第一篇：寫作總結

二.修辭手法（Finger of speech）1.Simile(明喻)……像……

It is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like

E: my love ‘s like a red, red rose 2.Metaphor(暗喻)……是……

It is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality.No expressed with the word as or like

E: He is the soul of the team.//Irrigation is the lifeblood of agriculture.3.Personification(擬人)It is to treat a thing or an idea as if it were human or had human qualities.E: Youth is hot and bold , Age is weak and cold, Youth is wild, and Age is time.///// The storm was raging and an angry sea was continuously tossing their boat.4.Metonymy(轉喻、借代)與自身相關的東西替代

It is substituting the name of one thing for that of another with which it is closely associated.E: crown can stand for a king.White house for the American government.Bottle for wine or alcohol.Bar for the legal profession.5.synecdoche(提喻)整體與部分，抽象與具體替代。

when a part is substituted for the whole or the whole is substituted for a part.E: hands stands for men/ bread for food or living expenses/// the name of two countries for the two team/// creature for a woman.6.Euphemism(委婉語)It is the substitution of a mild or vague expression for a harsh or unpleasant one.E: to die---to pass away/// old people---senior citizens /// dustman—sanitation worker/// mad---emotionally disturbed 7.irony(反語)It is the use of words which are clearly opposite to what is meant, in order to achieve a special effect.E: raining heavily---what a fine weather /// a barbarous act –civilized 8.overstatement(hyperbole)and understatement（夸大或縮小)E: she is dying to know what job has been assigned her It took a few dollars to build this indoor swimming pool.9.transferred epithet(移就)An epithet is an adjective or descriptive phrase that serves to characterize somebody or something.E: busy day----people is busy in this day /// sleepless nights—people … 10.oxymoron(矛盾修飾法)In oxymoron apparently contradictory terms are combined to produce a special effect

(1).Adj.+n.一個形容詞修飾另一個意義相反的或者相對的名詞（2）adj.+adj.兩個意義相駁的形容詞

（3）n.+adj.形容詞后置

faith /unfaithful

(4)n.+n.意義相對或者相反的詞通過連字符連接構成合成詞/love-hate(5)adv.+adj.副詞修飾形容詞//dully bright(6)v.+adv./// love harmful

E: a living death /// victorious defeat /// cleaver fool // cruel kindness 11.alliteration(頭韻)It refers to the appearance of the same initial consonant sound in two or more words.E: proud as a peacock // blind as a bat 三．段落的展開方式

1.development by time(又稱為chronological sequencing).按時間先后展開

2.development by space 按空間先后順序展開，從大地方到小地方，或者從遠到近3.development by process 按過程展開，按照事情發展過程一步一步展開。

4.development by example or generalization 按舉例和歸納展開。通過舉出一些例子讓使文章變得清晰明了。

5.development by comparison and contrast 類比對比法

通過兩件事物的對比展開文章描述

包括：block comparison or block contrast(整體對比法)and alternating comparison or alternating contrast(交替類比法)6.development by cause and effect(按原因結果展開法)分析原因和結果的方法展開文章 7.development by classification(按分類法展開)按照事物的特征把事物分類描寫

8.development by definition(按定義法展開)定義事物的概念或者特征展開文章的描寫 9.development by a combination of methods(按綜合法展開)

第二篇：寫作總結

寫作總結

一、寫作概述

小作文15min,共10分，80~100字；大作文35min,共20分160~200字（最好多寫200~240）答題卡上，段與段之間可以空一行。

二、小作文

1、書信

▲必備詞匯：

1）抱怨信：lodge a complaint about, express my concern/dissatisfaction/disappointment about

2）咨詢信：make requiries regarding, ask informationg about

3）道歉：express my regret

4）感謝：express/extend my sincere gratitude/appreciation for

5）建議：I am writing this letter with my suggestions/proposals about

6）求職：apply the position/vacancy about

Recommend myself as a qualified candidate for the job of

7）尋找失物：report the loss of my……when I ……, request your assistance in finding my…..8）邀請：request your presence at….▲最簡模板

1）稱呼：寫給機構dear sir of madam寫給個人dear LiMing

2）正文：三段

第一段：自我介紹，寫作目的I am wrtiting this letter for the purpose of

第二段：主題句，分論點一，分論點二

第三段：表示關注I really hope that you can take my proposal/suggestions seriously表示感謝thank you very much for your time and consideration.My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words.期待回信I look forward to a favorable reply at your eariest convenience.3）落款 yours sincerely

▲必背范文2008

Dear Bob,I am writing to apologize for having forgotton to return” the Beatles”CD when I left Canada.I was in such a hurry that I packed everything in my luggage without checking carefully.Had I paid more attention then, I would not made such a stupid mistake.Now something must be done to solve this problem because you cherish this CD enormously.I can either send it to you by express email or compensate you at a reasonable price.If you do not mind, I may bring it back to you next time I go to Canada.Please let me know which solution you prefer at your earilest convenience.I really hope you can receive my sincere apology.Yours sincerely,LiMing

練習：改寫2006年范文。

▲格式Notice

Month day, year

正文，最后要留聯系方式

落款

▲ 框架：通知目的（1~2句）------通知細節（5~6句）-------聯系方式（1~2句）主體段可應用格式：the details are as follows.Firstly…additonally…ultimately.▲ 2010年范文

Notice

January 9,2010

To improve students’ ability and enrich extracurricular activities, the Postgraduates’Association is recruiting volunteers for an International confrence on globalization to be held on April 7,2010 in Beijng.To begain with, applicants should have Chinese nationality, a stong professional spirit,cheerful personality and be aged under 35.In addition, candidates must have outstanding skills at English listening comprehension and the ability to speak English and Chinese fluently.Finally, students with relevant professional experience are preferred.Please feel free to contact us at1234567 or email us at.Enquiries are encouraged but visits declined.The postgraduate association ▲ 如何擴充細節

1）萬能開頭To improve students’ ability and enrich extracurricular activities。。。

2）條件與要求：國籍Chinese nationality；友好friendly/proper manners/ cheerful personality;責任感強strong sense of responsibility;年齡be aged under…..;職業精神：a strong

professional spirit;學術表現好 have excellent academic performance;對話題熟悉be familiar with;有相關經驗者優先priority and preference will be given to those experienced/students wih…experience are preferred.▲格式：Abstract為題目，主體寫成一段

▲步驟：找主旨，各段首句，加上過渡詞組合起來

▲常用句型：this article/essay focuse on/centers on the topic of…….It is concluded in this article that………

4、備忘錄、報告

▲格式Memo

Date:

To:

From:

Subject:

正文

二、大作文

三段式結構；萬能原因：科技，經濟的發展；壓力過大（對于成功要素的文章）

1)提綱類（參考1992年）

近年來…（現狀）…….。盡管。。。但是。。。，更加糟糕的是。。。于是。成為大家關心的問題

1992年范文：for a better understanding between parent and child

In recent years, the problem of lack of communication between parent and child is becoming more serious.Although some children are willing to chat with their patents, the majority are not.To make matters worse, some parents can hardly say a word to their child in a day.Thus, how to creat a better understanding between parent and child is becoming our concern.2)圖畫類：總述------細節-------文字說明

①兩圖：總述----第一圖-----第二圖------可加一句廢話--------文字說明

2000年捕魚2003年溫室里的花朵2006年小貝

2000年范文：As is graphically portrayed in the cartoons above, we can see clearly that with the increase of commercial fishing, the number of fishes sharply decreased.In the first picture,there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing boat in1900.On the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, but many fishing boats.Obviously, we can find that the number of fishes has dropped considerably from 1900 to 1995.We are informed that this is a brief histoty of world commercial fishing.聯系：2003,2006仿寫

②一圖：總述-----挖掘細節------挖掘細節------文字說明

如果細節信息過少或者單詞量不夠描繪不出來，可以用模糊寫法。

2002 an American girl in traditional Chinese costume 2004終點又是新起點

2002范文：what can we see from the photograph indcates that an American girl is wearing a traditonal Chinese costome.From the sweetest smile on her face, we can easily arrive at a conclusion that she takes great interest in Chinese clothes and she is crazy about the mysterious Chinese culture.2004范文：what can we see from the cartoon indicates that a little boy is running on a racetrack of the playground.From the smile on his face,we can come to a conclusion that he will be the first one to reach the finish line.Howeve, the caption(字幕，說明，標題)in the picture reads,”the finishing line is also the starting line”.詳細寫法2011旅游之余

2011范文：

As is graphically portrayed in the cartoon above, we can see clearly that there are two tourists on a boat in the lake.On the one hand, we know that they enjoy some snacks.On the other hand, they throw the rubbish into the lake casually.Finally, the lake is like a rubbish heap, filled with virous kinds of rubbish such as empty bottles,plastic bags, fish bones and so on.(細節描述！)We are informed that a large amout of garbage is thrown away along the trip。

▲ 注：圖中有文字說明的，第一段最后一句一般都是這句話的翻譯we are informed that….▲ 第一段詞匯積累：

形象的：graphically,vividly,subtly,symbolicall

顯示：portray,illustrate,depict,reveal

圖片：cartoon,caricture,drawing,photograph(真實照片)

增長：increase,advancement,prosperity,development,growth,rampancy(瘋狂增長，貶義)急劇的：sharply,dramically,considerably,significantly,substancially

下降：decrease,decline,drop,shrink-shrank-shrunk,reduce

各種各樣：various kinds of, diverse sorts of

明顯的：obviously,apparently,evidently,undoubtedly

我們被告知：we are informed that…../the caption in the picture indicates that…

圖畫目的：the purpose of this picture is to show that…..寓意指代：A is associated with…./B is a symbol of….也可以用一句話模糊概括：the fact that…indicates that…..背景原因：owing to

舉例說明：studies show that……

轉折反論：if we let this situation go as it is…….(如果是壞的東西，要寫反論；如果是好的東西，可寫總結，寫廢話)

總結陳述：generally speaking…

格式：首先，這幅圖的目的是----------。事實上，----代表了------，----是-----的縮影，-----很自然的和-----聯系在了一起。由于--------，---------。同時，許多試驗表明/我們發現--------。如果我們聽之任之，以后將--------。到那個時候，-------將會遭到嚴重破壞。

2000年范文：（目的）The purpose of this picture is to show us that due attention has to be paid to the decrease of ocean resourse.(指代)Actually,the fish in the picture is a symbol of resourses, while the fishing boats are natually associated with the world commercial fishing.But more importantly, the reduction of the fishing resourses stands for the destructiong of the ocean resourses.（原因）Owing to over-fishing,the number of fishes has obviously decreased.（舉例）Numerouse studied show that many of the spicies have vanished in those years.（反論）If we let this situation go as it is, we won’t know where fish will be in the future.（結論）By that time, our environment will have suffered a great situatio.▲ 第二段的詞匯積攢

目的：the purpose of this picture is to show us that…../the real implication(含義，暗示)of the cartoon is to show…../the cartoon conveys the meaning that…..引起注意：due attention must to be paid to…/put/place great emphasis on…./attach importance to….代表：stand for/be naturally associated with/be a symbol of//represent/reflect/mirror/epitomize(成為。。的縮影)

因為：owing to/due to/ on account of/ as a consequence of…

大量的：numerouse/countless/innumberable

因此：therefore/thus/hence/accordingly

壞方面（2000）要解決辦法；好方面（2008）要發揚光大；利弊型（2009）要揚長避短 格式：總結according to the discussion above, we may easily come to a conclusion that…..建議：政府for one thing, we need to appeal to the authorities to make laws to…個人for another, we need to cultivate our awareness of people that…

展望未來：only in this way can we finally……also I believe our human beings can….

第三篇：總結寫作

總 結

根據中央、省委的統一部署和省高校工委的安排以及我院下發的關于《xx理工大學xx信息學院深入學習實踐科學發展觀活動工作方案》通知的指示精神，2009年03月至2009年04月期間，在院黨委的認真精心組織，各黨支部和廣大黨員的高度重視下，圓滿完成了學習實踐科學發展觀活動第一階段的各項工作，現總結如下::

一、深入學習實踐科學發展觀準備工作

在認真學習領會科學發展觀精神基礎上，圍繞提高思想認識、解決突出問題、創新體制機制、促進科學發展的目標要求,03月25日中午十二點半，電子工程分院全體黨員在分院會議室參加了深入學習科學發展觀活動的動員大會，會議宣布了我分院學習實踐科學發展觀活動的指導思想、基本目標、重要階段和具體安排。通過本次動員大會揭開了我院深入學習實踐科學發展觀活動的序幕。

二、組織學習

學院黨支部結合實際，精心組織，周密部署，制定了具體的學習培訓計劃。采取個人自學、集中培訓、專題輔導、集體研討等形式，組織廣大黨員干部認真學習。在2009年03月30、31兩天召開了分院黨員會議，對學院下發的《科學發展觀重要論述摘編》、《毛澤東鄧小平江澤民論科學發展》兩書進行了深入學習，與會人員認真學習并做好筆記，且會后書寫個人學習心得，最后統一整理裝入檔案。同時以課堂、廣播、網絡、板報等輿論載體，大力宣傳科學發展觀，讓科學發展觀進教材、進課堂、進頭腦，著力增強學習實踐活動的感染力、吸引力，為深入開展學習實踐科學發展觀活動營造良好的氛圍。通過學習，群體黨員統一了思想，提高了認識，深刻領會了科學發展觀的科學內涵、精神實質和根本要求，增強貫徹落實科學發展觀的自覺性和堅定性。

三、主題實踐調研活動

在2009年04月06日到2009年04月21日期間我院如期開展了以“科學發展，促進和諧，服務社會”為主題的社會實踐調研活動。調研題目為“提高出勤率，降低遲到率，構建和諧課堂”。針對我分院得情況，調研活動按計劃分四個階段順利進行。第一階段為調查階段，通過實際考察以及對各班班委會了解了各班學生的上課出勤情況；第二階段日為研究階段，通過班會、問卷調查以及對問題嚴重的學生進行談話等形式進行了調查研究；第三階段各學生黨員針對自己的調研情況撰寫了調研結果并形成書面報告統一上交；第四階段為后續考察階段。通過調研針對我分院的情況發現問題、提出可行性方案、解決問題、問題總結。各位黨員進一步讓認識到了科學發展觀的時代和現實意義，為以后的深入學習實踐打下了堅實的基礎。抓出勤率是一項長遠的工作，要靠長時間來養成，這項工作還要一如既往的繼續下去。

第四篇：寫作總結

開頭： To arouse sb’s interest and enrich our school life, we held an English handwriting competition.連接詞：

First of all;to begin with;

Besides;what’s more;in addition;

Finally;last but not least;

On one hand,…..;on the other hand,…… The most important is that …..轉折連接詞： However；To the contrary;By contrast;Therefore;

我的看法： In my opinion;in my view;as far as I am concerned;I think that;I believe that…..常用句型：

We carry out a survey（調查）about the importance of music to human beings.And many people took an active part in it.The reasons are as follows.There is no need to do…… They believe that……;they hold the view/idea/ opinion that….;

Practicing handwriting is so difficult that they cannot make great progress in a short time.Students’ beautiful and neat handwriting is beneficial to themselves.This suggests that ……

There is no doubt that……

It is harmful to children’s eyesight……

It does harm to …..I am sure that things will become better if these ways are carried out.We at last reached an agreement that I can only watch TV at weekends, and the programs should be limited to news and programs of entertainment, sports and science.Our economic development is important, but we should try our best to avoid（避免）destroying the cultural relics.Taking all factors into consideration, I sincerely hope that I can get help from you and expect the media to do something for this.I think that playing table tennis can build up our bodies, keep us healthy and train our brains.This is what we are worried about.Therefore, more attention should be paid to this aspect in future.常用短語：

take active part in;think highly of;as is know to all;with the development of science and technology（隨著科學技術的發展）；with the development of society（隨著社會的發展）；communicate with sb;exchange our feelings and thoughts;

書信格式：

Dear Editor:

As a student reader, I am writing to talk about the English textbooks published by your house.These books have many advantages.……

I am looking forwards to your reply.Thanks for your attention.Best regards或Yours sincerely,LiHua

第五篇：總結寫作（精選）

總結

一、總結的概念

總結，是對某一時期的工作，或是對某一項工作進行系統的回顧.、歸納、分析，反映出某些規律，用以指導今后工作的一種事務文書。

總結在實際工作中的作用有以下三個方面：其一，可以總結經驗，評估得失，把握規律。其二，匯報工作，交流情況，共同提高。其三，積累史料，形成檔案，以備查詢。

二、總結的特點

1.主體性

2.指導性

3.真實性

4.理論性

5.專業性

三.總結的種類

在日常生活實踐中，人們通常按性質、內容、范圍、時間上的區別，把總結分為下面四類:

1.匯報工作的綜合總結

2.介紹經驗的專題總結

3.科學實驗總結

4.個人學習、工作體會小結。

四、總結的結構

1.匯報工作的綜合總結

①標題。一般由單位名稱、時限和文種名稱組成。

②正文。由前言、主體和結尾三部分組成。

前言。介紹基本情況，即一定時期的工作概貌和進程。有時對工作成效還要作出總的評價。

主體。主要介紹在一定時期內取得的成績和經驗，存在的問題和教訓。主體的結構順序，根據具體內容可采用以下幾種:

(1)可以分為工作成績、經驗體會、問題教訓三個部分，每個部分再分幾個方面展開來寫。

(2)可以分為幾個部分，即工作的幾個方面，每個部分都分別寫成績、經驗體會、問題教訓。

(3)把主體分為兩大部分：一部分寫工作成績和經驗體會，要詳寫，一般是按工作的幾個方面分成幾個小部分，每個小部分都把成績和經驗體會結合在一起展開來寫；一部分寫問題和教訓，根據具體的實際情況，可粗可細，一般找出主要問題即可。

(4)主體部分主要寫成績和經驗體會，可按工作的各個方面分為若干部分，而把存在的問題放在結尾中扼要地提一下。

結尾。表明今后的努力方向，要與主體部分緊密聯系，一般粗線條地提出來，不能寫成工作計劃。有時工作中存在問題較少或不宜展開敘寫，也可放在結尾提出，再從存在問題中自然引出今后努力的方向。

③落款，包括署名和日期。

2.介紹經驗的專題總結

①標題。可以概括提煉主題；可以采用正副標題式,正題是觀點或內容的概括，副題是單位名稱、內容和文種名稱的連綴；還可以是單位名稱、時限、內容和文種名稱的組合或部分組合。

②正文。由前言、主體和結尾三部分組成。

前言。一般有兩種寫法。

（1）概述式。即簡要介紹與所總結經驗有關的基本情況，如工作背景、起因或根據。

（2）對比式。通過具體數據或概括性的語言說明成效，以引出下文。

主體。主要是通過做法寫經驗體會。逐一提出并逐一論證經驗體會，一般是把工作過程同經驗穿插起來，多采用分述式，每一部分先闡述一個觀點，然后用具體數據和材料證明觀點。

結尾。經驗總結的結尾一般有三種方式。

（1）展示結果式。

（2）表示決心式。

（3）歸納結論式。

也可根據情況在主體寫完即結束全文。

③落款。包括署名和日期。

五、總結的寫作要求

1.堅持正確的指導思想，科學地分析整個工作實踐活動

2.深入實際，走群眾路線

3.要注意突出重點

4.敘述和議論相結合