第一篇：綜合英語(yǔ)二學(xué)習(xí)方略

1998年下半年起江蘇省高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)已開(kāi)始實(shí)施新計(jì)劃。新計(jì)劃對(duì)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)、本科的一些課程作了調(diào)整，并增設(shè)了一些新課程。這對(duì)自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的更加完善，更好地適應(yīng)形勢(shì)的變化發(fā)展，對(duì)教育面向社會(huì)、面向現(xiàn)代化起到了進(jìn)一步地推動(dòng)作用。

新計(jì)劃將英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)科段原來(lái)的精(一)、(二)改成了綜合英語(yǔ)(一)、(二)。為什么要作此修改?修改后有無(wú)實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化?我們又應(yīng)該如何學(xué)習(xí)?這是眾多考生經(jīng)常詢(xún)問(wèn)的問(wèn)題，下面就此談?wù)劰P者的幾點(diǎn)看法。綜合英語(yǔ)(二)的位置

1989年出版的《高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段教學(xué)大綱》提出的課程設(shè)置方案包括了“綜合英語(yǔ)”、“閱讀”、“聽(tīng)說(shuō)”、“寫(xiě)作”、“語(yǔ)音”和“語(yǔ)法”等幾門(mén)主要課程，“綜合英語(yǔ)”被置于各科之首，每周學(xué)時(shí)數(shù)6－8節(jié)，可見(jiàn)綜合英語(yǔ)的重要位置。對(duì)這門(mén)課的要求也是很高的。它的任務(wù)在于：“傳授系統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)(語(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)言功能等)，訓(xùn)練語(yǔ)言基本技能(聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě))，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生初步運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交際的能力，同時(shí)指導(dǎo)學(xué)習(xí)方法，培養(yǎng)邏輯思維的能力，為進(jìn)入高年級(jí)打下扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)”。①?gòu)拇缶V的要求可以看出這門(mén)課的重點(diǎn)在語(yǔ)言基本技能的訓(xùn)練上，即聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)的能力培養(yǎng)。有的外語(yǔ)院校還具體細(xì)化為一年級(jí)側(cè)重于聽(tīng)、說(shuō)，二年級(jí)側(cè)重于讀、寫(xiě)。有人不禁要問(wèn)聽(tīng)有聽(tīng)力課，說(shuō)有會(huì)說(shuō)課，讀有閱讀課，寫(xiě)作自考也增加了“基礎(chǔ)寫(xiě)作”課，綜合英語(yǔ)課豈不是與其它課重復(fù)了嗎?它與其它課程有何區(qū)別?與原來(lái)的精讀課有甚不同?《高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段教學(xué)大綱》明確指出：“綜合英語(yǔ)”不同于一般閱讀課，其重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在口頭筆頭能力的訓(xùn)練上，而閱讀課的重點(diǎn)則在于提高學(xué)生的閱讀理解能力和加強(qiáng)閱讀技能訓(xùn)練。②“綜合英語(yǔ)課區(qū)別于單項(xiàng)技能課，但與其它課又有必要的重復(fù)，與單項(xiàng)技能課相輔相成”。③應(yīng)該說(shuō)自考新計(jì)劃所要求開(kāi)設(shè)的綜合英語(yǔ)與原精讀課還是有區(qū)別的。原精讀課只強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的學(xué)習(xí)、語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的分析，現(xiàn)在的綜合英語(yǔ)課包含了這些要求，更強(qiáng)調(diào)綜合能力的訓(xùn)練。但有一點(diǎn)必須指出，由于現(xiàn)行自學(xué)教材的限制，綜合英語(yǔ)(二)還做不到聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)的同時(shí)訓(xùn)練。看來(lái)，新計(jì)劃為跨世紀(jì)的英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的自學(xué)考試學(xué)習(xí)定下基調(diào)。在新計(jì)劃中，綜合英語(yǔ)(二)的重要位置也是非常清楚的。專(zhuān)科段總的學(xué)分74分，綜合英語(yǔ)(一)、(二)各占10分，是12門(mén)課中占分最高的兩門(mén)。計(jì)劃中還規(guī)定，“各類(lèi)高等教育形式的非英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)、專(zhuān)科及以上畢業(yè)生報(bào)考高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)本科段，除必須取得本科段計(jì)劃規(guī)定課程的合格成績(jī)，學(xué)分達(dá)65分，還必須加考綜合英語(yǔ)(二)、聽(tīng)力和口語(yǔ)”。可見(jiàn)，綜合英語(yǔ)是專(zhuān)科段最基礎(chǔ)又極其重要的一門(mén)課。對(duì)于英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)，應(yīng)先從綜合英語(yǔ)(一)開(kāi)始。綜合英語(yǔ)不同于其它科目。因?yàn)樗苏Z(yǔ)音、語(yǔ)法、詞匯、篇章結(jié)構(gòu)等系統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，所使用的材料是系統(tǒng)、精選的。學(xué)好綜合英語(yǔ)(二)對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫(xiě)其它幾科會(huì)起到一定的鋪墊作用。

綜合英語(yǔ)(二)的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)及學(xué)習(xí)策略

綜合英語(yǔ)(二)既然處于這樣重要的位置，那么學(xué)好它是至關(guān)重要的。原精讀(一)大部分考生能輕松通過(guò)。而精讀(二)通過(guò)則顯得比較困難。其原因之一就是考生基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)掌握不牢，抓不住重點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn)。

綜合英語(yǔ)(二)重、難點(diǎn)分別是什么呢?由于2000年前江蘇省這門(mén)考試仍采用郝振益、高維正和徐東升三位教授主編的《英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程》

三、四冊(cè)。故在此針對(duì)三、四冊(cè)談?wù)勂渲攸c(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)及其學(xué)習(xí)方法，為了討論的方便，我們將每一單元大致分為：課文、語(yǔ)法、練習(xí)三大塊。

三、四冊(cè)課文有text a、dialogue、text b以及文章體裁介紹等幾個(gè)部分組成。其中第三冊(cè)中的text a 和dialogue尤為重要。text b可以作為泛讀材料。第四冊(cè)中每單元中text a是重點(diǎn)。其它的文體介紹和text b可以作一般性的泛讀材料。第三冊(cè)的最后兩課、第四冊(cè)的部分課文(都指text a)是難點(diǎn)所在。

語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目主要分布在第三冊(cè)，其重點(diǎn)是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞、名詞性從句、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)從句以及虛擬語(yǔ)氣。第四冊(cè)中出現(xiàn)了倒裝、主謂一致等。這當(dāng)中，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是難點(diǎn)所在。

練習(xí)：

三、四冊(cè)各有特色。第三冊(cè)以練習(xí)消化課文、鞏固語(yǔ)法知識(shí)和擴(kuò)寬知識(shí)面為主；而第四冊(cè)既包含了以上內(nèi)容，又含有總復(fù)習(xí)的意味。對(duì)第一到第四冊(cè)的語(yǔ)言和語(yǔ)法進(jìn)行了概括復(fù)習(xí)和練習(xí)。

三、四冊(cè)中有些練習(xí)應(yīng)重點(diǎn)做，有的可以作為訓(xùn)練，做一下即可，還有的根本不需要做。具體在練習(xí)一節(jié)中詳細(xì)敘述。從總體上看，第四冊(cè)每單元的練習(xí)是重點(diǎn)。

了解這些重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)之后，下一步應(yīng)考慮如何去學(xué)。以下就上面提到的三大塊談?wù)勛约旱目捶ā?/p>

(一)、課文。它包括詞匯、注釋?zhuān)P者認(rèn)為應(yīng)這樣處理。

1、抓好閱讀，一著不讓 調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)“閱讀理解”、“完形填空”和“改錯(cuò)”是自考生的弱項(xiàng)。其原因在于讀的少，缺乏正確的學(xué)習(xí)方法。自學(xué)者除了看課文之外，其它英文文章很少涉獵。他們沒(méi)有時(shí)間，更主要的是找不到合適的文章去讀。筆者認(rèn)為將課文首先做泛讀材料來(lái)用，這樣既了解課文大意，又訓(xùn)練了自己的閱讀理解能力。長(zhǎng)期堅(jiān)持，閱讀理解能力必有長(zhǎng)進(jìn)。正確的做法是，拿到課文不要查閱生詞、注釋?zhuān)Y(jié)合課后閱讀理解練習(xí)檢驗(yàn)自己對(duì)文章的理解情況。做題的方法有兩種：一是先看問(wèn)題，帶著問(wèn)題去看文章。這種做法適用于文章難度不大，但篇幅較長(zhǎng)，后面提出的問(wèn)題很少的材料；另一種方法是先閱讀文章，再按順序逐一回答問(wèn)題。這種方法適用于有一定難度的議論文和論敘文，而且時(shí)間比較充裕。采用這種方法，應(yīng)在關(guān)鍵的句子、詞組和詞下面或旁邊做一些標(biāo)記，以便于回答問(wèn)題時(shí)在無(wú)法肯定的情況下，迅速查到所問(wèn)問(wèn)題的出處。在閱讀過(guò)程中，我們應(yīng)記取的是不要因生詞多而半途而廢，更不要逐一查出生詞再去讀。這樣，既影響了速度，又不能從整體上了解全文大意；妨礙對(duì)文章的正確理解。

2、從生詞到句篇“細(xì)嚼慢咽”

完成了作為閱讀理解的第一遍后，重點(diǎn)就應(yīng)該放在課文的生詞、短語(yǔ)到句子乃至篇章的精讀上。單詞是構(gòu)成篇章的主要因素，而每一課都有大量的生詞和已學(xué)過(guò)的同義詞、近義詞和反義詞等。如何科學(xué)地學(xué)習(xí)、記憶乃至運(yùn)用這些詞是擺在每一個(gè)自學(xué)者面前的難題。記憶單詞的方法有多種多樣。諸如詞根、詞綴記憶法、聯(lián)想記憶法、總結(jié)歸納法等。究竟選用什么方法，還是多種方法兼用完全因人而宜。實(shí)踐證明：對(duì)所學(xué)單詞進(jìn)行歸類(lèi)、對(duì)比、總結(jié)，這是學(xué)習(xí)中行之有效的方法。借助于此，學(xué)習(xí)者搞清詞與詞間的區(qū)別，加深記憶和準(zhǔn)確使用。第四冊(cè)第一課詞匯中出現(xiàn)了emigrate一詞，我們除了了解這一詞的詞性、意思和具體用法外，還可將它與immigrate 和 migrate進(jìn)行對(duì)比，找出它們間的異同。emigrate 是移居某國(guó)，并加入該國(guó)國(guó)籍。由此而產(chǎn)生的派生詞：表示永久移居的行動(dòng)用emigration；移居外國(guó)的人叫emigrant。與這一組詞極其相似的是migrate，表示在某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)移居國(guó)外或外地。去外國(guó)或外地做工的勞工被稱(chēng)之為migrants。migrants 的另一意思是“候鳥(niǎo)”。移居的行為叫migration。另外，immigrate 有從外地移來(lái)，移居入境之意，immigrant 名詞，移入者、國(guó)外來(lái)的移民，immigration 由外國(guó)遷居入境或表示移民的總稱(chēng)。通過(guò)這樣的對(duì)比歸類(lèi)，學(xué)習(xí)者至少對(duì)這一組詞有了一個(gè)感性認(rèn)識(shí)，再結(jié)合本單元的課后練習(xí)就會(huì)有比較全面的理性認(rèn)識(shí)。

課文的理解是一大難點(diǎn)。這其中包括眾多的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)和復(fù)雜的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。只有理順句子間的關(guān)系，了解語(yǔ)言間的邏輯聯(lián)系，才能吃透課文精神。以第三冊(cè)第15課text a 為例，這一課較前面所學(xué)的課文各方面要難得多，出現(xiàn)了并列句、復(fù)雜句等長(zhǎng)句。第一句最后一句：

he would give them the much－needed support and necessary feedback in order that the program be accepted by the government.“he”指steve 句中包含了 in order that 引起的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，而在從句中又省去了情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 might。看到這樣的句子，學(xué)習(xí)者自然會(huì)想起其它一些如：so that ,for fear that ,lest ,in case 等引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，這些從句有何區(qū)別呢? for fear that ,lest ,in case 引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，從句中往往由“主語(yǔ)＋ should ＋ 動(dòng)詞”，should 可以被省略；so that 和 in order that 引導(dǎo)的目的狀語(yǔ)從句，句子結(jié)構(gòu)為“主語(yǔ)＋情態(tài)動(dòng)詞＋動(dòng)詞原形”，當(dāng)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一般不省略。這樣就不難看出此句的特殊性，從而幫助你正確理解。語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象紛繁復(fù)雜，有時(shí)兩句有同樣的語(yǔ)法功能。但由于用詞的不同而會(huì)產(chǎn)生細(xì)微的差別。還是以同一課中第3小節(jié)的兩句話(huà)為例：

3、全面學(xué)習(xí)，不要遺漏任何角落 課后注釋是理解課文的輔助工具，現(xiàn)行的《英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程》

三、四冊(cè)沒(méi)有正式的配套參考書(shū)，注釋無(wú)疑是自學(xué)者理解課文不可多得的助手。但很多自學(xué)者忽視了這一塊，往往是一帶而過(guò)，甚至舍不得花時(shí)間去看。其實(shí)它不僅對(duì)理解課文、擴(kuò)寬知識(shí)面有很大的幫助，而且在最后的考試中也會(huì)發(fā)揮很重要的作用。第三冊(cè)第11課注釋5(p188)出現(xiàn)了短語(yǔ) catch one's eye。編者在此不僅指出了這一單詞的用法，而且列出了與 eye 相關(guān)的其它短語(yǔ)。這無(wú)疑給學(xué)習(xí)者提供了課文之外有益的東西。有時(shí)參考書(shū)上還歸納總結(jié)出辭書(shū)上沒(méi)有的東西。比如第3冊(cè)第13課對(duì)話(huà)的注解10，對(duì) doubt 一詞的后續(xù)從句做出詳盡明確的介紹，回答了自學(xué)者感到困惑的問(wèn)題。它指出：“ doubt 用在肯定句中，之后的賓語(yǔ)從句用 whether 或 if 引導(dǎo)。用在否定句中，后接賓語(yǔ)從句用 that 引導(dǎo)??”⑤諸如此類(lèi)，解釋仔細(xì)、明了，有時(shí)配有練習(xí)，且譯文齊全，這是命題者不會(huì)放過(guò)的檢測(cè)目標(biāo)。例如第四冊(cè)第2課注釋5出現(xiàn)了短語(yǔ) bring sb.around 意為 change sb's mind 之意。1992年精(2)試卷出現(xiàn)了這樣一則考題：要求根據(jù)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)選出近義詞組：do you think it will be easy to bring her around ? a、persuade her b、encourage her c、control her d、believe her此題答案為 a，若不看注釋?zhuān)@道題就會(huì)感到困難。有時(shí)考題會(huì)出得很偏，你認(rèn)為沒(méi)有必要考到的東西卻會(huì)在試卷上出現(xiàn)。第四冊(cè)第3課，海明威談到如何成功地在野外露營(yíng)時(shí)為了對(duì)付害蟲(chóng)，他建議在任何一家藥店買(mǎi)上25美分的香茅油，即使在蚊蠅最猖獗的地方也可用上兩周(two bits' worth of this purchased at any pharmacist's will be enough to last for two weeks in the woust fly and mosquito－ridden country.)針對(duì)這個(gè)注釋?zhuān)?994年精(2)考卷上出現(xiàn)了這樣一道題：the food only cost him two bits.四個(gè)選項(xiàng)分別為：a、five cents b、ten cents c、fifteen cents d、twenty－five cents 答案為d。如果留心該課第54頁(yè)注釋10，這道題也就迎刃而解了。從以上分析可以看出注釋也應(yīng)細(xì)讀，有價(jià)值的還應(yīng)記憶，而不應(yīng)成為“被遺忘的角落”。(二)語(yǔ)法。

應(yīng)該說(shuō)專(zhuān)科段的語(yǔ)法主要集中在綜合英語(yǔ)(二)上，主要以第三冊(cè)的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目為主。本科段沒(méi)有專(zhuān)門(mén)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目講解。這樣，學(xué)習(xí)好專(zhuān)科段的語(yǔ)法對(duì)學(xué)好其它科目乃至為更高一級(jí)的學(xué)習(xí)奠定了基礎(chǔ)。語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)應(yīng)注意以下幾個(gè)步驟：

1、弄清定義，找出異同

非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以說(shuō)是語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目中的難點(diǎn)，要正確地使用它，首先搞清它們?cè)诰渲兴艹洚?dāng)?shù)墓δ堋?為了敘說(shuō)的方便，這里還以傳統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)法稱(chēng)呼分別稱(chēng)之為不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞)。不定式的功能相當(dāng)于名詞、形容詞和副詞，在句中可以充當(dāng)主、表、賓、賓補(bǔ)、定、狀語(yǔ)等；動(dòng)名詞相當(dāng)于名詞，可充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等，不能用作狀語(yǔ)；分詞(包含過(guò)去分詞和現(xiàn)在分詞)相當(dāng)于形容詞和副詞，因此不能充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。這三種非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式的某些語(yǔ)法功能有相似之處，又如何區(qū)分使用，這是我們應(yīng)進(jìn)一步搞清楚的問(wèn)題。例如不定式，動(dòng)名詞都可以做定語(yǔ)，具體請(qǐng)看下面一組句子：

① the hospital____(build)next month will be open to the public next year.② the hospital____(build)last year is open to the public now.③ the hospital____(build)now will be open to the public.④ the____(build)material used in the hospital is of high quality.四題的答案分別為①to be built②built③being built④building 從這四句可歸納出： 不定式做定語(yǔ)往往表示動(dòng)作將來(lái)發(fā)生。過(guò)去分詞往往表示完成或被動(dòng)概念，現(xiàn)在分詞表示 正在進(jìn)行或含主動(dòng)概念。動(dòng)名詞做定語(yǔ)則說(shuō)明該名詞的用途(building material =material for building)。通過(guò)這樣的總結(jié)對(duì)比，就會(huì)對(duì)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞有比較深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)。

2、掌握一般，抓住特殊

每次考題中都會(huì)出現(xiàn)一些“怪題”、“偏題”，其實(shí)這些題目只是語(yǔ)法中的特殊情況而已。例1997年上半年自考精(2)試卷中第一部分第一項(xiàng)第7題：the teacher explained the sentence patiently to the students to make himself____.a、understood b、understand c、understanding d、understands 正常情況下，使役動(dòng)詞(have，make, let)之后接動(dòng)詞不定式做賓補(bǔ)“to”要省去。那是賓語(yǔ)是賓補(bǔ)這個(gè)動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者的緣故。此句賓語(yǔ)是賓補(bǔ)這個(gè)動(dòng)作的承受者，亦即老師(的話(huà))被學(xué)生理解，故答案應(yīng)選 a。象這樣的特殊例子還有很多，再如： why didn't you go ? i'd rather you______,too ? a、had gone b、went c、go d、would go 通常情況下，would rather 可表示寧愿，后續(xù)動(dòng)詞原形，但是 would 還可以組成 would sooner , would prefer , would just as soon 構(gòu)成虛擬語(yǔ)氣，意為“倒希望”、“寧愿”，例如：i would rather they came tomorrow.我寧愿他們明天來(lái)。所以此題選 a。

應(yīng)該說(shuō)每一個(gè)語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目中都有特殊情況，我們只有掌握著普遍規(guī)律，對(duì)特殊情況做到心中有數(shù)，才能以不變應(yīng)萬(wàn)變。

3、舉一反三，反復(fù)練習(xí)

語(yǔ)法的學(xué)習(xí)光了解規(guī)則還不夠，學(xué)習(xí)者必須加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練，才能發(fā)現(xiàn)詞與詞，句與句之間的細(xì)微差別，也才會(huì)得心應(yīng)手，應(yīng)用自如。第4冊(cè)書(shū)的第39頁(yè)上的練習(xí)要求添加反意問(wèn)句，此項(xiàng)看似容易，大多數(shù)人做了題目，就認(rèn)為完成了任務(wù)，其實(shí)這遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠，請(qǐng)看第18題： i mast go there ,____? 答案是mustn't i。此處 must 為“必須”之意。但 must 還有“有必要”。附加疑問(wèn)句用need，如 all of them must learn english ,needn't they ? 了解這些還不夠，陳述句中的 must 表示推測(cè)時(shí)，附加疑問(wèn)句不能用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞而必須與陳述句的謂語(yǔ)相呼應(yīng)。

例：you must be hungry ,aren't you ? 你一定餓了，是不是? you must have waited for a long time ,haven't you ? 你一定等了好久，是不是? you must have met him yesterday ,didn't you ? 你昨天一定見(jiàn)到了他，是不是? 像這樣的例子不勝枚舉，學(xué)習(xí)者要細(xì)心、勤奮，多思考、勤總結(jié)，做起題來(lái)才能得心應(yīng)手。(三)練習(xí)三、四冊(cè)每單元之后都設(shè)計(jì)了大量的練習(xí)。做題時(shí)可以進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)娜∩帷Ｓ行┚毩?xí)必須重點(diǎn)做，有些練習(xí)可以一帶而過(guò)，還有些甚至可以不做。語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)：這部分的練習(xí)是為了強(qiáng)化課文的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)和每單元設(shè)計(jì)的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目而設(shè)計(jì)的。像第三冊(cè)每課之后的最后一項(xiàng)練習(xí)。第四冊(cè)中的grammar 和 vocabulary 欄目中的練習(xí)，不但要做而且要弄懂記住。詞型轉(zhuǎn)換、句型轉(zhuǎn)換、同義詞、反義詞、釋義選擇、動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)填空等都是實(shí)用性、針對(duì)性很強(qiáng)的題目，每一個(gè)都必須做。如何備考

綜合英語(yǔ)(2)考試一般包括兩部分，分為客觀與主觀題。考生們經(jīng)過(guò)艱苦的學(xué)習(xí)，能否通過(guò)考試，正確地備考方法顯得非常重要。下面筆者就如何準(zhǔn)備，提幾點(diǎn)看法：

1、全面細(xì)致，條理系統(tǒng)

復(fù)習(xí)的過(guò)程實(shí)際是對(duì)所學(xué)知識(shí)的總結(jié)概括，加深理解的過(guò)程。可以說(shuō)考試的內(nèi)容來(lái)自幾個(gè)方面：一是完全是書(shū)上的內(nèi)容，由命題者稍加組合而成。如試卷上的部分翻譯題，像97年精(二)的78題，選自第四冊(cè)114頁(yè)最后一行的一句話(huà)。但我們?cè)诖痤}時(shí)，必須將句子補(bǔ)充完整。the greater the fear is ,the heavier the wall is built.79題：“又到夏天了，孩子們玩起了戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)游戲，他們喜歡赤身裸體，因?yàn)椴淮┮路麄兊膭?dòng)作更加敏捷”。則是將第四冊(cè)第八單元 text a 中第一節(jié)的第一句與第156頁(yè)第二節(jié)中的一些句子合并起來(lái)，構(gòu)成了一個(gè)翻譯句。但中間要稍作變化。when it was summer again ,the children began to play war games.they liked to be naked because they were swifter without clothes.而97年的第77題翻譯：“這所學(xué)校有兩名從南京師范大學(xué)畢業(yè)的英語(yǔ)教師”。則選自第三冊(cè)第10課課后語(yǔ)法(p175)ⅲ非限定定語(yǔ)從句4中原原本本的一句。94年自考試卷中的句型轉(zhuǎn)換要求將 the old lady always prides herself on being different 改成 the old lady is。這一句選自第四冊(cè)第一單元：練習(xí)第17頁(yè)的ⅲ/3題。從這些分析不難看出考查的內(nèi)容不僅限于課文，還會(huì)檢查注釋、語(yǔ)法、練習(xí)等方面的掌握情況。我們只有全面復(fù)習(xí)才能在考試中取勝。

2、有的放矢，抓住重點(diǎn)

3、講究方法，以巧取勝

綜合英語(yǔ)(2)考試中有些項(xiàng)目是根本無(wú)法復(fù)習(xí)的，靠硬攻無(wú)法成功，只有講究方法，取勝才有把握。“完型填空”每次必考，但這項(xiàng)失分率也是較高，原因是多方面的。除了“完型填空”留下了許多空格導(dǎo)致信息破壞較多給做題帶來(lái)很多困難外，與各人的綜合語(yǔ)言能力，做題技巧有很大聯(lián)系。下面簡(jiǎn)略介紹一些做題方法供考生參考。

②上下聯(lián)系，前后貫通。盡管完型填空設(shè)置了許多空格，造成了信息的缺失，但是整個(gè)文章是一個(gè)完整的統(tǒng)一體。詞與詞、句與句、段與段之間都存在著一定的聯(lián)系。例如句子之中可以表現(xiàn)為因果、轉(zhuǎn)折或條件等內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系。做題者應(yīng)聯(lián)系上下文，抓住傳遞語(yǔ)言信息的聯(lián)詞，理順句與句間的關(guān)系，從字里行間推測(cè)文章大意，找出正確的答案。

③借助語(yǔ)法，形意結(jié)合。運(yùn)用自己所學(xué)到的語(yǔ)法知識(shí)，從人稱(chēng)、性、數(shù)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和時(shí)態(tài)上著手尋找正確答案。以87年完形填空第二小段為例：

when you listen to people 35 a foreign language that you understand ,have you noticed that the 36 speakers of that language use words and phrases in a manner different from 37 you are used to ?

35、a、say b、speak

c、talk d、tell

36、a、national b、natural

c、nave d、native

37、a、that b、what

c、when d、where ④仔細(xì)推敲，復(fù)看全文。填完了所有空格后，做題者還應(yīng)該將全文通讀幾遍，從上下文中判斷每一個(gè)答案的正確性。有些答案從局部看似乎合情合理，但是從整體看就不一定正確。這是因?yàn)檠a(bǔ)充殘缺的信息后，做題者對(duì)全文的含義和結(jié)構(gòu)也有了較為清晰的了解，有能力把握答案的準(zhǔn)確性。所以時(shí)間再緊也要擠出時(shí)間來(lái)通覽檢查。這樣才能保證做題的準(zhǔn)確性。以上簡(jiǎn)略地討論了綜合英語(yǔ)(2)的重要位置，自學(xué)過(guò)程中所要注意的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)，并提出了備考策略。筆者認(rèn)為，這些只是就目前現(xiàn)行教材提出的應(yīng)注意的基本點(diǎn)，實(shí)踐中有條件的自學(xué)者，還可以把聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、寫(xiě)三個(gè)方面一起做起來(lái)，這才算達(dá)到了綜合英語(yǔ)課的要求，只有這樣也才能真正達(dá)到一個(gè)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)專(zhuān)科生的水平。

注：① ② ③ 《高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)階段英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》，上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社，1989年版。

④《江蘇省高等教育自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)考試計(jì)劃》1998年。

⑤郝振益、高維正《英語(yǔ)自學(xué)教程》(三)，黑龍江人民出版社出版，1991年版，234頁(yè)。

第二篇：綜合英語(yǔ)二課文完整版

自考綜合英語(yǔ)二課文

全國(guó)高等教育自學(xué)考試指定教材

綜合英語(yǔ)二（上下）主編 徐克榮 外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社

Lesson One Twelve Things l Wish They Taught at School

Carl Sagan

俗話(huà)說(shuō)：“活到老，學(xué)到老。”人的一生就是不斷學(xué)習(xí)、不斷豐富和充實(shí)自己的過(guò)程。青少年階段，尤其是中學(xué)階段，無(wú)疑是學(xué)習(xí)的最佳時(shí)期。中學(xué)教育的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在什么地方？美國(guó)著名科學(xué)家和科普作家薩根批評(píng)中學(xué)只抓各個(gè)學(xué)科具體內(nèi)容的做法，他認(rèn)為中學(xué)要注重對(duì)青少年的宏觀教育，使他們建立起唯物的世界觀和宇宙觀，使他們能夠正確對(duì)待自己，關(guān)心周?chē)氖澜纭祟?lèi)生存的環(huán)境和自己的地球同胞。I attended junior and senior high school, public institutions in New York and New Jersey, just after the Second World War.It seems a long time ago.The facilities and the skills of the teachers were probably well above average for the United States at that time.Since then, I've learned a great deal.One of the most important things I've learned is how much there is to learn, and how much I don't yet know.Sometimes I think how grateful I would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matters.In some respects that education was terribly narrow;the only thing I ever heard in school about Napoleon was that the United States made the Louisiana Purchase from him.(On a planet where some 95% of the inhabitants are not Americans, the only history that was thought worth teaching was American history.)In spelling, grammar, the fundamentals of math, and other vital subjects, my teachers did a pretty good job.But there's so much else I wish they'd taught us.2 Perhaps all the deficiencies have since been rectified.It seems to me there are many things(often more a matter of attitude and perception than the simple memorization of facts)that the schools should teach — things that truly would be useful in later life, useful in making a stronger country and a better world, but useful also in making people happier.Human beings enjoy learning.That's one of the few things that we do better than the other species on our planet.Every student should regularly experience the “Aha!” — when something you never understood, or something you never knew was a mystery, becomes clear.3 So here's my list:

Pick a difficult thing and learn it well.The Greek philosopher Socrates said this was one of the greatest of human joys,and it is.While you learn a little bit about many subjects, make sure you learn a great deal about one or two.It hardly matters what the subject is, as long as it deeply interests you, and you place it in its broader human context.After you teach yourself one subject, you become much more confident about your ability to teach yourself another.You gradually find you've acquired a key skill.The world is changing so rapidly that you must continue to teach yourself throughout your life.But don't get trapped by the first subject that interests you, or the first thing you find yourself good at.The world is full of wonders, and some of them we don't discover until we're all grown up.Most of them, sadly, we never discover.Don't be afraid to ask “stupid” questions.Many apparently naive inquiries like why grass is green, or why the Sun is round, or why we need 55,000 nuclear weapons in the world — are really deep questions.The answers can be a gateway to real insights.It's also important to know, as well as you can, what it is that you don't know, and asking questions is the way.To ask “stupid” questions requires courage on the part of the asker and knowledge and patience on the part of the answerer.And don't confine your learning to schoolwork.Discuss ideas in depth with friends.It's much braver to ask questions even when there's a prospect of

ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened to the world around you.Listen carefully.Many conversations are a kind of competition that rarely leads to discovery on either side.When people are talking, don't spend the time thinking about what you're going to say next.Instead, try to understand what they're saying, what experience is behind their remarks, what you can learn from or about them.Older people have grown up in a world very different from yours, one you may not know very well.They, and people from other parts of the country and from other nations, have important perspectives that can enrich your life.Everybody makes mistakes.Everybody's understanding is incomplete.Be open to correction, and learn to correct your own mistakes.The only embarrassment is in not learning from your mistakes.Know your planet.It's the only one we have.Learn how it works.We're changing the atmosphere, the surface, the waters of the Earth, often for some short-term advantage when the long-term implications are unknown.The citizens of any country should have at least something to say about the direction in which we're going.If we don't understand the issues, we abandon the future.Science and technology.You can't know your planet unless you know something about science and technology.School science courses, I remember, concentrated on the unimportant parts of science, leaving the major insights almost untouched.The great discoveries in modern science are also great discoveries of the human spirit.For example, Copernicus showed that — far from being the center of the universe, about which the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars revolved in clockwise homage — the Earth is just one of many small worlds.This is a deflation of our pretensions, to be sure, but it is also the opening up to our view of a vast and awesome universe.Every high school graduate should have some idea of the insights of Copernicus, Newton, Darwin, Freud, and Einstein.(Einstein's special theory of relativity, far from being obscure and exceptionally difficult, can be understood in its basics with no more than first-year algebra, and the notion of a rowboat in a river going upstream and downstream.)

Don't spend your life watching TV.You know what I'm talking about.Culture.Gain some exposure to the great works of literature, art and music.If such a work is hundreds or thousands of years old and is still admired, there is probably something to it.Like all deep experiences, it may take a little work on your part to discover what all the fuss is about.But once you make the effort, your life has changed;you've acquired a source of enjoyment and excitement for the rest of your days.In a world as tightly connected as ours is, don't restrict your attention to American or Western culture.Learn how and what people elsewhere think.Learn something of their history, their religion, their viewpoints.Compassion.Many people believe that we live in an extraordinarily selfish time.But there is a hollowness, a loneliness that comes from living only for yourself.Humans are capable of great mutual compassion, love, and tenderness.These feelings, however, need encouragement to grow.Look at the delight a one-or two-year-old takes in learning, and you see how powerful is the human will to learn.Our passion to understand the universe and our compassion for others jointly provide the chief hope for the human race.Lesson Two

Icons

提起一位獲得諾貝爾獎(jiǎng)的華人物理學(xué)家的名字，今天的青少年恐怕很多人會(huì)感到陌生，無(wú)話(huà)可說(shuō)，可是談起當(dāng)紅歌星、球星，他們則是津津樂(lè)道。當(dāng)今國(guó)內(nèi)外的明星大腕被少男少女們一個(gè)個(gè)奉為偶像。君不見(jiàn)，追星族們?yōu)榍蟮门枷竦暮灻梢栽谄皾姶笥曛械却胩欤瑸橐欢门枷竦娘L(fēng)采，可以大打出手破門(mén)而入。三四十年前青年人崇拜的科學(xué)家和英雄人物已被視為昨日黃花，中外都是如此。這種價(jià)值觀的變化引起了社會(huì)學(xué)家和教育家的憂(yōu)慮，他們指出星們、腕兒們只不過(guò)是媒體尤其是電視炒作的產(chǎn)物。Heroes and Cultural Icons Gary Gosggarian If you were asked to list ten American heroes and heroines, you would probably name some or all of the following: George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Daniel Boone, Martin Luther King Jr., Amelia Earhart, Susan B.Anthony, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, Helen Keller, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Rosa Parks.If next you were asked to list people who are generally admired by society, who somehow seem bigger than life, you might come up with an entirely different list.You might, in fact, name people who are celebrated for their wealth and glamour rather than their achievements and moral strength of character.And you would not be alone, because pollsters have found that people today do not choose political leaders who shape history for their “Most Admired” list, but rather movie and television celebrities, fashion models, professional athletes, and even comic book and cartoon characters.In short media icons.By definition, heroes and heroines are men and women distinguished by uncommon courage, achievements, and self-sacrifice made most often for the benefit of others — they are people against whom we measure others.They are men and women recognized for shaping our nation's consciousness and development as well as the lives of those who admire them.Yet, some people say that ours is an age where true heroes and heroines are hard to come by, where the very ideal of heroism is something beyond us — an artifact of the past.Some maintain that because the Cold War is over and because America is at peace our age is essentially an unheroic one.Furthermore, the overall crime rate is down, poverty has been eased by a strong and growing economy, and advances continue to be made in medical science.Consequently, bereft of cultural heroes, we have latched onto cultural icons — media superstars such as actors, actresses, sports celebrities, television personalities, and people who are simply famous for being famous.Cultural icons are harder to define, but we know them when we see them.They are people who manage to transcend celebrity, who are legendary, who somehow manage to become mythic.But what makes some figures icons and others mere celebrities? That's hard to answer.In part, their lives have the quality of a story.For instance, the beautiful young Diana Spencer who at 19 married a prince, bore a king, renounced marriage and the throne, and died at the moment she found true love.Good looks certainly help.So does a special indefinable charisma, with the help of the media.But nothing be comes an icon more than a tragic and early death — such as Martin Luther King Jr., John F.Kennedy, and Princess Diana.Being Somebody Donna Wool folk Cross One hundred years ago, people became famous for what they had achieved.Men like J.P.Morgan, E.H.Harriman and Jay Gould were all notable achievers.So were Thomas Edison, Mark Twain, and Susan B.Anthony.Their accomplishments are still evident in our own day.Today's celebrities, however, often do not become known for any enduring achievement.The people we most admire today are usually those who are most highly publicized by the media.In 1981, a Gallup poll revealed that Nancy Reagan was the nation's “most admired woman.” The year before, that distinction went to President Carter's wife, Rosalynn.In fact, the wife of the current president is always one of the nation's most admired women.Today's celebrities, as the writer Daniel Boorstin says, are “people well-known for their well-knownness.” To become such a celebrity, one needs luck, not accomplishment.As Boorstin says, “The hero was distinguished by his accomplishment;the celebrity by his image or trademark.The hero created himself;the celebrity is created by the media.The hero was a big man;the celebrity is a big name.” There is another distinction: heroes inspire respect;celebrities inspire envy.Few of us believe we could be another Jonas Salk or Eleanor Roosevelt, but we could be another TV star like Telly Savalas or Suzanne Somers.Except for the attention they get from the media, these people are exactly like us.The shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship occurred around the turn of the century.It was closely tied to the rise of new forms of media— first photography, and later moving pictures, radio and television.For the first time, Americans could see and recognize their heroes.Previously, men like Gould and Harriman, whose names everyone knew, could easily have passed through a crowd without being recognized.The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress, appearance, and personal habits were widely commented upon.Slowly, the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what they looked like.The shift was accelerated by the arrival of moving pictures.Between 1901 and 1914, 74 percent of the magazine articles about famous people were about political leaders, inventors, professionals, and businessmen.After 1922, however, most articles were about movie stars.With the arrival of television, the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table.We came to know more about the lives of the celebrities than we did about most of the people we know personally.Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first moving pictures, the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.Today an appearance on a television talk show is the ultimate proof of “making it” in America.Actually, the term “talk show” is misleading.Celebrities do not appear on such a program because of an actual desire — or ability — to talk, but simply to gain recognition, and prove, merely by showing up, that they are “somebody.” Being a guest on a talk show does not require qualities of wit, eloquence, brilliance, insight, or intelligence.A former talent coordinator for “the Tonight Show,” says that when he would ask a scheduled guest, “What would you like to talk to the host about?”the reply he got most often was, “Have him ask me anything.”This, he says, usually meant, “I am a typical Hollywood actor, so I have never had an original thought and I have nothing to say of any interest to anyone anywhere.” Most hosts are grateful just to get someone who will fill the room with sound.One talk show coordinator comments, “We look for the guest who is sure to talk no matter what.Ten seconds of silence appears very awkward on television;thirty seconds is disastrous.A guest who's got to stop to think about everything he says before he opens his mouth is a ratings nightmare.” This kind of attitude rewards smooth, insincere talk, and makes hesitancy look like stupidity.“We wouldn't have used George Washington on our show,” says one talent coordinator.“He might have been first in the hearts of his countrymen, but today he'd be dragging his bottom in the ratings.”

Lesson Three

Go-Go Americans Alison R.Lanier

如果矜持是英國(guó)人突出的特性，我們則可以用“風(fēng)風(fēng)火火”來(lái)概括美國(guó)人典型的特點(diǎn)。他們好像整天在忙忙碌碌，匆匆去上班，匆匆用午飯，匆匆返回工作；他們沒(méi)有耐心，脾氣急，愛(ài)發(fā)火，不耐煩排隊(duì)；他們談公事開(kāi)門(mén)見(jiàn)山，沒(méi)有客套話(huà)，直截了當(dāng)切入話(huà)題；他們喜愛(ài)快餐，大量使用節(jié)省勞力的家用電器，鐘情電子通訊設(shè)施；他們辦事不拘形式，講速度，重效率等等。這一切皆源于他們對(duì)生命之短促的緊迫感，視時(shí)間為生命的價(jià)值觀。Americans believe no one stands still.If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind.This attitude results in a nation of people committed to researching, experimenting and exploring.Time is one of the two elements that Americans save carefully, the other being labor.“We are slaves to nothing but the clock,” it has been said.Time is treated as if it were something almost tangible.We budget it, save it, waste it, steal it, kill it, cut it, account for it;we also charge for it.It is a precious commodity.Many people have a rather acute sense of the shortness of each lifetime.Once the sands have run out of a person's hourglass, they cannot be replaced.We want every minute to count.A foreigner's first impression of the U.S.is likely to be that everyone is in a rush — often under pressure.City people appear always to be hurrying to get where they are going, restlessly seeking attention in a store, elbowing others as they try to complete their errands.Racing through daytime meals is part of the pace of life in this country.Working time is considered precious.Others in public eating places are waiting for you to finish so they too can be served and get back to work within the time allowed.Each person hurries to make room for the next person.If you don't, waiters will hurry you.4 You also find drivers will be abrupt and that people will push past you.You will miss smiles, brief conversations, small courtesies with strangers.Don't take it personally.This is because people value time highly, and they resent someone else “wasting” it beyond a certain courtesy point.This view of time affects the importance we attach to patience.In the American system of values, patience is not a

high priority.Many of us have what might be called “a short fuse.” We begin to move restlessly about if we feel time is slipping away without some return — be this in terms of pleasure, work value, or rest.Those coming from lands where time is looked upon differently may find this matter of pace to be one of their most difficult adjustments in both business and daily life.Many newcomers to the States will miss the opening courtesies of a business call, for example.They will miss the ritual socializing that goes with a welcoming cup of tea or coffee that may be traditional in their own country.They may miss leisurely business chats in a cafe or coffee house.Normally, Americans do not assess their visitors in such relaxed surroundings over prolonged small talk;much less do they take them out for dinner, or around on the golf course while they develop a sense of trust and rapport.Rapport to most of us is less important than performance.We seek out evidence of past performance rather than evaluate a business colleague through social courtesies.Since we generally assess and probe professionally rather than socially, we start talking business very quickly.Most Americans live according to time segments laid out in engagement calendars.These calendars may be divided into intervals as short as fifteen minutes.We often give a person two or three(or more)segments of our calendar, but in the business world we almost always have other appointments following hard on the heels of whatever we are doing.Time is therefore always ticking in our inner ear.8 As a result we work hard at the task of saving time.We produce a steady flow of labor-saving devices;we communicate rapidly through telexes, phone calls or memos rather than through personal contacts, which though pleasant, take longer — especially given our traffic-filled streets.We therefore save most personal visiting for after work hours or for social weekend gatherings.To us the impersonality of electronic communication has little or no relation to the importance of the matter at hand.In some countries no major business is carried on without eye contact, requiring face-to-face conversation.In America, too, a final agreement will normally be signed in person.However, people are meeting increasingly on television screens, conducting “teleconferences” to settle problems not only in this country but also — by satellite — internationally.An increasingly high percentage of normal business is being done these days by voice or electronic device.Mail is slow and uncertain and is growing ever more expensive.The U.S.is definitely a telephone country.Almost everyone uses the telephone to conduct business, to chat with friends, to make or break social engagements, to say their “Thank you's,” to shop and to obtain all kinds of information.Telephones save your feet and endless amounts of time.This is due partly to the fact that the telephone service is good here, whereas the postal service is less efficient.Furthermore, the costs of secretarial labor, printing, and stamps are all soaring.The telephone is quick.We like it.We can do our business and get an answer in a matter of moments.Furthermore, several people can confer together without moving from their desks, even in widely scattered locations.In a big country that, too, is important.Some new arrivals will come from cultures where it is considered impolite to work too quickly.Unless a certain amount of time is allowed to elapse, it seems in their eyes as if the task being considered were insignificant, not worthy of proper respect.Assignments are thus felt to be given added weight by the passage of time.In the U.S., however, it is taken as a sign of competence to solve a problem, or fulfill a job successfully, with rapidity.Usually, the more important a task is, the more capital, energy, and attention will be poured into it in order to “get it moving.” Lesson Four

“Take Over, Bos'n!” Oscar Schisgall

一艘失事船只的10名幸存水手在救生艇上漂流了20天，水手們干渴難忍，三副因不許他們碰艇上最后一小壺淡水，成了眾矢之的，尤其是副水手長(zhǎng)，對(duì)他是更是恨之入骨。為了保住那壺水，3天來(lái)，他沒(méi)有合眼，一直把槍口對(duì)準(zhǔn)了其他水手，不許他們輕舉妄動(dòng)。他明白，那點(diǎn)水是10個(gè)人活下去的動(dòng)力。他疲乏至極，就在他倒下之際，他低聲說(shuō)：“水手長(zhǎng)，接過(guò)去!”后來(lái)??

Hour after hour I kept the gun pointed at the other nine men.From the lifeboat's stern, where I'd sat most of the twenty days of our drifting, I could keep them all covered.If I had to shoot at such close quarters, I wouldn't miss.They

realized that.Nobody jumped at me.But in the way they all glared I could see how they'd come to hate my guts.Especially Barrett, who'd been bos'n's mate;Barrett said in his harsh, cracked voice, “You're a fool, Snyder.Y-you can't hold out forever!You're half asleep now!” I didn't answer.He was right.How long can a man stay awake? I hadn't dared to shut my eyes in maybe seventy-two hours.Very soon now I'd doze off, and the instant that happened they'd jump on the little water that was left.4 The last canteen lay under my legs.There wasn't much in it after twenty days.Maybe a pint.Enough to give each of them a few drops.Yet I could see in their bloodshot eyes that they'd gladly kill me for those few drops.As a man I didn't count any more.I was no longer third officer of the wrecked Montala.I was just a gun that kept them away from the water they craved.And with their tongue swollen and their cheeks sunken, they were half crazy.The way I judged it, we must be some two hundred miles east of Ascension.Now that the storms were over, the Atlantic swells were long and easy, and the morning sun was hot — so hot it scorched your skin.My own tongue was thick enough to stop my throat.I'd have given the rest of my life for a single gulp of water.But I was the man with the gun — the only authority in the boat — and I knew this: once the water was gone we'd have nothing to look forward to but death.As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for.We had to make it last as long as possible.If I'd given in to the curses, we'd have emptied the last canteen days ago.By now we'd all be dead.The men weren't pulling on the oars.They'd stopped that long ago, too weak to go on.The nine of them facing me were a pack of bearded, ragged, half-naked animals, and I probably looked as bad as the rest.Some sprawled over the gunwales, dozing.The rest watched me as Barrett did, ready to spring the instant I relaxed.8 When they weren't looking at my face they looked at the canteen under my legs.Jeff Barrett was the nearest one.A constant threat.The bos'n's mate was a heavy man, bald, with a scarred and brutal face.He'd been in a hundred fights, and they'd left their marks on him.Barrett had been able to sleep — in fact, he'd slept through most of the night — and I envied him that.His eyes wouldn't close.They kept watching me, narrow and dangerous.Every now and then he jeered at me in that hoarse, broken voice: “Why don't you quit? You can't hold out!” “Tonight,” I said.“We'll ration the rest of the water tonight.” “By tonight some of us'll be dead!We want it now!” “Tonight,” I said.Couldn't he understand that if we waited until night the few drops wouldn't be sweated out of us so fast? But Barrett was beyond all reasoning.His mind had already cracked with thirst.I saw him begin to rise, a calculating look in his eyes.I aimed the gun at his chest — and he sat down again.I'd grabbed my gun on instinct, twenty days ago, just before running for the lifeboat.Nothing else would have kept Barrett and the rest away from the water.These fools — couldn't they see I wanted a drink as badly as any of them? But I was in command here — that was the difference.I was the man with the gun, the man who had to think.Each of the others could afford to think only of himself;I had to think of them all.Barrett's eyes kept watching me, waiting.I hated him.I hated him all the more because he'd slept.As the boat rose and fell on the long swells, I could feel sleep creeping over me like paralysis.I bent my head.It filled my brain like a cloud.I was going, going...Barrett stood over me, and I couldn't even lift the gun.In a vague way I could guess what would happen.He'd grab the water first and take his drop.By that time the others would be screaming and tearing at him, and he'd have to yield the canteen.Well, there was nothing more I could do about it.21 I whispered, “Take over, bos'n.” Then I fell face down in the bottom of the boat.I was asleep before I stopped moving...When a hand shook my shoulder, I could hardly raise my head.Jeff Barrett's hoarse voice said, “Here!Take your share o' the water!” Somehow I propped myself up on my arms, dizzy and weak.I looked at the men, and I thought my eyes were going.Their figures were dim, shadowy;but then I realized it wasn't because of my eyes.It was night.The sea was black;there were stars overhead.I'd slept the day away.So we were in our twenty-first night adrift — the night in which the tramp Croton finally picked us up — but now, as I turned my head to Barrett there was no sign of any ship.He knelt beside me, holding out the canteen, his other hand with the gun steady on the men.I stared at the canteen as if it were a mirage.Hadn't they finished that pint of water this morning? When I looked up at Barrett's ugly face, it was grim.He must have guessed my thoughts.“You said,‘Take over, bos'n, ' didn't you?” he growled.“I've been holding off these apes all day.” He lifted the gun in his hand.“When you're boss-man,” he added, “in command and responsible for the rest — you — you sure get to see things different, don't you?”

Lesson Five

Are you Giving Your Kids Too Much? benjamin Spock

天下的父母哪個(gè)不疼愛(ài)自己的孩子？天下的父母又有哪個(gè)不望子成龍、盼女成鳳？一個(gè)普遍存在的錯(cuò)誤觀念是：給孩子的越多，越能體現(xiàn)對(duì)孩子的愛(ài)；相當(dāng)多的家長(zhǎng)對(duì)孩子的物質(zhì)要求不愿說(shuō)“不”。殊不知孩子最需要的是父母對(duì)他們的關(guān)心和愛(ài)護(hù)，無(wú)節(jié)制地滿(mǎn)足孩子的物質(zhì)愿望不利于他們的健康成長(zhǎng)，也不是他們的愿望。有時(shí)孩子的哭鬧僅僅是發(fā)出信號(hào)，請(qǐng)求家長(zhǎng)規(guī)定界限。家長(zhǎng)應(yīng)該讓孩子從小就學(xué)習(xí)如何面對(duì)回絕、挫折和失敗。

 1 While traveling for various speaking engagements, I frequently stay overnight in the home of a family and am assigned to one of the children's bedrooms.In it, I often find so many playthings that there's almost no roomfor example, when parents send a child to an expensive summer camp that the parents can't really afford.Why parents give their children too much, or give things they can't afford? I believe there are several reasons.One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their children out of a sense of guilt.Parents who both hold down full-time jobs may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to compensate by showering them with material possessions.Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up, along with those things the parents yearned for but didn't get.Still others are afraid to say no to their children's endless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if they don't have the same playthings their friends have.7 Overindulgence of a child also happens when parents are unable to stand up to their children's unreasonable demands.Such parents vacillate between saying no and giving inexcept perhaps as a birthday or holiday gifteven if it means saying no to a requestthe crisis stageat least they should do so.“ However, after he got to know Hughie better, he liked him quite as much for his bright, cheerful spirits, and his generous, careless nature, and had asked him to come to his studio whenever he liked.When Hughie came in he found Trevor putting the finishing touches to a wonderful life-size picture of a beggar-man.The beggar himself was standing on a raised platform in a corner of the room.He was a wizened old man with a wrinkled face and a sad expression.Over his shoulder was thrown a rough brown coat, all torn and full of holes;his thick boots were old and patched;and with one hand he leant on a rough stick, while with the other he held out his battered hat for money.6 ”What an amazing model!“ whispered Hughie, as he shook hands with his friend.”An amazing model?“ shouted Trevor at the top of his voice;”I should think so!Such beggars are not met with every day.Good heavens!What a picture Rembrandt would have made of him!“ ”P(pán)oor old fellow!“ said Hughie, ”How miserable he looks!But I suppose, to you painters, his face is valuable.“ ”Certainly,“ replied Trevor, ”you don't want a beggar to look happy, do you?“ ”How much does a model get for sitting?“ asked Hughie, as he found himself a comfortable seat.11 ”A shilling an hour.“ ”And how much do you get for your picture, Alan?“ ”O(jiān)h, for this I get two thousand.“ ”P(pán)ounds?“ ”Guineas.Painters, poets, and doctors always get guineas.“ ”Well, I think the model should have a percentage,“ cried Hughie, laughing;”they work quite as hard as you do.“

”Nonsense, nonsense!Why, look at the trouble of laying on the paint alone, and standing all day in front of the picture!It's easy, Hughie, for you to talk, but I tell you that there are moments when art almost reaches the importance of manual work.But you mustn't talk;I'm very busy.Smoke a cigarette, and keep quiet.“ After some time the servant came in, and told Trevor that the frame-maker wanted to speak to him.19 ”Don't run away, Hughie,“ he said, as he went out, ”I will be back in a moment.“ The old beggar-man took advantage of Trevor's absence to rest for a moment on a wooden seat that was behind him.He looked so miserable that Hughie pitied him, and felt in his pockets to see what money he had.All he could find was a pound and some pennies.”P(pán)oor old fellow,“ he thought to himself, ”he wants it more than I do, but I shan't have much money myself for a week or two“;and he walked across the studio and slipped the pound into the beggar's hand.The old man startled, and a faint smile passed across his lips.”Thank you, sir,“ he said, ”thank you.“ Then Trevor arrived, and Hughie left, blushing a little at what he had done.He spent the day with Laura, was charmingly blamed for giving away a pound, and had to walk home.Lesson Eight

The Model Millionaire(II) Oscar Wilde

當(dāng)休吉得知那老乞丐原來(lái)是歐洲少有的巨富，十分懊喪；聽(tīng)說(shuō)朋友把自己為婚事發(fā)愁的隱私也告訴了那老頭，性格隨和的他也動(dòng)怒了。次日，富翁派人來(lái)訪，休吉斷定他是代表主人來(lái)向他討個(gè)歉意；沒(méi)想到老頭解決了他的燃眉之急??That night Hughie went to a club about eleven o'clock, and found Trevor sitting by himself in the smoking room drinking.”Well, Alan, did you finish the picture all right?“ he said, as he lit his cigarette.”Finished and framed, my boy!“ answered Trevor;”and, by the way, that old model you saw has become very fond of you.I had to tell him all about youdo you think he would care for any of them? Why, his rags were falling to bits.“ ”But he looks splendid in them,“ said Trevor.”I should never want to paint him in a frock coat for anything.What you call rags I call romance.What seems poverty to you is charm to me.However, I'll tell him of your offer.“"Alan,” said Hughie seriously, “you painters are a heartless lot.” “An artist's heart is his head,” replied Trevor;“and besides, our business is to show the world as we see it, not to make it better.And now tell me how Laura is.The old model was quite interested in her.”

“You don't mean to say you talked to him about her?” said Hughie.“Certainly I did.He knows all about the cruel father, the lovely Laura, and the ten thousand pounds.” “You told the old beggar all about my private affairs.?” cried Hughie, looking very red and angry.“My dear boy,” said Trevor, smiling, “that old beggar, as you call him, is one of the richest men in Europe.He could buy all London tomorrow.He has a house in every capital, has his dinner off gold plate, and can prevent Russia going to war when he wishes.” “What on earth do you mean?” cried Hughie.“What I say,” said Trevor.“the old man you saw today in the studio was Baron Hausberg.He is a great friend of mine, buys all my pictures and that sort of thing, and gave me a commission a month ago to paint him as a beggar.What do you expect? It is the whim of a millionaire.You know these rich men.And I must say he looked fine in his rags, or perhaps I should say in my rags;they are an old suit I got in Spain.” “Baron Hausberg！” cried Hughie.“Good heavens!I gave him a pound!” and he sank into an arm-chair the picture of dismay.“Gave him a pound!” shouted Trevor and he burst into a roar of laughter.“My dear boy, you'll never see it again.His business is with other men's money.” “I think you ought to have told me, Alan,” said Hughie in a bad temper, “and not have let me make such a fool of myself.” “Well, to begin with, Hughie,” said Trevor, “It never entered my mind that you went about giving money away in that careless manner.I can understand your kissing a pretty model, but your giving money to an ugly one-, no!Besides, when you came in I didn't know whether Hausberg would like his name mentioned.You know he wasn't in full dress!”

“How stupid he must think me!” said Hughie.“Not at all.He was in the highest spirits after you left;kept laughing to himself and rubbing his old wrinkled hands together.I couldn't understand why he was so interested to know all about you;but I see it all now.He'll invest your pound for you, Hughie, pay you the interest every six months, and have a wonderful story to tell after dinner.” “I'm an unlucky devil,” said Hughie.“The best thing I can do is to go to bed;and, my dear Alan, you mustn't tell anyone.I shouldn't dare to show my face if people knew.” “Nonsense!It shows your kindness of spirit, Hughie.And don't run away.Have another cigarette, and you can talk about Laura as much as you like.” However, Hughie wouldn't stay, but walked home, feeling very unhappy, and leaving Alan Trevor helpless with laughter.The next morning, as he was at breakfast, the servant brought him a card on which was written, “Monsieur Gustave Naudin, for M.le Baron Hausberg.” “I suppose he has come for an apology,”said Hughie to himself;and he told the servant to bring the visitor in.An old gentleman with gold glasses and grey hair came into the room and said, in a slight French accent, “Have I the honour of speaking to Monsieur Erskine?” Hughie bowed.“I have come from Baron Hausberg,” he continued.“The Baron-” he continued.“The Baron-” “I beg, sir, that you will offer him my sincerest apologies,”stammered Hughie.“The Baron,” said the old gentleman with a smile, “has commissioned me to bring you this letter”;and he held out a sealed envelope.On the outside was written, “A wedding present to Hugh Erskine and Laura Merton, from an old beggar,” and inside was a cheque for ten thousand pounds.When they were married Alan Trevor was the best man, and the Baron made a speech at the wedding breakfast.31 “Millionaire models,” remarked Alan, “are rare enough;but model millionaires are rarer still!” Lesson Nine

Only Three More Days William L.Shirer

第二次世界大戰(zhàn)結(jié)束已經(jīng)五十多年，但是這場(chǎng)人類(lèi)有史以來(lái)最大的災(zāi)難，至今仍然給人們留下許多值得反思的問(wèn)題，仍然是影視、文學(xué)、藝術(shù)作品熱衷于挖掘的題材。經(jīng)受了這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的人不會(huì)忘記那個(gè)年代，也希望今天的年輕人牢記這場(chǎng)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)給人們的教訓(xùn)，不讓歷史重演。從這個(gè)意義上來(lái)說(shuō)，60年代出版并風(fēng)靡世界的《第三帝國(guó)的興亡》的作者如何在納粹分子鼻子底下攜帶大量珍貴資料大模大樣登上德國(guó)航空公司的班機(jī)逃離柏林的故事，仍然具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義。My Berlin diary for December 2 was limited to four words.“Only three more days!” Next day, December 3: “...The Foreign Office still holding up my passport and exit visa, which worries me.Did my

last broadcast from Berlin tonight.” “Berlin, December 4: Got my passport and official permission to leave tomorrow.Nothing to do now but pack.” There was one other thing to do.For weeks I had thought over how to get my diaries safely out of Berlin.At some moments I had thought I ought to destroy them before leaving.There was enough in them to get me hangedby the Gestapo.“ I felt grateful that there were at least a half-dozen seals.The two officials talked in whispers for a moment.”Where were those bags sealed?“ one of them snapped.”At Gestapo Headquarters,“ I said.This information impressed them.But still they seemed suspicious.”Just a minute,“ one said.His colleague picked up the phone at a table behind them.Obviously he was checking.The man hung up, walked over to me, and without a word chalked the two suitcases.I was free at last to get to the ticket counter to check my luggage.”Where to?“ a Lufthansa man asked.”Lisbon,“ I said.31 The thought of the German airline delivering my diaries to me safely in Portugal, beyond the reach of the last German official who could seize them, extremely pleased me.32 The airport tower kept postponing the departure of our plane.I went to the restaurant and had a second breakfast.I really was not hungry.But I had to do something to relieve the tension.I started to glance at the morning papers I had bought automatically on arriving at the airport.33 ”I don't have to read any of this trash anymore!“ I thought.34 Before the end of this day, when we would arrive in Barcelona, I wouldn't have to put up with anything anymore in the great Third Reich.The sense of relief I felt was tremendous.I had only to hold out this one more day, and the whole nightmare for me would be over, though it would go on and on for millions of others.35 We had survived the Nazi horror and its mindless suppression of the human spirit.But many others, I felt sadly, had not survived-the Jews above all, but also the Czechs and now the Poles.Even for the great mass of Germans who supported Hitler, I felt a sort of sorrow.They did not seem to realize what the poison of Nazism was doing to them.Lesson Ten

The Washwoman I.B.Singer

一個(gè)年近八旬、瘦小的老婦人，不愿增加兒子和社會(huì)的負(fù)擔(dān)，一不乞討，二不進(jìn)孤老院，頑強(qiáng)地靠為他人洗衣維持生活。經(jīng)她洗熨過(guò)的衣物又干凈又平整；一旦收了活兒，即使是大病一場(chǎng)她也要完成自己的職責(zé)，冒著大雪嚴(yán)寒也要讓洗熨好的衣物盡快物歸原主。這個(gè)盡職的洗衣婦體現(xiàn)了人類(lèi)的優(yōu)秀的品質(zhì)，她那衰弱的身軀體現(xiàn)了人類(lèi)堅(jiān)韌不拔的意志，她那粗糙的雙手創(chuàng)造出了光輝燦爛的人類(lèi)文明。有誰(shuí)比她更平凡？但有誰(shuí)比她更崇高？Our home had little contact with Gentiles.But there were the Gentile washwomen who came to the house to fetch our laundry.My story is about one of these.She was a small woman, old and wrinkled.When she started washing for us, she was already past seventy.Most Jewish women of her age were sickly, weak, broken in body.But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors.Mother would count out to her a bag of laundry that had accumulated over several weeks.She would lift the heavy bag, load it on her narrow shoulders, and carry it the long way home.It must have been a walk of an hour and a half.She would bring the laundry back about two weeks later.My mother had never been so pleased with any washwoman.Every piece of laundry was as clean as polished silver.Every piece was neatly ironed.Yet she charged no more than the others.She was a real find.Mother always had her money ready, because it was too far for the old woman to come a second time.Washing clothes was not easy in those days.The old woman had no tap where she lived, but had to bring in the water from a pump.For the clothes and bedclothes to come out so clean, they had to be scrubbed thoroughly in a washtub, rinsed with washing soda, soaked, boiled in an enormous pot, starched, then ironed.Every piece was handled ten times or more.And the drying!It had to be hung in the attic.She could have begged at the church door or entered a home for the poor and aged.But there was in her a certain pride and love of labor with which many Gentiles have been blessed.The old woman did not want to become a burden, and so bore her burden.The woman had a son who was rich.I no longer remember what sort of business he had.He was ashamed of his mother, the washwoman, and never came to see her.Nor did he ever give her any money.The old woman told this without bitterness.One day the son was married.It seemed that he had made a good match.The wedding took place in a church.The son had not invited the old mother to his wedding, but she went to the church and waited at the steps to see her son lead the ”young lady“ to the altar...The story of the faithless son left a deep impression on my mother.She talked about it for weeks and months.It was an insult not only to the old woman but to all mothers.Mother would argue,”Does it pay to make sacrifices for children? The mother uses up her last strength, and he does not even know the meaning of loyalty.“ That winter was a harsh one.The streets were icy.No matter how much we heated our stove, the windows were covered with frost.The newspapers reported that people were dying of the cold.Coal became dear.The winter had become so severe that parents stopped sending children to school.On one such day the washwoman, now nearly eighty years old, came to our house.A good deal of laundry had accumulated during the past weeks.Mother gave her a pot of tea to warm herself, as well as some bread.The old woman sat on a kitchen chair trembling and shaking, and warmed her hands against the teapot.Her fingers were rough from work, and perhaps from arthritis, too.Her fingernails were strangely white.These hands spoke of stubbornness of mankind, of the will to work not only as one's strength permits but beyond the limits of one's power.The bag was big, bigger than usual.When the woman placed it on her shoulders, it covered her completely.At first she stayed, as though she were about to fall under the load.But an inner stubbornness seemed to call out: No, you may not fall.A donkey may permit himself to fall under his burden, but not a human being, the best of creation.11 She disappeared, and mother sighed and prayed for her.12 More than two months passed.The frost had gone, and then a new frost had come, a new wave of cold.One evening, while Mother was sitting near the oil lamp mending a shirt, the door opened and a small puff of steam, followed by a gigantic bag, entered the room.I ran toward the old woman and helped her unload her bag.She was even thinner now, more bent.Her head shook from side to side as though she were saying no.She could not utter a clear word, but mumbled something with her sunken mouth and pale lips.After the old woman had recovered somewhat, she told us that she had been ill.Just what her illness was, I cannot remember.She had been so sick that someone called a doctor, and the doctor had sent for a priest.Someone had informed the son, and he had contributed money for a coffin and for the funeral.But God had not yet wanted to take this soul full of pain to Himself.She began to feel better, she became well, and as soon as she was able to stand on her feet once more, she began her washing.Not just ours, hut the wash of several other families, too.”I could not rest easy in my bed because of the wash,“ the old woman explained.”The wash would not let me die.“ ”With the help of God you will live to be a hundred and twenty,“said my mother, as a blessing.”God forbid!What good would such a long life be? The work becomes harder and harder...my strength is leaving me...I do not want to be a burden on anyone!“ The old woman crossed herself, and raised her eyes toward heaven.17 Fortunately there was some money in the house and Mother counted out what she owed.Then she left, promising to return in a few weeks for a new load.But she never came back.The wash she had returned was her last effort on this earth.She had been driven by an indomitable will to return the property to its rightful owners, to fulfill the task she had undertaken.And now at last her body, which had long been supported only by the force of honesty and duty, had fallen.Her soul passed into those spheres where all holy souls meet, regardless of the roles they played on this earth, in whatever tongue, of whatever religion.I cannot imagine paradise without this Gentile washwoman.I cannot even imagine a world where there is no reward for such effort.Lesson Eleven

How I Served My Apprenticeship  Andrew Carnegie

人類(lèi)進(jìn)入新的千年之際，越來(lái)越多的青少年享受著父輩們創(chuàng)造的物質(zhì)文明的成果，從小生活在“刻罐”里，不知道什么叫“匱乏”，不曉得何謂“貧困”，更不了解從小就要干活、幫助父母養(yǎng)家糊口的艱辛。與此同時(shí)，人類(lèi)尚

未消滅貧困，世界上還有窮人，在窮困生活中掙扎的青少年還大有人在。一個(gè)青少年時(shí)期經(jīng)歷一段艱苦的生活未必是件壞事。俗話(huà)說(shuō)窮則思變，窮能使人發(fā)奮圖強(qiáng)。一位少年時(shí)期有過(guò)一段貧困生活經(jīng)歷的大富翁如是說(shuō)?? It is a great pleasure to tell how I served my apprenticeship as a businessman.But there seems to be a question preceding this: Why did I become a businessman? I am sure that I should never have selected a business career if I had been permitted to choose.The eldest son of parents who were themselves poor, I had, fortunately, to begin to perform some useful work in the world while still very young in order to earn an living and therefore came to understand even in early boyhood that my duty was to assist my parents and become, as soon as possible, a breadwinner in the family.What I could get to do, not what I desired, was the question.When I was born my father was a well-to-do master weaver in Scotland.This was the days before the steam engines.He owned no fewer than four handlooms and employed apprentices.He wove cloth for a merchant who supplied the material.When the steam engine came, handloom weaving naturally declined.The first serious lesson of my life came to me one day when I was just about ten years old.My father took the last of his work to the merchant, and returned home greatly distressed because there was no more work for him to do.I resolved then that the wolf of poverty should be driven from our door some day.The question of starting for the United States was discussed from day to day in the family council.It was finally resolved that we would join relatives already in Pittsburgh.I well remember that both father and mother thought the decision was a great sacrifice for them, but that ”it would be better for the two boys.“ On arriving, my father entered a cotton factory.I soon followed, and served as a ”bobbin-boy,“ and that was how I began my preparation for subsequent apprenticeship as a businessman.I cannot tell you how proud I was when I received my first week's earnings — one dollar and twenty cents.It was given to me because I had been of some use in the world!And I became a contributing member of my family!I think this makes a man out of a boy sooner than almost anything else.It is everything to feel that you are useful.I have had to deal with great sums.Many millions of dollars have since passed through my hands.But the genuine satisfaction I had from that one dollar and twenty cents outweighs any subsequent pleasure in money making.It was the direct reward of honest, manual labor;it represented a week of very hard work — so hard that it might have been described as slavery if it hadn't been for its aim and end.It was a terrible task for a lad of twelve to rise every morning, except Sunday, go to the factory while it was still dark, and not be released until after darkness came again in the evening, forty minutes' break only being allowed at noon.But I was young and had my dreams, and something within always told me that this would not, could not, should not lastwithout interference by one of the drops in that stream-man.”

Silent Springthe sea.However, because she was a true scientist and an aware human being, she knew that everything on this planet is connected to everything else.Thus, she became increasingly alarmed by the development and use of DDT and other pesticides of its type.These chemicals, she knew, do not break down in the soil.Instead, they tend to be endlessly recycled in the food chains on which birds and animals and man himself are completely dependent.The Poisonous Cycle.One might guess that at this time Carson the reader might have reminded Carson the scientist of some passages in Shakespeare's most famous play.Prince Hamlet used revoltingly grisly images in vicious baiting of his hated uncle when he told him that in nature's food chain, the worm is king.We fatten other creatures so that they can feed us, and we fatten ourselves to ultimately feed maggots.The worms eat the king and the beggar alike;they are simply two dishes but the same meal for the worm.The worm that has eaten the king may be used by a man(who could be a beggar)for fishing, and he, in turn, eats the fish that ate the worm.In this way, a king can pass through the guts of a beggar.Rachel Carson knew of this poisonous cycle.And she knew now, as her own observations were confirmed by fellow scientists all over the country, that this “worm” now carried a heavy concentration of poison.It could be passed on to fish, to other animals, to their food supply, and to men and women and children throughout the earth.In spite of fierce opposition from the chemical industry, from powerful government agencies, and from farmer organizations, she persisted in her research and writing.Then in 1962 she published Silent Spring.The book exploded into the public consciousness.It received great praise from some, great criticism from others.The little girl from the Pennsylvania woods, now approaching middle age, had fired a major salvo in the battle for the environment.Lesson Thirteen

Who Shall Dwell? H.C.Neal

這是一個(gè)虛構(gòu)的故事，因?yàn)槌嗣绹?guó)于1945年8月在日本廣島和長(zhǎng)崎投下了兩枚原子彈之外，還沒(méi)有任何核大國(guó)使用過(guò)這種大規(guī)模的殺傷武器。

但是故事提出的問(wèn)題卻具有現(xiàn)實(shí)意義，尤其是在冷戰(zhàn)時(shí)期，兩個(gè)超級(jí)大國(guó)的核軍備競(jìng)賽使西方不少作家、文人探索人類(lèi)如何面對(duì)可能會(huì)發(fā)生的核攻擊，使自己所創(chuàng)造的物質(zhì)和精神財(cái)富得以繼承。

故事也提出了一個(gè)與核戰(zhàn)無(wú)關(guān)但更為現(xiàn)實(shí)的問(wèn)題：在危難之際，生的機(jī)會(huì)應(yīng)該給誰(shuí)?故事中這對(duì)夫婦的最后決定，令人看到了普通勞動(dòng)人民的美德和人類(lèi)的希望。It came on a Sunday afternoon.They had prayed that it would never come, ever, but suddenly here it was.The father was resting on a couch and half-listening to some music on the radio.Mother was in the kitchen preparing dinner and the younger boy and girl were in the bedroom drawing pictures.The older boy was working in the shed out back.3 Suddenly the music was cut off.Then, the announcer almost shouted: “Bomb alert!Attention!A number of missiles have just been launched across the sea, heading this way.They are expected to strike within the next sixteen minutes.This is a verified alert!Take cover!Keep your radios tuned for further instructions.” “My God!” the father gasped.His face was ashen, puzzled, as though he knew that this was real — but still could not quite believe it.“Get the children,” his wife blurted, then dashed to the door to call the older boy.He stared at her a brief moment, seeing the fear in her face, but also a loathing for all men involved in the making and dispatch of nuclear weapons.The father jumped to his feet, and ran to the bedroom.“Let's go,” he snapped, “shelter drill!” Although they had had many rehearsals, his voice and bearing sent the youngsters dashing for the door without a word.He hustled them through the kitchen to the rear door and sent them to the shelter.As he returned to the bedroom, the older boy came running in.“This is the hot one, son,” said his father tersely, “the real one.” He and the boy stared at each other a long moment, both knowing what must be done and each knowing the other would more than do his share, yet wondering still at the frightening fact that it must be done at all.10 “How much time have we got, dad?” “Not long,” the father replied, glancing at his watch, “twelve, maybe fourteen minutes.” The boy left.The father stepped to the closet, slid the door open and picked up the metal box containing their important papers.He then picked up the big family Bible from the headboard on the bed.Everything else they would need had been stored in the shelter the past several months.He heard his wife approaching and turned as she entered the room.13 “Ready, dear?” she asked.“Yes,” he replied, “are the kids gone in?” “They're all down,” she answered, “I still can't believe it's real.” “We've got to believe it,” he said, looking at her steadily in the eye, “ we can't afford not to.” Outside, the day was crisp and clear, typical of early fall.He looked at his watch again.Four minutes had elapsed since the first alarm.Twelve minutes, more or less, remained.Inside the shelter, he latched the door, and looked around to see that his family was squared away.Now it began.The waiting.The man and his wife knew that others would come soon, begging and crying to be taken in now that the time was here.They had argued about this when the shelter was being built.It was in her mind to share their refuge.“We can't call ourselves Christians and then deny safety to our friends when the showdown comes,” she contended, “that isn't what God teaches.” “That's nothing but religious pap,” he retorted with a degree of anger.“God created the family as the basic unit of society,” he reasoned.“That should make it plain that a man's primary Christian duty is to protect his family.” “But don't you see?” she protested, “We must prepare to purify ourselves...to rise above this ‘ mine' thinking and be as God's own son, who said, ‘love thy neighbor.'” “No,” he replied, “I can't buy that.” Then, after a moment's thought, “It is my family I must save, no one more.You.These kids.Our friends are like the people of Noah's time: he warned them of the coming flood when he built the ark on God's command.He was ridiculed and scoffed at, just as we have been ridiculed.No,”and here his voice took on a new sad sureness, “it is meant that if they don't prepare, they die.I see no need for further argument.”

With seven minutes left, the first knock rang the shelter door.“Let us in!For God's sake.” He recognized the voice.It was his first neighbor toward town.“No!” shouted the father, “There is only room for us.Go!” Again came the pounding.Louder.More urgent.“You let us in or we'll break down this door!” He wondered if they were actually getting a ram of some sort to batter at the door.He was reasonably certain it would hold.The seconds ticked relentlessly away.Four minutes left.His wife stared at the door and moaned slightly.“Steady, girl,”he said, evenly.The children looked at him, frightened, puzzled.He glared at his watch, ran his hands through his hair, and said nothing.31 Three minutes left.32 At that moment, a woman cried from the outside, “If you won't let me in, please take my baby, my little girl.”

He was stunned by her plea.What must I do? He asked himself in sheer agony.What man on earth could deny a child the chance to live?

At that point, his wife rose, and stepped to the door.Before he could move to stop her, she let down the latch and dashed outside.Instantly a three-year-old girl was thrust into the shelter.He hastily fought the door latch on again, then stared at the frightened little newcomer in anger, hating her for simply being there in his wife's place and knowing he could not turn her out.35 He sat down heavily, trying desperately to think.The voices outside grew louder.He glanced at his watch, looked at the faces of his own children a long moment, then rose to his feet.There were two minutes left, and he made his decision.He marveled now that he had even considered any other choice.36 “Son,” he said to the older boy, “you take care of them.” It was as simple as that.37 Unlatching the door, he thrust it open and stepped out.The crowd surged toward him.Blocking the door with his body, he snatched up the two children nearest him, and shoved them into the shelter.“Bar that door,” he shouted to his son, “and don't open it for at least a week!”

Hearing the latch drop into place, he turned and glanced around at the faces in the crowd.Some of them were still babbling incoherently, utterly panic-stricken.Others were quiet now, no longer afraid.39 Stepping to his wife's side, he took her hand and spoke in a warm, low tone.“They will be all right, the boy will lead them.”He grinned reassuringly and added, “We should be together, you and Ⅰ．”

She smiled wordlessly through her tears and squeezed his hand, exchanging with him in the one brief gesture a lifetime and more of devotion.41 Then struck the first bomb, blinding them, burning them, blasting them into eternity.Lesson Fourteen

Cipher in the Snow Jean E.Mizer

一個(gè)母親再嫁，與繼父一起生活，沒(méi)有家庭溫暖的少年，在學(xué)校里成績(jī)不好，沉默寡言，默默無(wú)聞，極少參加學(xué)校活動(dòng)。在一個(gè)寒冷的早晨，上學(xué)的路上，他突然倒了下去，死于“心力衰竭”。一位老師進(jìn)行了家訪，閱讀了他的全部檔案之后，發(fā)出了憤怒的呼聲：“是學(xué)校的‘教育’扼殺了他的信心，‘教育’對(duì)他的早逝有不可推卸的責(zé)任。這是為什么 ? ”

It started on a biting cold February morning.I was driving behind the Milford Corners bus as I did most snowy mornings on my way to school.It stopped short at a hotel, and I was annoyed, as I had to come to an unexpected stop.A boy staggered out of the bus, stumbled, and collapsed on the snowbank at the curb.The bus driver and I reached him at the same moment.His thin, hollow face was white even against the snow.2 “ He's dead, ” the driver whispered.3 I glanced quickly at the scared young faces staring down at us from the school bus.“ A doctor!Quick!”

“ No use.I tell you he's dead.” The driver looked down at the boy's still body.“ He never even said he felt bad, ” he muttered, “ just tapped me on the shoulder and said, quietly, I'm sorry.I have to get off at the hotel.' That's all.Polite and apologizing.”

At school, the giggling morning noise quieted as the news went down the halls.I passed a group of girls.“ Who was it? Who dropped dead on the way to school? ” I heard one of them half-whisper.“ Don't know his name;some kid from Milford Corners ” was the reply.7 It was like that in the faculty room and the principal's office.“ I'd appreciate your going out to tell the parents, ” the principal told me.“ They haven't a phone and, anyway, somebody from school should go there in person.I'll cover your classes.”

“ Why me? ” I asked.“ Wouldn't it be better if you did it? ”

“ I didn't know the boy, ” the principal admitted.“ And in last year's sophomore personalities column I note that you were listed as his favorite teacher.”

I drove through the snow and cold down the bad road to the Evans place and thought about the boy, Cliff Evans.His favorite teacher!I could see him in my mind's eye all right, sitting back there in the last seat in my afternoon literature class.He came in the room by himself and left by himself.“ Cliff Evans, ” I muttered to myself, “ a boy who never talked, a boy who never smiled.”

The big ranch kitchen was clean and warm.I blurted out the news somehow.Mrs.Evans reached blindly toward a chair.“ He never said anything about being ill.”

His stepfather said impatiently, “ He has said nothing about anything since I moved in here.”

Mrs.Evans pushed a pan to the back of the stove and began to untie her apron.“ Now hold on, ” her husband said angrily.“ I've got to have breakfast before I go to town.Nothing we can do now anyway.If Cliff hadn't been so dumb, he'd have told us he didn't feel well.”

After school I sat in the office and stared at the records spread out before me.I was to close the file and write the obituary for the school paper.The almost bare sheets in the file mocked the effort.Cliff Evans, white, never legally adopted by stepfather, five young half brothers and sisters.These bits of information and the list of D grades were all the records had to offer.15 Cliff Evans had silently come in the school door in the mornings and gone out the school door in the evenings, and that was all.He had never belonged to a club.He had never played on a team.He had never held an office.As far as I could tell, he had never done one happy, noisy kid thing.He had never been anybody at all.16 How do you go about making a boy into a zero? The grade school records showed me.The first and second grade teachers' notes read “ sweet, shy child ”;“ timid but eager.” Then the third grade note had opened the attack.Some teacher had written in a good, firm hand, “ Cliff won't talk.Uncooperative.Slow learner.” The other academic sheep had followed with “ dull ”;“ slow-witted ”;“ low I.Q.” They became correct.The boy's I.Q.score in the ninth grade was listed at 83.But his I.Q.in the third grade had been 106.The score didn't go under 100 until the seventh grade.Even shy, timid, sweet children have resilience.It takes time to break them.17 I went angrily to the typewriter and wrote a savage report pointing out what education had done to Cliff Evans.I slapped a copy on the principal's desk and another in the sad file.I banged the typewriter and slammed the file and crashed the door shut, but didn't feel much better.A little boy kept walking after me, a little boy with a thin, pale face;a skinny body in faded jeans;and big eyes that had looked and searched for a long time and then had become veiled.18 I could guess how many times he'd been chosen last to play sides in a game, how many whispered child conversations had excluded him, how many times he hadn't been asked.I could see and hear the faces and voices that said over and over, “ You're dumb.You're nothing, Cliff Evans.”

A child is a believing creature.Cliff undoubtedly believed them.Suddenly it seemed clear to me: When finally there was nothing left at all for Cliff Evans, he collapsed on a snowbank and went away.The doctor might list “ heart failure ” as the cause of death, but that wouldn't change my mind.20 We couldn't find ten students in the school who had known Cliff well enough to attend the funeral as his friends.So the student-body officers and a committee from the junior class went as a group to the church, being politely sad.I attended the service with them and sat through it with a lump of cold lead in my chest and a big resolution growing through me.21 I've never forgotten Cliff Evans nor that resolution.22 He has been my challenge year after year, class after class.I look up and down the rows carefully each September at the new faces.I look for veiled eyes or bodies scrounged into a seat in an unfamiliar world.“ Look, kids, ” I say silently, “ I may not do anything else for you this year, but not one of you is going to come out of here a nobody.I'll work or fight to the bitter end doing battle with society and the school board, but I won't have one of you coming out of here thinking himself into a zero.”

Most of the time — not always, but most of the time — I've succeeded.Lesson Fifteen

Bribery — An lnevitable Evil? David Cotton

隨著各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的全球化，隨著跨國(guó)性投資的迅速增加以及經(jīng)濟(jì)的自由化，世界性的貪污受賄現(xiàn)象也更加普遍

和嚴(yán)重，經(jīng)濟(jì)犯罪成了世界瘟疫。世界各國(guó)都在打擊貪污和受賄，但似乎是“道高一尺，魔高一丈”，“上有政策，下有對(duì)策”。本文作者列舉了許多事例說(shuō)明行賄和索賄以各種各樣的手段和形式腐蝕著上上下下的政府機(jī)關(guān)；雖然各國(guó)人民和政府都嚴(yán)厲譴責(zé)，但行賄和受賄大有勢(shì)不可擋、有增無(wú)減之勢(shì)。對(duì)于如何鏟除這個(gè)毒瘤，作者認(rèn)為目前尚無(wú)行之有效的辦法。Students taking business courses are sometimes a little surprised to find that lectures on business ethics have been included in their syllabuses of study.They often do not realize that, later in their careers, they may be tempted to bend their principles to get what they want;perhaps also they are not fully aware that bribery in various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, this type of corruption has been a way of life for centuries.In dealing with the topic of business ethics, some lecturers ask students how they would act in the following situation: Suppose you were head of a major soft-drinks company and you want to break into a certain overseas market where the growth potential for your company is likely to be very great indeed.During negotiations with government officials of this country, the Minister of Trade makes it clear to you that if you offer him a substantial bribe, you will find it much easier to get an import licence for your goods, and you are also likely to avoid “ bureaucratic delays ” , as he puts it.Now, the question is: do you pay up or stand by your principles? It is easy to talk about having high moral standards but, in practice, what would one really do in such a situation? Some time ago the British car manufacturer, British Leyland, was accused of operating a “ slush fund ” , and of other questionable practices such as paying agents and purchasers with padded commission, offering additional discounts and making payments to numbered bank accounts in Switzerland.The company rejected these allegations and they were later withdrawn.Nevertheless, at this time, there were people in the motor industry in Britain who were prepared to say in private: “ Look, we're in a wheeling-dealing business.Every year we're selling more than a ￡ 1,000 million worth of cars abroad.If we spend a few million greasing the palms of some of the buyers, who's hurt? If we didn't do it, someone else would.” It is difficult to resist the impression that bribery and other questionable payments are on the increase.Indeed, they seem to have become a fact of commercial life.To take just one example, the Chrysler Corporation, third largest of the U.S.motor manufacturers, disclosed that it made questionable payments of more than $ 2.5 million between 1971 and 1976.By making this revelation, it joined more than 300 U.S.companies that had admitted to the U.S.Securities and Exchange Commission that they had made dubious payments of one kind or another — bribes, facilitating payments, extra discounts, etc.— in recent years.For discussion purposes, we can divide these payments into three broad categories.The first category consists of substantial payments made for political purposes or to secure major contracts.For example, the U.S.conglomerate ITT(International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation)offered a large sum of money in support of a U.S.presidential candidate at a time when it was under investigation for possible violations of the U.S.anti-trust law.This same company, it was revealed, was ready to finance efforts to overthrow the Marxist government of Chile whose President was Salvadore Allende.In this category, we may also include large payments made to ruling families or their close advisers in order to secure arms sales or major petrochemical and construction contracts.In a court case involving an arms deal with Iran, a witness claimed that ￡ 1 million had been paid by a British company to a “ go-between ” who helped clinch a deal for supply of tanks to that country.Other countries have also been known to put pressure on foreign companies to make donations to party funds.The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project, to speed up the wheels of bureaucracy.An interesting example of this kind of payment is provided by the story of a sales manager who had been trying for some months to sell road machinery to the Minister of Works of a Caribbean country.Finally, he hit upon the answer.Discovering that the minister was a bibliophile, he bought a rare edition of a book, slipped $ 20,000 within its pages, then presented it to the minister.This man examined its contents, then said: “ I understand there is a two-volume edition of this work.” The sales manager, who was quick-witted, replied: “ My company cannot afford a two-volume edition, sir, but we could offer you a copy with an appendix!” A short time later, the deal was approved.The third category involves payments made in countries where it is traditional to pay people to facilitate the passage

of a business deal.Some Middle East countries would be included on this list, as well as certain Far Eastern countries.The payment may be made by a foreign company to ensure that a tender is put on a selective contract list or the company may pay so that an import licence for essential equipment is approved.Sometimes an expensive gift may be necessary to soften up a government official.A common type in this category is the “ facilitating payment ” — usually a smaller sum of money — made to certain customs officials to clear cargoes.One businessman has told the story of a delivery of 10,000 bottles of sterile penicillin at the airport of a Far Eastern country.It was apparently customary to pay customs officials about $ 250 upon arrival of each shipment to “ get them out of the sun ”.In this case, the company was not prepared to make such a payment, so no money changed hands.The Minister of Health of that nation then ordered that each phial be opened for inspection, thereby destroying the whole shipment.Is it possible to formulate a code of rules for companies which would outlaw bribery in all its forms? The International Chambers of Commerce(ICC)favours a code of conduct which would ban the giving and seeking of bribes.This code would try to distinguish between commissions paid for real services and padded fees.A council has been proposed to administer the code.Unfortunately, opinions differ among members of the ICC concerning how to enforce the code.The British members, led by Lord Shawcross, would like the system to have enough legal teeth to make companies behave themselves.“ It's no use having a dog without teeth, ” they argue.However, the French delegates think it is the business of governments to make and impose law;the job of a business community like the ICC is to say what is right and wrong, but not to impose anything.In a well-known British newspaper, a writer argued recently that “ industry is caught in a web of bribery ” and that everyone is “ on the take ”.This is probably an exaggeration.However, today's businessman, selling in overseas markets, will frequently meet situations where it is difficult to square his business interests with his moral conscience.Lesson Sixteen

A Social Event William Inge

聞名世界的好萊塢大明星去世，美國(guó)總統(tǒng)、英國(guó)女王送來(lái)鮮花，引起各方人士的矚目。能夠在他的葬禮露面，對(duì)于名氣不大的電影演員，是提高知名度的極好的契機(jī)。一對(duì)年輕的演員夫婦，在舉行葬禮當(dāng)天的早晨尚未接到邀請(qǐng)，急得像熱鍋上的螞蟻，兩口子絞盡腦汁，多方聯(lián)系，設(shè)法出席這個(gè)重要的社交場(chǎng)面。最后給他們解決難題的卻是他們的女傭??劇作家對(duì)虛榮者的諷刺手法真是叫人佩服得五體投地。

CHARACTERS Randy Brooks

Carole Mason

Muriel

The scene is the bedroom in the home of a young Hollywood couple, Randy Brooks and Carole Mason, who have been married only a short time and whose careers are still in the promising stage.There is abundant luxury in the room but a minimum of taste.It is late morning and both Randy and Carole are asleep, but Randy soon comes awake, reaches for a cigarette, lights it, and rubs his forehead worriedly.Something profound is troubling him.He gets out of bed, slips a robe on and paces the floor worriedly.Finally, he presses the buzzer on the house phone and speaks to the cook.RANDY.(Into house phone.)Muriel? We're getting up now.Bring up the usual breakfast.(He hangs up and goes into the bathroom to wash.Now Carole wakes up.She too lights a cigarette and looks troubled.Then she calls to Randy.)

CAROLE.I hardly slept a wink all night, just thinking about it.RANDY.(From bathroom.)There's nothing to do but face the fact that we're not invited.CAROLE.Oh, there's got to be a way.There's got to be.RANDY.After all, honey, there is no reason to feel slighted.We're both pretty new in pictures.It's not as though we were old-timers who had worked with Scotty.CAROLE.Sandra and Don never worked with Scotty, either.Neither did Debby and Chris, or Anne and Mark.RANDY.I know, honey.We've been through all this before.CAROLE.And I may never have worked with Scotty, but I did meet him once, and he danced with me at a party.He was very nice to me, too, and said some very complimentary things.I met his wife, too.(An afterthought.)I didn't much like her.RANDY.Maybe I'd better call Mike again.(He picks up the telephone and dials.)

CAROLE.What good can an agent do? We're not looking for jobs.RANDY.He may have found some way of getting us invited.CAROLE.I bet.RANDY.(Into the telephone.)Mike? Randy.Look, Mike, Carole and I still haven't been invited, and I can't help wondering if there's been an oversight of some kind.After all, Carole was a great friend of Scotty's and she feels pretty hurt that she's been overlooked...I never knew him but everyone knows how much I've always admired him.In an interview just last week, I said, “Scotty Woodrow is still the greatest.” Now, I didn't have to say that...if you ask me, it showed a lot of humility on my part to say a thing like that when, after all, I've got a career of my own to consider...well look, try to do something, Mike.Carole and I both should be seen there...O.K., Mike, call us as soon as you find out.(He hangs up.)

CAROLE.He couldn't get us an invitation to Disneyland.RANCY.He said just Scotty's closest friends are being invited.CAROLE.Oh yes!Half the people going, I bet, have never met him.RANDY.Well!What are we going to do?

CAROLE.Sandra had an entire new outfit made.Perfectly stunning.And she had the dress made so that she can have the sleeves taken out later and wear it to cocktails and supper parties.After all, black is a very smart color now.RANDY.Did you tell Sandra and Don we weren't invited?

CAROLE.Of course not.I lied and said we were going.Now, if we don't get an invitation, I'll have to lie again and say we came down with food poisoning, or something.RANDY.How did Anne and Mark get invited?

CAROLE.Mark played Scotty's son in a picture once.RANDY.When? I don't remember.CAROLE.A long time ago, before either of us came on the scene.RANDY.(Thinks a moment.)That means Mark's a little older than he admits.CAROLE.I don't know.The part was very young, practically an infant.RANDY.Just the same, I'll bet Mark's thirty.CAROLE.Damn, what am I going to tell Sandra? She invited us to come to her house afterwards and I accepted.RANDY.(A little shocked.)She's not giving a party!

CAROLE.No.She just invited some friends to come in afterwards to have a few drinks and talk about what a great guy Scotty was, and everything.She said she thought we'd all feel terribly depressed.After all, Scotty Woodrow was practically a landmark, or something.Think of it.He's been a star for forty years.RANDY.Yes.He was really great.It makes me very humble to think of a guy like Scotty.CAROLE.They say flowers came from the President, and from Queen Elizabeth, and...RANDY.The guest list is going to be published in every paper in the country.CAROLE.You know we could crash.RANDY.No, honey.CAROLE.Who'd know the difference?

RANDY.How would we feel afterwards, when we had to shake hands with Mrs.Woodrow?

CAROLE.She's probably forgotten whether she invited us or not.RANDY.Honey, I'm not going to crash.That's all.I'm not.CAROLE.Everyone would just take it for granted we'd been invited.I mean, we're both just as prominent as Sandra and Don, or any of the others.If you ask me, it'd be a lot better to crash than not to be seen at...well, you can't call it a social affair exactly, but it's a social event.Anyway, everyone will be there.Everyone.RANDY.It could be some of the others who are lying about their invitations, too.You realize that, don't you?

CAROLE.(Considers this.)I wonder...well, anyway, they're all going.I think they got invitations.RANDY.I don't know why the studio couldn't have managed it for us with a little pull.They should realize it's in the best interests of my career to be seen there, and my career means as much to them as it does to me.CAROLE.Same here.Oh, I just don't know how I can face Sandra and Anne and all the others, and make them believe that we really did have food poisoning.RANDY.You know, we could give ourselves food poisoning.Just a light case.A little rotten meat would do it.Then we'd call the doctor and...CAROLE.(Horrified.)No!I'm not going to make myself sick.RANDY.Just a slight case so you could tell them with a straight face...(A soft tap comes at the door.)Come in.(Muriel, the maid, enters with a tray.)Hi Muriel!

MURIEL.Good morning!

CAROLE.Hi, Muriel.Put it here on the coffee table.(Muriel does as she is told.)

MURIEL.Miss Carole, I hope you remember I told you I'd be gone this morning.CAROLE.Oh, yes, I'd forgotten.What time will you be back, Muriel?

MURIEL.Oh, I'll be back in time to fix dinner.RANDY.Is this your day off, Muriel?

MURIEL.No, Mr.Randy.I'm going to Mr.Woodrow's funeral.(There is a slight air of superiority about her now.Randy and Carole look at her with sudden surprise.)

RANDY.Oh...is that right?

MURIEL.And after the funeral, Mrs.Woodrow has asked me to join the family at their home.CAROLE.Muriel, you didn't tell me!

RANDY.Uh...were you a friend of Scotty, Muriel?

MURIEL.My mother worked for him when he was starting out in the business.I was born in Mr.Woodrow's beach house, before he bought that big house up in the canyon.(She has thus established herself as near-royalty to Randy and Carole.)

RANDY.(Amazed.)Really?

MURIEL.Oh, yes.Mr.Woodrow was very good to me when I was a child.Mama worked for him until she died.I could have stayed on, but after Mr.Woodrow got married the last time, she hired a lot of French servants I didn't get on with, at all.But they went right on sending me Christmas cards every year.RANDY.Uh...Muriel, do you have a ride to the funeral?

MURIEL.No, Mr.Brooks.Mrs.Woodrow's secretary said I could bring my family, but now that Vincent has left me and taken the car, I'll have to take a taxi.RANDY.Gee...that's too bad.CAROLE.(Thinking.)Yes.Isn't it?

MURIEL.(Starts for the door.)Well, I have to be getting ready now.I got a new black dress to wear.All the big names in Hollywood will be there.I want to look my best.RANDY.(Holding her.)Uh...Muriel, you don't want to go to the services all alone!

MURIEL.Oh, I don't mind.CAROLE.Look, Muriel, why don't we all go together? I mean...well, of course, Randy and I are invited, too, but we'd be glad to go along with you...as your family, you know.Well, after all, you're one of us, Muriel.MURIEL.(Appears to examine the idea.)All of us go together, huh?

CAROLE.Of course.RANDY.I'll drive us all there in the Cadillac.MURIEL.(This idea appeals to her.)Oh...that'd be nice.CAROLE.And then after the funeral, we'll take you to the house.MURIEL.(Without sarcasm.)I see.RANDY.And you won't have to worry about coming back to fix dinner.CAROLE.Of course not.MURIEL.Well, it suits me.I didn't want to have to call a taxi.If you folks want to come along, fine and dandy.You'll have to pardon me now.I have to get into my new black dress.RANDY.We'll meet you downstairs in fifteen minutes, Muriel.(Muriel exits.Carole and Randy both jump into action, getting their clothes out of their respective closets.)

CAROLE.I told you we'd find a way.RANDY.Yah.(Taking a suit from closet.)Say, this suit could stand a pressing.Do I have to wear black?

CAROLE.Of course, honey.After all, it's a very solemn occasion.RANDY.Well, O.K.CAROLE.I'll have to call Sandra.(She picks up the telephone and dials.)

RANDY.It's going to look all right, isn't it? I mean, our going with Muriel.CAROLE.Of course.You don't worry about things like that at a funeral.(Into the telephone.)Sandra? Carole.Darling, I'm awfully sorry but Randy and I won't be able to come to your house after the funeral...well, you see, we have a duty to Muriel, our cook.She's the daughter of Scotty's old housekeeper...yes, Scotty practically raised her.And we feel that we should take her with us, and then, of course, we'll have to go to the home afterwards.Just family and a few of his very closest friends.We can't get out of it...you'll forgive us, won't you, darling? Oh, it's all going to be terribly sad.RANDY.(To himself, while dressing.)I guess it'll look all right.After all, funerals are very democratic affairs.下冊(cè)

Lesson One Courtesy: Key to a Happier World Dr.Norman Vincent Peale

人生活在群體之中，為了解決自己的衣食住行，處處都要與他人打交道。即使是在英國(guó)人稱(chēng)之為“自己的城堡”的家里，人們也必須和睦相處，才能相安無(wú)事。風(fēng)煙四起，舌戰(zhàn)連綿，輕者使團(tuán)體和家庭面和心不和，重者會(huì)導(dǎo)致團(tuán)體瓦解，家庭破裂。處理好人際關(guān)系的秘訣是什么？本文作者在多年心理咨詢(xún)工作中得出結(jié)論：以禮待人。他認(rèn)為，不可小看如何對(duì)待他人一事，禮貌不僅僅是個(gè)人舉止問(wèn)題，而且也反映一個(gè)人的人生觀。他還提出了一些化解矛盾和沖突的具體建議，你不妨試試。Many years ago trying to help people with every kind of trouble left me with one sure conviction: in case after case the difficulty could have been overcome — or might never have arisen — if the people involved had just treated one another with common courtesy.Courtesy, politeness, good manners — call it what you will, the supply never seems to equal the demand.“ It's not so much what my husband says, ” a tearful wife confides, “ as the way he says it.Why does he have to yell at me? I hate my boss, ” a grim-faced office worker mutters.“ He never shows appreciation for anything.” “ All we get from our teenagers, ” a worried parent says, “ is a moody sullenness.” Such complaints are not limited to people who sit in my study.Human beings everywhere hunger for courtesy.“Good manners,”said Ralph Waldo Emerson, “are the happy way of doing things.” And the reverse is equally true.Bad manners can ruin a day — or wreck a friendship.What are the basic ingredients of good manners? Certainly a strong sense of justice is one;courtesy is often nothing more than a highly developed sense of fair play.A friend once told me of driving along a one-lane, unpaved mountain road.Ahead was another car that produced clouds of choking dust, and it was a long way to the nearest paved highway.Suddenly, at a wider place, the car ahead pulled off the road.Thinking that its owner might have engine trouble, my friend stopped and asked if anything was wrong.“ No, ” said the other driver.“ But you've endured my dust this far;I'll put up with yours the rest of the way.” There was a man with manners, and an innate sense of fair play.Another ingredient of courtesy is empathy, a quality that enables a person to see into the mind or heart of someone

else, to understand the pain or unhappiness there and to do something to minimize it.Recently in a book about a famous restaurant chain I came across such an episode.A man dining alone was trying to unscrew the cap of a bottle of catsup but his fingers were so badly crippled by arthritis that he couldn't do it.He asked a young busboy to help him.The boy took the bottle, turned his back momentarily and loosened the cap without difficulty.Then he tightened it again.Turning back to the man, he feigned a great effort to open the bottle without success.Finally he took it into the kitchen and returned shortly, saying that he had managed to loosen it — but only with a pair of pliers.What impelled the boy to take so much trouble to spare the feelings of a stranger? Courtesy, compassionate courtesy.Yet another component of politeness is the capacity to treat all people alike, regardless of all status or importance.Even when you have doubts about some people, act as if they are worthy of your best manners.You may also be astonished to find out that they really are.I truly believe that anyone can improve his or her manners by doing three things.First, by practicing courtesy.All skills require constant repetition to become second nature;good manners are no exception.9 One simple way is to concentrate on your performance in a specific area for about a week.Telephone manner, for example.How often do you talk too long, speak abruptly, fail to identify yourself, keep people waiting, display impatience with the operator or fail to return a call? Or driving a car, why not watch yourself sternly for aggressive driving, unnecessary horn-blowing, following too closely, failing to yield the right-of-the-way? One difficult but essential thing to remember is to refuse to let other people's bad manners goad you into retaliating in kind.I recall a story told by a young man who was in a car with his father one night when a driver in an oncoming vehicle failed to dim his lights.“Give him the brights, Dad!” the young man urged in exasperation.“Son,” replied the father, “that driver is certainly discourteous and probably stupid.But if I give him the brights he'll be discourteous, stupid and blind — and that's a combination I don't want to tangle with!” The second requirement for improving your manners is to think in a courteous way.In the long run, the kind of person you are is the result of what you've been thinking over the past twenty or thirty years.If your thoughts are predominantly self-directed, a discourteous person is what you will be.If on the other hand you train yourself to be considerate of others, if you can acquire the habit of identifying with their problems and hopes and fears, good manners will follow almost automatically.Nowhere is thinking courtesy more important than in marriage.In the intimacy of the home it is easy to displace disappointment or frustration or anger onto the nearest person, and that person is often a husband or wife.“When you feel your anger getting out of control,” I have often said to married couples, “force yourself for the next ten minutes to treat your married partner as if he or she were a guest in your home.” I knew that if they could impose just ten minutes of good manners on themselves, the worst of the storm would blow over.Finally, to have good manners you must be able to accept courtesy, receive it gladly, rejoice when it comes your way.Strangely, some people are suspicious of gracious treatment.They suspect the other person of having some ulterior motive.But some of the most precious gifts in life come with no strings attached.You can't achieve a beautiful day through any effort on your part.You can't buy a sunset or even the scent of a rose.Those are the world's courtesies to us, offered with love and without thought of reward or return.Good manners are, or should be, like that.In the end, it all comes down to how you regard people — not just people in general, but individuals.Life is full of minor irritations and trials and injustices.The only constant, daily, effective solution is politeness — which is the golden rule in action.I think that if I were allowed to add one small beatitude as a footnote to the other it might be: Blessed are the courteous.(1,084 words)

Lesson Two

The Man Who Could Work Miracles(I)H.G.Wells

一個(gè)青年本來(lái)不相信有違反自然規(guī)律的所謂奇跡，卻偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己能以意志力來(lái)創(chuàng)造奇跡。開(kāi)始他對(duì)此困惑不解，甚至有些害怕。反復(fù)的試驗(yàn)證實(shí)他確實(shí)有這種本領(lǐng)，愉悅的情緒油然而生。這一特異功能實(shí)在太有用了，既能為他的早餐增加一個(gè)新鮮的鵝蛋，又能使他在10分鐘之內(nèi)完成全天的工作，還能把自己討厭的人一下子貶到陰曹

地府。不過(guò)這種非凡的天賦對(duì)自己、對(duì)他人究竟是福還是禍，此刻下結(jié)論還為時(shí)過(guò)早，要等到第3課才能見(jiàn)分曉。Until he was thirty years old, Fotheringay did not believe in miracles.It was while he was asserting the impossibility of miracles that he discovered his extraordinary powers.He was having a drink in a bar.Toddy Beamish opposed everything he said by a monotonous but effective “So you say,” and drove him to the limit of his patience.Angry with Mr.Beamish, Mr.Fotheringay determined to make an unusual effort.“Look here, Mr.Beamish,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“Let us clearly understand what a miracle is.It's something contrary to the course of nature done by power of Will.” “So you say,” said Mr.Beamish.“For instance,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“Here would be a miracle.That lamp, in the natural course of nature, couldn't burn like that upside down, could it, Beamish?” “You say it couldn't,” said Beamish.“And you?” said Fotheringay.“You don't mean to say...?” “No,” said Beamish reluctantly.“No, it couldn't.” “Very well,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“Then here comes someone, perhaps myself, and stands here, and says to that lamp, as I might do, collecting all my will — 'Turn upside down without breaking, and go on burning steady, ' and — Hullo!” It was enough to make anyone say “Hullo!” The incredible was visible to them all.The lamp hung upside down in the air, burning quietly with its flame pointing down.Mr.Fotheringay stood with a forefinger stretched out and the troubled face of one expecting a terrible crash.A cyclist, who was sitting next to the lamp, ducked and jumped across the bar.For nearly three seconds the lamp remained still.A faint cry of mental distress came from Mr.Fotheringay;“I can't keep it up,” he said, “any longer.” He staggered back, and the lamp suddenly fell.It was lucky it had a metal container, or the whole place would have been on fire.Mr.Cox, the landlord, was the first to speak, and his remark was to the effect that Fotheringay was a fool.Fotheringay himself was astonished beyond measure at the thing that had occurred.The subsequent conversation threw no light on the matter, and everyone accused Fotheringay of a silly trick.He himself was terribly puzzled, and he rather agreed with them.12 He went home red-faced and hot.It was only when he found himself alone in his little bedroom that he was able to think clearly and ask, “What on earth happened?” He had removed his coat and boots, and was sitting on the bed with his hands in his pocket.He was repeating for the seventeenth time, “I didn't want the thing to turn over,” when it occurred to him that at the precise moment he said the commanding words he had willed the thing that he said.And when he saw the lamp in the air he had felt that it depended on him to maintain it there without being clear how this was to be done.He decided on another experiment.He pointed to his candle and collected his mind, though he felt he did a foolish thing.“Be raised up,” he said.The candle was raised, hung in the air for a moment, and then fell with a crash on his table, leaving him in darkness.For a time Mr.Fotheringay sat perfectly still, “It did happen, after all,” he said.“And how I'm going to explain it, I don't know.” He signed heavily, and began feeling in his pockets for a match.He could find none, and he groped about the table.“I wish I had a match,” he said.He tried his coat, and there were none there, and then it dawned upon him that miracles were possible even with matches.He stretched out a hand.“Let there be a match in that hand,” he said.He felt some light object fall across his palm, and his fingers closed upon a match.After several futile attempts to light this, he threw it down, and then it occurred to him that he might have willed it to be lit.He did so, and saw it burning on the table.He caught it up hastily, and it went out.His perception of possibilities enlarged, and he felt for and replaced the candle in its candlestick.“Here!You be lit,” said Mr.Fotheringay, and at once the candle was burning.For a time he stared at it, and then looked up and met his own gaze in the looking glass.“What about miracles now?” said Mr.Fotheringay, addressing his own reflection.The subsequent thoughts of Mr.Fotheringay were confused.So far as he could see, he had only to will the thing.After his first experiences, he wished to make only very cautious experiments.But he lifted a sheet of paper, and turned a

glass of water pink, and then green, and got himself a toothbrush.In the early hours of the morning he had reached the fact that his will power must be unusual and strong.The fears of his first discovery were now mixed with pride and ideas of advantage.He heard the church clock striking one, and decided to get into bed without further delay.As he struggled to get his shirt over his head, he was struck with a brilliant idea.“Let me be in bed,” he said, and found himself so.“Undressed,” he added;and, finding the sheets cold, he said hastily, “and in my nightshirt — no, in a nice soft woollen nightshirt.Ah!” he said with immense enjoyment.“And now let me be comfortably asleep...” He awoke at his usual hour and was thoughtful all through breakfast-time.He wondered whether his experience might not be a dream.At last his mind turned again to cautious experiments.For instance, he had three eggs for breakfast;two were supplied by his landlady, good, but from the shop, and one was a delicious fresh goose-egg, laid, cooked, and served by his extraordinary will.He hurried to work in a state of profound but carefully concealed excitement.All day he could do no work because of his astonishing knowledge, but this caused him no inconvenience, because he made up for it miraculously in his last ten minutes.As the day passed, his state of mind passed from wonder to delight.He intended, among other things, to increase his personal property by acts of creation, and called into existence a number of nice things.But he could see that the gift required caution and watchfulness.After supper one night, he went out to try a few miracles in private by the gasworks.He stuck his walking stick into the ground and commanded the dry wood to blossom.The air was immediately full of the scent of roses.He struck a match and saw that this beautiful miracle was indeed accomplished.His satisfaction was ended by advancing footsteps.Afraid that someone would discover his powers, he said to the stick hastily, “Go back.” What he meant was “Change back”;but the stick moved backwards at a considerable speed, and there came a cry of anger from the approaching person.“Who are you throwing rosebushes at, you fool?” cried a voice.“I'm sorry,” said Mr.Fotheringay.He saw Winch, a policeman, advancing.“What do you mean by it?” asked Winch.“Hullo!It's you, is it? The man who broke the lamp at that bar!What did you do it for?Do you know that stick hurt?” For the moment Fotheringay could not utter a word.His silence seemed to irritate Mr.Winch.“You've been assaulting the police, young man, this time.” “Look here, Mr.Winch,” said Fotheringay, annoyed and confused.“I'm very sorry.The fact is...” “Well?” He could think of no answer but the truth.“I was working a miracle.” He tried to speak as casually as he could.“Working a...!Look!Don't talk rot.Working a miracle, indeed!Well, that's really funny!You're the man who doesn't believe in miracles...The fact is, this is another of your silly tricks.Now I tell you...” But Mr.Fotheringay never heard what Mr.Winch was going to tell him.He realized that he had given himself away.He became violently irritated.He turned on the policeman swiftly and fiercely.“Listen,” he said.“I've had enough of this.I'll show you a silly trick, Go to Hades!”

He was alone!

Mr.Fotheringay performed no more miracles that night, nor did he trouble to see what had become of his flowering stick.He went back, scared and very quiet.“Good Heavens!” he said, “It's an extremely powerful gift.I didn't mean as much as that.Not really...I wonder what Hades is like.”

He sat on the bed taking off his shoes.Struck by a happy thought he transferred the policeman to San Francisco, and then went to bed.33 The next day Fotheringay heard two interesting pieces of news.Someone had planted a most beautiful climbing rose near the gasworks, and everyone was looking for Constable Winch.Lesson Three

The Man Who Could Work Miracles(II)H.G.Wells

小說(shuō)的主人公正如他自己所說(shuō)的那樣，是個(gè)極普通的人，對(duì)自己奇妙的力量雖頗為自得，可心里總不踏實(shí)，尤其是對(duì)那位警察的下場(chǎng)感到內(nèi)疚。禮拜天牧師的布道內(nèi)容恰好是關(guān)于違法的事情，于是他去找牧師咨詢(xún)。不料咨詢(xún)的結(jié)果最后卻迫使他不得不主動(dòng)放棄他的特異功能。On Sunday evening Mr.Fotheringay went to church, and Mr.Maydig preached about “things that are not lawful”.Mr.Fotheringay suddenly decided to consult Mr.Maydig, who took him to his study.“You don't believe, I suppose,” said Mr.Fotheringay, “that some common sort of person — like myself, for instance, — is able to do things by his will.” “Something of the sort, perhaps, is possible,” said Mr.Maydig.“I think I can show you by a sort of experiment,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“Now, take that tobacco jar on the table, for instance.What I want to know is whether what I am going to do with it is a miracle or not.”

He pointed to the tobacco jar, and said: “Be a bowl of violets.” The tobacco jar did as it was ordered.Mr.Maydig stared at the change, and presently he ventured to lean over the table and smell the violets.Mr.Fotheringay said, “Just told it — and there you are.Is that a miracle? What do you think is the matter with me?” “It's a most extraordinary thing.” “And this day last week I knew no more that I could do things like that than you did.It came quite suddenly.It's something odd about my will, I suppose.”

“Is that — the only thing? Could you do other things besides that?” “Oh, yes,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“Just anything.” He thought a little.“Here!Change into a glass bowl full of water with goldfish swimming in it.You see that, Mr.Maydig?”

“It's incredible.” “I could change it into just anything,” Said Mr.Fotheringay.“Here!Be a pigeon, will you?” In another moment a blue pigeon was fluttering round the room.“Stop there, will you?” said Mr.Fotheringay, and the pigeon hung motionless in the air.“I could change it back to a bowl of flowers,” he said, and after placing the pigeon on the table he worked that miracle.Then he restored the tobacco jar.Mr.Maydig had followed all these changes with small cries.“Well,” he said.17 Mr.Fotheringay told Mr.Maydig all about his strange experiences;the latter listened intently.“Amazing,” he said, “The power to work miracles is a gift, and a very rare gift.Go on.Go on.” Mr.Fotheringay mentioned Winch.“That's what troubled me most,” he sad, “and what I'm in need of advice for most is about Winch;of course he's in San Francisco.You see, I'm in very great difficulties...” Mr.Maydig looked serious.“Yes, it's a difficult position,” he said.“But we'll leave Winch for a little and discuss the larger question.I don't think this is criminal at all.No, it's just miracles, miracles of the very highest class.”He began to walk about, while Mr.Fotheringay sat at the table, looking worried.“I don't see what I can do about Winch,” he said.“If you can work miracles,” said Mr.Maydig, “you can find a way about Winch.My dear sir, you are a most important man — a man of the most astonishing possibilities.The things you may do...” “Yes, I've thought of a thing or two,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“But I thought it better to ask someone.”“Quite right,” said Mr.Maydig.“It's practically an unlimited gift.Let us test your powers.” And so, urged on by Mr.Maydig, Mr.Fotheringay began to work miracles.At first the miracles he worked were little things with cups and such things.But after they had worked a dozen of these, their sense of power grew, their imagination increased, and their ambition enlarged.“And about Mr.Winch...” said Mr.Fotheringay.Mr.Maydig waved the Winch difficulty away, and made a series of wonderful proposals.The small hours found Mr.Maydig and Mr.Fotheringay outside under the moon.Mr.Fotheringay was no longer afraid of his greatness.They had reformed every drunkard in the area;they had changed all the beer and alcohol to water;they had improved the railway communication of the place, drained a swamp, and improved the soil.29 “The place,” gasped Mr.Maydig, “won't be the same place tomorrow.” And just at that moment the church clock struck three.“I say,” said Mr.Fotheringay, “I must be getting back.I've got to be at business by eight.”

“We're only beginning,” said Mr.Maydig, full of the sweetness of unlimited power.“Think of all the good we're doing.”

“But...” said Mr.Fotheringay.33 Mr.Maydig gripped his arm suddenly.His eyes were bright and wild.“My dear chap,” he said, “there's no hurry.Look!” He pointed to the moon.“Stop it!”

“That's a bit tall,” he said after a pause.35 “Why not?” said Mr.Maydig.“Of course it doesn't stop.You stop the rotation of the earth, you know.Time stops.It isn't as if we were doing harm.”

“Well,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“I'll try.”

He spoke to the turning earth.“Just stop rotating, will you?”

Immediately he was flying head over heels through the air at the rate of dozens of miles a minute.He was turning round and round.He thought in a second, and willed.“Let me down safe and sound.”

He willed it only just in time, for his clothes, heated by his rapid flight through the air, were already beginning to burn.He came down with a forcible bump on what appeared to be some fresh turned earth.A flying cow hit the ground and smashed like an egg.There was a crash that made all the most violent crashes of his past life seem like the sound of falling dust.A vast wind roared throughout earth and heaven, so that he could scarcely lift his head to look.For a while he was too breathless and astonished even to see where he was or what had happened.40 “Good heavens!” he gasped.“I was nearly killed!What has gone wrong? And only a minute ago, a fine night.What a wind!Where's Maydig?”

He looked around him.“The sky's all right,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“There's the moon overhead.Just as it was.But the rest? Where's the village? Where's anything? And what started this wind? I didn't order the wind.”

Mr.Fotheringay struggled to get to his feet in vain and remained on all fours, holding on.43 Far and wide nothing was visible through the dust that flew in the wind except masses of earth and heaps of ruins.No trees, no houses, no familiar shapes, only a wilderness of disorder and a rising storm.44 When Mr.Fotheringay stopped the rotation of the solid globe, he said nothing about the movables upon its surface.And the earth spins so fast that the surface at its equator is travelling at more than a thousand miles an hour.So that the village, and everything and everybody had been thrown violently forward at about nine miles per second — much more violently than if they had been fired out of a cannon.And every human being, every living creature, every house, and every tree had been so jerked and smashed and utterly destroyed.That was all.45 These things Mr.Fotheringay did not fully appreciate.But he perceived that his miracle had miscarried, and with that a great disgust of miracles came upon him.A great roaring of wind and waters filled the earth and sky, and he saw a wall of water pouring towards him.46 “Stop!” cried Mr.Fotheringay to the advancing water.47 “Stop just a moment while I collect my thoughts...” said Mr.Fotheringay to the storm and the thunder.“And now what shall I do? Oh, I wish Maydig was about.”

He remained on all fours leaning against the wind, intent to have everything right.49 “I know,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“Let nothing that I'm going to order happen until I say 'Off!'.”

He lifted his voice against the whirlwind, shouting louder and louder in a vain desire to hear himself speak.“Now!Remember what I said just now.In the first place, when all I've got to say is done, let me lose my miraculous power;let all these dangerous miracles be stopped.And second, let me be back just before the miracles began;let everything be just as it was before that lamp turned upside down.It's a big job, but it's the last.Have you got it? That's it!Yes.”

He dug his fingers into the earth, closed his eyes, and said “Off!”

Everything became perfectly still.53 “So you say,” said a voice.54 He opened his eyes and found himself in the bar, arguing about miracles with Toddy Beamish.He had a vague sense of some great thing forgotten, which passed immediately.Except for the loss of his miraculous powers, everything was back as it had been.And among other things, of course, he did not believe in miracles.55 “I tell you that miracles can't possibly happen,” he said, “and I'm prepared to prove it.”

“That's what you think,” said Toddy Beamish.57 “Look here, Mr.Beamish,” said Mr.Fotheringay.“Let us clearly understand what a miracle is...” Lesson Four

Zero Hour: Forty-Three Seconds over Hiroshima Peter Goldman

1945年8月 6日，一架 B-29 轟炸機(jī)在日本廣島投下了一顆原子彈，兩天之后又在長(zhǎng)崎投下了第二顆。8月15日，日軍宣布無(wú)條件投降。美國(guó)的這兩顆原子彈對(duì)結(jié)束第二次世界大戰(zhàn)的作用，歷史學(xué)家至今仍是見(jiàn)仁見(jiàn)智，眾說(shuō)紛紜，但有一點(diǎn)他們是沒(méi)有爭(zhēng)議的：日本人民對(duì)此付出了沉重的代價(jià)，肉體上和精神上均遭受了極大的痛苦，日本軍國(guó)主義分子應(yīng)對(duì)此負(fù)責(zé)。任何企圖否定這一侵略戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)事實(shí)的做法，都是全世界人民，包括日本人民在內(nèi)，所不能允許的。本文作者在廣島事件40周年之際，通過(guò)一位當(dāng)時(shí)核輻射受害者——一個(gè)18歲的青春少女的經(jīng)歷提醒人們記住廣島，防止悲劇重演。On a brilliant summer's morning in 1945, Kaz Tanaka looked up into the sky over Hiroshima and saw the beginning of the end of her world.She was 18 then, and her mind was filled with teenage things.She had wakened with a slight fever, just bothersome enough to keep her home from her job in a war plant.But she felt well enough to be up and about;her father had asked her to water a tree in front of their house.She ran across the courtyard and let herself out the front gate.A girlfriend was standing across the street.Kaz waved, and the two were gossiping happily when they heard the drone of a B-29 bomber six miles up.It was a minute or so before 8 ∶ 15.2 The plane did not frighten Kaz.For one thing, Hiroshima had gone almost untouched by the air war.For another, Kaz had been born in California, and although her father had returned to Japan while she was still in diapers, she liked to tell people she was the American in the family.She even felt a kind of distant kinship with the B-29s that flew regularly overhead, bound north for Tokyo and other targets.She waved at the plane.“Hi, angel!” she called.A white spot appeared in the sky, as small and innocent-looking as a scrap of paper.It was falling away from the plane, drifting down toward them.The journey took 43 seconds.The air exploded in blinding light and color, the rays shooting outward as in a child's drawing of the sun, and Kaz was flung to the ground so violently that her two front teeth broke off;she had sunk into unconsciousness.Kaz's father had been out back tending the vegetables, in his under shorts.When he came staggering out of the garden, blood was running from his nose and mouth.By the next day the exposed parts of his body would turn a chocolate brown.What had been the finest house in the neighborhood came crashing down.Kaz had herself been hit in the back by the flying timber.She felt nothing.People were only shapes in dense, gray fog of dust and ash.A mushroom cloud towered seven miles over the remains of the city, the signature of a terrifying new age.Kaz never saw it.She was inside it.Kaz Tanaka had wakened in a frightening new world — a world whose dominant sound was a silence broken only by the cries of the dying.The very air seemed hostile, so thick with dust and ash that she could barely see.She found her girlfriend next to her.“What happened?” they both blurted at once.There were no answers;no one knew.8 “Are you hurt?” Kaz asked.“No, I can get up,” her girlfriend answered.“Thank heaven!” Kaz said.She struggled to her own feet then, and took her first steps onto the ruin of her life.11 The life had been a comfortable one, wanting in nothing — not, at least, until the war.Kaz's father had been born to a family of some wealth and social position in Hiroshima, and had migrated to America in the early 1920s in the spirit of adventure, not of need or flight;he never intended to stay.He moved back to Hiroshima at 40;it was expected of him as the sole male heir to their name.But he brought his American baby girl with him, and a life-style flavored with American ways.The house he built was a spacious one.There was a courtyard in front of the place and two gardens in back, one to provide vegetables, one to delight the eye in the formal Japanese fashion.One of the two living-rooms was American, with

easy chairs instead of tatami, and so were the kitchen and bathroom fittings.Dinner was Japanese, the family sitting on the floor in the traditional way.Breakfast was American, pancakes or bacon and eggs, taken at the kitchen table.When the news came that the Japanese had bombed Pearl Harbor, Kaz's father retired to his garden and stayed all day, shaking his head and refusing to speak to anyone.But he could not shut the war out of the sheltered world he had built for himself and his family.His children went to the factories part time.Food was short;his vegetable garden became less a hobby than a necessity, helping feed not only his own household but his neighbors as well.What remained of the life he had made was blown to bits though his home was more than a mile from the hypocenter.He was working on the side facing zero, and had the front of his body burnt.His flesh, when Kaz touched him, had the soft feel of a boiled tomato.Kaz was anxiously waiting for the return of another member of her family when a tall figure appeared where the gate had been.“He's back!” she shouted;her brother, at six feet, towered over most Japanese men, and she knew at a glimpse that it was he.But when she drew closer, she could barely recognize him through his wounds.His school had fallen down around him.He had struggled to a first-aid station.They had splashed some medicine on the wounds, tied them with a bandage and sent him on his way.For a moment, he stood swaying at the ruins of the gate.Kaz stared at him.Later, when night fell, Kaz and her brother made for the mountains;a friend from Kaz's factory lived in a village on a hill behind the city and had offered to take them in.It was midnight by the time they found her place.Kaz looked back.The city was on fire.She was seized with fear, not for herself, but for her parents.She left her brother behind, and was running down the hillside toward the flames.The streets were filled with the dead and the barely living.She kept on running, knowing only that she had to be home.Kaz's family had been luckier than most.Her father had to lie outdoors on a tatami with his burns, and her brother's wounds refused to close.But they had at least survived, and they began, painfully, to rebuild their lives.They had two wells for water and an uncle who lived on an island off the coast brought them a great sack of food every week.Kaz's father found a carpenter willing to raise anew house out of the wreckage of the old in exchange for what ever wood was left over.The house more nearly resembled a hovel.Kaz could see the first snowflakes of winter through cracks between the boards on the roof.By the standards of Hiroshima after the bomb, it was a mansion.In time the visible wounds healed.The bums on Kaz's father's chest left sears which looked like maps of Japan and America, side by side the way they ought to be, and when the subject of the bomb came up, he resisted blaming anyone.“The war,” he would say, “is finished.” But as the others were recovering, Kaz had fallen ill with all the symptoms of radiation sickness.The disease was one of the frightening aftershocks of the bomb;the scientists in Los Alamos were surprised by its extent — they thought the blast would do most of the killing.Kaz felt as if she was dying.She ran a fever.She felt sick and dizzy, almost drunk.Her gums and her bowels were bleeding.She looked like a ghost.“I'm next,” she thought matter-of-factly;she was an 18-year-old girl waiting her turn to die.On the first day of 1946, Kaz's mother was determined that Kaz would spend at least a bit of it on her feet.It was an old superstition among the Japanese that a person would spend the entire year as he or she spent New Year's Day.A neighbor helped.They got her outside, and propped her upright for a few minutes.The medicine worked better than anything in the doctor's bag, since the only known treatment for radiation sickness was rest.As winter gave way to spring and spring to summer, Kaz began to mend.The illness had not really left her;it had gone into hiding, instead, and the physical and mental after effects of August 6,1945 would trouble Kaz all the rest of her life.(1,435 words)Lesson Five

First Principles Frances Gray Patton

本課情節(jié)簡(jiǎn)單。韋德一家如何在丈夫失業(yè)，親戚告急求助這樣困難的情況下，愉快地度過(guò)了圣誕節(jié)。故事也給了我們一些啟發(fā)，當(dāng)一個(gè)家庭突然遇到一些不幸的事件時(shí)，家庭的成員應(yīng)該如何面對(duì)這些。學(xué)習(xí)這課文時(shí)，還要注意作者的敘事方法。作者打破傳統(tǒng)小說(shuō)情節(jié)發(fā)展的時(shí)間順序，用意識(shí)流的方式來(lái)組織故事。

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1.No family had ever had a nicer Christmas, Emily Wade thought happily as she drove the children to school for the first time after the holidays, and, of course, it had been largely Laura's doing.She glanced at Laura, a slim, dark-haired girl of fourteen, sitting beside her, and felt warm with that most comfortable of parental emotions, gratitude to one's own child.The air was soft with the vapors of melting snow, and almost fragrant, as if some delicate flowers were blooming near at hand.“It's like spring, isn't it?” she said to Laura.“And tomorrow we'll probably have a raging sleet storm.”

2.“King Claudius weather,” said Laura, looking prettily shy as she made the literary allusion.“It can smile and smile and still be a villain.”

3.“Exactly,” Emily agreed.She wasn't sure for a moment who King Claudius was, and then she saw a copy of “Hamlet” among Laura's books.She thought her heart would burst with pride(imagine a child saying that!), and thought how wise she and Henry had been when they'd decided to make every possible sacrifice for the sake of Laura's education.4.Laura, who was in first-year high, had gone to the same public school that her brothers now attended, but this year she was a pupil at Green Valley Academy, a small country day school on the outskirts of the city.It was a very good school and a very expensive one, and most of the Wades' friends thought they were being rather fancy in sending Laura there.They knew Laura was smart, of course, but some of the other Baltimore private schools for girls were excellent and had lower tuition, and even the public high schools were all right.Lots of nice kids, whose fathers had twice as big an income as Henry Wade, went to them.Besides, you weren't doing a girl a favor when you encouraged her to develop tastes she couldn't afford to gratify.You either spoiled her or made her bitter.These arguments were cogent, Emily Wade admitted, but they simply didn't apply to Laura's case.Nothing was too good for that child.Moreover, it was Emily's theory that children learned love as well as discipline by family example;if you did all you could for them, keeping their best interests in mind, they wouldn't let you down in a crisis.And events had certainly proved her theory.5.How true that had been, thought Emily, driving slowly because she had a quarter hour to spare and she might as well give Laura time to study.Her mind went back to that black moment, a month before, when she'd met Henry for lunch in a restaurant and he'd told her that he was out of a job.The branch sales office he'd been managing had been absorbed by a larger firm, and its whole staff was out in the cold without so much as a month's salary to tide them over.He was pretty sure he could get another and a better position;there was a firm that had been making overtures to him, and only a sense of loyalty to his old firm had made him ignore them up to this point.But the man he'd have to see was out of town and wouldn't be back until the first of the year.Then, too, he'd just had a letter from his brother in Ohio;it seemed that the whole family out there was shot to hell.His brother, who was a schoolteacher, was broke, his stomach ulcers were troubling him, one of his children had to have a serious operation, and his wife was about to have twins.He needed five hundred dollars.6.“I should think he would!” Emily had said.“We'll have to send it to him.”

7.“I guess if we let him have it, we can still eat,” Henry had said, brooding gloomily.“But it knocks Christmas into a cocked hat.I hate to borrow on my insurance.”

8.“Oh, no!” Emily had exclaimed.“We'll manage.We can cut our list to the bone and concentrate on the kids.You know how they are — all they want is the illusion of abundance and cheerful confusion.”

9.“That goes for the young ones,” Henry had said, “but what does Laura want?”

10.“The only thing she's mentioned is a ballerina dress.It's priced at $ 125.She's been invited to some parties by her friends at school.”

11.“Well...Couldn't you charge that?” Henry had asked.12.“No,” she'd said.“I'm charged to the hilt already, and I don't want to risk being refused.As a matter of fact, I'd planned to pay my bill today.” She had sat silent for a moment, looking at Henry's discouraged face.“The only thing to do, dear,” she'd said at last,“is to return to first principles.”

13.“What do you mean by that?”

14.“Christmas has been commercialized out of its real meaning.The gifts people give have become a sort of advertising display.What we ought to do is give to people we love — give memorable things according to our ability.If you could give your child a horse, say, that would be fine.But if you can't, give her a little locket or a book of verse.”

15.Henry had looked hopeful but skeptical.34

16.“I'll tell you what we'll do,” she had continued.“We'll go to the farm for the holidays.We'll have a good time there.We won't have to do any entertaining — the liquor bills alone are always staggering at Christmas.We'll have our turkey and our tree and take long walks and sing carols and forget the world.”

17.“Did you ever have a Christmas like that?” Henry had asked.18.“Lord, no!” she'd answered.19.“Well, you're the captain.But try to break it gently to Laura.”

20.“Laura'll be all right,” Emily had said with a smile.21.“Poor Daddy!” the girl had cried when Emily explained the situation to her.And then, being reassured as to his future prospects, she had clasped her hands.“But how marvelous to go to the farm, Mother!It'll be just like a picture on a Christmas card.I adore it there, and I don't care a thing about presents or parties!” She had raised herself on the tips of her toes, as if she were about to dance.22.Several days before Christmas, they'd gone down to their little farm.It was just a half-dozen acres that Henry had bought and had hung on to.It made him feel good to own a piece of land.They'd all had a wonderful time, really.They had cut a tree in their own woods.They had eaten and slept, and read by the light of oil lamps.The children had been more than satisfied with their presents;there had been balls, erector sets, a number of story books, and a lot of junk from the five-and-ten for the boys, and for Laura, a picture Emily had found cheap in a second-hand art shop and a small brooch that had belonged to Henry's mother.It was Laura's obvious pleasure that had brightened everything.Whether she was chopping wood, or romping with her brothers, or basting the turkey, or talking politics very sensibly with her father, she'd seemed to radiate happiness.On New Year's Eve, they had given her a weak highball, the first she'd ever had, and she had gone to sleep sitting on the floor with her rosy cheek against Henry's knee.“By God, I believe she's the best girl in the world,” he had said softly.23.“She probably is,” Emily had said.24.“If I don't hand her the earth some day, on a silver platter,”Henry had declared, “may I be damned from here to eternity!”

25.Emily slowed the car to a full stop near the gates of the Academy.“Here we are,” she said.“I'm going to miss you today.”

26.“I'll miss you, too,” she said.“It's been a beautiful holiday.I love the picture and the pin!”

27.“Of course you do, Laura,” said Emily.“Now run!”

28.She watched Laura hurry up the path.She drove about aimlessly for a while.Then she went to a market and bought some groceries and a big bunch of flowers.The cool blossoms perfumed the car all the way home.They made her think of the ballerina dress, and of all the pure, proud, filmy beauty of the world that belonged, by right, to Laura.Lesson Six

The Beauty of Britain J.B.Priestley

學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的人一定希望有朝一日能到英語(yǔ)的發(fā)源地英倫三島走走。實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)愿望之前，你不妨先從語(yǔ)言大師的文字圖畫(huà)里領(lǐng)略一下那里的風(fēng)光。與文化淵源相同的美國(guó)相比，英國(guó)幅員遠(yuǎn)非遼闊。但它的景物也是氣象萬(wàn)千，山川、平原、河流、湖泊樣樣俱全，令人流連忘返；此外你還可以欣賞眾多文學(xué)名著所描繪的田園景色；更可貴的是，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在工業(yè)高度發(fā)達(dá)的英國(guó)，自然與人工之間達(dá)到了巧妙的平衡。與此同時(shí)，你也會(huì)對(duì)作者文字的優(yōu)美贊嘆不已。

1.The beauty of our country — or at least all of its south of North Scotland — is as hard to define as it is easy to enjoy.Remembering other and larger countries, we see at once that one of its charms is that it is immensely varied within a small range.We have here no vast mountain ranges, no boundless plains, no miles of forest, and are deprived of the grandeur that may accompany these things.But we have superb variety.A great deal of everything is packed into little space.I suspect that we are always faintly conscious of the fact that this is a smallish island, with the sea always round the comer.We know that everything has to be neatly packed into a small space.Nature, we feel, has carefully adjusted things — mountains, plains, rivers, lakes — to the scale of the island itself.A mountain 12,000 feet high would be a horrible monster

here, as wrong as a plain 400 miles long, a river as broad as the Mississippi.In America the whole scale is too big, except for aviators.There is always too much of everything.There you find yourself in a region that is all mountains, then in another region that is merely part of one immense plain.You can spend a long, hard day in the Rockies simply travelling up or down one valley.You can wander across prairie country that has the desolating immensity of the ocean.Everything is too big;there is too much of it.2.Though the geographical features of this island are comparatively small, and there is astonishing variety almost everywhere, that does not mean that our mountains are not mountains, our plains not plains.Consider that piece of luck of ours, the Lake District.You can climb with ease — as I have done many a time — several of its mountains in one day.Nevertheless, you feel that they are mountains and not mere hills — as a correspondent pointed out in The Times recently.This same correspondent told a story that proves my point.A party of climbers imported a Swiss guide into the Lake District, and on the first morning, surveying the misty peaks before him, he pointed to a ledge about two thirds of the way up one of them and suggested that the party should spend the night there.He did not know that that ledge was only an hour or two's climb away and that before the light went they would probably have conquered two or three of these peaks.He had not realised the scale of the country.He did not know that he was looking at mountains in miniature.What he did know was that he was certainly looking at mountains, and he was right, for these peaks, some of them less than 3,000 feet high, have all the air of great mountains.3.With variety goes surprise.Ours is the country of happy surprises.You have never to travel long without being pleasantly astonished.It would not be difficult to compile a list of such surprises that would fill the next fifty pages, but I will content myself with suggesting the first few that occur to me.If you go down into the West Country, among rounded hills and soft pastures, you suddenly arrive at the bleak tablelands as if the North had left a piece of itself down there.But before you have reached them you have already been surprised by the queer bit of marshland, as if a former inhabitant had been sent to Cambridge and had brought his favourite marshland walk back from college with him into the West.4.The Weald is another of them.East Anglia has a kind of rough heath country of its own that I for one never expect to find there and am always delighted to see.Then, after the easy rolling Midlands, the dramatic Peak District, with its genuine steep slopes, never fails to astonish me, for I feel that it has no business to be there.A car will take you all round the Peak District in a morning.It is nothing but a crumpled green pocket handkerchief.Again, there has always been something surprising to me about those cone-shaped hills that suddenly pop up in Shropshire and along the Welsh border I have never explored this region properly, and so it remains to me a country of mystery, with a delightful fairy-tale quality about its cone-shaped hills.Nevertheless, we hear of search parties going out there to find lost travellers.I could go on with this list of surprises, but perhaps you had better make your own.5.Another characteristic of our landscape is its exquisite moderation.It looks like the result of one of those happy compromises that make our social and political plans so irrational and yet so successful.It has been born of a compromise between wildness and tameness, between Nature and Man.In many countries you pass straight from regions where men have left their mark in every inch of ground to other regions that are desolate wilderness.Abroad, we have all noticed how abruptly most of the cities seem to begin;here, no city;there, the city.With us the cities pretend they are not really there until we are well inside them.They almost insinuate themselves into the countryside.This comes from another compromise of ours, the suburb.There is a great deal to be said for the suburb.To people of moderate means, compelled to live fairly near their work in a city, the suburb offers the most civilised way of life.Nearly all Englishmen are at heart country gentlemen.The suburban villa enables the salesman or the clerk, out of hours, to be a country gentleman.(Let us admit that it offers his wife and children more solid advantages.)A man in a newish suburb feels that he has one foot in the city and one in the country.As this is the kind of compromise he likes, he is happy.6.We must return, however, to the landscape, which I suggest is the result of a compromise between wilderness and cultivation, Nature and Man.One reason for this is that it contains that exquisite balance between Nature and Man.We see a cornfield and a cottage, both solid evidences of man's presence.But notice how these things, in the middle of the scene, are surrounded by witnesses to that ancient England that was nearly all forest and heath.The fence and the gate are man-made, but are not severely regular and trim — as they would be in some other countries.The trees and hedges, the grass and wild flowers in the foreground, all suggest that Nature has not been forced into obedience.Even the cottage, which has an

irregularity and colouring that make it fit snugly into the landscape(as all good cottages should do), looks nearly as much a piece of natural history as the trees: you feel it might have grown there.In some countries, that cottage would have been an uncompromising cube of brick, which would have declared, “No nonsense now.Man, the drainer, the tiller, the builder, has settled here.” In this English scene there is no such direct opposition.Men and trees and flowers, we feel, have all settled down comfortably together.The motto is, “Live and let live.” This exquisite harmony between Nature and Man explains in part the enchantment of the older Britain, in which whole towns fitted snugly into the landscape, as if they were no more than bits of woodland;and roads went winding the easiest way as naturally as rivers;and it was impossible to say where cultivation ended and wild life began.It was a country rich in.trees, birds, and wild flowers, as we can see to this day.Lesson Seven

Some Meanings of Authentic Love Gerald Correy & Marianne Schneider Correy

愛(ài)是文藝作品永恒的主題，是人們永遠(yuǎn)關(guān)心的話(huà)題。愛(ài)是何物 ? 它為什么受到古今中外文人雅士的歌頌，男女老少鍥而不舍的追求，哲學(xué)家潛心的探索 ? 為什么人人都渴望真愛(ài)，卻又都抱怨說(shuō)真愛(ài)難覓 ? 追求愛(ài)的人們未必懂得真愛(ài)的含義。愛(ài)究竟包含那些內(nèi)容 ? 這里兩位作者提出的見(jiàn)解可能會(huì)幫助我們澄清一些模糊的對(duì)愛(ài)的概念。So far, we've discussed mostly what we think love is not.Now we'd like to share some of the positive meanings love has for us.Love means that I know the person I love.I'm aware of the many sides of the other person — not just the beautiful side but also the limitations, inconsistencies and flaws.I have an awareness of the other's feelings and thoughts, and I experience something of the core of that person.I can penetrate social masks and roles and see the other person on a deeper level.3 Love means that I care about the welfare of the person I love.To the extent that it is genuine, my caring is not a smothering of the person or a possessive clinging.On the contrary, my caring liberates both of us.If I care about you, I'm concerned about your growth, and I hope you will become all that you can become.Consequently, I don't put up roadblocks to what you do that enhances you as a person, even though it may result in my discomfort at times.4 Love means having respect for the dignity of the person I love.If I love you, I can see you as a separate person, with your own values and thoughts and feelings, and I do not insist that you surrender your identity and conform to an image of what I expect you to be for me.I can allow and encourage you to stand alone and to be who you are, and I avoid treating you as an object or using you primarily to gratify my own needs.5 Love means having a responsibility toward the person I love.If I love you, I'm responsive to most of your major needs as a person.This responsibility does not entail my doing for you what you are capable of doing for yourself;nor does it mean that I run your life for you.It does imply acknowledging that what I am and what I do affects you, so that I am directly involved in your happiness and your misery.A lover does have the capacity to hurt or neglect the loved one, and in this sense I see that love entails an acceptance of some responsibility for the impact my way of being has on you.6 Love means growth for both myself and the person I love.If I love you, I am growing as a result of my love.You are a stimulant for me to become more fully what I might become, and my loving enhances your being as well.We each grow as a result of caring and being cared for;we each share in an enriching experience that does not detract from our being.Love means making a commitment to the person I love.This commitment does not entail surrendering our total selves to each other;nor does it imply that the relationship is necessarily permanent.It does entail a willingness to stay with each other in times of pain, uncertainty, struggle, and despair, as well as in times of calm and enjoyment.Love means trusting the person I love.If I love you, I trust that you will accept my caring and my love and that you won't deliberately hurt me.I trust that you will find me lovable and that you won't abandon me;I trust the reciprocal nature of our love.If we trust each other, we are willing to be open to each other and can shed masks and pretenses and reveal our true selves.9 Love can tolerate imperfection.In a love relationship there are times of boredom, there are times when I may feel like giving up, times of real strain, and times I experience an impasse.Authentic love does not imply enduring happiness.I

can stay during rough times, however, because I can remember what we had together in the past, and I can picture what we will have together in our future if we care enough to face our problems and work them through.We agree with Reverend Maier when he writes that love is a spirit that changes life.Love is a way of life that is creative and that transforms.However, Maier does not view love as being reserved for a perfect world.“ Love is meant for our imperfect world where things go wrong.Love is meant to be a spirit that works in painful situations.Love is meant to bring meaning into life where nonsense appears to reign.” In other words, love comes into an imperfect world to make it livable.Love is freeing.Love is freely given, not doled out on demand.At the same time, my love for you is not dependent on whether you fulfill my expectations of you.Authentic love does not imply “ I'll love you when you become perfect or when you become what I expect you to become.” Authentic love is not given with strings attached.There is an unconditional quality about love.Love is expansive.If I love you, I encourage you to reach out and develop other relationships.Although our love for each other and our commitment to each other might bar certain actions on our parts, we are not totally and exclusively wedded to each other.It is a pseudolove that cements one person to another in such a way that he or she is not given room to grow.Casey and Vanceburg put this notion well: The honest evidence of our love is our commitment to encouraging another's full development.We are interdependent personalities who need one another's presence in order to fulfill our destiny.And yet, we are also separate individuals.We must come to terms with our struggles alone.Love means having a want for the person I love without having a need for that person in order to be complete.If I am nothing without you, then I'm not really free to love you.I love you and you leave, I'll experience a loss and be sad and lonely, but I'll still be able to survive.If I am overly dependent on you for my meaning and my survival, then I am not free to challenge our relationship;nor am I free to challenge and confront you.Because of my fear of losing you, I'll settle for less than I want, and this settling will surely lead to feelings of resentment.Love means identifying with the person I love.If I love you, I can empathize with you and see the world through your eyes.I can identify with you because I'm able to see myself in you and you in me.This closeness does not imply a continual “ togetherness, ” for distance and separation are sometimes essential in a loving relationship.Distance can intensify a loving bond, and it can help us rediscover ourselves, so that we are able to meet each other in a new way.Love is selfish.I can only love you if I genuinely love, value, appreciate, and respect myself.If I am empty, then all I can give you is my emptiness.If I feel that I'm complete and worthwhile in myself, then I'm able to give to you out of my fullness.One of the best ways for me to give you love is by fully enjoying myself with you.Love involves seeing the potential within the person we love.In my love for another, I view her or him as the person she or he can become, while still accepting who and what the person is now.Goethe's observation is relevant here: by taking people as they are, we make them worse, but by treating them as if they already were what they ought to be, we help make them better.17 We conclude this discussion of the meanings that authentic love has for us by sharing a thought from Fromm's The Art of Loving(1956).His description of mature love sums up the essential characteristics of authentic love quite well: Mature love is union under the condition of preserving one's integrity, one's individuality.In love this paradox occurs that two beings become one and yet remain two.Lesson Eight How l Designed an A-Bomb in My Junior Year at Princeton John A.Phillips and David Michaelis

一般人認(rèn)為要設(shè)計(jì)出一顆可使用的原子彈，設(shè)計(jì)者需要有天才，需要有專(zhuān)門(mén)知識(shí)，還必須獲得絕密資料。事實(shí)并非如此。普林斯頓大學(xué)有這樣一位學(xué)生，第一學(xué)期成績(jī)極差，校方對(duì)他提出警告，如果他再有一門(mén)功課不及格，就要勒令他退學(xué)。第二學(xué)期開(kāi)始，他決心取得優(yōu)秀成績(jī)。他沒(méi)有竊取國(guó)家絕密資料，憑著原子彈的原理和已經(jīng)解密的材料，經(jīng)過(guò)幾個(gè)月的奮戰(zhàn)，終于設(shè)計(jì)出了他的原子彈。此項(xiàng)設(shè)計(jì)一舉兩得：為他贏得了一個(gè)最高分，并證實(shí)了制造一顆原子彈并不一定要竊取國(guó)家機(jī)密。

The first semester of my junior year at Princeton University is a disaster, and my grades show it.D's and F's

predominate, and a note from the dean puts me on academic probation.Flunk one more course, and I'm out.2 Fortunately, as the new semester gets under way, my courses begin to interest me.Three hours a week, I attend one called Nuclear Weapons Strategy and Arms Control.One morning, Freeman Dyson, an eminent physicist assisting Hal Feiveson in the course, opens a discussion on the atomic bomb: “Let me describe what occurs when a 20-kiloton bomb is exploded, similar to the two dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.First, the sky becomes illuminated by a brilliant white light.Temperatures are so high around the point of explosion that the atmosphere is actually made incandescent.To an observer standing six miles away the ball of fire appears brighter than a hundred suns.”As the fireball begins to spread up and out into a mush room shaped cloud, temperatures spontaneously ignite all flammable materials for miles around.Wood-frame houses catch fire.Clothing bursts into flame, and people suffer intense third-degree lash burns over their exposed flesh.The very high temperatures also produce a shock wave and a variety of nuclear radiation capable of penetrating 20 inches of concrete...“ Silence falls over the room as the titanic proportions of the destruction begin to sink in.”It takes only 15 pounds of plutonium to fabricate a crude atomic bomb, “ adds Hal Feiveson.”If breeder reactors come into widespread use, there will be sufficient plutonium shipped around the country each year to fashion thousands of bombs.Much of it could be vulnerable to theft or hijacking.“ The class discusses the possibility of terrorists' using a homemade atomic bomb to push their extravagant political demands.”That's impossible, “ a student objects.”Terrorists don't have the know-how to build a bomb.Besides, they don't have access to the knowledge.“ Impossible? Or is it? The question begins to haunt me.I turn to reference books and find, according to a famous nuclear physicist, that a terrorist group could easily steal plutonium or uranium from a nuclear reactor and then design a workable atomic bomb with information available to the general public, and that all the ingredients — except plutonium — are legally available at hardware stores and chemical-supply houses.9 Suddenly, an idea comes to mind.Suppose an average — or below-average in my case — physics student could design a workable atomic bomb on paper? If I could design a bomb, almost any intelligent person could.But I would have to do it in less than three months to turn it in as my junior independent project.I decide to ask Freeman Dyson to be ry adviser.”You understand, “ said Dyson, ”my government security clearance will prevent me from giving you any more information than that which can be found in physics libraries.And that the law of 'no comment' governing scientists who have clearance to atomic research requires that, if asked a question about the design of a bomb, I can answer neither yes nor no? “ ”Yes, sir, “ I reply.”I understand.“ ”O(jiān)kay, then.I'll give you a list of textbooks outlining the general principles — and I wish you luck.“ A few days later, Dyson hands me a short list of books on nuclear-reactor technology, general nuclear physics and current atomic theory.”That's all? “ I ask incredulously, having expected a bit more direction.14 At subsequent meetings Dyson explains only the basic principles of nuclear physics.If I ask about a particular design or figure, he will glance over what I've done and change the subject.At first, I think this is his way of telling me I am correct.To make sure, I hand him an incorrect figure.He reads it and changes the subject.Over spring vacation, I go to Washington, D.C., to search for records of the Los Alamos Project that were declassified between 1954 and 1964.I discover a copy of the literature given to scientists who joined the project in the spring of 1943.This text carefully outlines all the details of atomic fissioning known to the world's most advanced scientists in the early '40s.A whole batch of copies costs me about $ 25.I gather them together and go over to the bureaucrat at the front desk.She looks at the titles and then looks up at me.”O(jiān)h, you want to build a bomb, too? “ she asks matter-of factly.I can't believe it.Do people go in there for bomb-building information every day? When I show the documents to Dyson, he is visibly shaken.His reaction indicates to me that I actually stand a chance of coming up with a workable design.The material necessary to explode my bomb is plutonium-239.Visualize an atomic bomb as a marble inside a

grapefruit inside a basketball inside a beach ball.At the center of the bomb is the initiator, a marble-size piece of metal.Around the initiator is a grapefruit-size ball of plutonium-239.Wrapped around the plutonium is a three-inch reflector shield made of beryllium.High explosives are placed symmetrically around the beryllium shield.When these detonate, an imploding shock wave is set off, compressing the grapefruit-size ball of plutonium to the size of a plum.At this moment, the process of atoms fissioning — or splitting apart begins.There are many subtleties involved in the explosion of an atomic bomb.Most of them center on the actual detonation of the explosives surrounding the beryllium shield.The grouping of these explosives is one of the most highly classified aspects of the atomic bomb, and it poses the biggest problems for me as I begin to design my bomb.As the next three weeks go by, I stop going to classes altogether and work day and night.I develop a terrible case of bloodshot eyes.Sleep comes rarely.I approach every problem from a terrorist's point of view.The bomb must be inexpensive to construct, simple in design, and small enough to sit unnoticed in the trunk of a car.As the days and nights flow by, I scan government documents for gaps indicating an area of knowledge that is still classified.Essentially, I am putting together a huge jigsaw puzzle.The edge pieces are in place and various areas are getting filled in, but pieces are missing.Whenever the outline of one shows up, I sit down to devise the solution that will fill the gap.23 With only two weeks left, the puzzle is nearly complete, but two pieces are still missing: which explosives to use, and how to arrange them around the plutonium.Seven days before the design is due, I'm still deadlocked.I realize something drastic must be done, and I start all over at the beginning.Occasionally I find errors in my old calculations, and I correct them.I lose sense of time.With less than 24 hours to go, I run through a series of new calculations, mathematically figuring the arrangement of the explosives around the plutonium.If my equations are correct, my bomb might be just as effective as the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs.But I can't be sure until I know the exact nature of the explosives I will use.Next morning, with my paper due at 5 p.m., I call the Du Pont Company from a pay phone and ask for the head of the chemical explosives division, a man I'll call Mr.Graves.”Hello, Mr.Graves.My name is John Phillips, a student doing work on a physics project.I'd like to get some advice, if that's possible.“ ”What can I do for you? “ ”Well, “ I stammer, ”I'm doing research on the shaping of explosive products that create a very high density in a spherically shaped metal.Can you suggest a Du Pont product that would fit in this category? “ ”O(jiān)f course, “ he says, in a helpful manner.”We sell [the names of the product] to do the job in similar density-problem situations to the one you're talking about.“

Mr.Graves has given me just the information I need.Now, if my calculations are correct with respect to the new information, all I have to do is complete my paper by five.32 Five minutes to five, I race over to the physics building and bound up the stairs.Inside the office, everybody stops talking and stares at me.I haven't shaved in over a week.33 ”I came to hand in my project, “ I explain.34 A week later, I return to the office to pick up my project.My paper is not there.35 ”Aren't you the boy who designed the atomic bomb? “ the secretary looks up, then freezes.36 ”Yes, “ I reply.37 She takes a deep breath.”The question has been raised by the department whether your paper should be classified by the U.S.government.“

”What!Classified? “

She takes my limp hand, shaking it vigorously.”Congratulations, “ she says, all smiles.”You've got one of the only A's in the department.“

40.For a second I don't say anything.Here I have put on paper the plan for a device capable of killing thousands of people, and all I was worrying about was flunking out.40

Lesson Nine

Forty Years On Norah Lofts

人有時(shí)像馬一樣，須要從后面戳一下才肯動(dòng)起來(lái)，才能不斷前進(jìn)。戳的方式可以多種多樣，課文所描述的是其中之一。兩個(gè)未曾謀面、年齡相仿的遠(yuǎn)親，從孩提時(shí)期到成年一直想像對(duì)方從長(zhǎng)相到智力都遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)勝過(guò)自己。雙方家長(zhǎng)也不斷用對(duì)方的成績(jī)激勵(lì)自己的兒子上進(jìn)。當(dāng)兩人已過(guò)花甲之年，都已小有名氣終于見(jiàn)面時(shí)，才恍然大悟：原來(lái)雙方家長(zhǎng)玩的是同樣的把戲，他們不禁開(kāi)懷大笑。之后，他們舉杯懷念這把戲的導(dǎo)演、他們已故的嘉麗阿姨。不論故事是真是假，難道你不認(rèn)為一個(gè)人的精神面貌對(duì)事業(yè)成功與否十分重要嗎? John Bullyer and I met for the first time in 1956 when we were both in our early sixties, but it is true to say that he did more to shape my life than any other person.John Bullyer came into my life through my Aunt Carrie.She was also aunt to John Bullyer, whom she referred to as ” Little-John-my-other-nephew “ all in one word, and she referred to him too often.From Aunt Carrie's point of view it was fortunate, from mine, disastrous, that John Bullyer and I were the same age.Probably hundreds of comparisons were made before I became aware of them.The first that I remember was made soon after I began school where I had lain on the floor and wailed that I wanted to go home.Shortly after that my mother reported that Little-John-Aunt-Carrie's-other nephew had started school on the same day and taken to it like a duck to water.4 And so it went on.Incredible boy, he knew his nine-times table, while I was still hopelessly bogged in the fours;I began to dread Aunt Carrie's formerly most welcome visits.She was certain to produce chocolate or sixpence from her purse;but as soon as she had gone, Mother was sure to say the dread words: ” Aunt Carrie was telling me that John Bullyer...“ The comparisons were, without exception, to my disadvantage.The wretched boy never set foot upon a football field without scoring a goal;I became conscious of my inferiority, for I was hopeless at games.To me it seemed sinister that Mother always passed on any small achievement of mine.Once, at my prep.school, I had a story in the magazine and Mother was beside herself.” I must have another copy of that, “ she said, ” so that Aunt Carrie can send it to John Bullyer's mother.“ What a boomerang that proved!By return of post came the news that John had won a scholarship.9 It will seem strange that we boys never met, but in those days Gloucestershire was as far removed, in travelling time, from Suffolk, as New York is today.Aunt Carrie kept saying, ” Really, you boys should know one another, I'm sure you'd be such friends, “ and once or twice she tried to arrange that John should stay with her in the holidays.Mercifully for me something always prevented him from doing so.I did have, however, one horribly narrow escape.An elderly couple, distant relatives of my father's, were celebrating their golden wedding.They lived in London, and they issued such a sentimentally-worded invitation that Father was bound to accept.As soon as he had done so Aunt Carrie came over in a state of excitement.Wasn't the world a small place, the Bullyer family and Father's relatives had once been near neighbours, and all three Bullyers had been invited to the feast.When Aunt Carrie had gone Mother said to me: ” You sit there huddled over a book until your back is bent like a bow.Go out and get some air.You look so much better with a little tan.“ I realised that she and I visualised John Bullyer in the same way, tall and straight, big for his age, with a handsome brown face.I stood up, obediently.Walking made no noticeable difference to my back and the sun remained hidden, so Mother tried another tack:

” You'll need a new suit at Easter anyway, you might as well have it now.“ On the evening before we were to make our early morning start for London, Mother came into my room and made me try on the new suit.I could see, by the expression on her face, that it worked no miracle.But Mother did not take defeat easily;looks weren't everything, my manners, at least, should pass muster!So she gave me a few final instructions.I kept saying, ” Yes, Mother “ and ” No,Mother “ , and ” I'll remember, Mother “.Finally she said:

” Well, hurry into bed and get a good night's sleep.“ I did not sleep well;I had the worst night I had ever known.My jaws ached.The pain spread up into my head, back into my ears, down into my throat.In addition to my physical woes I had mental agonies;I prayed that something might occur to prevent this meeting.I saw the dawn that morning and heard the first bird chorus.After several centuries had dragged by I heard the alarm go off in my parents' room and thankfully rose from my bed.I washed more thoroughly than usual;then I dressed, and in honour of the occasion, went to the looking glass to arrange my tie.For a moment, I thought that nervousness had affected my eyesight;the face that looked back at me was only just recognisable.My ears were hidden by the bulge of my jaws and I seemed to have no neck.Horrified I reeled into my parents' room.” Do you think I look funny this morning? “ They both turned.Mother screamed.Father said, ” I wouldn't say funny.You look damned peculiar.“

It was mumps.It left me open-minded about prayer.Time went on;so did the comparisons.By word of mouth during the holidays, by phrases in letters during term time, I was kept up to date with John's cleverness and progress.Thus goaded I began at last to look round for something that I could do, something at which I could excel.When I found it I worked savagely, minding nothing else;let this be mine, John Bullyer could have all the rest.I was still a Grub Street hack, counting it a good week in which I made five pounds, when John attained some glittering appointment in India.That ability to master the nine-times table had proved no momentary success.He had developed into some kind of financial wizard.There was a paragraph in the daily papers about this appointment.Aunt Carrie took the cutting to show to my mother.That was her last report.She was dead before her other nephew reached his destination.Three or four times during the next forty years I saw mention of John Bullyer in the press.Those paragraphs recorded a steady success which eventually led to a knighthood when he retired in 1956.On that occasion there was half a newspaper column about him.When asked, in an interview, what he intended to do with his leisure, Sir John replied, ” I hope to take up golf;I have never had time to take it seriously.“ I pictured him again, lean and tanned, with a head of well-kept grey hair.I was sorry that there was no photograph;I could have looked at it almost without fear, I thought.I was, by that time, not unsuccessful in my own line.26 Late that year, in November, I was in my club, sipping a glass of sherry before dinner.A cough at my elbow made me look round.I saw a short stout man, glitteringly bald, with a little snub nose that looked too small to support the framework of his heavy glasses.Diffidently, he spoke my name and I admitted my identity.Since I attained a little fame I have on occasion been addressed by strangers and no matter how flatteringly they speak I am always horribly embarrassed.27 ” My name's John B-Bullyer, “ stammered the little man.” We once sh-shared an aunt.“ I leaped up and shook hands, expressing my pleasure at meeting him at last, and then we settled down to drink sherry together.His stammer, like my shyness, soon wore off.” I used to hear so much about you, “ he said with a grin.” Then I learned that you were a member here and I could not resist asking someone to point you out to me.Though, if you'd looked the least bit as I always imagined I don't think I'd have d-dared to approach you.You see...I grew up with the idea that you were at least eight feet tall, tremendously handsome and more talented than da Vinci.“ His grin broadened — and I knew why!” Really, “ he said, ” the letters Aunt Carrie used to write about you and the way my mother used to read them out.You were the b-bugbear of my life.“ ” They were nothing, “ I said, ” to the letters your mother used to write about you.I was told every time you got a sum right.I always thought of you as nine feet high, better looking than Robert Taylor and more versatile than Churchill.So they played the game both ways, did they? “

We laughed.32 We looked at one another.Then it probably dawned on us both that the place in which we sat is not the haunt of men who have been failures in life, and that, boys being what they are, an occasional prod in the rear is no such bad thing.Together we lifted our glasses, and though neither of us spoke, I know that we drank to the memory of Aunt Carrie.Lesson Ten

On Friendship

Margaret Mead and Rhoda Metranx

自古以來(lái)，人們對(duì)友情的渴望不亞于對(duì)愛(ài)情的追求。俗話(huà)說(shuō)“一個(gè)好漢三個(gè)幫”，人需要朋友!然而對(duì)不同的文化，不同的民族，不同的國(guó)家來(lái)說(shuō)，“朋友”二字的含義不盡相同。了解這些差異，有助于理解別的民族的價(jià)值觀，有助于避免和消除跨文化交往中的誤會(huì)。在與其他國(guó)家的人交友時(shí)，千萬(wàn)不可按自己民族對(duì)朋友的期待值去要求他們。Few Americans stay put for a lifetime.We move from town to city to suburb, from high school to college in a different state, from a job in one region to a better job elsewhere, from the home where we raise our children to the home where we plan to live in retirement.With each move we are forever making new friends, who become part of our new life at that time.2 For many of us the summer is a special time for forming new friendships.Today millions of Americans vacation abroad, and they go not only to see new sights but also — in those places where they do not feel too strange — with the hope of meeting new people.No one really expects a vacation trip to produce a close friend.But surely the beginning of a friendship is possible? Surely in every country people value friendship?

They do.The difficulty when strangers from two countries meet is not a lack of appreciation of friendship, but different expectations about what constitutes friendship and how it comes into being.In those European countries that Americans are most likely to visit, friendship is quite sharply distinguished from other, more casual relations, and is differently related to family life.For a Frenchman, a German or an Englishman friendship is usually more special and carries a heavier burden of commitment.But as we use the word, ”friend“ can be applied to a wide range of relationships to someone one has known for a few weeks in a new place, to a close business associate, to a childhood playmate, to a man or woman, to a trusted confidant.There are real differences among these relations for Americans — a friendship may be superficial, casual, situational or deep and enduring.But to a European, who sees only our surface behavior, the differences are not clear.As they see it, people known and accepted temporarily, casually, flow in and out of Americans' homes with little ceremony and often with little personal commitment.They may be parents of the children's friends, house guests of neighbors, members of a committee, business associates from another town or even another country.Coming as a guest into an American home, the European visitor finds no visible landmarks.The atmosphere is relaxed.Most people, old and young, are called by first names.6 Who then is a friend? Even simple translation from one language to another is difficult.”You see,“ a Frenchman explains, ”if I were to say to you in France, 'This is my good friend,' that person would not be as close to me as someone about whom I said only, 'This is my friend.'Anyone about whom I have to say more is really less.“ In France, as in many European countries, friends generally are of the same sex, and friendship is seen as basically a relationship between men.Frenchwomen laugh at the idea that ”women can't be friends,“ but they also admit sometimes that for women ”it's a different thing.“ And many French people doubt the possibility of a friendship between a man and a woman.There is also the kind of relationship within a group — men and women who have worked together for a long time, who may be very close, sharing great loyalty and warmth of feeling.They may call one another — copains — a word that in English becomes ”friends“ but has more the feeling of ”pals“ or ”buddies“.In French eyes this is not friendship, although two members of such a group may well be friends.For the French, friendship is a one-to-one relationship that demands a keen awareness of the other person's intellect, temperament and particular interests.A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.Your political philosophy assumes more depth, appreciation of a play becomes sharper, taste in food or wine is enhanced, enjoyment of a sport is intensified.And French friendships are divided into categories.A man may play chess with a friend for thirty years without

knowing his political opinion, or he may talk politics with him for as long a time without knowing about his personal life.Different friends fill different niches in each person's life.These friendships are not made part of family life.A friend is not expected to spend evenings being nice to children or courteous to a deaf grandmother.These duties, also serious and required, are primarily for relatives.Men who are friends may meet in a cafe.Intellectual friends may meet in larger groups for evenings of conversation.Working people may meet at the little bistro where they drink and talk, far from the family.Marriage does not affect such friendships;wives do not have to be taken into account.In the past in France, friendships of this kind seldom were open to any but intellectual women.Since most women's lives centered on their homes, their warmest relations with other women often went back to their girlhood.The special relationship of friendship is based on what the French value most — on the mind, on having the same of outlook, on vivid awareness of some chosen area of life.In Germany, in contrast with France, friendship is much more clearly a matter of feeling.Adolescents, boys and girls, form deeply sentimental attachments, walk and talk together — not so much to polish their wits as to share their hopes and fears and dreams to form a common front against the world of school and family and to join in a kind of mutual discovery of each other's and their own inner life.Within the family, the closest relationship over a lifetime is between brothers and sisters.Outside the family, men and women find in their closest friends of the same sex the devotion of a sister, the loyalty of a brother.Appropriately, in Germany friends usually are brought into the family.Children call their father's and their mother's friends ”uncle“ and ”aunt“.Between French friends, who have chosen each other for the similarity of their point of view, lively disagreement and sharpness of argument are the breath of life.But for Germans, whose friendships are based on common feelings, deep disagreement on any subject that matters to both is regarded as a tragedy.Like ties of kinship, ties of friendship are meant to be absolutely binding.Young Germans who come to the United States have great difficulty in establishing such friendships with Americans.We view friendship more tentatively, subject to changes in intensity as people move, change their jobs, marry, or discover new interests.English friendships follow still a different pattern.Their basis is shared activity.Activities at different stages of life may be of very different kinds — discovering a common interest in school, serving together in the armed forces, taking part in a foreign mission, staying in the same country house during a crisis.In the midst of the activity, whatever it may be, people fall into step — sometimes two men or two women, sometimes two couples, sometimes three people — and find that they walk or play a game or tell stories or serve on a committee with the same easy anticipation of what each will do day by day or in some critical situation.Americans who have made English friends comment that, even years later, ”you can take up just where you left off.“ Meeting after a long interval, friends are like a couple who begin to dance again when the orchestra strikes up after a pause.English friendships are formed outside the family circle, but they are not, as in Germany, committed to the family nor are they, as in France, separated from the family.And a break in an English friendship comes not necessarily as a result of some difference of viewpoint or feeling but instead as a result of misjudgment, where one friend seriously misjudges how the other will think or feel or act, so that suddenly they are out of step.What, then, is friendship? Looking at these different styles, including our own, each of which is related to a whole way of life, are there common elements? There is the recognition that friendships are formed, in contrast with kinship, through freedom of choice.A friend is someone who chooses and is chosen.Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual, on whatever grounds this recognition is based.And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give and take.These similarities make the bridge between societies possible, and the American's characteristic openness to different styles of relationship makes it possible for him to find new friends abroad with whom he feels at home.Lesson Eleven

Selling the Post(I)Russell Baker

三十年代初，時(shí)值美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條時(shí)期，一個(gè)小男孩的父親去世，母親帶著他和妹妹在舅舅家生活。小男孩成了一名獲獎(jiǎng)作家之后，以輕松、幽默的文筆和略帶自嘲的口吻描述了他8歲到12歲之間，在母親的安排下，推銷(xiāo)雜志的嘗試。他記述了他母親如何激發(fā)他奮發(fā)圖強(qiáng)，甚至帶有強(qiáng)迫性地將喜愛(ài)躲在屋里看書(shū)的他推向了外面充滿(mǎn)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的世界。本文生動(dòng)地刻畫(huà)了母子倆和兄妹倆截然不同的性格。

I began working in journalism when I was eight years old.It was my mother's idea.She wanted me to make something of myself and, after a leve-lheaded appraisal of my strengths, decided I had better start young if I was to have any chance of keeping up with the competition.2 The flaw in my character which she had already spotted was lack of gumption.My idea of a perfect afternoon was lying in front of the radio rereading my favorite Big Little Book, Dick Tracy Meets Stooge Viller.My mother despised inactivity.Seeing me having a good time in repose, she was powerless to hide her disgust.”You've got no more gumption than a bump on a log, “ she said.”Get out in the kitchen and help Doris do those dirty dishes.“ My sister Doris, though two years younger than I, had enough gumption for a dozen people.She positively enjoyed washing dishes, making beds, and cleaning the house.When she was only seven she could carry a piece of shortweighted cheese back to the A & P, threaten the manager with legal action, and come back triumphantly with the full quarter-pound we'd paid for and a few ounces extra thrown in for forgiveness.Doris could have made something of herself if she hadn't been a girl.Because of this defect, however, the best she could hope for was a career as a nurse or schoolteacher, the only work that capable females were considered up to in those days.4 This must have saddened my mother, this twist of fate that had allocated all the gumption to the daughter and left her with a son who was content with Dick Tracy and Stooge Viller.If disappointed, though, she wasted no energy on self-pity.She would make me make something of myself whether I wanted to or not.”The Lord helps those who help themselves, “ she said.That was the way her mind worked.She was realistic about the difficulty.Having sized up the material the Lord had given her to mold, she didn't overestimate what she could do with it.She didn't insist that I grow up to be President of the United States.Fifty years ago parents still asked boys if they wanted to grow up to be president, and asked it not jokingly but seriously.Many parents who were hardly more than paupers still believed their sons could do it.Abraham Lincoln had done it.We were only sixty-five years from Lincoln.Many a grandfather who walked among us could remember Lincoln's time.Men of grandfatherly age were the worst for asking if you wanted to grow up to be president.A surprising number of little boys said yes and meant it.I was asked many times myself.No, I would say, I didn't want to grow up to be president.My mother was present during one of these interrogations.An elderly uncle, having posed the usual question and exposed my lack of interest in the presidency, asked, ”Well, what do you want to be when you grow up? “ I loved to pick through trash piles and collect empty bottles, tin cans with pretty labels, and discarded magazines.The most desirable job on earth sprang instantly to mind.”I want to be a garbage man, “ I said.My uncle smiled, but my mother had seen the first distressing evidence of a bump budding on a log.”Have a little gumption, Russell, “ she said.Her calling me Russell was a signal of unhappiness.When she approved of me I was always ”Buddy.“

When I turned eight years old she decided that the job of starting me on the road toward making something of myself could no longer be safely delayed.”Buddy, “ she said one day, ”I want you to come home right after school this afternoon.Somebody's coming and I want you to meet him.“When I burst in that afternoon she was in conference in the parlor with an executive of the Curtis Publishing Company.She introduced me.He bent low from the waist and shook my hand.Was it true as my mother had told him, he asked, that I longed for the opportunity to conquer the world of business? My mother replied that I was blessed with a rare determination to make something of myself.13 ”That's right, “ I whispered.”But have you got the grit, the character, the never-say-quit spirit it takes to succeed in business? “My mother said I certainly did.16 ”That's right, “ I said.He eyed me silently for a long pause, as though weighing whether I could be trusted to keep his confidence, then spoke man to-man.Before taking a crucial step, he said, he wanted to tell me that working for the Curtis Publishing

Company placed enormous responsibility on a young man.It was one of the great companies of America.Perhaps the greatest publishing house in the world.I had heard, no doubt, of the Saturday Evening Post ? Heard of it? My mother said that everyone in our house had heard of the Saturday Evening Post and that I, in fact, read it with religious devotion.Then doubtless, he said, we were also familiar with those two monthly pillars of the magazine world, the Ladies Home Journal and the Country Gentleman.Indeed we were familiar with them, said my mother.Representing the Saturday Evening Post was one of the weightiest honors that could be bestowed in the world of business, he said.He was personally proud of being a part of that great corporation.My mother said he had every right to be.Again he studied me as though debating whether I was worthy of a knighthood.Finally: ”Are you trustworthy? “

My mother said I was the soul of honesty.25 ”That's right, “ I said.The caller smiled for the first time.He told me I was a lucky young man.He admired my spunk.Too many young men thought life was all play.Those young men would not go far in this world.Only a young man willing to work and save and keep his face washed and his hair neatly combed could hope to come out on top in a world such as ours.Did I truly and sincerely believe that I was such a young man? ”He certainly does, “ said my mother.28 ”That's right, “ I said.He said he had been so impressed by what he has seen of me that he was going to make me a representative of the Curtis Publishing Company.On the following Tuesday, he said, thirty freshly printed copies of the Saturday Evening Post would be delivered at our door.I would place these magazines, still damp with the ink of presses, in a handsome canvas bag, sling it over my shoulder, and set forth through the streets to bring the best in journalism, fiction, and cartoons to the American public.He had brought the canvas bag with him.He presented it with reverence fit for a religious object.He showed me how to drape the sling over my left shoulder and across the chest so that the pouch lay easily accessible to my right hand, allowing the best in journalism, fiction, and cartoons to be swiftly extracted and sold to a citizenry whose happiness and security depended upon us soldiers of the free press.31 The following Tuesday I raced home from school, put the bag over my shoulder, dumped the magazines in, and, tilting to the left to balance their weight on my right hip, embarked on the highway of journalism.Lesson Twelve

Selling the Post(II)Russell Baker

小男孩第一天的推銷(xiāo)失敗了，母親面授技巧也無(wú)濟(jì)于事。妹妹卻頗具乃母風(fēng)范，推銷(xiāo)極為成功。三年過(guò)去了，母親終于認(rèn)識(shí)到此子無(wú)緣躋身于商界，開(kāi)始為他尋找其他成功之路。一天她終于發(fā)現(xiàn)了他的寫(xiě)作天賦。

We lived in Belleville, New Jersey, a commuter town at the northern fringe of Newark.It was 1932, the bleakest year of the Depression.My father had died two years before, leaving us with a few pieces of Sears, Roebuck furniture and not much else, and my mother had taken my sister, Doris, and me to live with one of her younger brothers.This was my Uncle Allen.Uncle Allen had made something of himself by 1932.As salesman for a soft-drink bottler, he had an income of $ 30 a week;wore pearl-gray spats, detachable collars, and a three-piece suit;was happily married;and took in threadbare relatives.2 With my load of magazines I headed toward Belleville Avenue.That's where the people were.There were two filling stations at the intersection with Union Avenue, as well as an A & P, a street fruit stall, a bakery, a barber shop, a drugstore, and a diner shaped like a railroad car.For several hours I made myself highly visible, shifting position now and then from

corner to corner, from shop window to shop window, to make sure everyone could see the heavy black lettering on the bag that said the Saturday Evening Post.When the angle of the light indicated it was suppertime, I walked back to the house.3 ”How many did you sell, Buddy?“ my mother asked.”None.“ ”Where did you go?“ ”The corner of Belleville and Union Avenues.“ ”What did you do?“ ”Stood on the corner waiting for somebody to buy a Saturday Evening Post.“ ”You just stood there?“ ”Didn't sell a single one.“ ”For God's sake, Russell!“ Uncle Allen intervened.”I've been thinking about it for some time,“ he said, ”and I've about decided to take the Post regularly.Put me down as a regular customer.“ I handed him a magazine and he paid me a nickel.It was the first nickel I earned.Afterwards my mother instructed me in salesmanship.I would have to ring doorbells, address adults with charming self-confidence, and break down resistance with a sales talk pointing out that no one, no matter how poor, could afford to be without the Saturday Evening Post in the home.I told my mother I'd changed my mind about wanting to succeed in the magazine business.”If you think I'm going to raise a good-for-nothing,“ she replied, ”you've got another think coming.“ She told me to hit the streets with the canvas bag and start ringing doorbells the instant school was out the next day.When I objected that I didn't feel any aptitude for salesmanship, she asked how I'd like to lend her my leather belt so she could whack some sense into me.I bowed to superior will and entered journalism with a heavy heart.My mother and I had fought this battle almost as long as I could remember.It probably started even before memory began, when I was a country child in northern Virginia and my mother, dissatisfied with my father's plain workman's life, determined that I would not grow up like him and his people, with calluses on their hands, overalls on their backs, and fourth-grade educations in their heads.She had fancier ideas of life's possibilities.Introducing me to the Saturday Evening Post, she was trying to wean me as early as possible from my father's world where men left with their lunch pails at sunup, worked with their hands all their lives, and died with a few sticks of mail-order furniture as their legacy.In my mother's vision of the better life there were desks and white collars, well-pressed suits, evenings of reading and lively talk, and perhaps — if a man were very, very lucky and hit the jackpot, really made something important of himself — perhaps there might be a fantastic salary of $5,000 a year to support a big house and a Buick with a rumble seat and vacation in Atlantic City.And so I set forth with my sack of magazines.I was afraid of the dogs that snarled behind the doors of potential buyers.I was timid about ringing the doorbells of strangers, relieved when no one came to the door, and scared when someone did.Despite my mother's instructions, I could not deliver an engaging sales pitch.When a door opened I simply asked, ”Want to buy a Saturday Evening Post?“ In Belleville few persons did.It was a town of 30,000 people, and most weeks I rang a fair majority of its doorbells.But I rarely sold my thirty copies.Some weeks I canvassed the entire town for six days and still had four or five unsold magazines on Monday evening;then I dreaded the coming of Tuesday morning, when a batch of thirty fresh Saturday Evening Post was due at the front door.18 One rainy night when car windows were sealed against me I came back soaked and with not a single sale to report.My mother beckoned to Doris.”Go back with Buddy and show him how to sell these magazines,“ she said.Brimming with zest, Doris, then seven years old, returned with me to the corner.She took a magazine from the bag, and when the light turned red she strode to the nearest car and banged her small fist against the closed window.The driver, probably startled to see such a little girl assaulting his car, lowered the window to stare, and Doris thrust a Saturday Evening Post at him.”You need this magazine,“ she piped, ”and it only costs a nickel.“

Her salesmanship was irresistible.Before the light changed half a dozen times she disposed of the entire batch.I didn't feel humiliated.I was so happy I decided to give her a treat.Leading her to the vegetable store on Belleville Avenue, I bought three apples, which cost a nickel, and gave her one.23 ”You shouldn't waste money,“ she said.”Eat your apple.“ I bit into mine.”You shouldn't eat before supper,“ she said.”It'll spoil your appetite.“ Back at the house that evening, she dutifully reported me for wasting a nickel.Instead of a scolding, I was rewarded with a pat on the back for having the good sense to buy fruit instead of candy.My mother reached into her bottomless supply of maxims and told Doris,”An apple a day keeps the doctor away.“

By the time I was ten I had learned all my mother's maxims by heart.Asking to stay up past normal bedtime, I knew that a refusal would be explained with ”Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.“ If I whimpered about having to get up early in the morning, I could depend on her to say, ”The early bird gets the worm.“ The one I most despised was, ”If at first you don't succeed, try, try, try again.“ This was the battle cry with which she constantly sent me back into the hopeless struggle whenever I moaned that I had rung every doorbell in town and knew there wasn't a single potential buyer left in Belleville that week.After listening to my explanation, she handed me the canvas bag and said, ”If at first you don't succeed...“ Three years in that job, which I would gladly have quit after the first day except for her insistence, produced at least one valuable result.My mother finally concluded that I would never make something of myself by pursuing a life in business and started considering careers that demanded less competitive zeal.One evening when I was eleven I brought home a short ”composition“ on my summer vacation which the teacher had graded with an A.Reading it with her own schoolteacher's eye, my mother agreed that it was top-drawer seventh grade prose and complimented me.Nothing more was said about it immediately, but a new idea had taken life in her mind.Halfway through supper she suddenly interrupted the conversation.31 ”Buddy,“ she said, ”maybe you could be a writer."

I clasped the idea to my heart.I had never met a writer, and shown no previous urge to write, and hadn't a notion how to become a writer, but I loved stories and thought that making up stories must surely be almost as much fun as reading them.Best of all, though, and what really gladdened my heart, was the ease of the writer's life.Writers did not have to trudge through the town peddling from canvas bags, defending themselves against angry dogs, being rejected by surly strangers.Writers did not have to ring doorbells.So far as I could make out, what writers did couldn't even be classified as work.33 I was enchanted.Writers didn't have to have any gumption at all.I did not dare tell anybody for fear of being laughed at in the schoolyard, but secretly I decided that what I'd like to be when I grew up was a writer.(1477 words)Lesson Thirteen

How to Grow Old Bertrand Russell

20世紀(jì)科學(xué)技術(shù)的長(zhǎng)足進(jìn)步大大提高了人的壽命，不少發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家已經(jīng)進(jìn)入老年社會(huì)。老年人的生活和需要已經(jīng)引起社會(huì)的廣泛關(guān)注，因而聯(lián)合國(guó)把1999年定為國(guó)際老人年。

老年人需要社會(huì)和子女的關(guān)懷，但更重要的是自己要正確面對(duì)遲早會(huì)到來(lái)的事實(shí)：思維的遲鈍、體力的衰弱和死亡的臨近。英國(guó)著名哲學(xué)家羅素的觀點(diǎn)值得老年人借鑒，也值得目前年富力強(qiáng)的人深思，不僅因?yàn)樗麄冇谐蝗找矔?huì)進(jìn)入老年，更重要的是，因?yàn)閷?duì)待老年的態(tài)度，其實(shí)也是對(duì)待人生的態(tài)度。

In spite of the title, this article will really be on how not to grow old, which, at my time of life, is a much more important subject.My parents died young, I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors.My maternal grandfather, it is true, was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven, but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty.Of remoter ancestors I can only discover one who did not live to a great age, and he died of a disease which is now rare, namely, having his head cut off.A great grand mother of mine lived to the age of ninety-two, and to her

last day remained a terror to all her descendants.My maternal grandmother, after having nine children who survived, one who died in infancy, and many miscarriages, as soon as she became a widow devoted herself to women's higher education.She was one of the founders of Girt on College, and worked hard at opening the medical profession to women.She used to tell of how she met in Italy an elderly gentleman who was looking very sad.She asked him why he was so melancholy and he said that he had just parted from his two grandchildren.“Good gracious,” she exclaimed, “I have seventy-two grandchildren, and if I were sad each time I parted from one of them, I should have a miserable existence!Madre snaturale,” he replied.But speaking as one of the seventy-two, I prefer her recipe.After the age of eighty she found she had some difficulty in getting to sleep, so she habitually spent the hours from midnight to 3 a.m.in reading popular science.I do not believe that she ever had time to notice that she was growing old.This, I think, is the proper recipe for remaining young.If you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective, you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived, still less of the probable shortness of your future.2 As regards health, I have nothing useful to say as I have little experience of illness.I eat and drink whatever I like, and sleep when I cannot keep awake.I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health, though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.3 Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is too great an absorption in the past.One should not live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead.One's thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done.This is not always easy;one's own past is a gradually increasing weight.It is easy to think to oneself that one's emotions used to be more vivid than they are, and one's mind more keen.If this is true it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of finding strength in its vitality.When your children are grown up they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually insensible.I do not mean that one should be without interest in them, but one's interest should be contemplative and, if possible, philanthropic, but not too emotional.Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves, but human beings, owing to the length of infancy, find this less easy.5 I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests leading to suitable activities.It is in this sphere that long experience is really fruitful, and that the wisdom born of experience can be used without becoming a burden.It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education.But if you are one of those who are incapable of impersonal interests, you may find that your life will be empty unless you concern yourself with your children and grandchildren.In that case you must realise that while you can still help them in material ways, as by making them an allowance or knitting them jumpers, you must not expect that they will enjoy your company.6 Some old people are troubled by the fear of death.In the young there is a justification for this feeling.Young men who have reason to fear they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.But in an old man who has known human joys and sorrows and has done whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death is somewhat ignoble.The best way to overcome it — so at least it seems to me — is to make your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your life becomes increasingly part of the universal life.An individual human existence should be like a river — small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past rocks and over waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in the end, without any visible break, they become part of the sea, and painlessly lose their individual being.The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the thing he cares for will continue.And if, with the loss of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will not be unwelcome.I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.Three Passions l Have Lived For

Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed my life: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.These passions, like great winds, have blown me hither and thither, in a wayward course over a deep ocean of anguish, reaching to the very verge of despair.49

I have sought love, first, because it brings ecstasy — so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of my life for a few hours of this joy.I have sought it, next, because it relieves loneliness — that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it, finally, because in the union of love I have seen, in a mystic miniature, the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined.This is what I sought, and though it might seem too good for human life, this is what — at last — I have found.9 With equal passion I have sought knowledge.I have wished to understand the hearts of men.I have wished to know why the stars shine A little of this, but not much, I have achieved.10 Love and knowledge, so far as they were possible, led upward toward the heavens.But always pity brought me back to earth.Echoes of cries of pain reverberate in my heart.Children in famine, victims tortured by oppressors, helpless old people a hated burden to their sons, and the whole world of loneliness, poverty, and pain make a mockery of what human life should be.I long to alleviate the evil, but I cannot, and I too suffer.11 This has been my life.I have found it worth living, and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.(304 words)

Lesson Fourteen

The Listener John Berry

一位幾乎與世隔絕的八旬燈塔看管人，與一位三流小提琴手不期而遇。小提琴手為了躲避即將來(lái)臨的暴風(fēng)雨，來(lái)到老人的燈塔里，受到熱誠(chéng)的歡迎與款待。燈塔之外狂風(fēng)怒號(hào)，掀起陣陣巨浪；燈塔內(nèi)，老人從容不迫地履行自己的職責(zé)，泰然自若地與客人交談。小提琴手端詳著老人，情不自禁地拿出他心愛(ài)的樂(lè)器，在洶涌澎湃的暴風(fēng)雨伴奏之下，為老人演奏了貝多芬的名曲。從未見(jiàn)過(guò)小提琴，不知音樂(lè)為何物的老人頻頻點(diǎn)頭，完全理解樂(lè)曲反映出的思想感情，小提琴手找到了知音。

Once there was a little concert violinist named Rudolf, who lived in Sweden.Some of his friends thought he was not the best of musicians because he was restless;others thought he was restless because he was not the best of musicians.At any rate, he hit upon a way of making a living, with no competitors.Whether by choice or necessity, he used to sail about Scandinavia in his small boat, all alone, giving concerts in little seaport towns.If he found an accompanist, well and good;if not, he played works for unaccompanied violin;and it happened once or twice that he wanted a piano so badly that he imagined one, and then he played whole sonatas for violin and piano, with no piano in sight.2 One year Rudolf sailed all the way out to Iceland and began working his way around that rocky coast from one town to another.It was a hard, stubborn land;but people in those difficult places do not forget the law of hospitality to the stranger — for their God may decree that they too shall become strangers on the face of the earth.The audiences were small, and even if Rudolf had been really first-rate, they would not have been very demonstrative.From ancient times their energy had gone, first of all, into earnest toil.Sometimes the local schoolteacher, who reminded them of their duty to the names of Beethoven and Bach and Mozart and one or two others whose music perhaps was not much heard in those parts, collected them.Too often people sat stolidly watching the noisy little fiddler, and went home feeling gravely edified.But they paid.3 As Rudolf was sailing from one town to the next along a sparsely settled shore, the northeast turned black and menacing.A storm was bearing down upon Iceland.Rudolf was rounding a bleak, dangerouscape, and his map told him that the nearest harbor was half a day's journey away.He was starting to worry when he saw, less than a mile off shore, a lighthouse on a tiny rock island.At the base of the lighthouse was a deep, narrow cove, protected by cliffs.With some difficulty, in the rising seas, he put in there and moored to an iron ring that hung from the cliff.A flight of stairs, cut in the rock, led up to the lighthouse.On top of the cliff, outlined against the scudding clouds, stood a man.4 “You are welcome!” the voice boomed over the sound of the waves that were already beginning to break over the island.Darkness fell quickly.The lighthouse keeper led his guest up the spiral stairs to the living room on the third floor，50

第三篇：英語(yǔ)自主學(xué)習(xí)二

高三英語(yǔ)學(xué)生暑假自主學(xué)習(xí)講義

（二）【基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)訓(xùn)練】

一、單詞拼寫(xiě)

1.athletes（ban sb.from doing sth.）

2.recover(recover fron his illness)

3.4.touching

5.valuable

6.injuries(Despite her to hospital,she was just in time for treatment.)

7.reserve(establish a national wildlife reserve)

8.occurred(It occurred to her that….)

9.unexplained(be curious about the unexplained things)

10.puzzled

二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。

1.what;used

2.way;somehow

1)make way for 讓路/位給make one’s way（艱難）行走feel/lose/find one’s waygive way to讓路 by way of 經(jīng)過(guò)

2）復(fù)習(xí)I feel surprised that she has failed.But

3.To;satisfaction

(much)to one’s satisfaction;be satisfied with sth./ to do sth.)

4.In no time = immediately

5.error;mixed(make an error;mix up A with B)

6.is/gets annoyed

7.going through = experience

8.Now that =since

三、用方框里所給的短語(yǔ)的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1.work out2.go on a diet3.came up4.concentrate on

5.gets into shape6.In the long term7.in no time

8.As a matter of fact9.fell out10.recover from

1）work out

work out the problem;work out the details of the plan;被完成)

2)fall out：爭(zhēng)吵；結(jié)果(=quarrel)fall apart崩潰；土崩瓦解

四、句子翻譯

1.2.3.I’ve been doing exercise4.5.Please the matter and have the case settled immediately.1）make up: 組成；打扮；編造；彌補(bǔ)seven members.)him.2)look into:

’s eyes.【綜合能力提升】

一、單項(xiàng)填空

1.C

2.C

3.Bapply theory to practice;apply to the company for a job;4.Bprepare for;be prepared for;

比較：5.B6.C

7.A

8.A1)----Peter works hard.2)----He used to like comic books, but now he likes novels.9.B

10.D

11.B

12.B

13.D

convince sb of sth;convince sb that…;be convinced of/that…convince sb to do sth.(persuade sb to do../ talk sb into doing st)

14.A

15.D

二、完形填空

16—20 BCDAB21—25 DCBBD26—30 BDACA31—35 ADABD

三、閱讀理解

（A）36—37 CC

（B）38—40 BAC

（C）41—44DACB

（D）45—50 BCCADA

四、任務(wù)型閱讀

51.changes

52.Research

53.taste

54.improvement

55.easy/possible/likely/probable

56.Understanding

57.language

58.long/difficult/hard/rough

59.leader

60.actively

五、書(shū)面表達(dá)

you asked me how to stay healthy.Here is my advice.Firstly, you should keep a balanced diet.You should avoid eating food high in fat and too much sweet food.You’d better eat more fresh vegetables and fruits.Secondly, taking exercise every day helps building up a strong body.Why not take more exercise in your spare time? As we all know, regular exercise is an important part of keeping us healthy.Finally, make sure you have enough sleep and you mustn’t stay up too late at night.By eating properly and exercising regularly, you can keep your body at a proper weight and stay healthy.I truly hope my advice is helpful and you’ll get well soon.Best wishes!

Yours Sincerely.Li Hua

第四篇：最新綜合學(xué)習(xí)二-語(yǔ)文教案

綜合學(xué)習(xí)二

..綜合學(xué)習(xí)二

本綜合學(xué)習(xí)包括“我的采蜜集”、“讀讀背背”、“口語(yǔ)交際”和“我的小筆頭”四部分內(nèi)容。知識(shí)與技能目標(biāo)：

1、誘發(fā)大家積累的熱情，感悟積累的方法，一起分享積累的快樂(lè)。

2、鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生多讀多背的學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣。

3、讓學(xué)生學(xué)會(huì)觀察生活、觀察動(dòng)植物的習(xí)慣，從而提高學(xué)生對(duì)生活的熱愛(ài)，進(jìn)一步培養(yǎng)學(xué)生表達(dá)的欲望。

4、繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生大膽想象的能力，把想象的世界變成自己的。過(guò)程與方法目標(biāo)：

運(yùn)用談話(huà)激趣的形式，讓學(xué)生經(jīng)歷獨(dú)立思考、小組合作探究的過(guò)程，采取學(xué)生自我評(píng)價(jià)、組內(nèi)互評(píng)、教師總評(píng)的評(píng)價(jià)方法完成活動(dòng)任務(wù)達(dá)到活動(dòng)目標(biāo)的策略。情感態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀目標(biāo)：

培養(yǎng)積累的習(xí)慣；提高交流的欲望；繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)寫(xiě)作的能力和想象的能力。策略與方法： 合作交流。教學(xué)過(guò)程：

一、我的采蜜集

1、師：“同學(xué)們，老師知道大家的小本本很豐富多彩，這節(jié)把你最精彩的積累部分給我們大家欣賞欣賞吧！”誰(shuí)愿意給我們大家看一看？”

2、（請(qǐng)學(xué)生展示自己的小本本）

3、交流時(shí)可以分積累的不同開(kāi)始匯報(bào)。

如有積累詞語(yǔ)和句子的；有積累人事物景，積累思想觀點(diǎn)；積累文字的，積累圖片的，積累音像的，積累實(shí)物的……

4、只要是學(xué)生感興趣的都可以交流。、出示書(shū)中的這段話(huà)。

6、師：“積累是學(xué)好語(yǔ)文的基礎(chǔ)，只要你養(yǎng)成了積累的好習(xí)慣，你的語(yǔ)文水平就會(huì)有所提高的，希望大家繼續(xù)積累下去，使自己的小本本更精彩！”

二、讀讀背背

1、給學(xué)生充足的時(shí)間請(qǐng)學(xué)生自由讀句子。

2、問(wèn)：明白了什么？還有什么不明白的？（全班交流）

3、○1第一句話(huà)意思：春天的鳥(niǎo)叫、夏日的雷鳴、秋天的蟲(chóng)語(yǔ)、還有冬天呼嘯的寒風(fēng)，這就是四季的歌。（請(qǐng)學(xué)生想象其它關(guān)于四季歌2 的詩(shī)句）

○2第二句話(huà)的意思：因葉落知秋天已到；山高遮住日光，早晨很晚才能見(jiàn)到太陽(yáng)。（培養(yǎng)學(xué)生想象的能力）

○3第三句話(huà)的意思：天高地迥，覺(jué)宇宙之無(wú)窮。

..

第五篇：綜合英語(yǔ)二考試經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享

綜合英語(yǔ)二考試經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享

字號(hào)：T|T 2009-10-12 13:46 來(lái)源：自考之家 編輯：admin點(diǎn)擊：

壇】

299次 【自考英語(yǔ)論作者：英語(yǔ)巴士hean

經(jīng)常在論壇里溜達(dá)，獲取了不少寶貴的資源，發(fā)現(xiàn)這里有很多志同道合的朋友，心里感覺(jué)溫暖，我想上傳一些我的資料，希望它對(duì)大家有用。

綜合英語(yǔ)二曾經(jīng)是我的噩夢(mèng)，因?yàn)槭×藘纱危谌螜M下心看它，終于1月份pass了,70分。

以下是我考綜合英語(yǔ)二的一些感想和大家分享：

經(jīng)歷了兩次的失敗，終于意識(shí)到自己基礎(chǔ)不牢固，單詞詞組的記憶量不夠，考試前一個(gè)星期迫使自己把上下兩冊(cè)后面的詞組反復(fù)背誦，這點(diǎn)很重要，因?yàn)椴徽撌菃芜x題還是翻譯題（占很多分）大多數(shù)都是里面的詞組。

完型填空，這題我沒(méi)有太多的練習(xí)，基本上只要里面的單詞認(rèn)識(shí)了，就會(huì)選了，所以課后的單詞不能偷懶不背。

課文意思解釋?zhuān)覜](méi)有在這題上面下工夫，因?yàn)檫@提拉分的，我冒險(xiǎn)不看這十分。閱讀題，相對(duì)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的其他閱讀，它簡(jiǎn)直就是小菜一碟了，但一定要細(xì)心，一定把握機(jī)會(huì)拿滿(mǎn)分

詞型轉(zhuǎn)換，這題很抓分的關(guān)鍵死題目好掙分，把課后的單詞表（上下冊(cè)）背了，心里就塌實(shí)了。

翻譯題，背詞組和多做課后的翻譯，有時(shí)候它會(huì)在里面抽一兩題，翻譯題分?jǐn)?shù)占得很多一定要背詞組。

作文，書(shū)是一定要認(rèn)真看兩便的，不然課文里面是什么內(nèi)容都不清楚就說(shuō)不過(guò)去的。最好是能把每一篇文章的大概意思寫(xiě)一遍，估計(jì)作文就沒(méi)有問(wèn)題了。

．先將Word List和Useful Expressions抄一遍，讓大腦有點(diǎn)印象，好讓你在后面看課文時(shí)不會(huì)很陌生。當(dāng)然每篇課文有那么多單詞一下子要記住是不可能的。2．對(duì)照課文后面的注釋和輔導(dǎo)書(shū)的翻譯細(xì)讀課文，主要熟悉課文的生詞、句型、和語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)。并在課文上做標(biāo)記。（當(dāng)然，對(duì)照課文后面的注釋和輔導(dǎo)書(shū)的翻譯來(lái)看課文是種不理想的方法，許多人建議帶著問(wèn)題去找答案可能會(huì)更好些，但本人是個(gè)急性子，還是喜歡直接對(duì)著翻譯看，但不建議大家這樣）3．看完課文再來(lái)溫習(xí)一下Word List和Useful Expressions，標(biāo)記相關(guān)筆記，例如名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞性形式等。當(dāng)然，你也可以在第一步時(shí)就標(biāo)注。4．把課后的WordStudy和Grammar看一遍。

5．然后就是做課后練習(xí)。練習(xí)主要是3部分：(1).Work on the text(2).VocabularyExcerises(3).GrammarExcerises，我個(gè)人認(rèn)為VocabularyExcerises最重要了，當(dāng)然你有時(shí)間也可以做做2和3，但我時(shí)間有限，Work on the text一般不做，GrammarExcerises盡量做。

6． 一般完成以上流程后應(yīng)該回頭來(lái)讀讀課文，這樣你對(duì)于一些詞和句子的應(yīng)用應(yīng)該會(huì)有更進(jìn)一步的體會(huì)。

我想大部分的人都是上班族，早上自然是起不來(lái)了，實(shí)際上晚上睡覺(jué)前讀讀課文效果也不錯(cuò)的（個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)）。

實(shí)際上有一個(gè)大家討論的比較多的問(wèn)題，就是單詞的記憶方法。我本人也是趨向于科學(xué)的方法，死記硬背當(dāng)然是不可靠的，就算記下來(lái)了不知道如何應(yīng)用也是麻煩！關(guān)鍵是學(xué)會(huì)如何應(yīng)用，這樣才能記牢。在課文中去理解單詞也許會(huì)更好些。

如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)的綜合英語(yǔ)

（二）字號(hào)：T|T 2009-10-12 13:30 來(lái)源：自考之家 編輯：admin點(diǎn)擊：

97次 【自考英語(yǔ)論壇】

綜合英語(yǔ)二在自學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)中是一門(mén)具有相當(dāng)難度的課程，不少考生都是在考了兩到三次后才勉強(qiáng)通過(guò)，能以較高分?jǐn)?shù)通過(guò)的同學(xué)為數(shù)不多。出現(xiàn)這種情況大致有兩個(gè)原因：一是綜合英語(yǔ)二課本的難度比綜合英語(yǔ)一有較大幅度的增加。無(wú)論從課文長(zhǎng)度、句子難度、生詞量以及練習(xí)題的數(shù)量來(lái)說(shuō)都是綜合英語(yǔ)一無(wú)法比及的。二是綜合英語(yǔ)二試卷的更傾向于考察考生的英語(yǔ)知識(shí)運(yùn)用能力而非記憶能力，因此不少不講方法，死記硬背綜合英語(yǔ)二課本的同學(xué)面對(duì)試題往往會(huì)有一種不知所措的感覺(jué)。

其實(shí)，綜合英語(yǔ)二并不是高不可攀的崇山峻嶺，對(duì)于有綜合英語(yǔ)一基礎(chǔ)的同學(xué)，如果能夠在日常學(xué)習(xí)中掌握正確的方法，清楚課本以及考查的重點(diǎn)，在4-5個(gè)月內(nèi)攻下這門(mén)課還是很有把握的。

那么怎樣能夠在盡量短的時(shí)間內(nèi)同過(guò)綜合英語(yǔ)二的考試呢？我下面就這個(gè)問(wèn)題從日常學(xué)習(xí)和試前準(zhǔn)備兩個(gè)方面來(lái)談?wù)勥@個(gè)問(wèn)題：

一、日常學(xué)習(xí)：

1、在初讀一篇課文的時(shí)候，不要花過(guò)大的精力背誦課后單詞表。學(xué)過(guò)一段時(shí)間英語(yǔ)的同學(xué)都知道，孤立地記憶單詞結(jié)果只能是“狗熊掰棒子”，記一個(gè)忘一個(gè)。況且，綜合英語(yǔ)二每課的生詞量很大，動(dòng)輒六、七十，很難在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)記熟，所以同學(xué)們?cè)诳凑n后單詞表的時(shí)候應(yīng)該邊聽(tīng)磁帶，邊大聲朗讀，大約3遍，課后單詞只要在頭腦中有個(gè)大概印象即可。

2、默讀課文兩到三遍，速度可以稍微快些，以了解課文的內(nèi)容為主，遇到陌生的短語(yǔ)和生詞盡量不要翻看課后的單詞短語(yǔ)表，要學(xué)會(huì)從上下文的聯(lián)系猜測(cè)他們的含義。猜測(cè)的能力對(duì)于學(xué)習(xí)外語(yǔ)的同學(xué)來(lái)說(shuō)致關(guān)重要，因?yàn)樵趯?lái)使用英語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中，我們難免會(huì)遇到看不懂或聽(tīng)不懂的情況，在沒(méi)有老師可以請(qǐng)教，沒(méi)有資料可以參考的情況下，只能根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的情景運(yùn)用猜測(cè)的方法解決問(wèn)題。另外，經(jīng)過(guò)動(dòng)腦筋猜測(cè)這一過(guò)程，再去記憶課文后單詞短語(yǔ)，往往印象更深，花的時(shí)間更少。

3、根據(jù)對(duì)課文的理解，對(duì)課文進(jìn)行分段，總結(jié)段義，畫(huà)出課文的結(jié)構(gòu)圖。段義盡量用課文中的句子表達(dá)，對(duì)于對(duì)話(huà)較多無(wú)法直接引用原句的文章，可以試著用簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)來(lái)總結(jié)。這樣做一方面是因?yàn)榫C合英語(yǔ)二考試的最后一道大題是要求考生根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容以短文的形式回答問(wèn)題。許多考生在綜合英語(yǔ)二考試中落馬的一個(gè)重要原因就是這道題失分過(guò)多。如果大家能夠堅(jiān)持給每篇課文畫(huà)一畫(huà)結(jié)構(gòu)圖，在復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候?qū)φ罩Y(jié)構(gòu)圖來(lái)回憶課文的內(nèi)容，相信短文題會(huì)拿到不錯(cuò)的分?jǐn)?shù)。

4、結(jié)合注釋?zhuān)x課文。了解了文章的大意之后，就可以從對(duì)文章進(jìn)行細(xì)致地研讀了，一方面要吃透句形結(jié)構(gòu)、詞語(yǔ)的搭配、固定短語(yǔ)在句子中的用法，另一方面也不要忘了結(jié)合上下文反復(fù)體會(huì)每一句乃至每一段的含義。筆者在精讀難度較大的文章時(shí)，碰到難以理解的句子就常常回溯到句子所在段落甚至全文的開(kāi)頭，反復(fù)琢磨上文與此句的關(guān)系，有時(shí)也會(huì)繼續(xù)讀下去，從下文中找到理解此句的線(xiàn)索。如果能夠堅(jiān)持以上下文作為學(xué)習(xí)的支柱，同學(xué)們對(duì)文章思想內(nèi)容的整體把握能力就會(huì)有很大提高，閱讀理解能力自然也就增強(qiáng)了。在精讀文章時(shí)還要注意隨時(shí)用筆將重要的短語(yǔ)和句子（尤其像各個(gè)段落的主題句）抄下來(lái)，待文章吃透之后，以文章結(jié)構(gòu)圖為參考，用簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)把這些句子和短語(yǔ)連起來(lái)，就可以寫(xiě)成一篇很好的文章梗概。另外，綜合英語(yǔ)二的課文注釋可以說(shuō)是綜二課本的一道靚麗的風(fēng)景線(xiàn)。重要的語(yǔ)法、詞語(yǔ)用法、句子含義都給予詳細(xì)的解釋?zhuān)依浞浅ＸS富，結(jié)合課后研習(xí)課文會(huì)省卻不少查閱參考書(shū)的麻煩。

5、精讀文章之后，應(yīng)該立刻做課后練習(xí)，尤其是根據(jù)課文回答問(wèn)題、用課文短語(yǔ)翻譯句子、介詞填空、短文填空對(duì)鞏固課文知識(shí)、提高知識(shí)運(yùn)用水平很有幫助。最后我們還應(yīng)該根據(jù)自己做練習(xí)的情況，進(jìn)行查漏補(bǔ)缺。

以上五個(gè)步驟完成以后，應(yīng)該可以說(shuō)已經(jīng)“吃透”了這篇文章。可是工作并沒(méi)有真正完成，因?yàn)榫C合英語(yǔ)二課本容量很大、知識(shí)點(diǎn)豐富，課文較長(zhǎng)，不少同學(xué)發(fā)現(xiàn)，在學(xué)完五、六課之后，前面幾課的知識(shí)點(diǎn)會(huì)有大量遺忘，如果從頭復(fù)習(xí)，時(shí)間投入太大，會(huì)影響以后的學(xué)習(xí)，不從頭復(fù)習(xí)，遺忘的內(nèi)容積少成多，會(huì)給考前復(fù)習(xí)帶來(lái)很大的困難。那么有沒(méi)有什么高效的復(fù)習(xí)方法呢？答案就是，充分利用課文配套磁帶這一復(fù)習(xí)的重要手段。綜二的課本較厚，不便攜帶，而一盤(pán)磁帶可以錄制多篇課文，放在隨身聽(tīng)中，在走路、坐車(chē)的時(shí)候都可以聽(tīng)，非常方便;而且聽(tīng)錄音的速度比看書(shū)的速度快得多，幾分鐘就可以把一篇課文復(fù)習(xí)一遍，效率很高，何樂(lè)而不為。

二、考前復(fù)習(xí)：

下面我將結(jié)合綜合英語(yǔ)二近年的考試的各部分考題來(lái)談?wù)勅绾芜M(jìn)行考前復(fù)習(xí)。

1、認(rèn)真分析近年試題，把握語(yǔ)法、詞匯題的出題動(dòng)向，尋找答題規(guī)律，以便在復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候有的放矢。看過(guò)02-03年四次綜合英語(yǔ)二考試題的同學(xué)都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，題目越來(lái)越傾向于考察考生運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)分析解決問(wèn)題的能力，比如說(shuō)，單純考察固定搭配的題目有所減少，這就要求考生在復(fù)習(xí)的時(shí)候不要把過(guò)多精力放在死背課本單詞和固定搭配上，而應(yīng)該多拿出些時(shí)間熟悉出題模式，總結(jié)出題規(guī)律，比如說(shuō)，雖然考試難度這兩年有所提高，但是象倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)、虛擬條件句、動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)代分詞做壯語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一直是考察的重點(diǎn)，只是題干的結(jié)構(gòu)比以前更復(fù)雜了，不象以前那樣能一眼看出考點(diǎn)，不過(guò)做這樣的題目有個(gè)小竅門(mén)，那就是考點(diǎn)往往可以從選項(xiàng)中看出來(lái)。選項(xiàng)中什么語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)了兩次以上，題目很可能就是在考察這個(gè)語(yǔ)法點(diǎn)??。經(jīng)過(guò)對(duì)考題的分析，那些所謂“難題”的廬山真面目也就會(huì)一清二楚，同學(xué)們應(yīng)考的信心也就會(huì)增強(qiáng)。另外，我給兼考綜合英語(yǔ)二和水平考試一、二的同學(xué)提一個(gè)建議，因?yàn)榫C二的語(yǔ)法、詞匯題的考察內(nèi)容多數(shù)也是水平考試的考察內(nèi)容，所以只要把水平一二的語(yǔ)法、詞匯弄通了，綜二的語(yǔ)法詞匯是不會(huì)給同學(xué)們?cè)斐商笳系K的。

2、準(zhǔn)備完形填空和閱讀理解題時(shí)，也需要將以前試題的相應(yīng)題目逐一分析、總結(jié)。對(duì)于完形填空來(lái)說(shuō)，可以總結(jié)一下哪些語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和搭配常在試題中出現(xiàn)，這些結(jié)構(gòu)和搭配出現(xiàn)在試題里的時(shí)候，上下文一般會(huì)出現(xiàn)什么語(yǔ)言標(biāo)志等等；對(duì)于閱讀理解來(lái)說(shuō)，可以總結(jié)一下文章后面的問(wèn)題主要有哪幾類(lèi)，每一類(lèi)的答案一般會(huì)在文章的什么位置出現(xiàn)，或者答案與文章中出現(xiàn)答案的句子一般有什么樣的關(guān)系等等。

3、英文釋義一題主要是考察同學(xué)們對(duì)文章中重要英文句子的理解。應(yīng)付這道考題，當(dāng)然需要同學(xué)們?cè)谄匠W(xué)習(xí)課文的時(shí)候堅(jiān)持用簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)來(lái)解釋課文的難句，但是筆者在教學(xué)過(guò)程中發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于不少助學(xué)機(jī)構(gòu)把本來(lái)應(yīng)該安排在一年完成的綜二課程壓縮到一個(gè)學(xué)期，以迎合一些同學(xué)急功近利的心態(tài)，結(jié)果導(dǎo)致老師無(wú)法在課堂上拿出足夠的時(shí)間訓(xùn)練同學(xué)們的英語(yǔ)應(yīng)用能力，因此多數(shù)同學(xué)根本不具備英文釋義的能力，而四月份的考試即將來(lái)臨，所以我在這里只能向大家介紹一個(gè)比較功利的方法：把《綜合英語(yǔ)二上下冊(cè)習(xí)題集》（陳亞平主編，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社出版）以及《綜合英語(yǔ)二自學(xué)輔導(dǎo)》（徐克容主編，外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社出版）這兩套書(shū)中相應(yīng)的練習(xí)題吃透，絕大多數(shù)的考題都已經(jīng)涵蓋其中。我希望大家在做這些題目的時(shí)候，先不要看選項(xiàng)，而是盡自己所能口頭把題干的英文句子用簡(jiǎn)單的英語(yǔ)解釋一下，然后再看選項(xiàng)。

4、詞形變化題主要是考查同學(xué)們對(duì)綜

一、綜二介紹的英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法的掌握程度。綜一主要介紹的是派生詞的構(gòu)詞法，而綜二主要介紹的是復(fù)合詞的構(gòu)詞法。在這道題里，大約只有1-2 個(gè)是考查后者的，而且考察的詞的難度不是很大，所以大家在時(shí)間有限的情況下，可以把復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)放在派生詞構(gòu)詞法上，看看綜一里面有關(guān)派生詞的講解即可。其實(shí)大家根本不必為這道題目擔(dān)心，雖說(shuō)英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法涉及的范圍很廣，又沒(méi)有什么規(guī)律可尋，但是這道題的難度不大，考察的詞都是英語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)詞，有不少是高中水平的，平常只要認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)課本，這道題不會(huì)對(duì)大家構(gòu)成障礙。

5、翻譯題主要是在考察同學(xué)們對(duì)課文中重要的句形和短語(yǔ)的理解和運(yùn)用能力。在很多情況下，題目都是根據(jù)課文的句子改編的。對(duì)付這道題，沒(méi)有什么訣竅，大家最好在學(xué)習(xí)課文的時(shí)候把帶有特殊短語(yǔ)、句形的句子摘抄下來(lái)，有時(shí)間就反復(fù)誦讀。另外，課后注釋中對(duì)不少這樣的句子給予了詳細(xì)解釋并附有豐富的例句，值得一看。

6、根據(jù)問(wèn)題寫(xiě)短文是綜二試題中難度較大的一道題目。要想不在這道題上“栽跟頭”，在平常學(xué)習(xí)中一定要堅(jiān)持為重要的課文畫(huà)結(jié)構(gòu)圖、寫(xiě)梗概，搞清文章的主題思想，考試的時(shí)候才有可能取得滿(mǎn)意的分?jǐn)?shù)。對(duì)于那些平常沒(méi)有花足夠的精力處理課本的同學(xué)，考前復(fù)習(xí)時(shí)可以參照上面曾提到的那兩本參考書(shū)中相應(yīng)的題目和答案，相信是可以取得臨陣磨槍的效果的。

綜合英語(yǔ)二的課本和考試雖然都有一些難度，但是如果同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程中能夠積極地開(kāi)動(dòng)腦筋，善于總結(jié)方法和規(guī)律，抓住課本重點(diǎn)和考試動(dòng)向，相信在考試中是能夠取得好成績(jī)的。最后祝大家順利通過(guò)綜合英語(yǔ)二的考試。