a danger(of)sth.that may have a(stated)bad result 風(fēng)險，危險性：
【例句】There is a risk.有很大危險性。
The business was insured against the risk of failure.那家企業(yè)投保以防破產(chǎn)的風(fēng)險。
2)a danger 危險：
Fishermen face a lot of risks in their daily lives.漁民在日常生活中面臨著很多危險。
3)（stated）danger , a person or thing that is a(stated)danger for the
insurance
(某種)險；被保人，被保物：
【例句】fire risk火險
He is a good risk.他是個條件好的被保對象。
vt.1)place in danger 下賭注：
【例句】He risked his fame.他以他的名聲作賭
2)take the chance of 冒??的危險：
【例句】He risked his life for honor’s sake.他為了名譽而甘冒生命危險。
相關(guān)搭配：
at all risks無論冒多大風(fēng)險
at risk 在危險中
at the risk of 冒著?的危險
相關(guān)詞
risky adj.dangerous 危險的2.perform 基本用法
vt.1)do, accomplish, carry out(a place of work)做；完成；實行：（比 do, carry
out 正式）
【例句】The doctor performed a difficult operation.那位醫(yī)生做了一個復(fù)雜的手術(shù)。
2)fulfill(a promise, order, etc.)履行，執(zhí)行（允諾，命令）
【例句】He performed his duty faithfully.他忠實地履行了他的職責(zé)。
3)direct or go though the form and actions of(a ceremony)指揮或舉行（儀式）
【例句】The ceremony was performed on April fifteenth.四月十五舉行儀式。
vi.1)of machines work(in the proper or intended way)(機器)操作
【例句】Is that new car fulfilling well ? 那輛新車好開嗎? 2)(of people)carry out a particular activity, esp.well and with great
skill(人)表現(xiàn)
【例句】He performs well under pressure.在艱難情況下他表現(xiàn)得很堅強。
相關(guān)詞
performance n..1)the action of performing sth.執(zhí)行，履行，實現(xiàn)
2)the action or an act of performing 表演，演出
3)the ability to do sth.性能，能力
performer n.a person(or thing)that performs, esp.an actor, musician表演者
3.replace
基本用法
vt.1)put sth.in its former or proper place again 放回
【例句】He replaced the book on the shelf.他把書放回架上。
2)pay back 送還
【例句】Has he replaced the borrowed money? 他借的錢還了沒有？
3)take the place of 代替，取代
【例句】Can anything replace a mother’s love and care? 有什么東西能取代母愛和關(guān)懷嗎？
Horses have been replaced by cars.馬已被汽車所代替？
相關(guān)詞
replacement n.代替，替換
4.limit 基本用法
n.1).the farthest point or place, boundary 界限，界線，邊
界
【例句】Yao Ming’s fame passed beyond the limits of China.姚明的名聲超越了中國的國界。
2).the largest(or smallest)extent 限度，范圍，極限
【例句】His energy seems to have no limits.他的精力似乎無限。
3).restriction 限制，限定
【例句】Is there a speed limit on that throughway? 那條快車道限定車速嗎？
vt.keep below or at a certain point or amount 限定，限制
【例句】Our holidays are limited to two weeks a year.我們的假期被限定為一年兩周。
相關(guān)搭配：
limit sth./sb.to 限定于
【例句】I’ll limit myself to the discussion of this topic.我將只限于討論這個題目。
within the limits of 在?的范圍內(nèi)
without limits無限制的，無限的
reach the limit of one’s resources 山窮水盡
相關(guān)詞
limitation n.an act of limiting 限度，極限，范圍
limited adj.having a limit, narrow 有限的，限定的，狹窄的
limitless adj.without limit or end無限的，無止境的5.share 基本用法
n.1)one of the parts of sth.that is divided among several people, etc.一份，份兒。份額
【例句】Everybody ought to have his proper share.每個人都應(yīng)得到他應(yīng)得的一份。
His company now commands a larger share of trade in the European market.現(xiàn)在他的公司在歐洲市場的貿(mào)易中占很大的份額。
2).one of the equal parts into which the capital of a business firm is
divided 股，股份
【例句】The company was formed with 3000 shares.該公司由3000 股組成。
v.have a share with sb.else 分享，分擔(dān)，共享，共用
【例句】They share their joys and sorrows.他們同甘共苦。
Everyone in the house shares the bathroom.住在這所房子里的人共用這間浴室。
相關(guān)搭配：
have/take a/ one’s share in 分擔(dān)，參加
on/upon shares 共負盈虧，同甘共苦
Grammar Focus Countable and Uncountable Nouns 可數(shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞
1.不可數(shù)名詞
不可數(shù)名詞通常指不能直接計數(shù)的名詞（如land, advice等），表示材料和成分的物質(zhì)名詞，如coal, oil, air, cloth 等，和表示抽象概念的抽象名詞，music, love, equality, modernization, trade, service，education 等。
2.集合名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)用法
集合名詞指的是同一類人或物的集合體，其中有的是復(fù)數(shù)含義。例如police, cattle, clothes, people, goods 等；
但有的集合名詞也是不可數(shù)名詞，如furniture, equipment, merchandise, machinery 等。
3.名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的特殊變化
1)大多數(shù)名詞直接加-s: 如soldier, model, car, joke 等。
2)以s, x, ch, sh 結(jié)尾加-es: 如 bus, boss, match, sketch 等。
但如詞尾ch 的發(fā)音為/k/, 其復(fù)數(shù)要加?s: 如stomach.Epoch 3）以o結(jié)尾的單詞：
a.有些加-es: 如hero, potato, tomato, echo等。
b.有些加?s:如 piano, photo, tobacco, memo 等。
c.有些加-s/-es 均可：如cargo, motto, volcano 等。
4)一些以f或fe 結(jié)尾的可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)需要把f 或fe變?yōu)関es。如: half, knife, leaf, life, shelf，thief, wife, wolf 等。
5)不規(guī)則變化
foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, child-children, ox-oxen，phenomenon-phenomena, formula-formulae, criterion-criteria, basis-bases，thesis-theses, crisis-crises 6)單復(fù)數(shù)相同
deer, headquarters, means, series, species, sheep等。
4.可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的轉(zhuǎn)化
1)當(dāng)抽象名詞表示抽象概念時，為不可數(shù)名詞；但當(dāng)抽象名詞的意義具體化時，該名詞為可數(shù)名詞。如：
She was a beauty in her youth.(美人)She had much beauty in her youth,（美麗動人的氣質(zhì)）
2)動物的名稱作個體解釋時為可數(shù)名詞；作肉解釋時為不可數(shù)名詞。如：
There are many chickens in the yard.(小雞)I like chicken.(雞肉)3)iron 解釋為 “鐵” 時為不可數(shù)名詞；解釋為 “熨斗”時為可數(shù)名詞。如：
Iron is harder than aluminum.(鐵)We need an iron.（熨斗）
4)experience 解釋為“經(jīng)驗”時，為不可數(shù)名詞；解釋為“經(jīng)歷”時，為可數(shù)名詞。如；
we share a common experience.（經(jīng)歷）
I have not much experience in teaching.（經(jīng)驗）
5)hair 解釋為“頭發(fā)”時，是不可數(shù)名詞；但若強調(diào)一根根頭發(fā)或幾縷頭發(fā)，則是可數(shù)。如： These old men have
long hair.（長頭發(fā)）
Look!A hair is in my soup.（一根頭發(fā)）
She has some grey hairs.(幾根花白的頭發(fā))
6）paper 解釋為“紙張”時，為不可數(shù)名詞；解釋為“考卷”、“報紙”或“文件”時，為可數(shù)名詞。
7)room 解釋為“房間”時，是可數(shù)名詞；解釋為“空間”時，是不可數(shù)名詞。例如：
Make room for me, please..8)glass 表示“玻璃”時，是不可數(shù)名詞；解釋為“玻璃杯”時，是可數(shù)名詞；glasses 還可以解釋為“眼鏡”，是復(fù)數(shù)形式。
9)space 表示“空間；太空”時，為不可數(shù)名詞；表示“空格”時，為可數(shù)名詞。
10)word 表示“詞語”時，為可數(shù)名詞；表示“消息”時，為不可數(shù)名詞。例如：
How many words are there in this article?(單詞)
Word came that the war had ended.(消息)Function and Structure 1.Using right vocabulary and phrases is important when you
meet someone or introduce yourself in English.First impressions are important, so here’s some guide to using the right expression in the situation.Two friends’ meeting:
Friends often say “Hi” to each other.Then they often ask a general question, such as “How are you?” or “How are things?” or “How’s life?” The reply to this question is normally positive.“Fine thanks, and you?” “Fine thanks, what about yourself?” “Not bad.” Or “Can’t complain.”
Greeting people you don’t know:
You can say “Hello” to people you don’t know.A more formal greeting is “Good morning/afternoon/evening.” The other person normally replies with he same greeting as you have used, and then makes some polite conversation, such as “How was your trip?” or “Did you find our office easily?”
2.Chinese like to greet each other by asking questions such as “Where are you going(去哪呀)?” “Have you had dinner yet(吃過了嗎)?” or “ Are you eating your lunch(吃飯吶)?” For Chinese, these questions are asked simply as sort of a greeting rather than a genuine request for information.But in English it is not appropriate
to greet people in this way.Questions of this sort are usually interrupted as a lead-in to a suggestion or invitation;otherwise, it seems rather weird or rude to ask about something quite obvious or very personal.3.Americans use “small talk” when they first meet another person.The most common topic of small talk is the weather;another very common topic is the speakers’ current surroundings------the room or building they are in, the sidewalk where they are standing, etc.Later, Americans may talk about past experiences they have both had, such as watching a particular TV program, going to New York, or eating at a particular restaurant.Besides these very general topics of small talk, Americans talk about different things according to the life situation of people involved and the setting in which the conversation is taking place.Students are likely to talk about their teachers and classes;if they are of the same sex, they are likely to discuss their social lives.Adults may discuss their jobs, interests, houses, or family members.Men are likely to talk about sports or cars.Housewives are likely to talk about their children or about household matters or personal care(e.g., hairdos).Americans are taught not to discuss religion and politics unless they know the people they are talking to fairly well.Politics and religion are thought to be “
controversial”, and discussing a controversial topic can lead to an argument.There are other topics Americans generally avoid because they are “ too personal”.Financial matters is one.Inquiries about a person’s earning or about the amount someone paid for an item are usually not acceptable topics.Practical Reading 時間表是一種實用文體，形式直觀，閱讀的關(guān)鍵是要注意同所縱橫坐標(biāo)確定要學(xué)找的信息的位置。時間表往往涉及到以下內(nèi)容：時間及其發(fā)生的時間；時間的順序，排位。
在考查這類文體的閱讀效果時,往往是圖表給出了一部分內(nèi)容,要求學(xué)生根據(jù)文章填出其他部分或其他環(huán)節(jié)等.要完成這類任務(wù),學(xué)生需要在準(zhǔn)確把握文章內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)上,讀懂圖表,并能夠利用圖表解決有關(guān)問題.本題要求學(xué)生能通過文字部分完成列車時刻表,考查學(xué)生跳讀(也叫尋讀,即scanning skill: glancing from point to point of, often hastily, casually, or in search of a particular item)的能力和推理的能力(inferring skill: deriving as a conclusion from facts or premises)。
根據(jù)原文前面3句話,我們可以將從Stone這個地方始發(fā)的時間,按照先后,一一列舉出來。每個小時里的15和50分各有一班。
1.50分這一班中途不停,直達目的地Keel,是快車,所以時間是4小時20分.利用這一線索,我們可以知道6點50分,7點50分,8點50分,9點50分從Stone出發(fā)的列車,到達Keel的時間分別是11點10分,12點10分,13點10分和14點10分。
2.15分這一班在一小時和兩小時15分后分別到達Mont和Trent,這樣我們就可以得到6點15,7點15,8點15,9點15從Stone始發(fā)的列車分別到達Mont，Trent以及終點站的時間。
3.8點25分和9點25分另有兩趟慢車,到達三個站所需時間與15分始發(fā)車一樣.4.注意:題目要求我們完成的只是時刻表的一部分。
5.有了這個時刻表,要完成后面回答問題的練習(xí),就一目了然了。
Notes 1.a stopping train:每站停靠的列車,慢車.2.a through train:快車,直達列車.這里through的意思是without stopping.3.community college: In Canada and the United States, a community college, sometimes called a junior college, is an educational institution providing post-secondary education and lower-level tertiary education, granting certificates, diplomas, and associate’s degrees.美國和加拿大的社區(qū)大學(xué)，有點近似于我國培養(yǎng)大專生的地方性大學(xué).4.graduation ceremony: 畢業(yè)典禮
5.attend a conference: 參加會議
6.do a survey on: 做關(guān)于??的調(diào)查
7.marketing: 營銷.注意,營銷不同于銷售(sales).營銷是一個范圍廣泛、內(nèi)容豐富的概念,是 “ 人或組織進行的社會的管理的過程, 是通過創(chuàng)造并交換產(chǎn)品價值來滿足他們的基本需求和個性需求的過程”.(a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others------Philip Kotler)
Homework 1.Vocabulary 2.Grammar 3.Reading Summary In this unit, students have known main content of this unit.After class, students should learn more details.
第二篇：英語精讀(綜合)1教案
英語精讀（綜合）1教案
教材：《新編英語教程》1
課時：96課時
Unit 1 I Objectives: 1.Simple past and present perfect tense 2.Past progressive tense 3.Past perfect tense
II Time Allotment: 1st period: Language structure practice 2nd period: Dialogue 1 3rd period: Dialogue 2 and oral practice 4th period: Readings 5th period: Exercises in the Workbook 6th period: Note writing and assignments
III Teaching tasks and process Part One Language Structures & Dialogues 1.Grammar review 1.Simple past and present perfect tense Verbs in sentences beginning with “This is the first/second… time are in the present perfect form.For example，This is the first time I’ve been in Xi’an.This is the second time I’ve seen this movie.2.Past progressive tense Past progressive is a combination of the progressive aspect with the past tense.The use of the past progressive has much in common with that of the present progressive, only the time reference being pushed back to the past, often overtly expressed by a time –when/while adverbial.For example，Susan was washing her hair while her mother was cooking.Dick was changing a flat tire while his father was mowing the lawn.3.Past perfect tense For the past perfect tense we set up an additional focal point in the past and say that another act was completed before that time.For example, Greg had finished his work when I visited him.The chair had collapsed before I sat on it.In-class Activity One Ask the students to fill in the gaps in each dialogue while listening to the recording and then do the substitution exercises.2.Language points Have the students listen to the recording of Dialogue I once or twice and ask them questions on specific details.Go through the dialogue and explain some language points:
1.You know what? – This question is used to introduce a piece of information which is surprising.A similar expression is Guess what?.2.scenic spots – places of natural attractive scenery 3.I was greatly impressed by its natural beauty.– I was moved by its beautiful scenery.impress – to influence deeply, esp.with a feeling of admiration: The students were impressed by his inspiring speech./ We are impressed by his performance.4.I bet you had lots of fun there.– I am certain you had lots of fun there.Another example, I bet(that)it will rain tomorrow.5.It brought back such sweet memories.– Sweet memories came to my mind.bring back – to cause to return to the mind: Hearing the song brought back happy memories.6.You remind me of my last trip there.– It seems to be similar to my last trip there.remind sbdy.of sbdy./sthg.– to appear to be similar to;to cause to remember : This museum reminds me of the one we visited last year./ The event reminded me of my school days.7.I wish I had been there with you this time.– This is a wish about a non-fact in the past.Another example, I wish I had passed the exam.8.hobby groups – different groups of students classified by hobbies.9.Some staged an exhibition.– Some held an exhibition.stage – to perform or arrange for public show;put on: The art group is going to stage an art show on Sunday.IV Discussion In-class Activity
1.Ask the students to read Dialogue I aloud in pairs with feeling and expression.2.Ask the students to listen to Dialogue II and then retell it.3.Make a dialogue discussing about one of your traveling experiences.V Assignments:
1.Work in pairs to practice the situation in each dialogue.2.Work in groups to discuss the topic of “How I spent the summer vacation”.3.Have the students form their own dialogues by using the phrases from Dialogues I & II.4.Do the corresponding exercises in WB.Part Two Readings Have the students read the passage first and do the corresponding exercise in workbook.Then the teacher may ask them questions in class to check their comprehension.I Language points:
1.Herbert went to France for holiday.– For is an preposition used here to show purpose: I came to this building for an interview./ What is this handle for? 2.run out of – to use all one’s supplies, to have no more: I am afraid we’ve run out of sugar.3.expect – to think or believe(that something will happen): I expect that she will come to our party./The spokesman is expected to make an announcement later on today.4.The back door burst open.– The door opened suddenly.burst – to come into the stated condition suddenly and often violently: In spring the flowers burst open./He burst free from the chains.Another similar use of the pattern: The door banged shut.5.peer at – to look very carefully or hard, esp.as if not able to see clearly peek at – to take a quick look at something when one should not peep at – to look at something quickly and secretly, esp.through a hole or other small opening 6.convince – to make(someone)completely certain about something;persuade: They failed to convince the directors that their proposal would work./ I am convinced by your story.7.a sound sleeper – a deep sleeper 8.to thumb a ride/lift – to ask passing motorists for a free ride by holding out one’s hand with the thumb raised 9.made his way in the dark – went in the dark: He made his way home.10.He was not supposed to be back.– He was not considered to be back.Be supposed to – to be intended to;to be generally considered to be;to have the regulation of being: The volunteers are supposed to help the blind in the street./I haven’t read this novel, but it is supposed to be a good one.11.to keep an eye on – to watch carefully: I often ask my neighbor to keep an eye on my house while I am away.12.was about to – This construction expresses the immediate future in the past.In some contexts, it is often used in the sense of an unfulfilled intention.For example, I was about to leave when he came to visit me.II Note-writing Notes must be precise and direct;however, the style is casual.In notes of introduction, the following are usually included:
1.The name of the person to be introduced 2.His/Her identity 3.The purpose of the introduction 4.Appreciation III Assignments:
1.Write a note of introduction 2.Exercises in WB
第三篇：精讀教案
對外漢語教學(xué)教案《籃球明星姚明》
一、教學(xué)對象
本教案的教學(xué)對象大約需學(xué)習(xí)了200個小時的漢語，掌握的漢語詞匯在160個左右。
二、采用教材
《HSK快樂閱讀》（北京大學(xué)出版社）
三、教學(xué)目標(biāo)
1、掌握本課數(shù)量詞的用法
2、理解課文內(nèi)容并能復(fù)述課文
3、掌握新學(xué)的生字詞
4、了解姚明的形象特點，并能用所學(xué)詞語描述人物特點
四、教學(xué)內(nèi)容
“漢語精讀課”是對外漢語教學(xué)語言技能課中的主干課，也叫核心課、綜合課。“漢語精讀課”以講解教授漢語語言知識為主要教學(xué)任務(wù)。本課共用三課時。（1）教學(xué)重點：量詞的用法（注：海外學(xué)生量詞基礎(chǔ)較弱）。（2）復(fù)習(xí)上一課“家庭暴力和婚姻”、導(dǎo)入新課《籃球明星姚明》。（3）情景對話：“對話姚明”。（4）拆解本課生字、組詞（5）以聽說為重點練習(xí)課文
（6）課文，通過大聲朗讀以及問題提問等方式加深學(xué)生對文章大意的理解。（7）練習(xí)，重點放在語言點的練習(xí)上。
五、教學(xué)方法
1.對于生詞和語言點的講解，重點放在詞義、語義以及用法上。在講解的基礎(chǔ)上，通過設(shè)置語境對重點生詞和語法進行操練，幫助學(xué)生理解并掌握，達到會應(yīng)用的目的。
2.在課文教學(xué)中，在掌握生詞的基礎(chǔ)上，首先通過領(lǐng)讀和大聲朗讀使學(xué)生感知文章，對難理解處進行簡單的講解，力求掌握文章大意。
3.圍繞課文相關(guān)內(nèi)容進行簡單地提問并小范圍討論，加深學(xué)生對作者寫作意圖的把握。
六、教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)
1、復(fù)習(xí)（1）聽寫
掐
掠
不堪
法庭
涉嫌
狀告
無獨有偶
忍無可忍（2）提問
為什么不部分已婚男人都把錢交給妻子 以前，人們心目中的婦女形象是什么樣
為什么說在家庭重大事務(wù)的決策上，婦女已經(jīng)能夠取得了決定性的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位？
2、生字和詞
.拆解生字的部首、筆畫數(shù)和組合（要求師生互動）。（板書）
傲視 競技 覓 配角 涌現(xiàn) 破天荒 震撼 可想而知 熏陶 顯露 耀眼 蕩氣回腸 隔岸觀火 競選 狀元 殿 轟動 效應(yīng) 進取 超越 挑戰(zhàn) 魅力 含蓄 鋪天蓋地 擁戴 超凡 低落 霸
3、語法點：量詞
1.、解釋什么是量詞（板書）
通常用來表示人、事物或動作的數(shù)量單位的詞，叫做量詞。量詞是表示人、事物或動作行為的計量單位的詞。A．表示人或事物的計量單位的是物量詞，又稱名量詞。如：尺、寸、斗、個、只、支等等。課文實例：
（1）在一些熱門的體育運動中（2）但他們畢竟還只是一些配角
（3）破天荒的出現(xiàn)了一張來自東方神秘國度的黃種人面孔（4）1980年9月12日出生于上海的一個籃球世家（5）逐步成長為一顆耀眼的籃球明星
（6）一種不斷地超越自我、挑戰(zhàn)自我的人格魅力（7）也許已經(jīng)超過了其他一些原有的宣傳手段（8）可以說已經(jīng)形成了一種“姚明現(xiàn)象”
（9）它也是中國人渴望參加世界最高水平的競爭并且在競爭中展現(xiàn)自我的一種體現(xiàn)（10）但是我們不能只有一個姚明，不能只靠一個姚明來體現(xiàn)中國人的形象 B．表示動作行為的計量單位的是動量詞。如：次、回、趟、陣、頓、遍等等。課文實例：
2004年希臘奧運會上，中國隊又前進了一大步，金牌數(shù)一躍而成為第二 2．練習(xí)運用量詞（請學(xué)生上黑板做）。
(板書)一條（蛟龍）一團（浪花）
一幅（圖畫）一架（飛機）
一個（老人）一只（小鳥）
一次（旅行）一陣（鼓聲）(注：括號里面的詞是參考答案)4．課文
（1）老師示范朗讀，板書提示詞。（2）分讀。
檢查學(xué)生的課文朗讀，糾正發(fā)音。3）復(fù)述課文。5.、作業(yè)
（1）書面作業(yè)：
完成課文課后練習(xí)。
（2）預(yù)習(xí)新課《網(wǎng)絡(luò)語言》。
課文：
第四篇：精讀教案3
Unit 3 Career
Teaching Time: six periods Part I Pre-learning I.Teaching Aims
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: A.Know the special terms of occupations and career.B.Understand how to make invitations and accept or refuse them.C.Master the skills of describing one’s appearance.D.Grasp the words or phrases related to jobs.II.Teaching Important and Difficult Points Cultural Background A.Choosing your career(選擇職業(yè))Your career choice determines the course that your life will take–----It determines how successful you are, how happy you are and whether you live a good, bad or indifferent life.You have to think though what you want to achieve with your life in
important areas such as your career, your family, artistic or sporting goals and public service.A crucial part of this is setting if the major focus of your life is to spend a lot of time with your family and contribute to voluntary organizations, then you must recognize that this with limit the time and effort you can dedicate to your career.If you want to focus exclusively on your career, then you must understand and manage the consequences.Bear in mind that your priorities will probably change over time –many people focus completely on their careers in their twenties as they make a place for themselves in the world.In their thirties, they may take more of a family focus, and other things may become important later on –this is a normal part of life.B.Planning your career(規(guī)劃職業(yè))In order to choose an appropriate career which suits your abilities, skills, ambitions and ideals, you have to plan your career very carefully.Here are the steps you can follow:
1)Develop a career plan.Think about what you want to do and find out more about the kind of training, education, and skills you will need to achieve your career goal.2)Assess your skills and interests.Think hard about what you enjoy, what you are good at, what kind of personality you are, and the values you hold.3)Research occupations.Find out more about the nature of the jobs that interest you, such as educational requirements, salary, working conditions, future outlook, and anything else that can help you narrow your focus.4)Compare your skills and interests with the occupations you’ve selected.The career that matches your skills, interest, and personality the closest may be the career for you.5)Choose your career goal.Once you’ve decided what occupation matches up best with you, then you can begin developing a plan to reach your career goal.C．Different types of people take related careers(不同的人適合不同類型的職業(yè))The Realistic Personality Type: 1)Likes to work with animals, tools, or machines;2)Generally avoids social activities like teaching, counseling, nursing, and informing others;
3)Has good skills in working with tools, mechanical drawings, machines or animals;4)Values practical things you can see and touch –like plants and animals you can grow, or things you can build or make better;5)Sees self as practical, mechanical, and realistic;In the realistic group, for example, there are jobs like animal caretaker, farmer, firefighter, guard, police detective, architect, engineer, surveyor, inspector, cost estimator, aircraft pilot, upholsterer, plumber, carpenter, mason, mechanic, sailor, production manager, driver, operator, clerk, librarian, chef, jeweler, welder, computer programmer, optician, appliance repairer, landscape architect, electrician, etc The Investigation Personality Type: 1)Likes to study and solve math or science problems;2)Generally avoids leading, selling, or persuading people;3)Has good skills at understanding and solving science and math problems;4)Values science, and sees self as precise, scientific, and intellectual.In the investigation group, for example, there are jobs like scientist, astronomer, chemist, geologist, meteorologist, physicist, urban planner, sociologist, marketing researcher, historian, economist, dentist, surgeon, biomedical engineer, information system manager, computer software
engineer, network administrator, statistician, computer support specialist, curator, actuary, lab technician, etc.The Artistic Personality Type: 1)Likes to do creative activities like art, drama, crafts, dance, music, or creative writing;2)Generally avoids highly ordered or repetitive activities;3)Has good artistic abilities –in creative writing, drama, crafts, music, or art;4)Values the creative arts-like drama, music, art, or the works of creative writers;5)Sees self as expressive, original, and independent.In the Artistic group, for example, there are jobs like biographer, editor，writer，poet，architect，cartoonist，commercial/graphic/industrial/interior designer, painter, sculptor, photographer, actor /actress, dancer, director, disk jockey, producer, radio and TV announcer, composer, musician, orchestra conductor, singer, etc.The Social Personality Type: 1)Likes to do things to help people –like teaching, counseling, nursing, or giving information;2)Generally avoids using machines, tools, or animals to achieve a goal;3)Has good skills at teaching, counseling, nursing, or giving information;4)Values helping people and solving social problems;5)Sees self as helpful, friendly, and trustworthy.In the Social group, for example, there are jobs like coach, umpire, recreation and fitness worker, schoolteacher, special education teacher, instructional coordinator, librarian, childcare worker, personal and homecare aid, dietitian, clergy or religious worker, employment counselor, probation officer, social worker, registered nurse, etc.The Enterprising Personality Type: 1)Likes to lead and persuade people, and to sell things and ideas;2)Generally avoids activities that require careful observation and scientific, analytical thinking;3)Is good at leading people and selling things or ideas;4)Values success in politics, leadership, or business;5)Sees self as energetic, ambitious, and sociable.In the Enterprising group, for example, there are jobs like counter/rental clerk, sales agent, sales representative, travel agent, hair stylist, bartender, flight attendant, reservation or ticket agent, waiter/waitress, lawyer, judge, business manager, management consultant, top executive, school superintendent, public relations specialist, reporter, news analyst, desktop publisher, customs inspector, occupational safety and health specialist, etc.The Conventional Personality Type: 1)Likes to work with numbers, records, or machines in a set，orderly way;2)Generally avoids ambiguous, unstructured activities;3)Is good at working with written records and numbers in a systematic, orderly way;4)Values success in business;5)Sees self as orderly, and good at following a set plan.In the Conventional group, for example, there are jobs like computer operator, data entry keeper, file clerk, mail carrier, office clerk, measurer/checker, typist, bank teller, cashier, dispatcher, receptionist, switchboard operator, loan officer, secretary, administrative assistant, accounting clerk, billing clerk, book-keeper, stock clerk & order filler, claim examiner, hotel /motel desk clerk, etc.Part II Teaching Procedure Reading I I.Key Language Points 1.nanny: n.a woman whose job is to take care of the children in a
family, usually in the family’s own home 保姆，奶媽
Inflected Form(s): plural nannies
【例句】She found a job as a nanny with wealthy Italian family.她找到一份工作，做一個富有的意大利家庭的保姆。
2.辨析career & profession Career:
1）n.a profession for which one trains and which is undertaken as a
permanent calling 需要特別訓(xùn)練的并終身或長期從事的職業(yè)；一生的事業(yè)
【例句】He realized that his acting career was over.他意識到他的演藝生涯結(jié)束了。
【相關(guān)搭配】choice of career 職業(yè)選擇
a career in banking 在銀行業(yè)的一份職業(yè)
a change of career 職業(yè)改變
2）adj.career can also be an adjective, which means
professional 職業(yè)的
【相關(guān)搭配】career soldier 職業(yè)軍人
career diplomat 職業(yè)外交家
career woman /girl職業(yè)女性
Profession：n.1）Profession is a form of employment, esp.one that is possible
only for an educated person and after training(such as law, medicine, or
teaching)and that is respected in society as honorable
尤指受過教育和專門訓(xùn)練的法律、醫(yī)學(xué)、教育等腦力勞動方面的專業(yè)、職業(yè)
【例句】He is a lawyer by profession.他是一位職業(yè)律師。
The teaching profession claim(s)to be badly paid.教師職業(yè)宣稱待遇非常差。
He was well respected in the medical profession.他在醫(yī)藥界備受推崇。
【相關(guān)搭配】professional standard 專業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
a professional photographer 職業(yè)攝影師
professional foul（體育運動中的）故意犯規(guī)
【例句】He is a footballer who turned professional.他剛轉(zhuǎn)為職業(yè)足球運動員。
2）Professional can also be a noun, which refers to a person who has great
experience and high professional standards 專業(yè)人士；專家；內(nèi)行
【例句】She’s a real professional.她是一個專業(yè)人士。
3.辨析part-time & full-time
part-time：adj.& adv.working for only part of each day or week 兼職的/地
【相關(guān)搭配】a part-time job 兼職
full-time: adj.& adv.just the opposite to part-time, meaning ―working
for all the hours of a week 全職的/地
【相關(guān)搭配】a part-time student 非全日制學(xué)生
a full-time job 全職工作
a full-time student 全日制學(xué)生
4.delicious: adj.highly pleasing or agreeable to the senses, especially
of taste or smell 美味的
【相關(guān)搭配】a delicious meal 一頓可口的大餐
【例句】After school she made us delicious teas and read us stories in bed.放學(xué)后她為我們做了一頓美味的下午茶點，還在床上為我們講故事。
5.wear:（wore, worn）v.to have something such as clothes, shoes, or
jewelers on your body 穿、戴（衣服，鞋子，珠寶等）
【例句】Susan was wearing a black silk dress.蘇珊穿著一套黑色絲織的服裝。
He wore glasses for reading.他戴著眼睛看書。
6.uniform: n.a particular type of clothing worn by all the members of a
group or organization such as the police, the army, etc.制服
【例句】He was still wearing his school uniform.他依然穿著校服。
【相關(guān)搭配】school /army /police uniform 校服/軍裝/警服
7.get on with: to form or have a friendly relation 與??友好相處
【例句】Do you get on well with your boss ? 你和你的老板相處融洽嗎？
8.at the time: at the moment when something happened 當(dāng)時，那時候
【例句】I was living at Beijing at the time.我當(dāng)時就住在北京。
9.phase: n.one of the stages of a process of development or change 階段
【例句】It’s just a phase he’s going through.這只是他
必須要經(jīng)歷的一個人生階段。
【相關(guān)搭配】in/out of phase 同步/不同步； 協(xié)調(diào)/不協(xié)調(diào)
10.go through: to suffer or experience;endure 遭受
【例句】The country has gone through too many wars.這個國家已經(jīng)遭受了太多的戰(zhàn)爭。
【相關(guān)搭配】go through fire and flood 赴湯蹈火
11.make it up with: to become friends, again(after a quarrel)和解，言歸于好
【例句】It’s time you made it up with your sister.是時候你該和你的姐姐和解了。
They made up after an argument.他們在爭論后重歸于好了。
12.turn out: to happen in a particular way, or to have a
particular result, especially one that you did not expect 證明是??，結(jié)果是??，發(fā)展為??
【例句】To my surprise, it turned out that I was wrong.令我驚訝的是，結(jié)果出來證明我是錯的。
The job turned out to be harder than I thought.這工作結(jié)果比我想的更難。
13.apply for: to make a formal request, usually written, for something
such as a job, a place in a university, or permission to do something
(正式以書面)提出請求或申請，以獲得一個大學(xué)的一份工作，或獲得做某事的許可
【例句】I’ll apply for the job today.今天我要申請這份工作。
【相關(guān)搭配】apply sth.to sth.貼，敷，涂
【例句】apply the glue to both surfaces 兩面都涂上膠水。
14.a wee bit: rather 有些，有點
【例句】He’ s a wee bit drunk.他有點醉了。
15.take after: to look or behave like(an older relative)
長相或者舉止像（某個長輩）（不用于進行式）
【例句】The child took after his father only when seen at a
distance.那個孩子只有在遠處看才像他爸爸。
Mary really takes after her mother;she has the same eyes, nose, and hair.瑪麗和她媽媽長得很像，她們有一樣的眼睛，鼻子和頭發(fā)。
16.make a decision: to decide after thinking carefully about something，especially about something that is very important下決心，作出決定
【例句】After weeks of sleepless nights, I finally made a decision.經(jīng)歷了幾周的不眠夜，我終于做了決定。
【相關(guān)搭配】arrive at /come to /reach a decision: to officially decide about
something important after discussing and carefully considering it
經(jīng)過慎重的討論和考慮后最終作出決定
【例句】Before reaching a decision the chairman usually talks to senior
managers.在做出決定前，主席通常會找各高級經(jīng)理談話。
17.bring up: to educate and care for a child until drown-up 教育，教養(yǎng)（孩子）
【例句】She was brought up to believe that money is not the most important
thing in the world.她自小就被教導(dǎo)金錢并非是世上最重要的東西。
Jack and Tom were born and brought up in the America.杰克和湯姆都出生于美國，并在那里被撫養(yǎng)長大。
18.think of: to take into consideration=think about 考慮；想到
【例句】We are thinking of going to France.我們正在考慮去法國。
I had never thought of becoming a businessman.我從未想過會成為一個生意人。
19.follow in sb.’s footsteps: to follow an example set by someone in the past
繼承某人的事業(yè)；步某人的后塵
【例句】The girl’s following in her father’s footsteps and studying to be a doctor.這女孩繼承她父親的事業(yè)，學(xué)習(xí)成為一名醫(yī)生。
20.辨析childish & childlike Childish: adj.1)characteristic of a child 孩子特有的。
【相關(guān)搭配】Childish laughter 孩子的笑聲
2）(derog 貶）(of an adult)(behaving)like a child;immature;silly
(指成人)（舉止）像孩子氣的，幼稚的，傻里傻氣的【例句】Don’t be so childish.別這么幼稚了。
Childlike: adj.(esp.approv 尤作褒義)like or characteristic of a child;
innocent;not devious 孩子般的，孩子氣的，天真無邪的【相關(guān)搭配】childlike enjoyment, trust, honesty 孩子般的快樂、信任、誠實
21.make up with / to end a quarrel or dispute with sb.言歸于好
【例句】Why don’t you two kiss and make up? 你們兩個為什么不接個吻，言歸于好呢？
II．Difficult Sentences 1）I know that she and Daddy thought it was just a childish phase I was
going through, but it wasn’t.要點：??phase I was going through??.是一個后置的定語從句，先行詞是phase，關(guān)聯(lián)詞此處省略。
譯文：我知道，她和我爸爸都以為那只是我正在經(jīng)歷的孩子氣階段，但事實上不是的。
2）Everything has turned out for the best.要點：It proves that everything is going on well.譯文：一切都在慢慢轉(zhuǎn)好。
3)I had a nanny when I was a child but I never thought of being one
myself, but times have changed and ―nannying‖ has been socially acceptable
for a long time.要點：Taking a job as a child’s nurse is accepted in the society.It implies
that the occupation is not despised by the society.譯文：在我孩提時代我家里有個保姆但我從未想過我有一天自己會去從事這個行業(yè)，但隨著時代的改變，這個行業(yè)已經(jīng)被社會廣為接受好久了。
III． Structure of Reading I Part I(Paragraph 1)Introduction: What is the background of Amanda Peniston-Bird?
Amanda is a daughter of a judge and specializes in being nanny for two
years.Part II(Paragraph 2-3)
To Amanda, what’s the impression about the two nannies they got? 1)As to the first one, she was young, wonderful and responsible though
she was just a part-time student worker.2)To the latter one, she was traditional and professional, Amanda enjoyed
the whole course of being taking care of.What happens to Amanda’s family after her choice-making to be a nanny? At first, there were a terrible row with her families and her parents were
very angry about her decision.They made it up before she went to college，finally her parents changed their opinions and had encouraged her ever
since.Part III(Paragraph 4)
What’s Amanda’s mother’s opinion about their daughter’s career decision? She and her husband gradually accepted the fact and respected her
daughter’s choice.She felt proud about her daughter’s independent
thinking and realized the wide acceptance of this career.Reading II I.Notes 1.gardener: n.someone whose job is to grow flowers and plants and work
gardens 園林工人；園藝家
[相關(guān)詞]
gardening: n.the activity of working in a garden, growing plants, cutting
a lawn etc.園藝學(xué)
2.surgeon: n.a doctor whose job is to perform medical operations.The
performing of medical operations is called surgery.外科手術(shù)
[相關(guān)詞] a trees surgeon: it refers to an expert who is specially trained to treat
diseased trees.In other words, a tree surgeon is a tree doctor.外科醫(yī)師
3.Oxford University: a famous university at Oxford, England, founded in
the 1200’s 牛津大學(xué)
4.archaeology: n.the scientific study of historic or prehistoric people
and their cultures by examining the remains of their houses，pots, tools，tombs and other objects 考古學(xué)
5.drop out:
1)If someone drops out, it means he leaves school, college or university
before his course of study has finished and he has no intention of
returning.退學(xué)
【例句】One third of the city’s students drop out before graduation.這個城市有三分之一的學(xué)生在畢業(yè)前退學(xué)。
2）“Do drop out “can also mean to move away from or refuse to join ordinary
society because of not agreeing with accepted practice, standards, and
ways of living.由于不能接受或同意生活的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或方式而遠離甚至拒絕接觸社會
[相關(guān)搭配] drop out of society 隱退；遁世
6.surveyor: n.a person whose job is to survey or measure buildings and
land.土地測量員；建筑物鑒定人
7.interior designer: a person whose job is to plan and choose the colors，furnishing, etc., for the inside of a room or house.An interior designer
usually does not do the actual work of putting them in.Actually, he just
designs.室內(nèi)裝修師（通常不實際參與具體工作）
8.Tudor house: a house with the Tudor style.Tudor style refers to the
style of architecture which was once very popular in the Tudor dynasty in
Britain.9.acre: n.a unit for measuring land area, now equal to 43,560 square
feet or 4,047 square metres英畝
10.drive: n.There are different words for the idea of ―road ‖.You may
refer to the following table: drive / driveway（私用車道）a road for vehicles that connects a
private house or garage with the street
road（馬路）a hard level surface made for cars and other vehicles to
travel on
street（街道）a road with houses or shops
path(小徑)a winding way made by or for people walking over the
ground
avenue（林蔭道）a broad street in a town sometimes having trees on
each side
highway（公路）an American word meaning a wide fast road that connects
big cities and towns
expressway/freeway（高速公路）an American word meaning a wide fast road
that takes traffic into and out of a big city and is often very busy.motorway（高速公路）a British word meaning a wide fast road that
connects big cities and towns for fast long-distance travel
track（小道，小徑）a narrow rough road leading to a farm or a field，usually formed by the pressure of farm vehicles on the ground
lane（小路，小巷）a narrow winding road connecting villages or farms
passage（走廊，過道）a long narrow connecting way inside a building
alley（小巷，胡同）a very narrow street or path between buildings in a
town
11.pick up: learn something easily without making much effort 輕松學(xué)會
【例句】I picked up quite a lot of Spanish when I was in Spain last summer.去年夏天我在西班牙的時候輕松學(xué)會了很多西班牙語。
12.furious: adj.very angry in an uncontrolled way, in a fury。狂怒的
【例句】He will be furious with us if we are late.如果我們遲到他會發(fā)飆的。
13.carry on: If you carry on doing something, you continue to do it in
spite of interruptions or difficulties.繼續(xù)
【例句】We carried on our discussion after lunch.吃完午飯后我們繼續(xù)討論。
14.The moment …: ―the Moment‖ can be used to introduce
a time adverbial
in the pattern ―the moment(that)somebody does something‖, meaning as
soon as someone does something.【例句】He said he would phone you the moment he got home.他說他一到家就給你電話。
15.enjoy every moment of sth.: enjoy something very much 好好享受每一刻
16.redundant: adj.no longer employed because there is not enough work，usu.used with “make” 失業(yè)的
【例句】Seventy men in the factory were made redundant because of falling
demand for products.由于產(chǎn)品需求的下降，工廠里有70人被迫下崗。
17.be taken aback: If you are taken aback, you are so surprised or
shocked by something unexpected that you have to pause
for a moment and
cannot think or do anything.大吃一驚
【例句】I was rather taken aback by his rudeness.我被他的粗魯嚇了一大跳。
18.makes them respect…;help them plan …: these are V + O + Inf.(without
to)constructions.Some verbs can be used with a bare infinitive
(不帶to的不定式)as object complement（賓語補足語）, such as make, have, help, let，see, hear, watch, and feel.【例句】She had them read the letter.I often hear them sing the song.Suddenly we felt the atmosphere grow tense.She lets her children stay up very late.Could you help me unload the car?
My new position made them respect me more.19.delighted: adj.1）When somebody feels pleased or satisfied, we say “he is delighted ”.高興的
【例句】We were delighted with the effect of our advertisement.當(dāng)我們的廣告效果出來的時候我們十分高興。
2）But if something is satisfactory and pleasant, we say “it is delightful
”.令人雀躍的
20.manual labor: Manual labor is the kind of work in which you use your
hands or your physical strength rather than your mind.體力勞動The kind of
work which involves the use of the mind is called “mental work.” 智力勞動
21.only son: one with no brothers or sisters 獨生子
22.fall out: If you fall out with someone, you quarrel or have an
argument with someone and stop being friendly with him or her.吵架
【例句】Jane and Paul have fallen out with each other over the education of
their children.簡和保羅就孩子的教育問題大吵了一架。
23.miserable: adj.unhappy, uncomfortable 悲慘的24.millionaire: n.a person who has a million pound or dollars;very rich
person 百萬富翁
II．Difficult Sentences 1)But I knew it was a waste of time to carry on studying archaeology, and
the moment I started gardening again, I knew I’d made the right decision.要點：“a waste of time”, 浪費時間；
“the moment I started?.”是時間狀語從句，the moment
引導(dǎo)的，相當(dāng)于as soon as ；
譯文：但我知道，繼續(xù)學(xué)考古學(xué)對我而言只是浪費時間，而我再次開始從事園藝，我就知道，我做的決定是對的。
2)Times have changed and all kinds of people do all kinds of work, and I
think the world’s a better place for it.要點：? I think the world’s a better place for it 中的’s 不是屬格，而是實義動詞have 的第三人稱單數(shù)形式。
譯文：時代在轉(zhuǎn)變，人們從事著各種各樣的工作，我相信這世界會給它一個更好的認可。
Word Study 1.adore
基本用法
1)vt.to like very much 非常喜歡
【例句】She adores the cinema /going to the cinema.我非常喜歡看電影。
2)vt.to love deeply and respect highly（無進行式）敬慕，愛慕
【例句】He adores his elder brother.他非常敬慕他哥哥。
相關(guān)詞
adoration n.敬慕；敬仰
【例句】He looked at Julia in obvious adoration.他用一種明顯的敬仰的眼神看著朱麗葉。
adorable adj.迷人的；可愛的
【例句】What an adorable baby!好可愛的寶寶!2.realize 基本用法
1)vt.to understand and believe(a fact);be or become conscious of
（不用于進行式）了解；領(lǐng)悟；認識到
【例句】He didn't realize the risk he was taking.他根本沒意識到他正在冒險。
Do you realize you are being impolite? 你知道你現(xiàn)在很不
禮貌嗎？
2)vt.to make(a hope, purpose, goal, etc.)real 使（希望、目的、目標(biāo)等）實現(xiàn)
【例句】My worst fears were realized when I saw what the exam questions were.當(dāng)我看到了試卷的題目，我最不希望的事情還是發(fā)生了。
相關(guān)詞
realization n.認識；體會；領(lǐng)悟；實現(xiàn)
【例句】Getting this role in the film was a realization of her childhood
dreams.可以得到這部電影里的角色是他兒提時代的夢想的實現(xiàn)。
realizable adj.可以實現(xiàn)的
【例句】Our hopes are hardly realizable.我們的希望幾乎是很難實現(xiàn)的。
相關(guān)搭配：
realize one’s long-cherished wish 實現(xiàn)夙愿
self-realization 本人才能的充分發(fā)揮
3.row
基本用法
1)n.a noisy quarrel;a public argument;a dispute or controversy 爭吵；辯論；爭論
【例句】Rows about /over money are the common reason for the breakdown of
marriages.為錢而爭論是許多婚姻破裂的最常見的原因。
have rows /a row with sb.與某人爭吵
【例句】I had a row with my boyfriend last night.昨晚我和男友大吵了一架。
2)n.a noise（貶義）喧鬧聲；吵鬧聲
make a row 吵吵嚷嚷
【例句】Stop making such a row;I can’ sleep.別發(fā)出那樣的噪音，我無法入睡。
3)vi.(British English)to argue in an angry way 爭吵；吵架
【例句】I’m not going to row with you –I’d just like you to explain.我不打算和你吵架，我只想聽你解釋。
vt.to move a boat through the water with oars 劃船
【例句】Can you row(a boat)? 你會劃船嗎？
5)n.a neat line(of people or things)side by side 一排；一行；一列
【例句】 a row of houses 一排房子
相關(guān)搭配：
in rows /a row（排成、站成）一排/行/列
【例句】The children stood in row.孩子們站成一排。
in a row 一個接一個地；沒有間斷
【例句】She won the competition three times in a row.她連贏三次。
row upon row 一排一排地
【例句】She could see row upon row of people waiting to be served.她看到有成排的人等著接受服務(wù)。
a blazing row 大吵一頓
【例句】We had a blazing row a couple of years ago and I haven’t seen her
since.自從幾年前我們大吵一架至今我都沒有再見到過她。
4.turn
基本用法
1）vi./vt.to move around a central or fixed point 旋轉(zhuǎn)；轉(zhuǎn)動
【例句】The big wheel turned slowly.這個大車輪慢慢的轉(zhuǎn)動。
2)vi.to change so as to become(esp.sth.bad)轉(zhuǎn)變成（尤指不好的狀況）；使成為
【例句】The milk has turned sour.牛奶已經(jīng)變酸了
3)vt.to go round 拐過；拐彎
【例句】The car turned the corner.車已經(jīng)拐彎了。
4)n.轉(zhuǎn)動；旋動；轉(zhuǎn)彎；順序
【例句】You have missed your turn so you’ll have to wait.你已經(jīng)錯過了輪到你的那次，等吧。
相關(guān)搭配：
turn one’s back on 反對
turn a deaf ear to 對??充耳不聞
turn a blind eye to 對??視而不見
take turns 輪流
the turn of the century 世紀之交
by turns 輪流；依次
out of the turn 不合時宜地；魯莽地
5．spend
基本用法
1）vt.to pass or use(time)消磨（時間）；度過（時間）
Spend…(time)doing sth.(with sb.)
【例句】We spent a pleasant hour or two talking with our friends.我們在同朋友交談中愉快地度過了一兩個小時。
2)vi./ vt.to give out in payment for goods or services 用（錢）；花費
spend …(money)on sth.【例句】I’m good at spending but not at saving.我擅長于花錢而不是存錢。
3)vt.to wear out or use completely 耗盡；用盡
【例句】The storm soon spent itself /its force.spender n.花費者
spent adj.用過的；失效的；不再使用的【例句】spent cartridge 空彈殼
spending n.花費；支出
【例句】government /public /state spending
defense / education /health spending
相關(guān)搭配：
spending money 零花錢
spendthrift 奢侈的人
money well spent 值得花的錢
【例句】The repairs cost quite a lot, but it was money well spent.Grammar Focus
Describe people’s appearance
1.整體描寫和局部描寫
在描寫人物時，我們通常會使用一些形容詞描述人的身體各部分：體形、臉形、面頰、鼻子、眼睛、嘴巴、下巴、牙齒、頭發(fā)的顏色和發(fā)型以及膚色等。有些形容詞屬于整體描寫，例如：cool（酷），fashionable（時髦的）, healthy, strong, tall, meager, smart，kind等；有些形容詞屬于局部描寫，需要與某些身體器
官搭配使用，例如：round face, deep-set eyes（深陷的雙眼）,red
cheeks（紅色的面頰）, crooked nose（鷹鉤鼻子）,pointed chin（尖下巴）,big mouth, even teeth
（平整的牙齒）,blonde hair（金發(fā)）, curly hair（卷發(fā)）, sunburned skin（曬黑的皮膚）等。
2．生理特征的描寫和人格特征的描寫
以上與人體器官搭配的形容詞都屬于生理特征描寫。但除了生理描寫外，我們也可以描寫人的性格特征，例如：generous
（慷慨的）,modest（謙虛的）,honest, serious, obstinate（固執(zhí)的）, self-conceited(自負的)，kind-hearted（善良的）等
3．單個形容詞和復(fù)合形容詞
有些形容詞由單個詞構(gòu)成，例如：tall, short, fat, thin slim
;有些形容詞由兩、三個詞共同構(gòu)成，成為復(fù)合形容詞，例如：snow-white（雪白的），suntanned（黝黑的），ordinary-looking（相貌平平的）warm-hearted（熱心的）等。
4．常用于人物描寫的語法結(jié)構(gòu)
系動詞＋形容詞或名詞
【例句】My brother is tall and handsome.He is tall and sturdy（強壯）.The boy is extremely bright.My mother is thrifty with money.As a child, he is meager（瘦的）and weak.The old man looks thin.He looks old and his hair is all white.The girl tends to be jealous of those who make greater progress.形容詞＋名詞
【例句】a serious –looking face a grey –haired woman
a wrinkled face a bad temper
a pretty girl a timid boy
Tom has a strong body and high intelligence.動詞＋副詞
【例句】live happily;work actively
介詞＋名詞
【例句】of medium build;of great wisdom
5．描寫人物的基本原則
1）描寫要具體，避免籠統(tǒng)化，應(yīng)注重細節(jié)描寫，體現(xiàn)人物的音容笑貌。在實踐中，學(xué)習(xí)者要避一些泛泛而談的詞，例如：awful, bad，beautiful, fine, good, great, interesting, lovely, nice, pretty，wonderful等。好的描寫需要注意具體的細節(jié)，所以用詞要具體化。
【例句】He was thin, short, and dark.His hair was like a bundle of straw.His
dirty clothes and tired look were clearly signs of a long travel.His
clothes were made of cheap cloth.The coat was too short and the trousers
too loose.And he wore a pair of rubber shoes, which were very
unfashionable.He did not look smart at all.2）生理特征描寫應(yīng)與人物的性格、思想和要表達的情感相結(jié)合，并通過具體的事例得以體現(xiàn)，表現(xiàn)出人物的特性和特征。
【例句】Most Jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body.But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors.His gaunt, expressive face was dominated by piercing eyes, conveying a mixture of intensity and repose, of wariness and calm self-confidence.He wore an immaculately tailored gray coat, at once simple and elegant.He moved gracefully and with dignity, filling a room tot by his physical dominance but by his air of controlled tension, steely discipline, and self-control.As if he were a boiled spring.He conveyed an easy casualness, which, however, did not deceive the careful observer.The quick smile, the comprehending expression that made clear that he understood English even without translation, the palpable alertness, were clearly the features of a man who had had burned into him by a searing half-century the vital importance of
self-possession.Function and Structure 1.It is important to learn how to say thanks and how to show your appreciation the proper way.Here are some tips: At a party —Take your cue from the host.If he went to the trouble to mail an invitation, send him a note in return.Receiving a Gift—If you thank a person profusely(極多地)after receiving a gift, it’s not necessary to send a note —so it makes you look extra-classy when you do.A business Function —If you’ve been at a formal business meeting and want to thank potential clients or business partners, type a paper note.If the event is a lunch or social function, write it by hand.2.In business, it is customary to express appreciation to people who help your company succeed.In fact, the absence of a ―thank you‖ may be misunderstood to mean the effort was not appreciated.Thanking customers has always been very effective for building royalty, demonstrating corporate commitment to service, generating referral business and differentiating a
business from the rest.There are a variety of ways to express gratitude.The way in which you thank your customers does not have to cost a lot of money and nothing says ―you are important‖ like a handwritten note.A short handwritten note has the power of personal engagement and high impact.It’s a small gesture but keeps customers coming back.Inside a business, when a boss wants to motivate his or her employees, a simple ―thank you‖ also works best.A smart employer knows it well that frequent recognition of accomplishments is the best way to encourage employees.Homework 1.Vocabulary 2.Grammar 3.Reading Summary In this unit, students have known main content of this unit.After class, students should learn more details.
第五篇：精讀教案6
Unit 6 Jewelry
Teaching Time: six periods Part I Pre-learning I.Teaching Aims
By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: A.Know the general knowledge about different kinds of Jewelry as well as diamond.B.Learn to use the communicative skill of “making an apology”.C.Master the use of article.D.Grasp the words or phrases related to diamond.II.Teaching Important and Difficult Points Cultural Background
A.Different kinds of jewels:(precious)stones: a rare and valuable kind of mineral.寶石
gem: a pearl of mineral that has been cut and polished for use as an
ornament.寶石，珠寶
ruby: a bright red precious stone.紅寶石
sapphire: a kind of transparent precious stone of a bright blue color.藍寶石
emerald: a bright green precious stone.祖母綠，綠寶石
opal: a precious stone which looks like milky water with colors in it.蛋白石，貓眼石
jade: a precious, usually green stone from which ornaments or jewelry are
made.玉，翡翠
amber: a yellowish brown hard clear substance used for ornaments or
jewelry.琥珀
jet: a hard, black material that can be made to shine brightly used to
make ornaments.黑玉
topaz: a transparent yellowish mineral.黃晶，黃玉
pearl: a hard round small silvery-white mass formed inside the shell of
shellfish.珍珠
B.Diamonds Diamond(金剛石，鉆石)is a clear, very hard and valuable stone, used in jewelry
and in industry, for example, a diamond engagement ring.It is the
birthstone of April and anniversary gemstone for the 10th and 60th years
of marriage.Diamond was discovered in 500 B.C.in India.The name
“diamond” comes from the Greek word “adamas” which means unconquerable---
suggesting the eternity(永恒)of love.Since ancient Greece diamond has
been the traditional symbol of love.The ancients believed they were
hardened dew(露水)drops, splinters(碎片)from the stars or crystallized
lighting.A diamond, the hardest substance known to man, is a crystallized
carbon which has unique powers of light reflection.Because it is composed
of a single element, a diamond is the purest of all gemstones.Diamond is
a colorless stone.Some other occasional colors are: blue, yellow, amber
(琥珀色的), red, green, pink.C.World production of natural diamonds World natural diamond production for 2003 has been estimated at a total of
million carats(1.克拉: 寶石重量單位=200毫克 2.開: 黃金純度單位, 純金為24開)with a value
of US$ 9.4 billion.About 20% of this volume are gems, which will be
polished and set into diamond jewelry and 45% are near-gems, which would
have been graded as industrial 40 years ago but are now polished by the
vast low-cost Indian cutting industry.The balance is of industrial
quality.DeBeers is the largest diamond miner in the world.Its mines in
Botswana, South Africa, Namibia and Tanzania produced 41%(US$ 3.9
billion)by value or 31% by caratage(43.9 million carats)of the world’s
2003 production.The company’s marketing arm, the Diamond Trading
Company(DTC), sold 48% of world total production---a steep fall from the
recent past when(in 2000)the company’s market share was about 60% and
the 1970s and 1980s when it was 80%.In 2003, Canada’s Northwest
Territories mines produced 11.2 million carats, 7.5% of the world total by
weight, worth an estimated value of US$ 1024 billion, which is over 12% of
the world total by value, making Canada the third largest producer of
diamond in the world, behind Bostwana and Russia, surpassing South Africa
and Angola.A large production of the gem-quality diamond produced by both
the mines in the NWT is in the range of high color and quality, and in
sizes that are most in demand in the world’s leading consumer market, the
USA.Botswana was again the world’s number one diamond-producing country
in 2003 terms of value(estimated at US$ 2.48 billion)and only marginally
behind Australian in carats mined(30.4 million carats).South Africa
contributed an estimated 12.4 million carats to the world’s total
production, which represents about 11% by value(US$ 1.1 billion), 96% of
which comes from mines owned by DeBeers.Namibia now recovers about half
of its diamonds from mining the sea bed with the remainder being found on
its beaches, which have been swept for alluvial diamonds since 1908.The
stones are high in average value, though small in average size.Russia is
the world’s number two producer of diamonds.All the mines are situated in
the Western Yakuti(西伯利亞的雅庫特地區(qū)), and are owned by the state company
Alrosa.In Russia, half of the rough output is currently sold for
polishing and half is exported.Part II Teaching Procedure Reading I I.Key Language Points 1.jewelry: n.“Jewel” is a countable noun, meaning a valuable stone, such as a diamond，while “jewelery” is an uncountable noun, meaning small things that you
wear for decoration, such as bracelets(手鐲), rings, earrings or necklaces
made of precious metals set with gems(寶石)or imitation gems.“Jewellery”
is British English spelling, and in American English it is spelt as
“jewelry”.As it is uncountable, we need to use words such as “a piece of”
or “a lot of” with it if the quantity is mentioned.【例句】a piece of jewelry She wears a lot of gold jewelry.2.to do with: be related to something, or be involved with something 【例句】Their conversation had been largely to do with work.他們談?wù)摰脑掝}主要是和工作有關(guān)的事情。
I’m sorry about the accident, but it’s nothing to do with me.出現(xiàn)這樣的事故，我感到很遺憾，但我與這事沒有一點關(guān)系。
This question doesn’t have anything to do with the main topic of the
survey.這個問題和調(diào)查的主題沒有任何關(guān)系。
3.as had been this father: In this sentence, “as” is used to introduce a
non-restrictive attributive clause.This usage is frequently found in
English.【例句】Fred, as might be expected, was attending the conference.像大家預(yù)期的那樣，弗雷德當(dāng)時參加了會議。
He is absent, as is often the case.他遲到了，這是經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。
When used to introduce attributive clause, as is more often found together
with “such” or “same”.【例句】Such women as knew Tom thought he was charming.認識湯姆的女士都認為他很有魅力。
I never heard such stories as he tells.我從未聽過他告訴我的這些故事。
You must show my wife the same respect as you show me.你要像尊敬我一樣尊敬我的妻子。
She knew he felt just the same as she did.她知道他和自己有同樣的感受。
4.be true of / for: something that is true of a group of people relates
to all the people in that group 適用于;符合于
【例句】Parents of young children often become depressed, and this is
especially true of single parents.孩子很小的父母親們經(jīng)常情緒低落，那些單親家長們更是如此。
I’m very sorry that you’ve decided to leave, and I am sure that holds true
for everyone else here.你決定離去，我感到很難過，我相信，這里的每個人都會如此。
5.in particular: especially 【例句】I noticed his eyes in particular, because they were such an unusual
color.我特別注視著他的眼睛，因為他的眼睛的顏色非同尋常。
6.be cut out for sth./to do sth.: to be naturally well suited for sth.天然適合于(有做...的天賦,很相配)【例句】I am not cut out for city life.我不適合在城市生活。
I am not cut out for teaching / politics.我不適合當(dāng)老師/搞政治。
7.be apprenticed to: to be an apprentice to sb.成為學(xué)徒
【例句】She was apprenticed to a plumber.她曾學(xué)徒做過管道工。
Bill didn’t go to college, now that he was apprenticed to a carpenter.貝爾沒有去上大學(xué)，因為他學(xué)徒做了木匠。
The boy was apprenticed to a carpenter.這個男孩被送去學(xué)木匠。
[相關(guān)詞]apprentice n.學(xué)徒, 實習(xí)生
【例句】My grandfather learnt shoe-making as an apprentice to a master
craftsman.我祖父跟一位大師傅當(dāng)學(xué)徒,學(xué)會了制鞋。
He began his career as an apprentice.他以當(dāng)學(xué)徒開始他的職業(yè)生涯。
8.intuition: n.instinctive knowing(without the use of rational
processes)直覺
【例句】My intuition told me he wasn’t to be trusted.直覺告訴我他不值得信任。She had an intuition that her friend was ill.她有一種直覺:她的朋友病了。
I had a sudden intuition about the missing jewels.我憑直覺突然對失去的珠寶有所感知。
9.tension:
1)n.the amount of a force stretching something 張力；拉力
【例句】This wire will take 50 pounds tension before breaking.這根金屬線在斷裂之前能承受五十磅的張力。
The tension was so great that the rope broke.繩子拉得太緊繃斷了。
2)n.mental strain;excitement 心理緊張；興奮
【例句】We feel some tension before we take an exam.考試之前，我們覺得有點緊張。
Tension mounted as we waited for the exam results to be
published.我們在等待公布考試結(jié)果時氣氛越來越緊張。
3)n.an anxious, untrusting, and perhaps dangerous condition in the
relationship between people, countries, etc.(一般用復(fù)數(shù))緊張關(guān)系；緊張局勢
【例句】The border dispute has been a continuing source of tension.邊界爭端一直是緊張局勢的根源。
10.split: vi./vt.to divide into separate parts 分裂, 分開
【例句】He spent the whole morning splitting the wood.他整個一上午都在劈柴。
Disagreements split the party into rival factions.意見分歧使該黨分裂為對立的幾派。
The huge tree split when struck by lightning.這棵大樹遭雷擊時被劈開了。
The old farm has been split up into house lots.這古老的農(nóng)場已被劃分為一塊塊的宅地。
11.take one’s time:
1)to take more time than is reasonable 拖拉，慢吞吞
【例句】The old lady took her time as she walked up the steps.這位老太太慢慢地爬上樓梯。
2)to use as much time as is necessary, not hurry不慌不忙，從容。
【例句】Please take your time, there is no rush.你慢慢來，沒有關(guān)系，并不急。
12.choosy: adj.picky;difficult to please 挑剔的；難伺候的[相關(guān)搭配] be choosy about: be particular about 對?挑剔
【例句】She's very choosy about who she goes out with.她愿意和誰幽會不愿意和誰幽會是很挑剔的。
He is very choosy about what he eats.他對吃的東西非常講究。
She is particular about what she eats.她過分講究吃。
13.irritate: 1)vt.to make angry or impatient 激怒，使煩躁
【例句】 His letter irritated me a little.他的信使我有點惱火。
2)vt.make part of the body a little hurt or uncomfortable 刺激；使難受
【例句】The cigarette smoke irritates my eyes.香煙的煙霧刺得我眼睛難受。
[相關(guān)詞]
irritation n.the psychological state of being irritated or annoyed
激怒；生氣，惱怒
【例句】He could not hide his irritation that he had not been invited.他無法掩飾因未被邀請而生的氣惱。
irritable adj.easily annoyed 易怒的,急躁的
【例句】The old man is an irritable person.那個老人是個易怒的人。
14.bachelor:
1)n.an unmarried man 未婚男子；單身漢
【例句】He remained a bachelor all his life.他終生未娶
2)n.[C] 學(xué)士
【例句】a Bachelor of Arts文學(xué)士(略作 BA,B.A.,A.B.)a Bachelor of Medicine醫(yī)學(xué)士(略作B.M.)a Bachelor of Science理學(xué)士（略作 B.S）
bachelor’s degree 學(xué)士學(xué)位
15.in someone’s stead: in someone’s place;instead of someone(正式）代替某人
【例句】She asked me to attend the meeting in her stead 她要我替她去參加會議。
I can't attend the meeting but I'll send my assistant in my stead.這個會我來不了, 我讓助手代我出席。
16.in communion with:(formal)in special relationship with someone or
something which makes you feel that you understand them very well 與...有聯(lián)絡(luò)，有共同利害關(guān)系
【例句】He lived in close communion with nature/ God.他與大自然為伴。
[相關(guān)詞] commune v.to get very close to someone or something by exchanging feeling
or thoughts 與...建立密切關(guān)系（with）
【例句】I often walk by the sea to commune with nature.我常在海濱漫步，與大自然神交。
17.fall apart: to break(into piece)分裂；破碎；崩潰
【例句】My car is falling apart.我的汽車要散架了。
Their marriage finally fell apart.他們的婚姻終于破裂了。
She fell apart completely, crying like a baby.她完全崩潰了，哭得像個孩子。
18.an odd chance that… unusual: “that” here is an adverb of degree, which
means “so” or “to such a degree”.【例句】It wasn’t that good, actually.事實上，沒有那么好。
Is the problem that easy? 問題有那么簡單嗎? He knows only that much.他只知道那么多。
I was that angry I could have hit him.我十分生氣, 簡直想揍他。
19.infect:
1)vt.to fill(sb.’s mind or spirit)with feelings(感情上)感染（別人）
【例句】She infected the whole class with her laughter.她的笑聲感染了全班同學(xué)。Her cheerful spirits and bubble laughter infect the whole class.她那快樂的情緒和爽朗的笑聲感染了全班。
2)vt.(of disease)to get into the body of someone, often through the
air(疾病)感染/傳染（別人）
【例句】The open wound soon became infected.裸露的傷口很快就受到了感染。
[相關(guān)搭配] be infected with
【例句】I was infected with a bad cold by my brother.我哥哥把重感冒傳染給我。
[相關(guān)詞] infection n.傳染
【例句】He suffered from a lung infection.他肺部受到了感染。
infectious adj.傳染性的
【例句】Their enthusiasm was infectious.他們的熱情有感染力。
Flu is an infectious disease characterized by fever, aches and pains and
exhaustion.流感是一種傳染病，其特征是發(fā)熱、全身疼痛和疲乏無力。
20.destined: adj.intended in advance or by fate 注定的；命中注定的；預(yù)定的【例句】He was destined never to meet her again.命運注定他再也見不到她。
The man is destined for success.這個人注定要成功的。
It was destined that they would marry.他們結(jié)婚是緣分。
[相關(guān)詞] destiny n.fate.命運；天數(shù)；天命
【例句】a master of one's own destiny 掌握自己的命運的人
It was his destiny to die in a foreign country.他注定要客死異國。
Your destiny is interwoven with mine.你的命運已和我的命運結(jié)合在一起了。
II．Difficult Sentences 1)His father was to do with diamonds, as had been his father.要點：The job his(Ephraim’s)father did is about diamonds, and his
grandfather did this job too.這類似于下面結(jié)構(gòu)的用法，so+ 助動詞/ be動詞/ 情態(tài)動詞＋主語
【例句】 He is a teacher, so was his father.他是老師，他的父親也曾是。
譯文：他父親從事的工作與鉆石有關(guān)，他的祖父也是這樣。
2)To cut a diamond perfectly is an act like a samurai’s sword-thrust, or
a master archer’s centered arrow.要點：This sentence means: If a samurai intends to make a correct thrust at
his rival with his sword or a master archer wants to shot an arrow in the
center of the target without missing it, perfect skills are needed.Likewise, splitting a diamond perfectly also needs excellent skills.譯文：要完美的切割鉆石，就像武士準(zhǔn)確地刺向自己的對手，高明的弓箭手每次都射中
靶心一樣，需要高超的技藝。
3)When an important diamond is shaped a man may spend a week …will split
it exactly so.要點：In this long sentence, the structure “spend?(in)doing sth.” is used
and the word “moment” is modified by the attributive clause introduced by
“when”.譯文：當(dāng)打造一顆重要的鉆石時，一個人可能要花一周甚至幾周時間去研究它，要集中所有的記憶、直覺和注意力，直到最后確定用恰如其分的輕敲力才會將原石準(zhǔn)確地按需要分開。
4)He was the son who took his time about getting married, and about…… who
refused to fulfill the ordinary purpose of nature.要點：This sentence means: He(Ephraim)was such a person who didn’t want to
marry early and not paid more attention to what his family members said，sometimes jokingly, about his unwillingness to get married soon because he
was choosy.But when other people spoke of him with a sharp tone, the
family members had nothing to say.Why those people blamed him with such a
harmful, threatened tune was that they felt very angry when people like
Ephraim refused to get married and have children.譯文：他總是不把結(jié)婚放在心上，對于家人開玩笑說是太挑剔了，他也不太在意。當(dāng)別人生氣地，有時惡意地，甚至用威脅的語氣談到此事時，他的家人無話可說。人們之所以這樣說是因為像Ephraim
這樣不想結(jié)婚養(yǎng)孩子的行為讓他們感到生氣。
5)Nothing was expected of him.要點：His family members didn’t expect him to make any great achievements in
his career.expect sb./sth.of sth.期望（某人）；指望（某人）
【例句】I wouldn’t have expected such rudeness of you.我沒有想到你這樣粗魯。
Don’t expect too much of his idea.別指望他能有什么好主意。
譯文：他的家人并不指望他能在工作上有任何大的作為。
6)He should have flown home again;but the merchant asked him to dinner.要點：“should have + V-ed” refers to obligation unfulfilled, that is, an
action which should take place in the past was actually not performed.【例句】You should have switched off the electric current.你本應(yīng)該把電源切斷。
譯文：他本打算再坐飛機回到家去，但這位商人邀請他一起共進晚餐。
III． Structure of Reading I Part I(Paragraph 1-2)Introduction: The trade of diamond-cutting by mentioning the man called
Ephraim.1)Ephraim’s family was to do with the diamonds.2)Stating that Diamond-cutting needs excellent skills by comparing it to
a samurai’s sword-thrust and a master archer’s centered-arrow.Part II(Paragraph 3-5)
Ephraim’s experience of successful cutting a diamond for a rich
merchant made his skill known and he became a master diamond-cutter.Reading II 1.Notes 1.deposit:
1)n.first payment for something 存款, 定金
【例句】a bank deposit銀行存款 demand deposit 活期存款
You must pay a deposit if you want to reserve the room.你要預(yù)訂房間，就得先付定金。
2)n.something deposited 礦層, 堆積物;儲量
【例句】diamond deposit鉆石儲量
deposit of crude oil原油儲量
The country is short of known deposits of coal.這個國家缺少已知的煤礦礦床。There are rich deposits of gold in those hills.在那些山里有一些富金礦。
3)v.put something somewhere to keep it safe 放下, 寄存, 存放
【例句】You may deposit your case in the left luggage office.你可以把手提箱存放在寄存處。
4)v.沉淀;堆放；沉積
【例句】When the River Nile is in flood, it deposits a layer of mud on the
fields.尼羅河泛濫時, 便在田野上沉積一層泥。
2.Kimberley: a city in the central Republic of South Africa, famous for
its diamond mines.It is called Diamond City and still thought of as the
diamond capital of the world.金伯利市（南非）
3.extensive: adj.large in amount, area or range 廣泛的，深遠的;廣闊的【例句】extensive knowledge廣博的知識 extensive reading泛讀
We had fairly extensive discussions.我們進行了相當(dāng)廣泛的討論。
They own extensive land by the ocean.他們擁有海邊的遼闊土地。
4.Siberia: a vast region of northeast Russia, extending from the Ural
Mountains(烏拉爾山脈)to the Pacific(太平洋)西伯利亞
5.crystal: n.a transparent(透明的)natural mineral that looks like ice 水晶
6.crystalline: adj.made of crystals 水晶的, 透明的, 結(jié)晶性的【例句】crystalline carbon水晶碳
crystalline rocks水晶巖
7.individual
1)adj.for one person or thing only 單獨的；個別的【例句】individual economy 個體經(jīng)濟
A teacher can't give individual attention to each pupil if his class is
large.如果班上的人數(shù)多，老師就不能給予個別輔導(dǎo)了。
2)adj.獨特的;個性的, 有特性的
【例句】The model has an individual way of dressing.這個模特兒有著獨特的穿衣方式。
3)n.each person, by himself, not with others 個人;個體
【例句】Exceptions can not be made for individuals.對個人不能有例外。
8.boart: n.(also called bort or bortz)a quantity of low-quality
diamonds and small fragments, valuable only in crushed or powdered(粉未狀的)form 圓粒金剛石
9.carbonado: n.a massive black variety of diamond, found chiefly near
Salvador(薩爾瓦多[拉丁美洲]), Brazil, and formerly used for drilling and other
cutting purposes 黑金剛石
10.cluster: n.number of things of the same kind growing closely
together串；束,簇；群,組
【例句】There was a little cluster of admirers around the actress.女演員周圍擁著一小群崇拜者。
11.polish: 1)n.光澤, 優(yōu)雅, 精良
【例句】A hot plate will spoil the polish on this table.熱盤子會毀壞桌面的光澤。
2)v.拋光, 磨光, 擦亮;使精練（優(yōu)美），潤飾(文章)【例句】polish shoes 擦鞋
He polished his spectacles with a handkerchief before answering.回答之前, 他用手帕擦拭了一下眼鏡。
The speaker spent several days polishing her lecture.演講者花了幾天時間潤飾她的演講稿。
12.revolving: adj.cause to move by turning over or in a circular manner
of as if on an axis 旋轉(zhuǎn)的, 周轉(zhuǎn)的, 循環(huán)的【例句】a revolving door 旋轉(zhuǎn)門
I think they are using a revolving stage.我想他們用一種旋轉(zhuǎn)舞臺。
[相關(guān)詞] revolve: v.turn on or around an axis or a center 旋轉(zhuǎn),考慮,循環(huán)
【例句】My life revolves around my job.我的工作是我生活的中心。
The earth revolves round the sun.地球環(huán)繞太陽運行。
13.bore:
1)v.to make someone feel tired;not to be interesting 使煩擾
【例句】He bores me with his endless tales.他那講不完的故事使我厭煩。He bored us all by talking for hours about his new house.他連續(xù)幾個小時大談他的新房子，使我們大家都厭煩透了。
2)v.make a narrow, round, deep hole 鉆孔
【例句】The worker bored a hole through the board.工人在木板上鉆了一個孔。
[相關(guān)詞] boring adj.dull;not interesting
【例句】I found the talk very boring.我覺得那次講話非常沒意思。
bored adj.not interested;unhappy because you have nothing interesting to
do 厭煩的
【例句】The teacher went over the same point so often that the children were
bored.那位教師對同一問題講了又講，講得孩子們都煩了。
14.cleave: v.separate or cut with a tool, such as a sharp instrument 劈開;
把?分成若干塊
[相關(guān)詞] cleavage n.split or division;line along which material such as rock or
wood splits.裂縫；分開
15.respective: adj.各自的,各個的
【例句】He drove them both to their respective homes.他駕車把他們分別送到家里。
The three men were given work according to their respective abilities.這三個人根據(jù)各自的能力被分配了工作。
[相關(guān)詞] respectively adv.各自地,分別地
【例句】The salesclerks and the teachers got pay rises of 6% and 9%
respectively.店員和教師的工資分別增加百分之六和百分之九。
16.take on: 1)accept a job;promise to do something 承擔(dān), 接受
【例句】The doctor says I'm too tired and has advised me not to take any more
work on.醫(yī)生說我太疲勞了，并勸我不要承擔(dān)更多的工作。
2)呈現(xiàn)出
【例句】Her eyes took on a hurt expression.她的眼里流露出受委屈的神情。
3)employ;hire;engage 雇用
【例句】He was taken on by a factory as a worker.他被一家工廠錄用當(dāng)工人。
17.diamond-faced: 表面裝有金剛石的或鉆石的
-faced: having a face or facing especially of a specified kind or number
(often used in combination)(常用以構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞)具有...臉型的, 有...表面的, 有...貼邊的 【例句】 sad-faced 一臉悲傷的 rough-faced 表面粗糙的II．Difficult Sentences 1)Some of the earliest diamonds known came from India.要點：Some of the earliest diamonds which are known to people/ which people
have known came from India.Known一詞作后置定語，修飾diamonds.過去分詞(短語)作定語時,通常放在被修飾的名詞之后,它的作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。如:
This will be the best novel of its kind ever written(=that has
ever been written).這將是這類小說中寫得最好的。
Who were the so-called guests invited(=who had been invited)to
your party last night?
昨晚被邀請參加你的晚會的那些所謂的客人是誰呀? 文中同樣的用法還有第三段句子The name “boart” is given to...material already mentioned.及第七段第一句中mention的用法。
譯文：我們已知的最早的鉆石中的一部分產(chǎn)自印度。
2)Until diamonds are cut and polished, they do not sparkle like those you
see on a ring---they just look like small, blue-grey stones.要點：The diamonds don’t give out bright light as a ring does until/ before
they are cut and polished.---It looks like they are just ordinary small ，blue-grey stones.In this sentence, the structure “not ?until?” is used.直到?才
【例句】I didn't leave the boy until his mother turned up.直到這孩子的母親來,我才離開。
The noise of the street didn't stop until it was midnight.街上的噪音直到半夜才停止。
當(dāng)not until位于句首時,句子要部分倒裝。其結(jié)構(gòu)為:Not until+從句/表時間的詞+助動詞+(主句)主語+謂語+...。如: 【例句】Not until the teacher came in did the students stop talking.直到老師進來學(xué)生們才停止講話。
Not until next week will the sports meet be held.直到下周才開運動會。
not until的強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)為:It is / was not until+從句/表時間的詞+that+...。上面兩句改為強調(diào)句為: 【例句】It was not until the teacher came in that the students stopped
talking.直到老師進來學(xué)生們才停止談話。
It is not until next week that the sports meet will be held.直到下個星期運動會才舉行。
譯文：鉆石在切割和打磨以前，不會像你看到的戒指那樣熠熠閃光。他們看起來就像是普通的蘭灰色的小石塊。
3)However, a revolutionary change in the methods of …..a swiftly
revolving wheel with its edge faced with fine diamond powder.要點：這個句子中 “ with its edge faced with fine diamond powder”
是with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用法。通常用作狀語，也可作定語。即 with + n/pron + adj./ adv./ n./分詞/不定式/介詞短語
文中用的是過去分詞短語faced with fine diamond power.“be faced with” 面臨。
【例句】We are faced with a lot of problems but we'll win through in the end.我們面臨許多問題, 但終將獲得成功。
【例句】He left the room with the door open.(adj.)門開著，他就離開了屋子。
With Tom away, I always feel lonely.(adv.)湯姆不在，我一直感覺孤獨。
The fellow stood there with his hands crossed.(participle)這個家伙兩手交叉，站在那里。
The old man looks down upon everyone, with his son chairman of the
company.(n.)因為他兒子是公司的主席，這個老頭瞧不起任何人。
With so many problems to settle, the new manager was too worried to eat
anything.(infinitive)有著太多問題去處理，新經(jīng)理擔(dān)憂的吃不下任何東西。
The woman with a diamond necklace around the neck must be wealthy.(prepositional phrase)那個脖子上帶項鏈的女人一定很有錢。
譯文：但是在1476年，鉆石的切割和打磨方法發(fā)生了革命性的變化，當(dāng)時，比利時布魯斯市的Lugwig Van
Berquen發(fā)明了使用高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的金剛石鑲邊的齒輪切割和打磨鉆石的方法。
4)Every diamond has a natural line of cleavage, along which it may be
split by a sharp blow with a cutting edge.要點: 本句是“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞”的用法。“介詞＋關(guān)系代詞“結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to
at, of, without 等，關(guān)系代詞只可用whom或 which, whose.不可用 that
。介詞的選擇受上下文的制約。在結(jié)合語意的基礎(chǔ)上，可以從下面幾個角度判斷該用什么介詞。
看先行詞與哪一個介詞是習(xí)慣“介 ＋ 名 ” 搭配的。
【例句】This is the factory in which he works.(in the factory 在工）
這就是他工作的那個工廠。
看定語從句中的動詞是與哪一個介詞形成習(xí)慣“動 ＋ 介” 搭配。
【例句】The car on which he spent 40,000 Yuan is made in Nanjing.(spend money
on sth.)The car for which he paid 40,000 Yuan is made in Nanjing.(pay money for
sth.)
他花4萬塊錢買到那輛車是產(chǎn)自南京。
既要看定語從句中的動詞，又要看先行詞有何習(xí)慣“動 ＋ 介 ＋ 名”搭配。
【例句】I don't know the student with whom Mary quarreled yesterday.(quarrel
with sb.)
我不認識昨天和瑪麗爭吵的那位學(xué)生。
譯文：每一個鉆石都有一道天然的裂縫，沿著這條裂縫，用切割刀口使勁一擊就可以把鉆石分開。
Word Study 1.reveal
基本用法
1)vt.make known(something previously secret or unknown)揭示；揭露；泄露
【例句】He never revealed his secret.他從來不泄露自己的秘密。
He didn't want to reveal his real feelings.他不想露出他的真實情感。
I promise never to reveal his secret.我答應(yīng)決不泄漏他的秘密。
2)vt.to show or allow sth.to be seen 展現(xiàn)；顯露出
【例句】These few words fully revealed her noble quality.這寥寥數(shù)語充分顯示了她的高貴品質(zhì)。
His genius revealed itself.他的天才（漸漸地）顯露出來了。
相關(guān)搭配：
reveal a scandal 揭露丑聞
reveal a secret 揭開秘密
reveal one's identity 揭示身分
reveal the objective laws 揭開客觀規(guī)律
reveal the inside story(of)揭開內(nèi)幕
相關(guān)詞
revelation n.the making known of some secret 展示；揭露；顯露
【例句】The revelation of his scandalous past led to his resignation.他那不光彩歷史的揭露導(dǎo)致了他的辭職。
Have you read the ex-minister's amazing revelations in the newspaper? 你看了前任部長在報上揭露的那些驚人的事實沒有？
2.accumulate
基本用法
vi./ vt.get or gather together積累；集聚
【例句】Dust quickly accumulates if we don't sweep our room.我們?nèi)绻淮驋叻块g, 灰塵很快就會積聚起厚厚的一層。
His debts accumulated.他債臺高筑。
They set to work accumulating a huge mass of data.他們開始累積大量的資料。
He accumulated wealth through illegal means.他以非法的手段斂財。
By investing wisely she accumulated a fortune.她由于投資精明而積蓄了一筆財產(chǎn)。
相關(guān)搭配：
accumulated profit 累積利潤 accumulated fund 積累的基金
相關(guān)詞
accumulation n.積聚, 累積, 積聚物
【例句】the accumulation of useful knowledge 有用知識的積累
An accumulation of work is waiting to be done.一堆積下的工作等著要做。
The accumulation of capital refers simply to the gathering or amassment of
objects of value;the increase in wealth;or the creation of wealth.資本的積累簡單地說就是指有價值的東西的積累，財富的增加或創(chuàng)造。
3.fulfill 基本用法
1)vt.to supply or satisfy(a need, demand, or purpose)滿足（需要、要求）；使達到（目標(biāo)）
【例句】Does your job fulfill your expectations? 你的工作符合你的期望嗎？
He fulfills all the conditions for employment.他完全符合雇用的條件。
2)vt.to carry out;perform;obey 履行；執(zhí)行；遵守
【例句】You must fulfill your promise.你必須履行諾言。
The doctor's instructions must be fulfilled exactly.必須一絲不茍地遵照醫(yī)囑去辦。
3)vt.to make or prove to be true 應(yīng)驗；實現(xiàn)
【例句】All my dreams are fulfilled.我的所有夢想成真。
If he’s lazy, he’ll never fulfill his ambition to be a doctor.如果他很懶惰，他當(dāng)醫(yī)生的抱負就永遠不能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)。
相關(guān)詞
fulfillment 1)n.the act of fulfilling or the state of being fulfilled 實現(xiàn)；完成；履行
【例句】the fulfillment of a promise 諾言的實現(xiàn)
After many years, his plans have come to fulfillment.很多年之后,他的計劃實現(xiàn)了。
2)n.satisfaction after successful efforts（經(jīng)過努力而獲得成功的）滿足感
【例句】People find fulfillment in working for a common goal.人們在為一個共同目標(biāo)而努力的過程中得到滿足。
4.expect 基本用法
1)vt.to think or believe(that something will happen)預(yù)料；預(yù)期
相關(guān)搭配：
expect+ that;expect to do;expect sb.or sth.to do sth.【例句】We expected that you would succeed.我們預(yù)計你會成功的。
He expected to finish the work by March.他預(yù)期三月份完成這項工作。We didn’t expect so many people to come to the party.我們沒有想到會有這么多人參加晚會。
2)vt.to think or consider that(sth.or sb.)is likely to come or
happen 認為（某人）會來；認為（某事）會發(fā)生；預(yù)計
【例句】I expect I will be back on Sunday.我預(yù)計我會在周日回來的。
3)vt.to have or express a strong wish for(something)or that(someone)
will do something, with the feeling that this is reasonable or necessary
認為理應(yīng)得到;指望;要求
【例句】Don't expect too much of him.別對他期望過高。
I expect you to be punctual.我要求你準(zhǔn)時。
The professor expected respect from his students.教授認為學(xué)生理應(yīng)尊敬他。
You can't expect me to approve of it.你別指望我贊成。
相關(guān)詞
expectant adj.waiting hopefully 期待的
【例句】The expectant crowds in the streets waited patiently for the queen.街上期待的人群耐心地等待著女皇。
expectation n.the act of expecting or something that is expected 預(yù)期；預(yù)期的事物
【例句】She had high expectations of what university had to offer.她對大學(xué)所能給她提供的一切期望很高。
His parents have great expectations for his future.他父母對他的前途深寄厚望。
相關(guān)搭配：
against/ contrary to one’s expectation(s)與?? 預(yù)料的相反
【例句】We thought Mary would pass, but against/contrary to our expectation，she didn’t.我們以為瑪麗能通過，但出乎我們意料的是，她沒有。
beyond expectation/ one’s expectations 出乎意料；比預(yù)料的還好
in expectation of 預(yù)料;期望[待]
come/ live up to one’s expectation 不辜負某人的期望
5.refuse
基本用法
1)vi./vt.to state one’s strong unwillingness to accept;say no(to)
拒絕；謝絕；不接受
【例句】He asked me to marry him but I refused.他向我求婚，但我拒絕了。
She refused his offer.他主動提出幫助,被她拒絕了。
2)vt.not to give or allow 拒絕；不允許
【例句】 We were refused permission to enter.我們被拒之門外。
3)vt.to show or state strong unwillingness(to do sth.)不愿（做某事）
相關(guān)搭配：
refuse to do sth.【例句】I refuse to answer that question.我不愿回答那個問題。
相關(guān)詞
refusal n.a message refusing to accept something that is offered 拒絕；謝絕
【例句】We interpreted his silence as a refusal.我們認為他的沉默是拒絕的表示。
My request was met with a flat refusal.我的要求遭到了斷然拒絕。
Grammar Focus The Use of Article 冠詞的使用
冠詞本身不能單獨使用，也沒有詞義，它用在名詞的前面，幫助指明名詞的含義。英語中的冠詞有三種，一種是定冠詞(the)，另一種是不定冠詞a/an，還有一種是零冠詞(即不用冠詞)。
1.不定冠詞的用法
1)表示“一個”，意為one；指某人或某物，意為a certain。例如：
A Mr.Ling is waiting for you.有位姓凌的先生在等你。
2）代表一類人或物。例如：
A knife is a tool for cutting with.刀是切割的工具。
Mr.Smith is an engineer.史密斯先生是工程師。
3）組成詞組或成語，如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many /
many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short
while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on / all of
a sudden等。
2.定冠詞的用法
1）特指雙方都明白的人或物。例如：
Take the medicine.把藥吃了。
2）上文提到過的人或事。例如：
He bought a house.他買了幢房子。I've been to the house.我去過那幢房子。
3）指世上獨一物二的事物，如the sun, the sky，the moon，the earth等。
4）與單數(shù)名詞連用表示一類事物，如the dollar 美元;the fox 狐貍；或與形容詞或分詞連用，表示一類人：the rich 富人;
the living 生者。
5）用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級，及形容詞only，very，same等前面。例如：
Where do you live? I live on the second floor.你住在哪？我住在二層。
That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的東西。
6）與復(fù)數(shù)名詞連用，指整個群體。例如：
They are the teachers of this school.（指全體教師）
They are teachers of this school.（指部分教師）
7）表示所有，相當(dāng)于物主代詞，用在表示身體部位的名詞前。例如：
She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。
8）用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國家名稱、機關(guān)團體、階級、等專有名詞前。例如：
the People's Republic of China 中華人民共和國
the United States 美國
9）用在表示樂器的名詞之前。例如：
She plays the piano.她會彈鋼琴。
10）用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)名詞之前，表示一家人。例如：
the Greens
格林一家人（或格林夫婦）
11)和形容詞和分詞連用，表示一類人或事物。例如
the sick the dead the old the wounded
12)用于“名詞＋of +名詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，表示同位關(guān)系。如： the city of Shanghai the Tower of London
13）用在慣用語中。例如：
in the day, in the morning(afternoon，evening), the day after
tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next morning, on the whole, by
the way, go to the theatre 3.零冠詞的用法
1）國名，人名前通常不用定冠詞：England，Mary。
2）泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，表示一類人或事物時，可不用定冠詞。例如：
They are teachers.他們是教師。
3）抽象名詞表示一般概念時，通常不加冠詞。例如：
Failure is the mother of success.失敗乃成功之母。
4）物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時，通常不加冠詞，當(dāng)表示特定意思時，需要加定冠詞。例如：
Man cannot live without water.離開水人就無法生存。
5）在季節(jié)、月份、節(jié)日、假日、日期、星期等表示時間的名詞之前，不加冠詞。例如：
We go to school from Monday to Friday.我們從星期一到星期五都上課。
6）在稱呼或表示官銜，職位的名詞前不加冠詞。例如：
The guards took the American to General Lee.士兵們把這個美國人送到李將軍那里。
7）在三餐、球類運動和娛樂運動的名稱前，不加冠詞，如have breakfast，play chess。
8）當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上名詞并用時，常省去冠詞。例如：
I can't write without pen or pencil.沒有鋼筆和鉛筆，我就寫不了字。
9）當(dāng)by 與火車等交通工具連用，表示一種方式時，中間無冠詞，如by bus，by train。
10)
有些個體名詞不用冠詞，如school，college，prison，market，hospital，bed，table，class，town，church，court
等個體名詞，直接置于介詞后，表示該名詞的深層含義。例如：
go to hospital 去醫(yī)院看病
go to the hospital 去醫(yī)院（并不是去看病，而是有其他目的）
11）不用冠詞的序數(shù)詞；
a.序數(shù)詞前有物主代詞時。his first prize 他獲得的第一個獎
b.序數(shù)詞作副詞。例如：He came first in the race.他跑步得了第一。
c.在固定詞組中，如at（the）first, first of all, from first to last等。
Function and Structure The Art of Apology（道歉的藝術(shù)）
Most of us were taught that offering an apology, any apology, when we make
a mistake will take care of most offenses.But offering the right apology，particularly in the corporate world, is not as simple as saying, “I'm
sorry.”
Done right, an apology can enhance both reputations and relationships.Done wrong, an apology can compound the original mistake, sometimes to
disastrous consequences.Sometimes Chinese do not consider westerner’s apologies to be sincere
although the westerners involved were being sincere in the western way of
honestly and directly expressing feeling of regret.So then the question
becomes, what do the Chinese on the receiving end of the apology consider
to be sincere? The conclusion is that for an apology to be considered
sincere, it must follow a proper form.Words of regret are not always
sufficient.The person apologizing must express a higher degree of respect
to the offended party to restore the balance in the relationship.Westerners sometimes use a cursory(草率的)apology to move past the
troublesome event and on to the next thing.This is offensive to a Chinese
who is paying attention to the form and not just the words of the apology.The westerner thinks he has done enough by saying “ I am sorry” but to the
Chinese these words are empty unless accompanied by proper communication
of respect and humility(謙恭).Generally, American apologies have one of the
following three elements, in addition to “I am sorry”:
1)an excuse---I was looking at an old map.2)an offer of repair---I’ll compensate the victims.3)a promise about future actions---It will never happen again.Chinese tend to interpret the offer of an excuse as a sign of insincerity.An excuse doesn’t improve an apology as it does for Americans;it weakens
it.So how do you build a good apology? Apologies involve three elements:
Acknowledgment of a fault or an offense, regret for it, and responsibility
for the offense.You can put them all together, but a sincere, effective
apology need not necessarily express all three;whether it should depends
on the circumstances.Here are some tips for making effective professional
apologies.1.Find words that are clear and accurate—not provocative.A good apology
should make the person wronged think, “Yes, she understands.” Often what
the offended person wants is accountability and vigilance;he wants to
know that it won't happen again.2.Don't apologize for the wrong thing.People and institutions tend to
apologize for what they find forgivable.If there is no clear relationship
between what the offender is apologizing for and what the offended
experienced as the original wrong, the apology actually
exacerbates(使?加重/惡化)the problem.At best, the offender will seem blind to
the problem;at worst, he will be perceived as intentionally distorting
it.3.Consider the angle of approach.Decide whether it will be easier for
you to apologize position to position or person to person.If you are
angry with the person you've got to apologize to, it may be easier to
frame the apology in terms of your respective jobs or ranks.Example: “We both work for a good company, and, as your colleague, I
should try harder to see past our individual differences.I'm sorry I
spoke harshly.”
Such an apology is likely to resonate favorably with both parties, even
when anger between them remains.In other circumstances, a person-to-person apology is easier to offer.For
someone who equates an apology with loss of stature, for instance, the
person-to-person apology can appear to be a magnanimous act that does not
diminish her.Example: “I can't agree with the stance you are taking, but
I like you and want us to work well together.I'm sorry I spoke harshly.”
Choose the approach that is easier for you to do well.That will save you
from making an apology that is so grudging that it fails.4.“I want to apologize” is not an apology.It's no more an apology than
“I want to lose weight” is a loss of weight.Do the work.Deliver a clear，direct apology;don't hide behind vagueness, circumlocution, or clichés.You may not be able to control whether your apology is accepted, but you
can control its quality.So make every effort to control what you can.This will increase your chances of feeling good about what you have done
with your apology—instead of feeling bad about having to do it.Practical Reading 產(chǎn)品目錄Catalogue(cat)的核心內(nèi)容一般包括產(chǎn)品名稱、編號、規(guī)格、型號、品質(zhì)、參考零售價（RRP= Recommended Retail
Price）等信息。其中會有一些慣用的縮寫。如書中第一則為例：
產(chǎn)品名稱: 9CT GOLD SAPPHIRE AND DIAMOND RING SET 編號： Cat.No.229/1219 規(guī)格： 9CT GOLD SAPPHIRE AND DIAMOND 型號： F to V 品質(zhì)： SAPPHIRE AND DIAMOND RRP: ￡129.99 Homework 1.Vocabulary 2.Grammar
3.Reading Summary In this unit, students have known main content of this unit.After class, students should learn more details.
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