第一篇：電子商務(wù)論文中英文摘要

內(nèi)容摘要

隨著INTERNET的迅速發(fā)展，人類正經(jīng)歷一場(chǎng)重大的技術(shù)變革，即電子商務(wù)的變革。電子商務(wù)源于電子數(shù)據(jù)交換，網(wǎng)絡(luò)技術(shù)的發(fā)展為電子商務(wù)注入了勃勃生機(jī)。由信息技術(shù)引發(fā)的電子商務(wù)雖然還處于發(fā)展階段，但它一經(jīng)進(jìn)入國(guó)際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域，就對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易方式產(chǎn)生了巨大的沖擊。傳統(tǒng)的貿(mào)易活動(dòng)每一筆交易涉及的主體一般包括買賣雙方、銀行、運(yùn)輸、海關(guān)、稅務(wù)、商檢等眾多部門，業(yè)務(wù)流程十分繁雜，效率低下，越來(lái)越不適應(yīng)當(dāng)今國(guó)際貿(mào)易業(yè)務(wù)快速發(fā)展的需要，電子商務(wù)則可以通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)將交易各方連成一體，把其中部分或本文所提及的電子商務(wù)主要指國(guó)際電子商務(wù)，文章首先闡述了電子商務(wù)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的關(guān)系，包括電子商務(wù)的經(jīng)濟(jì)特征及在國(guó)際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域中的功能和優(yōu)勢(shì)。接下來(lái)是文章的主體部分——介紹電子商務(wù)對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的影響。分別從國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論和國(guó)際貿(mào)易現(xiàn)實(shí)兩方面予電子商務(wù)是一個(gè)龐大的命題，而本文力求闡述清楚的核心問(wèn)題是：在電子商務(wù)環(huán)境中，國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論有哪些新發(fā)展，國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)有哪些新變化，以及如何對(duì)這些新問(wèn)題進(jìn)行解釋和說(shuō)明。然而由于電子商務(wù)是一種迅速發(fā)展的嶄新的經(jīng)濟(jì)形態(tài)，人們對(duì)它的認(rèn)識(shí)是一個(gè)不斷深化的過(guò)程，也由于本人知識(shí)所限，所以本文更多地是從理論層面闡述電子商務(wù)與國(guó)際貿(mào)易之間的關(guān)系，以期為他人提供一些可供爭(zhēng)辯和討論的問(wèn)題全部業(yè)務(wù)處理過(guò)程轉(zhuǎn)移到網(wǎng)上，從而極大降低企業(yè)成本，提高企業(yè)效率。

關(guān)鍵詞：電子商務(wù) 國(guó)際貿(mào)易理論 國(guó)際貿(mào)易現(xiàn)實(shí) 影響

Abstract

With the rapid development of Internet，the society is facing a great technical change，which is the change of E-commerce.As a fully new economy mode，E-commerce has shown the powerful strength and it takes on competitive situations in the whole world.EC came from EDI.The development of IT facilitated the

development of EC.The increasing development of IT has the international trade process is low efficient，long term and slow responsive.E-commerce could connect all the participants on the Internet，transfer part of the international process to the E-commerce which mentioned in this article is International E-commerce.In this article , the author firstly expounds the relations of E-commerce and international trade, including the economic feather of EC and its functions and advantages in international trade.And the following part is the main part of the article, which

introduces the influence of EC to international trade, respectively from international trade theories and process.E-commerce economy is a large research project, and the core question of the article is，on the condition of e-commerce economy，what new development do international trade theory and police have proceeded? And how can we get explanations to all these questions? We all know understand its

characteristics.What's more，because of author’s knowledge is limited，the research is fundamental.In this article，author provides a possible way for further research on the E-commerce economy and some questions for discussion.a large influence on the international trade.The typical international trade activity usually that E-commerce economy is a developing and changing economy, we have a long way to Internet，which decline the cost of trade companies and improve efficiency.Keywords: E-commerce;international trade theory;international trade reality;influence

第二篇：論文中英文摘要

論文中英文摘要

作者姓名：毛建猛

論文題目：Pushover分析方法的改進(jìn)研究

作者簡(jiǎn)介：毛建猛，男，1983年10月出生，2005年8月師從于中國(guó)地震局工程力學(xué)研究所謝禮立教授，于2008年8月獲博士學(xué)位。

中文摘要

如何選擇合適的工程結(jié)構(gòu)抗震分析和設(shè)計(jì)方法一直是地震工程領(lǐng)域引人關(guān)注的重要問(wèn)題。隨著基于性態(tài)抗震設(shè)計(jì)思想的提出和發(fā)展，作為一種簡(jiǎn)化的實(shí)現(xiàn)性態(tài)設(shè)計(jì)分析的方法，Pushover方法引起了廣大學(xué)者和工程人員的興趣，并得到了廣泛的研究。本文針對(duì)以往Pushover方法的研究中存在的缺點(diǎn)和不足，對(duì)Pushover方法進(jìn)行了改進(jìn)，主要包括對(duì)模態(tài)Pushover方法的改進(jìn)、對(duì)鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)Pushover位移反應(yīng)的修正、Pushover荷載模式與結(jié)構(gòu)性態(tài)指標(biāo)相關(guān)性的探討、基于模態(tài)Pushover分析方法確定結(jié)構(gòu)滯回耗能計(jì)算四個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題。本論文主要研究?jī)?nèi)容和成果包括以下幾個(gè)方面：

1.模態(tài)Pushover分析方法的一個(gè)重要假定是，結(jié)構(gòu)在強(qiáng)震作用下進(jìn)入非線性狀態(tài)時(shí)，作用于結(jié)構(gòu)的Pushover荷載模式保持不變；可是眾所周知，結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生屈服后，結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)力特性會(huì)發(fā)生改變，結(jié)構(gòu)遭受的地震荷載也會(huì)發(fā)生變化，因此各階振型采用固定不變荷載模式的模態(tài)Pushover方法存在不足。本文提出將結(jié)構(gòu)的第一振型荷載模式改進(jìn)為兩階段加載模式，高階振型荷載模式保持固定不變，對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)的模態(tài)Pushover分析。

2.建議了一種計(jì)算鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)力彈塑性位移反應(yīng)的簡(jiǎn)便方法。通過(guò)對(duì)5個(gè)不同高度的鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)在四類場(chǎng)地上80條地震動(dòng)作用下的動(dòng)力和靜力彈塑性位移反應(yīng)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析，給出了結(jié)構(gòu)由靜力彈塑性方法得到的目標(biāo)位移估計(jì)動(dòng)力時(shí)程方法得到的目標(biāo)位移的修正公式。結(jié)果表明：場(chǎng)地條件對(duì)鋼筋混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)靜力彈塑性位移反應(yīng)和動(dòng)力時(shí)程位移反應(yīng)之間的關(guān)系影響顯著；對(duì)于II類和III類場(chǎng)地，可以直接采用結(jié)構(gòu)的靜力彈塑性方法計(jì)算結(jié)果替代動(dòng)力時(shí)程計(jì)算結(jié)果；對(duì)于I類場(chǎng)地和IV類場(chǎng)地，須采用修正公式對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)的靜力彈塑性結(jié)果進(jìn)行修正。

3.通過(guò)對(duì)4個(gè)不同高度的鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，分別進(jìn)行了中等硬度場(chǎng)地上15條地震動(dòng)作用下的非線性動(dòng)力時(shí)程分析和不同荷載模式下的靜力彈塑性分析，求解了結(jié)構(gòu)的幾個(gè)重要反應(yīng)指標(biāo)，包括能力曲線、頂端位移角及層間位移角、以及塑性鉸分布，探討了不同荷載模式對(duì)鋼筋混凝土低層和高層結(jié)構(gòu)反應(yīng)指標(biāo)的影響程度，建議了適用于鋼筋混凝土低層和高層結(jié)構(gòu)的Pushover荷載模式。

4.提出基于模態(tài)Pushover分析的結(jié)構(gòu)滯回耗能計(jì)算方法。首先采用模態(tài)

Pushover分析計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)各階模態(tài)單自由度體系的特征參數(shù)，然后計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)各階模態(tài)單自由度體系對(duì)應(yīng)的滯回耗能，并將其進(jìn)行線性組合進(jìn)而確定結(jié)構(gòu)的滯回耗能，并與結(jié)構(gòu)通過(guò)動(dòng)力時(shí)程分析計(jì)算得到的滯回耗能進(jìn)行比較，從而給出一種物理概念簡(jiǎn)單、計(jì)算操作方便的確定結(jié)構(gòu)滯回耗能的方法。另外，為了便于計(jì)算結(jié)構(gòu)各階模態(tài)單自由度體系的滯回耗能，本文選取了國(guó)內(nèi)外四類場(chǎng)地土上總計(jì)320條強(qiáng)震記錄作為地震記錄數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，在統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的基礎(chǔ)上，給出了對(duì)應(yīng)于不同場(chǎng)地土和不同烈度區(qū)的單自由度體系等強(qiáng)度滯回耗能設(shè)計(jì)譜。

關(guān)鍵詞：Pushover方法；能力譜方法；模態(tài)Pushover分析；水

平荷載模式；滯回耗能

Improvements on Pushover Analysis Procedure

Mao Jianmeng

ABSTRACT

How to select the adequate procedure for seismic analysis and design of structures is an essential problem in earthquake engineering field.With the development of Performance-based Seismic Design, Pushover Analysis procedure has attracted many scientists’ and engineers’ attentions and been widely used for its conceptual simplicity and computational attractiveness.To overcome the limitation of Pushover Analysis procedure, some improvements on this procedure were performed in this paper, including the improvement on Modal Pushover Analysis, the revision of target displacement from the pushover analysis for reinforced concrete frame, the correlation of structural response parameters with different lateral load patterns, and the computation of the structural hysteretic energy based on Modal Pushover Analysis etc.The main contents of this dissertation are as follows.1.There is an important assumption that the pushover load patterns keep unchanged even after the structure yields in Modal Pushover Analysis procedure.Recognized the adoption of invariable lateral force distributions in the Modal Pushover Analysis procedure, an improved modal pushover analysis procedure is presented in this paper to estimate the seismic demands of structures, considering the redistribution of inertia forces.It is suggested that after establishing the idealized bilinear curve, a pushover analysis is once again conducted for the first mode in two phases: before and after the structure yields.For the two phases, the structural elastic natural mode and the floor displacement vector at the initial yielding point are used as the displacement shape vector, respectively.2.The approximately estimating method of displacement of reinforced concrete(RC)frame from static pushover analysis(POA)is developed with that from non-linear response history analysis(RHA).Based on the statistic analyses of the RHA and POA results for five RC frames with different height under 80 ground motions recorded at four site conditions, the revised formula of displacements from POA is presented from RHA.The results show that the site soil condition has an important effect on the relation between RHA and POA response results.And the POA results for I and IV site condition should be revised with the formula given in this study while the POA results for II and III site condition can be approximately considered as same to the RHA results.3.The RHA under 15 ground motions recorded on the medium site condition and POA with different lateral load patterns are performed for four RC structures with different height.Several important response quantities are obtained from the RHA and POA, including capacity curves, top displacement ratios and story drift ratios, and location of plastic hinges.The influence of different load patterns on the structural performance demands is discussed for the low-and the high-wise structures.And the rational load patterns for the low-and the high-wise structures are also suggested.4.A simple procedure is presented in this paper for estimating hysteretic energy demands of MDOF systems based on the modal pushover analysis(MPA).Firstly, the characteristic parameters of the modal SDOF systems of structures are computed, and the hysteretic energy is calculated for the modal SDOF systems, then the hysteretic energy demand of structures is obtained by combining these modal demands.In addition, with statistic results of nonlinear analysis of SDOF for 320 ground motions recorded at four site conditions, the equal-strength hysteretic energy design spectra are presented for different site condition and intensity regions.Key words: pushover analysis procedure, capacity spectrum method, the

modal pushover analysis, lateral load patterns, hysteretic

energy

第三篇：論文-中英文摘要

摘要

隨著信息時(shí)代的到來(lái)，信息高速公路的興起，全球信息化進(jìn)入了一個(gè)新的發(fā)展時(shí)期。人們?cè)絹?lái)越認(rèn)識(shí)到計(jì)算機(jī)強(qiáng)大的信息模塊處理功能，使之成為信息產(chǎn)業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)和支柱。

車輛管理系統(tǒng)用計(jì)算機(jī)管理機(jī)動(dòng)車輛的檔案，運(yùn)營(yíng)管理以及駕駛員信息的一種計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用技術(shù)的創(chuàng)新，在計(jì)算機(jī)還未普及之前車輛管理都是由工作人員手工抄寫的方式來(lái)操作的。現(xiàn)在一般的車輛管理都是采用計(jì)算機(jī)作為工具的實(shí)用的計(jì)算機(jī)智能化車輛管理程序來(lái)幫助工作人員進(jìn)行更有效的機(jī)動(dòng)車輛管理。車輛管理系統(tǒng)是典型的信息管理系統(tǒng)(MIS)，其開(kāi)發(fā)主要包括后臺(tái)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的建立和維護(hù)以及前端應(yīng)用程序的開(kāi)發(fā)兩個(gè)方面。對(duì)于前者要求建立起數(shù)據(jù)一致性和完整性強(qiáng)、數(shù)據(jù)安全性好的庫(kù)。而對(duì)于后者則要求應(yīng)用程序功能完備，易使用等特點(diǎn)。經(jīng)過(guò)分析，我們使用 MICROSOFT公司的 VISUAL BASIC開(kāi)發(fā)工具,利用其提供的各種面向?qū)ο蟮拈_(kāi)發(fā)工具，尤其是數(shù)據(jù)窗口這一能方便而簡(jiǎn)潔操縱數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的智能化對(duì)象，首先在短時(shí)間內(nèi)建立系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用原型，然后，對(duì)初始原型系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行需求迭代，不斷修正和改進(jìn)，直到形成用戶滿意的可行車輛管理系統(tǒng)系統(tǒng)。

關(guān)鍵字: 車輛管理系統(tǒng);數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù);信息管理系統(tǒng);智能化

Abstract

Along with the rise, world information that coming of information ages, information superhighway entered a new development period.People more and more know the mighty information of calculator to handle the function, and make the foundation that it become information industry with pillar.Vehicle Management System Computer used motor vehicles archives management, operation and management of a driver information computer applications innovation, Management has not yet popular in the computer before the vehicles are from the staff manual transcription to operate.Now the general management of the vehicles are used as a tool for computer computer intelligent vehicle management procedures to help staff more effective management of motor vehicles.Vehicle management system is a typical management information system(MIS), including its main development background to the establishment and maintenance of the database and front-end application development two.The request for the establishment of strong data consistency and integrity, good for the security of the data.For the latter request applications functions, such as easy to use features.After analysis, we use Microsoft visual basic development tool companies, the use of its various object-oriented development tools, especially data that can be easily accessible and concise window manipulation database intelligent objects, the first prototype application system in a short time and then, computation of the initial prototype system needs to constantly revise and improve until the formation of a viable system of user satisfaction.keywords :Vehicle management system;database;information management system;intelligentize

第四篇：論文中英文摘要格式

附件6

校優(yōu)博、優(yōu)碩學(xué)位論文中英文摘要格式 作者姓名：張三（宋體 四號(hào)）

論文題目：xxxxxxxxxxxx的研究（宋體 四號(hào)）

作者簡(jiǎn)介：：張三，男，xxxx年xx月出生，xxxx年xx月師從于xx大學(xué)xxx教授，于xxxx年xx月獲博士學(xué)位。

中文摘要

在XXXXXXXXX技術(shù)中，具有較強(qiáng)XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX.其研制和開(kāi)發(fā)有了長(zhǎng)足的進(jìn)展。???????

（正文：宋體 小四，博士約三千字，碩士約2千字）

關(guān)鍵詞：（宋體 四號(hào)）

Study on the …(英文題目 字號(hào)：“Times New Roman” 三號(hào))

Zhang San(姓名拼音 字號(hào)：“Times New Roman” 四號(hào))

ABSTRACT

The only high temperature superconductorxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx..This is sufficient for ………….…

（正文字號(hào)：“Times New Roman” 小四，約三千字）

Key borad:(字號(hào)：“Times New Roman” 四號(hào))

第五篇：會(huì)計(jì)中英文論文摘要

摘要：

本文主要針對(duì)我國(guó)固定資產(chǎn)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則與國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則之間的差異進(jìn)行比較及分析。文章首先介紹了我國(guó)固定資產(chǎn)新舊準(zhǔn)則的主要變化。進(jìn)而比較我國(guó)固定資產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)則與其相對(duì)應(yīng)的國(guó)際財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告準(zhǔn)則之間的差異，著重分析了兩者之間在后續(xù)計(jì)量模式、減值損失轉(zhuǎn)回處理以及對(duì)持有待售資產(chǎn)的終止確認(rèn)處理三方面的重要差異。最后就完善我國(guó)固定資產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)則進(jìn)行了思考并提出了自己的見(jiàn)解。

關(guān)鍵詞：

固定資產(chǎn) 成本模式 重估價(jià)模式減值損失轉(zhuǎn)回 持有待售資產(chǎn)

Abstract

This essay mainly focuses on the differences between “Enterprise Accounting Standards No.4--fixed assets” and “International Financial Reporting Standards No.16--realestate, plant, and equipment” to make comparisons and simple analyses.First of all, the essay gives an introduction of primary changes between the new accounting guidelines and the old ones.Then, theessay compares the differences between “Enterprise Accounting Standards No.4 ” and “International Financial Reporting Standards No.16 ”, mainly focusing on the analysis of the major differences in measurement after recognition, reverse of impairment loss and derecognition of held for sell assets.Finally, the essay puts forward opinions and suggestions on the improvement of “Enterprise Accounting Standards ”.