第一篇：英文摘要常用句型

醫學論文英文摘要常用句型2007-11-27 20:51:33 閱讀106 評論1 字號：大中小

英文摘要限500個實詞左右，一般須以第三人稱過去式敘述。用詞準確，邏輯性強，結構嚴謹。結果和結論一般用句子表達；而目的、方法（設計、地點和對象）等，則常用短語表達。

（1）英文摘要的時態與語態

1)說明研究目的，通常用一般現在時或一般過去時。

2)說明方法和結果，一般用一般過去時、第三人稱的被動語態表達。

3）結論通常用一般現在時、被動語態表達，也可用主動語態表達。

（2）常用句型

1)表達論文內容的常用句型

A 第三人稱主動態

①This paper(article，report)describes…本文敘述…

②This paper(article)reports…本文報告…

③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介紹…

④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文討論…

常用的動詞還有analyze(分析)，evaluate(評價)，compare(比較)，describe（描述）等。

B 第一人稱主動態

⑤We report(on)…我們報告…

⑥We describe a case of… 我們描述1例…

⑦In this paper，we present… 本文介紹…

⑧In this paper，we report… 本文報告…

主語除we之外，還可用the authors(作者)等。C 一般現在時被動語態 ⑨A case is reported in which… 本文報告1例… ⑩A study of…is reported本文報告…的研究

⑧…is(are)described． 本文描述…

⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented． 本文介紹…

2)表達目的常用句型

A 一般過去時、被動語態

①The purpose（aim，objective）of this study was to… 本研究旨在…

②The goal（aim）of this investigation was to… 本研究旨在…

③This study was designed to… 本研究旨在…

④This study was undertaken to… 本研究旨在…

⑤This prospective study was performed to… 本前瞻性研究的目的是…

⑥A study to…was carried out(during)(在…期間)所作研究的目的是…

⑦An attempt has been made to… 為了…而作試驗

B 動詞不定式短語

To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…

C 一般過去時、主動語態

⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to… 為了…我們進行了研究

⑨To determine…，we studied… 為了確定…，我們研究了…

⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study… 為了…，我們進行了…的初步研究

表示目的的常用動詞有：evaluate(評價)，examine(檢查，觀察)，determine(確定，查明)，elucidate(闡明)，explore(探索)，test(測試)，compare(比較)，estimate(評估)，assess(估價)，investigate(調查)等。

3)表達方法的常用句型

A 方法

表達研究類型 Prospective, Retrospective, Cohort，Case-control，in vivo, in vitro

①Using…(technique)，we studied… 我們用…(技術)研究了…

②Using…，it was found that…(我們)用…發現了…

③…was(were)measured using…(我們)用…測定了…

④…was(were)analyzed（reviewed）by…(我們)用…分析（回顧）了…

⑤…was(were)treated with…(我們)用…治療了…

⑥…measurements were made of… 測定了…

常用的動詞還有：study，measure，determine，investigate，isolate，demonstrate，examine，identify等。

B 分組（主語通常為patients，subjects，animals）

⑦…were randomly divided（grouped）into…groups …被隨機分成…組

⑧…were separated into…groups based on… 根據…，將…分成…組

⑨The groups were as follows： 分組如下：

C 治療或檢查方法

⑩… was performed（used）in(on)…patients 我們對…患者施行（應用）了…

(patients)underwent…endoscopy(患者)進行了…內鏡檢查

Surgical procedures, assay(immunohistochemistry, molecular biology…)手術方法，測試方法…

C 統計學方法

Statistical methods: Student’s t test, χ2 … was used for

4)表達結果的常用句型

A 一般句型

①The results showed（demonstrated）that…結果表明…

②It was found that…(我們)發現…

③It was observed that…(我們)觀察到…

第②和③句也可改為第一人稱：We found that…和We observed that…。

B 增加或減少

④…decreased by(40％)…降低(40％)…

⑤…(a 70％)reduction in…was observed …觀察到…降低(70％)

⑥There was a(15％)elevation in……增高(15％)

⑦…resulted in(a marked)increase in… …導致…(明顯)增高

⑧…was lowered from…to… …從…下降到…

表達增加或減少的常用動詞還有rise，raise，decline，drop，fall，lower等。可用by表示是凈增減的數或倍數，例如“…increase by 40％”，表示“增加40％”；而to表示增加或減少到某個具體數值。

C 相關與差別

⑨There was a significant linear correlation between…and… …與…有顯著的線性相關性⑩…showed no strong correlation between…and… …顯示…與…無密切相關性

⑩…correlated positively with… …與…呈正相關

⑥A negative correlation was found between…and… 發現…與…呈負相關

⑩There was（were）（no）significant difference（s）or（No）significant difference（s）was found（observed）between…and… …與…之間…（無）有顯著差別

P value P值（需寫出具體數字）

⑩…was closely related to… …與…密切相關

表示相互關系的常用詞還有relationship(關系)，association(聯系)，regression(回歸)。

D 表示改善或保持

⑩…demonstrated a significant improvement in… …方面呈明顯改善

⑩…values returned to(preoperative)levels …值恢復到(手術前)水平

⑩…remained at a mean of… …保持在…平均值水平

5)表達結論的常用句型

A 常用提示句型

①These results suggest that…結果提示…

②These findings indicate that… 這些發現表明…

③The data（study）show the need for… 數據（研究）表明需要…

④The results support the concept that… 結果支持…的概念

⑤Our observations confirm that… 我們的觀察證實…

imply(提示)，demonstrate(證明)和illustrate(說明)

B 做出結論或建議

⑥We conclude that… 我們的結論是…

⑦We suggest that…我們建議…

⑧We believe that… 我們認為…

⑨We postulate that…我們設想… ⑩It is concluded that… 結論是… ⑩It is suggested（proposed）that… 結果提示…，建議…（虛擬語氣）⑥It is recommended that… 建議…

⑩It is estimated that… 估計…

…is(are)suggested(recommended)

…propose …as

C 表示一致性

⑩These results accord with… 結果與…一致

⑩The results are concordant with…結果與…一致

⑧The results agree well with…結果與…一致

be consistent with，in accordance with(…與…一致)

to parallel(與…相平行)

D 結果轉向結論

⑥Thus，therefore，hence …因此，…

⑥In conclusion．…最后，…

⑩From this study，we conclude that…根據本項研究，我們的結論是…

⑧These findings，coupled with the observation that…，suggest that…這些發現連同對…的觀察結果一起，提示…

⑨In the light of this experience we therefore conclude that… 根據這個經驗，我們得出…的結論

E 表達今后方向

The mechanisms by which…remain to be investigated關于…的機制仍需研究

Further studies are necessary to(evaluate)… 有必要進一步研究，以(評價)…

注：按MEDLINE要求，PURPOSE，METHODS，RESULTS，CONCLUSIONS全部用大寫，后加冒號。英文必須在半角狀態下輸入，不能全角、半角混用

第二篇：英文常用句型

1.我叫Johnathan,請叫我John.I’m Johnathan, please call me John.2.你媽媽是哪裏人?

Where is your mother from?

3.她來自紐約.She’s from NewYrok.4.你姓什麼?

What is your last name?

5.你老板姓陳.Your boss’ last name is Chen.6.Tom現在住在哪個城市?

Which city does Tom live?

7.他們住在紐約.They live in NewYrok.8.你的老師是單身麼?是的Is your teacher single? Yes, she is.9.瑪麗今天怎麼樣?她很忙

How is Mary today? She is very busy.10.你丈夫在哪裏工作?

Where does your husband work?

11.他們在TPR學校上班.They work at the TPR School.12.我父親是一名消防員.My father is a fireman.13.瑪麗和珍妮在一家公司上班.Mary and Jenny work in the same company.14.他的工作怎麼樣?很無聊

How is his job? It is too boring.15.他們幾點上班?

What time do they go to work?

16.他們9點上班.They work at 9:00AM

17.我真的很累.I am very tired.18.現在才下午1點.It is only 1:00PM.19.冰箱裏有吃的嗎？

Is there any food in the fridge?

20.我的手機壞了

My cell phone doesn’t work.21.電腦旁邊有一本書嗎？

Is there a book next to the computer?

22.桌子下面有一只狗.There is a dog under the table.23.明早早餐你想吃什麼?

What would you like for breakfast tomorrow?

What would you like to have for breakfast tomorrow?

24.我想吃油煎雞蛋.I want to eat fired egg.25.一年有多少個月?

How many mouths are there in a year?

26.一天有多少個小時?

How many hours are there in a day?

27.你在做什麼?

What are you doing?

28.你老婆在做什麼?

What is your wife doing?

29.他們在看電視.They are watching TV.30.Tom在跑步,聽音樂

Tom is running and listening to music.31.Lily正走進超市.Lily is walking into the supermarket.32.你會游泳嗎？

Can you swim? 33.我跳舞跳得很好.I can dance very well.34.今晚有空嗎？ Are you free tonight? / Do you have time tonight? 35.我想籃球對我來說太難了.I think basketball is too difficult for me.36.他們喜歡徒步旅行.They like hiking.37.我不喜歡上網.I don’t like going on the internet.38.我的老師喜歡抽煙.My teacher likes smoking.39.我很喜歡這個裙子,我能試一下嗎？ I like this dress.May I try it on? 40.我喜歡這雙鞋子,我能試一下嗎？ I like these shoes.May I try them on? 41.這個風衣不是很合適,我穿小碼的.This coat doesn’t fit me.My size is small.42.我現在去逛街,你要和我一起來嗎？ I am going to go shopping.Do you want to come? 43.這個T恤太大了 This T-shirt is too large.44.這個連衣裙很適合她.This dress fit her very well.45.這條裙子是什麼尺碼的? What size is this skirt? 46.我覺得藍色那件可能會好一點.I think the blue one would be better.47.我不這麼認為.I don’t think so.48.你想喝點什麼?給我一杯牛奶.What would you like to drink? Give me a cup of milk.49.我在哪裏可以取錢? Where can I withdraw some money? 50.我想過一個激情的夜晚,應該去哪裏? I want to have a exciting night.Where should I go? 51.沿著這條街有很多家酒吧.There are several bars along this street.52.你的新手機是什麼樣子的? What does your new cell phone look like? 53.你是長頭發還是短頭發? Do you have long hair or short hair? 54.你能到醫院去接一下她嗎？ Can you pick up her at the hospital? 55.不要遲到!Don’t be late.56.請把空調打開.Please turn on the air conditioner.57.我上課遲到了.I am late for school.58.拱北的TPR在哪裏? Where is the TPR School in GongBei? 59.你平時怎麼去上課,坐公車嗎？ How do you go to school? Take a bus? 60.你好,我找一下Jenny.(正在通電話)Hello, may I speak to Jenny.Please? 61.我每周135上英語課.I go to school on Monday, Wednesday and Friday every week.62.這個周六你做什麼?我和我媽媽去看電影.What are you going to do on this Saturday?I am going to see a movie with my mother.63.請轉告Jeff我今晚不能和他吃晚餐了.Please tell Jeff that I can’t have dinner with him.

第三篇：英文摘要

談談英文摘要的書寫技巧

隨著科學技術的發展，為滿足對外交流的需要，國家統一規定，公開發表的學術論文應附有英文摘要。

英文摘要的內容要求與中文摘要一樣，包括目的、方法、結果和結論四部分。但是，英文有其自身特點，最主要的是中譯英時往往造成所占篇幅較長，同樣內容的一段文字，若用英文來描述，其占用的版面可能比中文多一倍。因此，撰寫英文摘要更應注意簡潔明了，力爭用最短的篇幅提供最主要的信息。第一，對所掌握的資料進行精心篩選，不屬于上述“四部分”的內容不必寫入摘要。第二，對屬于“四部分”的內容，也應適當取舍，做到簡明扼要，不能包羅萬象。比如“目的”，在多數標題中就已初步闡明，若無更深一層的目的，摘要完全不必重復敘述；再如“方法”，有些在國外可能早已成為常規的方法，在撰寫英文摘要時就可僅寫出方法名稱，而不必一一描述其操作步驟。

中英文摘要的一致性主要是指內容方面的一致性，目前對這個問題的認識存在兩個誤區，一是認為兩個摘要的內容“差不多就行”，因此在英文摘要中隨意刪去中文摘要的重點內容，或隨意增補中文摘要所未提及的內容，這樣很容易造成文摘重心轉移，甚至偏離主題；二是認為英文摘要是中文摘要的硬性對譯，對中文摘要中的每一個字都不敢遺漏，這往往使英文摘要用詞累贅、重復，顯得拖沓、冗長。英文摘要應嚴格、全面的表達中文摘要的內容，不能隨意增刪，但這并不意味著一個字也不能改動，具體撰寫方式應遵循英文語法修辭規則，符合英文專業術語規范，并照顧到英文的表達習慣。

選擇適當的時態和語態，是使摘要符合英文語法修辭規則的前提。通常情況下，摘要中謂語動詞的時態和語態都不是通篇一律的，而應根據具體內容而有所變化，否則容易造成理解上的混亂。但這種變化又并非無章可循，其中存在著如下一些規律：

1、時態：大體可概括為以下幾點。

1）敘述研究過程，多采用一般過去時。

2）在采用一般過去時敘述研究過程當中提及在此過程之前發生的事，宜采用過去完成時。

3）說明某課題現已取得的成果，宜采用現在完成時。

4）摘要開頭表示本文所“報告”或“描述”的內容，以及摘要結尾表示作者所“認為”的觀點和“建議”的做法時，可采用一般現在時。

2、語態：在多數情況下可采用被動語態。但在某些情況下，特別是表達作者或有關專家的觀點時，又常用主動語態，其優點是鮮明有力。

掌握一定的遣詞造句技巧的目的是便于簡單、準確的表達作者的觀點，減少讀者的誤解。

1、用詞力求簡單，在表達同樣意思時，盡量用短詞代替長詞，以常用詞代替生僻詞。但是當描述方法、步驟時，應該用狹義詞代替廣義詞。例如，英文中有不少動詞，do,run,get,take等，雖簡單常用，但其意義少則十幾個，多則幾十個，用這類詞來描述研究過程，讀者難免產生誤解，甚至會不知所云，這就要求根據具體情況，選擇意義相對明確的詞，諸如perform,achieve等，以便于讀者理解。

2、造句

1）熟悉英文摘要的常用句型：盡管英文的句型種類繁多，豐富多彩，但摘要的常用句型卻很有限，而且形成了一定的規律，大體可歸納為

a）表示研究目的，常用在摘要之首In order to……This paper describes…, …The purpose of this study is……

b）表示研究的對象與方法The [curative effect/sensitivity/function] of certain [drug/kit/organ….] was [observed/detected/studied…]

c）表示研究的結果：[The result showed/It proved/The authors found] that……

d）表示結論、觀點或建議：The authors [suggest/conclude/consider] that…

2）盡量采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，少用關系代詞 which , who 等引導的定語從句。由于摘要的時態多采用一般過去時，使用關系代詞引導的定語從句不但會使句式變的復雜，而且容易造成時態混亂（因為定語和它所修飾的主語、賓語之間有時存在一定的“時間差”，而過去完成時、過去將來時等往往難以準確判定）。采用-ing 分詞和-ed 分詞作定語，在簡化語句的同時，還可以減少時態判定的失誤。

以上所述只是撰寫英文摘要時應注意的問題中的一小部分，尚有許多問題，需要進一步探討。總之，英文摘要作為論文的重要組成部分，其修改和完善是永無止境的。

第四篇：摘要英文

摘要

溫度是生產過程中常見和重要的物理參數。在日常生活和工業生產中，人們對溫度測量的要求越來越高，主要表現在測量的精度、可靠性、穩定性等方面。溫度的測量直接關系到產品的質量、生產效率以及生產安全等重大技術指標。同時，測溫系統的成本和便攜性也越來越受到人們的關注。傳統的溫度測量系統中，溫度測量環節是由模擬溫度傳感器加上高性能的運放和A/D轉換器構成，然后通過單片機進行控制，因而，所需的外圍器件較多，硬件成本開銷很大。基于片上可編程系統PSoC因在其芯片內部集成了豐富的模擬和數字模塊，使一系列的控制任務大部分都可以在芯片內部完成，而且其可動態編程配置的功能，使其具有很高的靈活性，使得控制方便且生產成本比較低，所以在工業生產控制中得到了廣泛的應用。本文設計了一種以Pt1000作為溫度傳感器，以可編程片上系統PSoC作為核心芯片，采用片內的模擬和數字IP核資源，利用Modbus協議進行上位機通信的溫度測量系統。系統擬采用公司自主研發的溫度采集器，集成為高密度溫度采集系統，是針對高密度、高精度的監控，以及對于存在眾多熱電阻的場合設計的溫度測量系統。

本文首先介紹了課題研究的背景和意義，并分析了當前溫度測量技術和可編程片上系統PSoC的研究現狀。以可編程片上系統芯片CY8C5868AXI-LP032作為系統核心，設計了硬件電路整體結構，系統分為四個子模塊，溫度采集模塊、放大模塊、A/D轉換模塊、通信模塊。選取鉑電阻Pt1000作為溫度傳感器，鉑電阻采用三線制接法。溫度信號輸入電路采用獨特的電橋電路測量技術，具有沒有引線電阻影響，抗干擾能力強，電橋電路與測量電路完全隔離等優點。電橋電路中輸出的模擬電壓經過放大后，輸入至AD轉換器中變為數字信號，再由處理器換算出相應溫度，在硬件電路設計中對各部分子電路進行了原理和功能的介紹，其中在對Δ-ΣADC配置時，根據系統要求對其分辨率、采樣率進行相關參數配置。在系統硬件設計平臺的基礎上，使用PSoC Creator2.0集成開發環境進行了系統軟件的設計，其中包括溫度信號采集、AD值與溫度值的轉換、溫度補償、Modbus通信協議和信息幀格式等。設計中主要針對的是實際溫度值獲取、溫度誤差補償的設計，其中采用的主要方法是分段線性化和線性標度變換相結合的方

法。為滿足PSoC與計算機的通信加入了基于Modbus的通信協議，采用RS485接口標準來完成兩者之間的數據發送和接收，在PSoC內部配置了全雙工通信UART的各個參數，采用CRC循環冗余的校驗方式。最后對系統進行調試，以測試工程的運行情況，首先使用PSoC的專用下載工具PSoC MiniProg對系統進行下載燒寫接口調試，通過Visual Basic進行通信測試，然后通過電阻箱模擬鉑電阻溫度測試。最后對本文的的工作進行了總結，同時對其作出進一步展望。

關鍵詞：溫度檢測；PSoC；

；通信PT1000 Modbus

Abstract

Temperature is a common and important physical parameter in the production process.In daily life and industrial production, people have become increasingly demanding of temperature measurement, mainly performances in the measurement accuracy, reliability, stability and so on.Temperature measurement is directly related to the major technical indicators such as product quality, production efficiency production safety.In the meanwhile, more and more attention is paid to the cost and portability of the temperature measurement system.In Conventional temperature measuring system, the unit of temperature measurement is composed of analog temperature sensor, a high performance amplifier, A/D converter and controlled by the Single-Chip Microcomputer, Therefore, it not only needs more peripheral device, but also the hardware cost is expensive.PSoC programmable system on a chip have integrated so many analog and digital blocks that plenty of control tasks can be completed in the chip, and the capability of programming configured dynamically make it more flexible, because of controlled easily and relatively low production costs, so it is widely used in industrial production control.This paper designs a temperature measurement system with PSoC programmable system on chip as the core, which use Pt1000 as temperature sensor, make use of the analog and digital IP core resources and communication with the host computer adopting the modbus protocol.The design uses the collector temperature produced by their company, integrated as a measurement collector system of high density.It aims at a high density and high precision monitor, and can be applied to the condition with a number of thermal resistors.First, this paper introduces the background and significance of the research, and analyzes the research status of the temperature measurement technology and the PSoC programmable system on chip.The hardware which uses the programmable system on chip-CY8C5868AXI-LP032 as the core of the system designs of the entire circuit configuration.There are four subsystems, including temperature acquisition module,amplifier module, A/D converter module, communication module.Select the Pt1000 platinum resistance using three-wire connection as temperature sensors.The signal input uses a unique bridge circuit as measurement technology which has its advantages in anti-jamming capability, the impact of lead resistance, the bridge and measuring circuit isolated completely.Analog voltage from the bridge circuit is amplified and converted into digital signal, then acquire corresponding temperature through the processor, and introduce the principle and function of each subsystem in the design of hardware circuit.According to system requirements, Δ-ΣADC is configured the relevant parameters, such as resolution, sampling rate.On the basis of the system hardware design platform, using PSoC Creator2.0 integrated software development environment for the design of the system, including the temperature signal acquisition, AD value and temperature value, temperature compensation, Modbus communication protocol and message frame format.Design is mainly aimed at the actual temperature acquisition, temperature error compensation, the main method of which combines the piecewise and linear scale transformation.To meet the communication with the computer, the communication protocol based on Modbus is joined in PSoC, adapting RS485 interface standards to complete the sending and receiving data between the two, and configuring each parameter of UART of full-duplex communication inside the PSoC, using CRC cyclic redundancy check.Finally, the system is tested to check the operation of the project.Firstly, using the special download tools, PSoC MiniProg to debug the download programming interfaces, visual basic is for communication test, then the resistance box simulate platinum resistance temperature test.Finally, summarizing the work of this paper, at the same time, the further prospects are made.Keywords: Temperature measure;PT1000;PSoC;Modbus communication

第五篇：英文摘要（推薦）

Abstract

With the rapid development of market economy in China, China's capital market has undergone tremendous changes.The number of listed companies is increasing, more and more large scale of capital, the demand is also growing, so how to obtain the capital, that is how to determine the company's financing of listed companies has become the primary problem to be considered, the capital is a company's survival foundation, therefore, how to minimize the cost of access to enterprise required capital and does not influence the enterprise own development will not bring any negative influence to become a difficult problem to solve.Along with our country market economy system 's development and perfection, but also will have more enterprises through listing financing, therefore, in-depth study of China's listed companies financing structure, to understand how to minimize the cost of establishing the best capital structure in order to achieve the maximization of enterprise value, to achieve the objectives of financial management has important theoretical and practical significance.This article takes the modern capital theory as theoretical background, analysis western listed companies financing preference and the present condition of listed companies, the China's listed companies financing tendency to exist, from the factors of the cost of capital, corporate governance, capital market and other aspects of verification, the financing structure of Chinese listed companies and financing cost exist issues discussed and put forward the corresponding suggestions.隨著我國市場經濟體制的發展與完善，還將有更多的企業通過上市來融資，因此，深入研究我國上市公司的融資結構，了解如何以最小的代價建立最佳資本結構以便達到企業價值最大化，實現財務管理的目標具有重要的理論和現實意義。

本文以現代資本理論為背景，分析西方上市公司的融資偏好與我國上市公司的現狀，得出我國上市公司的融資傾向，對存在的成因從資本成本、公司治理結構、資本市場等方面進行論證，