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大學(xué)課堂:還有人在聽嗎?(研究生英語翻譯)

時間:2019-05-12 02:39:03下載本文作者:會員上傳
簡介:寫寫幫文庫小編為你整理了多篇相關(guān)的《大學(xué)課堂:還有人在聽嗎?(研究生英語翻譯)》,但愿對你工作學(xué)習(xí)有幫助,當(dāng)然你在寫寫幫文庫還可以找到更多《大學(xué)課堂:還有人在聽嗎?(研究生英語翻譯)》。

第一篇:大學(xué)課堂:還有人在聽嗎?(研究生英語翻譯)

大學(xué)課堂:還有人在聽嗎?

1.紐約大學(xué)的Robert A.Fowkes是我過去的一位老師。他喜歡講在上世紀(jì)30年代他在德國上古威爾士語課的故事。第一天上課,教授大步走上講臺,翻了翻筆記,咳嗽了一聲,開始說道:“早上好,女士們、先生們。”Fowkes不安地掃視一番。他是上這門課的惟一學(xué)生。

2.在學(xué)期中間,F(xiàn)owkes因病缺了一次課。他回到課堂的時候,教授毫無表情地向他點了點頭。接著令Fowkes 大吃一驚的是,教授沒有按照順序講下一課(即Fowkes 缺的那課),而是講了后面一課。難道他真的在他唯一的學(xué)生缺席的情況下對著空教室講了一課?Fowkes 認(rèn)為這太有可能了。

3.今天美國的大學(xué)(原本是以德國的大學(xué)為模型的)受到了各方面的嚴(yán)厲指責(zé)。人們指責(zé)老師沒有教好,學(xué)生沒有學(xué)好。美國的商業(yè)和工業(yè)飽受無進取心的、缺乏創(chuàng)造力的管理人員之苦,這些人受的教育是自己不要思考,而是說一些過時的、在世界上其他地方早已拋棄的陳詞濫調(diào)。大學(xué)畢業(yè)生既沒有基本技能也沒有全面修養(yǎng)。有人對高等教育的狀況了研究并發(fā)表了報告,但由此引發(fā)的變化在很大程度上不是表面的,就是使已經(jīng)糟糕的情形變得更糟。

4.美國教育中很少被挑戰(zhàn)的方面是講課制度。教授不停地講,學(xué)生不停地記筆記,就像十三世紀(jì)時的情形一樣,那時是因為書本匱乏又昂貴,很少有學(xué)生買得起。我們早就該舍棄講課制度,開始使用真正有用的方法。

5.想要了解現(xiàn)行體制的不足只要跟著一個假設(shè)的一年級學(xué)生就行了。我們暫且稱她為瑪麗(雖然任何其他的課都行)我們還是跟她去上一個學(xué)期的心理學(xué)導(dǎo)論。她到的第一天環(huán)顧巨大的課堂,看到班級這么大有些吃驚。一旦一百或一百多個注冊的學(xué)生發(fā)現(xiàn)教授從不點名(他怎么能點名呢?點名會占用太多的時間),班級就縮小到不那么嚇人的規(guī)模了。

6.有幾天瑪麗坐在前排,她可以看到教授在讀一疊幾乎和他的年紀(jì)一樣老的發(fā)黃的講義。她聽課聽煩了,其他大部分同學(xué)也聽煩了,這從他們的行為中可以判斷出:他們要么在打盹,要么在筆記本上涂鴉。漸漸地她意識到教授和他的聽眾一樣感到無聊。每次課結(jié)束時他都問道:“有問題嗎?”他的語氣明顯表明他更希望沒有問題。他不必?fù)?dān)心,學(xué)生和他一樣感到下課是一種解脫。

7.瑪麗清楚地知道她應(yīng)該在每次上課前閱讀布置的作業(yè)。但是,因為教授不做小測驗也不提問,她很快就認(rèn)識到她不必準(zhǔn)備。學(xué)期末她只要看看筆記,再記記一些事件、年代就可以跟上進度。期末考試后她會立刻忘掉她背下來的大部分內(nèi)容。她的有些同學(xué)對這種無人情味的學(xué)習(xí)很失望,干脆輟學(xué)。其他人像瑪麗一樣堅持下來,無奈地接受了這種制度,等待著到大

三、大四時的好日子,那時他們就會有較小的班級,最終也會得到真正的學(xué)習(xí)所需要的那種針對個人的關(guān)注。

8.我承認(rèn)上面的描述言過其實。大多數(shù)大學(xué)有討論課來補充聽講課,通常討論課是由研究生主持的。而且有些班級,如一年級的英語課,也總是相對較小的。但是,還是有太多的課主要或者完全依賴于講課,這種安排受到教師和管理人員的青睞,但絕不是為學(xué)生的利益而設(shè)計的。

9.聽課存在的一個問題是:會聽是件很難的事。閱讀課本中的相同內(nèi)容是更有效的學(xué)習(xí)方法,因為學(xué)生可以根據(jù)其需要慢慢閱讀直到他們理解這些內(nèi)容。甚至僅僅做到專心聽講都很難。人聽的速度可以達到每分鐘400—600 個詞,而最富有激情的教授說話的速度也很難達到這個速度的1/3。講話和理解之間的時間差導(dǎo)致開小差。很多學(xué)生認(rèn)為多年來看電視已經(jīng)削弱了他們保持注意力的能力。但是他們真正的問題是專心聽課比他們認(rèn)為的要難得多。

10.更糟的是,聽課是被動學(xué)習(xí),至少對沒有經(jīng)驗的聽眾如此。主動學(xué)習(xí)時學(xué)生寫文章或做實驗,然后由教師評價他們的作業(yè),因此主動學(xué)習(xí)對那些還沒有完全學(xué)會如何學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生來說益處要大得多。的確,積極聽講的技巧,如設(shè)法預(yù)測說話人的下一個要點或有選擇地記筆記,能夠提高聽課的價值,但是很少有學(xué)生在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的開始階段就已經(jīng)掌握了這些技巧。更為常見的是學(xué)生試圖寫下所有內(nèi)容,甚至還帶著錄音機去聽課,以這種笨拙的方式來記錄每個詞。

11.學(xué)生需要向教授提問,也需要別人重視他們的想法。只有這樣他們才能開發(fā)出聰明的、創(chuàng)造性的思考所必需的分析能力。大多數(shù)學(xué)生通過參加頻繁的、甚至是激烈的辯論才會學(xué)得最好,而不是通過胡亂記下教授對復(fù)雜事件所做出的常常不能令人滿意的總結(jié)。他們需要小型討論課,這種課需要老師和學(xué)生的共同努力,他們不需要那種讓一個人提出自己觀點的課堂,無論這個人多么有學(xué)識。

12.講課制度最終也會危害到教授們。反饋減少到了最低點,因此講課者既不能判斷學(xué)生對材料的了解程度,也不能受益于學(xué)生的提問或評論。學(xué)生要求說話者澄清模糊論點所提的問題,以及挑戰(zhàn)結(jié)構(gòu)松散的論據(jù)的評論,這對于學(xué)術(shù)是必不可少的。沒有這些,最活躍的頭腦也會萎縮。大學(xué)生或許還不能夠常常做出顯著的貢獻,但是講課把教授同新生天真的問題阻隔開了,而這些問題很可能會引起一系列思考。

13.如果說講課如此不通情理,為什么還一直允許繼續(xù)下去呢?當(dāng)然是因為教學(xué)管理者喜歡了。他們可以把更多的學(xué)生塞進演講廳,而無法把這么多學(xué)生塞進討論班。對許多管理者而言,這基本上就是他們所關(guān)心的了。但是,事實上,教師,甚至學(xué)生和管理者聯(lián)合起來使得這一制度繼續(xù)存在,且運行得很好。對任何人來說,講課都比辯論容易。教授可以通過講課假裝在教,就像學(xué)生可以通過聽課假裝在學(xué),這一點沒有人意識到,包括參與者(指老師和學(xué)生)。此外,如果聽課給某些學(xué)生袖手旁觀、而讓老師唱主角的機會,這也給一些教授提供了炫耀其才學(xué)的不可抗拒的舞臺。如果課堂上人人參與,學(xué)生就無法躲藏,教授也不太會被吸引去進行學(xué)識上的自我表現(xiàn)。

14.如果班級較小又要求學(xué)生參加討論,這就會消除學(xué)生的被動性。學(xué)生被迫對他們自己的和老師的思想表示懷疑時,他們就變得主動參與了。他們聽的技巧在與老師和同學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)交流所帶來的刺激中大大得到提高。這種交替互動能幫助教師做得更好,因為他們會發(fā)現(xiàn)誰知道什么——在期末考試前,而不是之后。這種形式的課程考試要求學(xué)生分析和綜合,而不是空洞的記憶。這樣的課需要教授們的活力、想象力和投入,所有這些都會令人精疲力竭的。但是,這也使得學(xué)生為他們自己的學(xué)術(shù)成長分擔(dān)責(zé)任。

15.講課這一方式不會完全從大學(xué)消失。一是因為講課似乎從經(jīng)濟角度考慮是必需的,二是講課起源于悠久的傳統(tǒng),而且人們又把傳統(tǒng)本身看得很重。但是,講課通常出現(xiàn)在學(xué)生接受教育生涯的錯誤的那一端——在大學(xué)的第一和第二年,那時他們最需要密切的、甚至是針對個體需要的指導(dǎo)。如果講課這一形式局限于三、四年級的學(xué)生,則對學(xué)生的興趣和熱情的破壞力會比目前的制度小得多,因為三、四年級的學(xué)生不太需要學(xué)科上的指導(dǎo)與幫助,而且更有能力自己制定學(xué)習(xí)計劃。畢竟,學(xué)生能夠從聽講課中學(xué)到知識前必須先要學(xué)會去聽。

第二篇:研究生 英語翻譯

Let children learn to judge their own work.A child learning to talk does not learn by being corrected all the time: if corrected too much, he will stop talking.He notices a thousand times a day the difference between the language he uses and the language those around him use.Bit by bit, he makes the necessary changes to make his language like other people’s.In the same way, children learning to do all the other things they learn to do without being taught — to walk, run, climb, whistle, ride a bicycle — compare their own performances with those of more skilled people, and slowly make the needed changes.But in school we never give a child a chance to find out his mistakes for himself, let alone correct them.We do it all for him.We act as if we thought that he would never notice a mistake unless it was pointed out to him, or correct it unless he was made to.Soon he becomes dependent on the teacher.Let him do it himself.Let him work out, with the help of other children if he wants it, what this word says, what the answer is to that problem, whether this is a good way of saying or doing this or not

If it is a matter of right answers, as it may be in mathematics or science, give him the answer book.Let him correct his own papers.Why should we teachers waste time on such routine work? Our job should be to help the child when he tells us that he can’t find the way to get the right answer.Let’s end all this nonsense of grades, exams, marks.Let us throw them all out, and let the children learn what all educated persons must some day learn, how to measure their own understanding, how to know what they know or do not know.

第三篇:研究生英語翻譯答案

1.。Scotland

As you linger on the mountain pass to admire the rugged reflection of Beinn an Lochain in the waters of Loch Restil, spare a thought for the weary sheep drovers who used to pause here for breath after the long steep climb from Loch Fyne.“Rest and Be Thankful” is the name of this spot, a title coined by the soldiers who built the first road here 250 years ago.Since then its wild beauty has thrilled generations of crofters and passing travelers.and now you.當(dāng)你流連與此山口,贊賞雷斯蒂爾湖中貝爾安山嶙峋的倒影時,請想想從前那些疲憊的趕羊人吧!他們從法恩灣出發(fā),沿陡峭山路,經(jīng)長途跋涉,然后在此歇息。這個山口就叫“歇恩山口”,此名是250年前在此修長第一條道路的士兵們給起的。從那以后,這里的自然美景便令一代代農(nóng)人和游客陶醉,而今又令你怦然心動。

2.。一個美麗的小四合院

胡同,是中國傳統(tǒng)的街區(qū)形式,四合院則是中國的傳統(tǒng) 民居。四合院最早在西周時期就出現(xiàn)了,有三千多年的歷史。北京是元,明,清,三代的都城,北京的四合院自然成為中國傳統(tǒng)民居的集大成者,其精美的建筑和豐富的文化內(nèi)涵常常讓參觀者流連忘返。金碧輝煌的皇城故宮和青磚灰瓦的胡同四合院共同構(gòu)成了北京城的獨特魅力。

Traditional Chinese neighborhood is called Hutong and traditional Chinese residence for city dwellers is known as Siheyuan--a courtyard with one-storey houses on four sides.Courtyard house came into existence as early as in the Western Zhou Dynasty dating back to over 3000 years ago.As Beijing served respectively as the capital of three dynasties, namely the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty ,needless to say, the courtyard house in Beijingrepresents the quintessence of traditional Chinese residential houses.Their exquisite architecture and rich cultural connotation are so inviting to their visitors that many of them simply cannot tear themselves away from it.The magnificent imperial city, now popularly known as the Palace Museum, together with the residential compound of grey bricks and tiles contribute to the unique attraction of the city.3...Walk It Off

When it comes to walking off those millennial excesses, a lengthy hike once a day will do you far more good than nipping down to the shops every couple of hours--even if the short walks add up to same amount of time, say exercise researchers in Britain.But walks of any length beat sitting at home with your feet up and watching television ,they stress.英國研究運動的人士說,就散步減肥而言,每天做一次長距離步行給你帶來的好處遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過每隔幾小時逛一次商場-----即便短距離步行 累計的時間相同。不過,他們強調(diào)說,不過步行的距離有多少,都 比待在家里架著雙腿看電視要好的多。

4.。無題

靜下來想想,我這樣一個出身貧寒。經(jīng)歷坎坷的人,居然能活到92歲,實在有點奇怪。過了80歲,經(jīng)常有人問我,有什么養(yǎng)生之道,我不僅不懂得養(yǎng)生,而且還有一些不好的習(xí)慣。

Often ,in my calm moment of contemplation ,I find it amazing that a man like me who

was born of a poor family and has suffered a lifetime of frustrations should have lived to the age of 92.When I was in my eighties, people often asked me for advice on how to keep in good health.But the fact is , instead of a recipe for healthy living, I have some very bad habits.人世間,萬事萬物,都有一定的規(guī)律,掌握了這個 規(guī)律,才能改革和創(chuàng)造,我認(rèn)為,習(xí)慣不屬于意識形態(tài)范圍,它有一種“慣性”。所以,古人說:習(xí)之難改也甚矣。當(dāng)然,這是說難改,不是說不能改。只要下了決心,持之以恒,習(xí)慣也還是可以改的。

In this human world , things all go by certain rules.Only by grasping these rules can we make reforms and create.I think habits do not come under the category of ideology, but have something to do with inertia.That's why the ancients say ,“Old habits die hard ” Nevertheless, it doesn't mean that habits are impossible of being broken.With strong resolution and perseverance, we can certainly break ourselves of old habits.5..Globalization of Sporting Culture

Massive changes in all of the world's deeply cherished sporting habits are underway.Whether it'sone of London's parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking up rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup final as a televised spectator event in Britain ,the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition.We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture.世界上廣為人們接受的運動習(xí)慣正發(fā)生著巨大的變化。的公園里到處是玩壘球的人,而俄羅斯人愛上了橄欖球,美國橄欖球聯(lián)合會超級杯賽和英國足球杯總決賽更是成為英國電視觀眾競相爭看的賽事。運動員和觀眾的行為都在發(fā)生著變化,讓人難以捉摸。我們正目睹著體育文化步入全球化的過程。

6.。世界文明共存

進入21世紀(jì),世界形勢繼續(xù)發(fā)生深刻變化,多極化與經(jīng)濟全球化在曲折中深入發(fā)展,新情況,新矛盾層出不窮。隨著經(jīng)濟全球化的發(fā)展,許多西方學(xué)者熱衷于探討不同文明之間的關(guān)系。在不少學(xué)者的論點背后,可以感覺到西方文明優(yōu)越論的強烈色彩。許多西方學(xué)者甚至認(rèn)為,如果沒有西方價值觀體系,就沒有任何社會可以真正的實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化。亞洲國家也有不少人開始懷疑自身的文化傳統(tǒng)能否孕育出現(xiàn)代化精神。

Since the arrival of 21st century , the world has continued to undergo profound changes.World multi-polarization and economic globalization are developing in greater depth amid twists and turns with new troubles and contradictions emerging one after another.With the development of economic globalization, many scholars in the West have taken great interest in discussing the relationship between different civilizations.However ,behind the arguments of some scholars, one can discern a strong sense of superiority of Western civilization.Quite a few Western scholars even believe that without embracing the Western value system, no society in the world would ever be able to achieve modernization.Many people in Asian countries have also begun to doubt if their own cultural tradition can nurture the spirit of modernization.7..總之,不同文明之間的相處應(yīng)超越社會制度和意識形態(tài)的差異。各國應(yīng)努力尋求共同利益的匯合點,遵循世界是豐富多彩的原則,采取相互學(xué)習(xí),取長補短的積極態(tài)度,以利共同發(fā)展,而不應(yīng)用一種政治制度和發(fā)展模式去規(guī)范整個世界。In general, it's essential for civilizations to coesistwith each other by transcending different social systems and ideology.All countries should work hard to seek convergence of common interests, honor the principle that the world is colorful and diversified ,and adopt a positive attitude of learning from each other to make up for their respective deficiencies in the interest of common development.It's not acceptable to model the whole world after one political system or development pattern.8...Etiquette(禮儀)

To be able to answer the question “Is etiquette important?” one must have an understanding of the true meaning of the word.There is no simple definition of synonym, but to me “consideration” comes the closest.All good manners are based on thoughtfulness for others, and if everyone lived by the Golden Rule--“Do unto others as you would have others do unto you”-there would be no bad manners in the world.There have been many attempts to define “etiquette” over the years ,but my own particular favouritewas found in an old grammar book.It is ,Politeness is to do and say The kindest thing in the kindest way.“禮儀重要嗎?”若要回答這個問題,我們必須懂得“禮儀”一詞的真正含義。我們無法把這個詞簡單地定義或給出某個同義詞,而在我看來,“體諒”則是最貼切的詮釋。一切禮貌的行為舉止皆以體貼他人為基礎(chǔ)。如果人人都能遵循“你想別人怎樣對待你,就要怎么對待別人”這一黃金法則,這世界上也就不會有不禮貌 的行為了。多年來,很多人都試圖給“禮儀”定義,但我特別喜愛的解釋是在一本古老的語法書中發(fā)現(xiàn)的,書中這樣寫到,“以最碼頭的方式去說最碼頭的話,做最碼頭的事,這就是禮貌。”

9...中國神話的特點

一,神話與歷史難以分開。在中國有文字記載的歷史以前的歷史,部分地根據(jù)傳說,而傳說和神話是交結(jié)在一起的,如伏羲,神農(nóng),黃帝,夏禹這些古代的英雄和領(lǐng)袖,既是傳說中的歷史人物,也是神話中的重要角色。古代神話在很大程度上歷史化了。反過來說,古代歷史也在某種程度上神話化了。

1.Mythical stories are entwined with history.The history of the long period before recorded history began is partly based on legend ,which is interwoven with mythology.Such ancient heroes and leaders as Fuxi, Shengnong, Huangdi and Yu are both historical figures according to legend and important characters in mythical stories.Ancient mythology was to a great extent made historical.On the other hand ,ancient history was to a certain extent made mythical.10...中國的環(huán)保國策

中國作為一個發(fā)展中國家,面臨著發(fā)展經(jīng)濟和保護環(huán)境的雙重任務(wù)。然而,我國人口眾多,資源相對不足,經(jīng)濟規(guī)模越來越大,經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與資源和環(huán)境之間的矛盾日益突出。環(huán)境污染嚴(yán)重,生態(tài)狀況惡化,資源耗費巨大,回收率低而導(dǎo)致環(huán)

境破壞等問題,已成為中國經(jīng)濟保持可持續(xù)發(fā)展的瓶頸。

As a developing country ,China is faced with the dual tasks of developing its economy and protecting the environment.However, China suffers an increasing disparity between economic development and natural resources and the environment with a large population, relative insufficiency in natural resources and expanding economy.The serious environmental problem caused by severe pollution, deteriorating ecological conditions, huge consumption of resources and low reclamation has already become a bottleneck for the sustainable development of the Chinese economy.11.New Class War :Teacher vs Technology

Halfway through the semester in this market research course at Roanoke College last fall, only moments after announcing a policy of zero tolerance for cellphone use in the classroom,Prof.Ali Nazemi heard a telltale ring.Then he spotted a young man named Neil Noland fumbling with his phone , trying to turn it off before being caught.去年秋天,羅阿諾克學(xué)院阿里·納齊米教授的市場研究課程業(yè)已學(xué)期過半。有一天他宣布在他的課堂上對使用手機采取零容忍政策。話音未落,就聽到明顯的手機鈴聲。他循聲望去,發(fā)現(xiàn)一個名叫尼爾·諾蘭的年輕人正手忙腳亂地擺弄手機,試圖在被抓之前關(guān)掉它。

12.別為了成功而拋棄快樂。

一位大學(xué)生曾經(jīng)告訴我,“我不需要快樂,只需要成功。”當(dāng)時,我并沒有反駁,畢竟是學(xué)生嗎,說話總是出語驚人。說真的,我喜歡這種談吐風(fēng)格。然而,一旦你開始慢慢接受這種主張,它就會讓你感到不安。這位學(xué)生如此草率地了快樂,似乎說,“讓我們?nèi)プ非笕松匾臇|西-事業(yè)上的成功。”

A college student once told me ,“I don't need to be happy-just successful.”At the time, I let it pass--students, after all ,regularly say surprising things.Indeed ,I like this quality in their conversations.But this assertion has an unsetting quality to it once you let it seep in.The student dismisses happiness in such a perfunctory way.It's as if she is saying, “Let's get on to the important stuff--professional success.”

第四篇:研究生英語翻譯11(精選)

第十一課 人類的尊嚴(yán)和道德的身份

只有當(dāng)我們承認(rèn)我們的生命不是自己創(chuàng)造的, 也不是我們的父母,或他們的父母創(chuàng)造的時候,我們?nèi)祟惖淖饑?yán)才得以實現(xiàn)。我們?nèi)祟惣捌鋬r值來自這樣的事實——我們生來是有尊嚴(yán)的人類。尊嚴(yán)并非源于反叛人類固有的特性。坦然來自接受我們被創(chuàng)造的樣式。

拒絕接受我們的身體違背大自然的有序性,而我國深遠(yuǎn)悠久的歷史也未曾有過類似記載。我們的開國元勛,包括威廉潘,阿比蓋爾亞當(dāng)斯,詹姆士麥德森等等,都持有這樣的立場 —— 我們要接受自己的命運,而且沒人可以阻礙我們實現(xiàn)我們的尊嚴(yán)。這個尊嚴(yán)不是自己選擇的,乃是上帝選擇的。

那些提議我們拒絕天生的尊嚴(yán)的人崩潰了我們國家的基礎(chǔ)。從大體上說,我們國家基于這樣的思想:自我接受,而不是自我拒絕,才能充分體現(xiàn)思想的百花齊放和百家爭鳴。

自由的思想直接源于接受賜于我們的東西。我們無法選擇自己的性別,貧富,和出生地。欣然承認(rèn)這些事與我們的尊嚴(yán)無關(guān),我們就獲得了自由。確實,強迫他人接受我們個人對自我的判逆就失去了自由。命運將我們投胎到一個本不屬于我們的文化之中,并非是給予了我們一根可依賴的拐杖,而是賦予我們一個內(nèi)容豐富且十分有活力的機遇拼圖。這個拼圖先我們而來,同時也孕含著我們素質(zhì)的根本構(gòu)成單位。它是決定我們出生時狀況和現(xiàn)時狀況所不可或缺的。

當(dāng)我寫這些話時,我天真地相信沒有美國人會覺得它們真值得嘲笑,好笑,或被指控為偏執(zhí)。而這,正是我在2001年5月7日在美國大眾電臺資助的題為“性別政治”的辯論會上發(fā)表了這篇開幕詞之后所發(fā)生的事情。頗具諷刺意味的是,辯論會的舉行場地正是我們的祖先首次秘密召開第一次大陸會議并開始起草“獨立宣言”的費城卡拼特大廳。我決不相信我們的祖先會想到這個地方在日后會用來就作為大眾政策“納稅人不為變性手術(shù)付款” 是否歧視這一話題辯論。我也不會相信我們的祖先認(rèn)為我們是自己性別的犧牲品和囚犯。然而,這正式我的反對方所為之爭辯的。

變性者要討論的問題完全無視常識, 人類的尊嚴(yán)和大眾政策。除了支持其他的問題以外,這個討論的問題還支持以下幾個觀點:

A. 當(dāng)人們不同意自己被創(chuàng)造的樣式時,他們就成了犧牲品;

B. 改變自己的性別是合法的;

C. 小學(xué)生有權(quán)決定改變自己的性別;

D. 誰不喜歡自己的身體,就有必要實行醫(yī)療手術(shù)。

首先,為了證明一種權(quán)力的合法性,就必須顯示所提示的“權(quán)力”隱含在有序的自由這一概念中。還必須顯示實施這一權(quán)力與我們的悠久歷史一脈相承。實質(zhì)上,必須顯示剝奪這種權(quán)力就會毀掉我們國家的基礎(chǔ)。變性問題還上不了法規(guī)的線。根據(jù)大量的判例法,它們最多是通過人民的立法機關(guān)最終留給個

人自己的道德問題。

第二, 那些大肆宣傳變性的人拒絕承認(rèn)變性是一個選擇問題。他們爭辯道,他們生來的性別并非自己的選擇。他們宣稱他們要通過人的生存方式來反叛強加于他們的性別。這個宣稱為以下事實留下了余地—— 可以自我確認(rèn)或標(biāo)榜為“變性”的唯一方法是在大眾論壇中“豁出去”。從本質(zhì)上看,“判逆”就是選擇。很奇怪,變性的人聲稱這個“豁出去”的過程對他們成功地在憲法之下作為一個階級很有必要。這簡直荒唐之極。

有些事情還是不說為好,而且我們也不指望大眾會接受思想領(lǐng)域里的每一句話。再者,法律明確規(guī)定國家有對大眾認(rèn)為是可惡的舉止或行為表現(xiàn)進行矯正的合法權(quán)利。我們的法院也已承認(rèn)政府不必解決每一個牽涉到法規(guī)的問題。換句話說,即使我們承認(rèn)不能用科學(xué)來解釋變性,這并不意味著美國在對變性行為提供科學(xué)解釋前后備力量就必須放棄對它的規(guī)范。

我的反對派們還建議,美國的工作單位必須為對自己性別不滿的人反性別穿戴或其它表示提供便利。我們的雇主們有權(quán)力,也有法律責(zé)任防止工作單位成為性問題充斥的地方。如果任憑主觀意志來定位性別,就很難維持這樣的目標(biāo)。

還有一點,變性者們?yōu)轱达递^硎芡缺;ず投怨テ縭擁拿植? 竭力把他們比作少數(shù)民族和婦女。事實上,變性破壞了1964年的公民權(quán)利議案的基礎(chǔ)。倘若我們依照美國憲法的同等保護條款承認(rèn)變性人為一個被懷疑的階級,我們就只能讓多年來為在工作單位和學(xué)校爭取種族平等,男女平等的所有努力前功盡棄。現(xiàn)在,我的反對派們異想天開地爭辯說,一名變性男人就可以稱自己是女人,且以女人身份出現(xiàn)。

女人身份變的毫無意義。那些要阻止婦女在公司和其它地方晉升的人現(xiàn)在可以肆無忌憚地?zé)o視婦女的權(quán)力了,因為只要自己要求,任何人都可以“是”女人。

最后,我們討論了舊金山地區(qū)的最新決定 —— 為雇員決定做變性手術(shù)付款。根據(jù)一個舊金山編年史的條款,該地區(qū)只把有限的資金資助配假肢和心臟重建手術(shù)。

再者,對于有殘疾子女的工人沒有任何福利照顧。當(dāng)我對反對派說兒童的需要應(yīng)比選擇做變性手術(shù)更重要時,參加現(xiàn)場直播的觀眾都笑我。更加令人悲哀的是在將近60人參加的辯論會上,沒有一個人批評變性者所要的權(quán)力。對于這個辯論會將要轉(zhuǎn)播的那65個電臺市場,是否會是同樣的情況就不得而知了。

當(dāng)有朝一日我們的孩子們說他們作為人的尊嚴(yán)和道德身份不重要時,我真不愿意說“我早就跟你說過”。那些對我們的孩子的心靈遭受變性主張,同性戀以及大肆攻擊父母權(quán)力與道德觀念的踐踏和玷污袖手旁觀的人,在道德上和在普瑞馬導(dǎo)那客店坐視杰瑞梅司特老梅亞強暴并殺害了無辜的車?yán)z依佛森沒什么兩樣。讓我們祈禱我對這事的擔(dān)憂永遠(yuǎn)不會成為現(xiàn)實。

第五篇:大學(xué)英語翻譯

Unit 1 1.聽到她屢遭失敗的消息,我感到很難過(distress)

It distressed me a great deal to hear the news that he had suffered repeated failure.2.他雖然失去了老板的歡心,但仍然裝出一副高興的樣子(assume)He assured an air for cheerfulness, even though he lost favor with his boss.3.格列佛(Gulliver)經(jīng)歷了冒險奇遇,見到了各色奇異的人物(assortment)Gulliver met with extraordinary adventures and saw a strange assortment of people.4.如果你再犯同樣的錯誤,他會很生你氣的(furious)He will be furious with you if you repeat the same mistake.5.我們都被他坦率的觀點、幽默的語言和親切的態(tài)度所深深吸引(draw)We were all greatly drawn by his frank views, humorous words and genial manner.6.等到歡呼的掌聲平息下來,那位諾貝爾獎獲得者開始演講(die down)After cheers and applause died down, the Nobel Prize Winner began his speech.7.他天生有一種特別的洞察力和預(yù)見力,因此,他很少隨大流(run with the crowd)He is gifted with a sore of insight and foresight, so he rarely runs with the crowd.8.我發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)實畢竟是非常嚴(yán)酷的,一個人難以完全按照自己的理想去生活(live up to)I feel realities are after all very harsh, so one can hardly live up entirely to his ideals.Unit 2 1.我的頂頭上司是典型的工作狂,一年365天每天工作10小時以上(workaholic)

My immediate boss is a typical workaholic, for he works for over ten hours each day all the year round.2.校長十分注重課外活動,他認(rèn)為課外活動有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生對外部世界的濃厚興趣(extracurricular)

The principal attaches much importance to extracurricular activities and he believes that they will help to cultivate students' tremendous interest in the external world.3.星期一早上,他總是快速沖個澡,胡亂吃塊三明治,攔輛出租車去上班(grab)He always grabs a shower, a sandwich and then a taxi to go to work every Monday morning.4.既然你要離開公司了,你要在本周內(nèi)清算賬目(straighten out)

Since you are leaving the company, you should straighten out the accounts within the week.5.為了按時完成博士論文,他經(jīng)常熬夜(stay up)

He often stays up late at night in order to finish writing his Ph.D dissertation on time.6.沒有什么能夠取代內(nèi)心深處最深切的愛(replace)

Nothing can replace the profoundest love lodged in one's heart of hearts.7.他被認(rèn)為是總裁職位的當(dāng)然人選,因為他已經(jīng)出色地做了近10年副總裁(natural n.)He is considered a natural for the post of the president, for he has been an excellent vice-president for almost ten years.8.他實在太普通了,丟人堆里根本找不著(pick out)He is just too common to be picked out from the crowd.Unit 3

1、這所大學(xué)是世界上歷史最悠久的高等學(xué)府之一(venerable)The university is one of the most venerable institutions of higher learning in the world.2、如果一個人缺乏實踐經(jīng)驗,僅憑課堂里學(xué)到的東西是難以成功的(deficient)

If one is deficient in practical experience, he can hardly make himself a success with only what he has acquired in class.3、我火冒三丈,這片專題文章本周內(nèi)必須寫完,但老是被打斷(exasperate)

I felt exasperated by constant interruptions, for I had to finish writing the monograph by the end of this week.4、他認(rèn)為用就問題來寫一個當(dāng)代的主題是滑稽可笑的(ludicrous)

He feels that it is ludicrous to write on a contemporary theme in an ancient style.5、上海的外灘在上世紀(jì)七八十年代是年輕情侶喜歡來的談情說愛的之地(coo)

The Bund in Shanghai was a place where young couples liked to come to coo in the 70s and the 80s of the last century.6、作為10來歲的孩子,他女兒算是非常恬靜的,因為她喜歡讀書勝于嬉戲(sedate)His daughter is very sedate for a girl of about ten, for she kikes reading more than playing.7、當(dāng)一抹陽光灑向大地的時候,這對情人手拉手,在鄉(xiāng)村道路上散步(stroll)

The couple strolled hand-in0hand along the country road when the sun in its first splendor steeped the earth.8、這個詩人在世時被普遍認(rèn)為是一個怪癖的浪漫天才(eccentric)

The poet was commonly considered as an eccentric romantic genius when alive.Unit 4

1、毫無疑問,莎士比亞是各個時代劇作家相形見絀(overshadow)

It goes without saying that Shakespeare overshadows all the other playwrights throughout the ages.2、《了不起的蓋茨比》被普通認(rèn)為是美國上世紀(jì)爵士時代的縮影(epitome)

The Great Gatsby is commonly deemed as the epitome of the Jazz Age of the last century in America.3、你最好不要在他去哈佛大學(xué)深造的興頭上潑冷水(put a damper on)

It is advisable for you not to put a damper on his enthusiasm to further his studies at Harvard.4、年輕人容易盲目崇拜體育圈和娛樂圈迷人的明星(make a fetish of)

Young people tend to make a fetish of glamorous stars in sports and entertainment circles.5、他們一路閑逛,漫步來到市中心區(qū)域觀看慶祝國慶的煙花燃放(traipse)

They traipsed all the way to the downtown area to watch the National Day fireworks display.6、他沒有犯什么大錯或大罪,不該受到如此嚴(yán)厲的懲罰(deserve)

He does not deserve such a severe punishment as he has committed neither serous errors nor grave crimes.7、我每次遇到他,他總是說一堆無聊的話(a whole lot of)Every time I met him, he would talk a whole lot of nonsense.8、名聲是一個許多人愿意掉下去的陷阱(trap)

Reputation is a trap into which many people are ready to fall.Unit 5

1、當(dāng)哈姆雷特拿不定注意該采取什么行動時,他就裝瘋(feign)Hamlet feigned madness when he was hesitating what to do.2、搪塞推諉是這生意人的慣用伎倆(prevarication)

Prevarication is one of the techniques this businessman likes to employ.3、真理之光有時太刺目,于是善意的謊言隨處可見(ubiquitous)

Sometimes the light of the truth is just too dazzling, so white lies are ubiquitous.4、美國許多婦女聲稱他們對自己二等公民的地位感到不滿(profess)

Many women in America profess that they are unhappy with their status as second-class citizens.5、一時沖動之下,他失言抖出了秘密(blurt out)On the impulse of the moment, he blurted out the secret.6、你應(yīng)該擺脫偏見,抵制誘惑,不讓任何東西扭曲你的判斷(warp)

You should get rid of any prejudice, resist temptations and let nothing warp your judgment.7、他是一個過于敏感和富于想象的人,經(jīng)常在頭腦里編織一張復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)(a tangled web)Being over-sensitive and imaginative, he often weaves a tangled web in his mind.8、他在伙伴中很受歡迎,因為他盡量不給別人添麻煩(spare)

He is very popular among his peers as he always tries to spare others any trouble.Unit 8 1.實驗結(jié)果遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了他們的預(yù)料(surpass)

The result of the experiment far surpassed their expectations.2.我們應(yīng)該充分考慮這個項目的費用和可能遇到的問題(take account of)

We should take full account of the cost of the project and the difficulties we might encounter 3.好天氣是這次遠(yuǎn)征科學(xué)考察成功的原因之一(contribute to)The fair weather contributed to the success of the scientific expedition.4.巴西球員球星羅納爾多(Ronaldo)在2002年世界杯足球賽中射進好幾個精彩的球(spectacular)

Ronaldo, one of the football stars from Brail, scored several spectacular goals in 2002 FIFA World Cup.5.羅伯特*弗羅斯特(Robert Frost)由于對詩歌的杰出貢獻被美國許多大學(xué)授予名譽學(xué)位(confer…upon)

Many honorary degrees from different colleges and universities in America were conferred upon Robert Frost for his remarkable contributions to poetry.6.擺脫壞習(xí)慣需要耐心和毅力(emancipation from…)

Patience and perseverance are required in emancipation from bad habits.7.他們努力將這些新觀念灌輸?shù)綄W(xué)生的頭腦中去(instill)They tried to instill such new ideas into students’ minds.8.你對員工進行評估時應(yīng)該做到公正(impartiality)

You should demonstrate impartiality in your assessment of the employees.Unit 9 1.你應(yīng)該提前告訴我你將去美國深造的事(in advance)

You should have told me in advance that you would further your studies in United States.2.他過分寵愛他的孫輩(lavish)He lavished too much care on his grandchildren.3.各種新技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)興起(spring up)

Various new technology industries have sprung up.4.許多英語單詞源于拉丁語、希臘語和法語詞匯(derive from)Many English words derive from Latin, Greek and French words.5.一位哲學(xué)家認(rèn)為矛盾對立無處不在(ubiquitous)

A philosopher holds that contradictory oppositions are ubiquitous.6.仁慈善良是他本性中不可缺少的一部分(part and parcel)Kindness is part and parcel of his nature.7.他具有超人的記憶力和智力(phenomenal)He possessed phenomenal memory and intelligence.8.他對吃穿都很講究(fastidious)

He is fastidious about what he eats and wears.Unit 11

1、他的父母對他有很高的期望,他感到壓力很大(feel weighted)He felt heavily weighted with such high expectations from his parents.2、他用積極的觀點來解釋這件事(in…light)He interpreted the incident in a favorable.3、我很討厭他,因為他特別喜歡誹謗他人(go out of one's way)I detest him, for he often goes out of his light way to backbite others.4、許多宗教的教義敦促人們超越塵世的成功(mundane)Many religious teachings urge people to transcend mundane success.5、個人的主動性是促進事業(yè)發(fā)展的要素之一(initiative)

Personal initiative is one of the essential elements in promoting your career.6、我認(rèn)為填鴨式教育不是好的教學(xué)方法(spoon-feed)

I don't think it is a good method of reaching to spoon-feed students.7、我將全力以赴在下個月之前完成這項任務(wù),因為我不想有不遵守諾言的污名(stigma)I will spare no efforts to accomplish the task by the end of next month, for I don't want to suffer from the stigma of having broken my promise.8、我得到了許多與教育新政策相關(guān)的信息(pertinent)

I've got much information pertinent to the new policy in education.

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