第一篇:欠條與借條有區別
欠條與借條有區別
在我們的生活中,人們往往會將借條寫成欠條,將欠條寫成借條。其實,借條和欠條是有區別的。
一、借條證明借款關系,欠條證明欠款關系。借款肯定是欠款,但欠款則不一定是借款。
二、借條形成的原因是特定的借款事實。欠條形成的原因很多,可以基于多種事實而產生,如因買賣產生的欠款,因勞務產生的欠款,因企業承包產生的欠款,因損害賠償產生的欠款,等等。
三、當借條持有人憑借條向法院起訴后,由于通過借條本身較易于識辨和認定當事人之間存在的借款事實,借條持有人一般只需向法官簡單地陳述借款的事實經過即可,對方要抗辯或抵賴一般都很困難。但是,當欠條持有人憑欠條向法院起訴后,欠條持有人必須向法官陳述欠條形成的事實,如果對方對此事實進行否認、抗辯,欠條持有人必須進一步舉證證明存在欠條形成事實。
第二篇:反文旁與欠字旁的區別
反文旁與欠字旁的區別
湘潭云龍實驗學校
李雨露
教學目標
1、初步掌握反文旁和欠字旁這兩個偏旁的書寫要領。
2、了解帶有這兩個偏旁的字的一般書寫規律。
3寫好“微、軟、政、效、敢、欣、炊、歐”,寫得正確、端正、比例恰當。
教學重點:通過本課教學,鞏固正確“雙姿”,喚起學生寫字的熱情。教學難點:反文旁和欠字旁的寫法。教學時數:一課時 教學過程:
一、復習導入:
1、復習雙姿,做好準備
a、復習坐姿:身正、肩平、臂開、足安。b、復習執姿:一尺、一拳、一寸(三個一)
2、提出新的要求:看準想好再落筆,書寫時要多動腦筋。
二、新授:
1、師在黑板上寫上“微”和“軟”,請學生仔細觀察。
引入課題并板書:反文旁和欠字旁
說一說:你還知道反文旁的字有哪些?欠字旁的字有哪些?(師根據學生反饋情況板書)
2、請學生說一說如何如何寫好這兩個偏旁。師總結:寫好反文的關鍵是書寫時找到短橫和長撇的起筆位置。(教師可在黑板上放大作示范書寫并引導學生觀察短橫和長撇的起筆位置。)
寫好欠字邊的關鍵是看清楚兩撇的形狀變化:第一撇是短的斜撇,第二撇是長的豎撇。
3、書寫指導。
(1)“寫寫偏旁”。通過練習初步掌握反文和欠字邊這兩個偏旁的書寫要領。
反文:這個偏旁分四筆寫成。書寫時第一筆撇和第二筆橫不宜太長。第二筆短橫從撇的中間偏下處起筆。第三筆豎撇從橫的中間起筆,大約豎到該筆畫的二分之一處再向左下撇出,撇用筆宜輕,筆畫宜細。最后一筆捺,不要過于僵硬,捺腳要充分、舒展。
欠字邊:第二筆橫鉤在短撇中間偏下處起筆,不宜太寬。第三筆撇略靠右,稍收斂,捺舒展。
重點提示:反文和欠字邊在整個字的運用中要注意筆畫的穿插。
帶反文和欠字邊的字練習時要多關注筆畫間的穿插。一些關鍵性的筆畫從哪里起筆到哪里收筆要提醒學生,引導學生自己觀察,以防字的結構不合理。“穿插”是左右結構的合體字書寫時很重要的一條結字規律,教學時可靈活運用學生身邊的諸多事例來引導他們深刻理解:如同桌關系的和諧需禮讓,座位的空間大小需根據實際情況來安排等等。向學生滲透人與人之間也要注意“穿插禮讓”,只有這樣,才會有一個和諧團結的集體。(2)“自己練練”。帶反文的字一般左右兩部分寬窄相等,書寫時要注意筆畫間的穿插,盡量向中間靠攏,避免結構松散。帶欠字邊的字有時左窄右寬,如“次”、“吹”等,三冊已經學習這里不再重復敘述,有時左右等寬,書寫前要看清左右兩部分的高低,更要注意穿插是否合理。
4、例字指導
“微”,左中右相等,反文第二撇收筆可伸向左部,中間要短,以此穿插禮讓。
“軟”,左右長短寬窄基本相等,“車”右部要齊平,“欠”第二撇也可適當插入左部提筆下方空間,是左右兩部分咬合,渾然一體。“政”,左右基本相等,左收右放,左部“正”改橫為提,右部齊平。右部反文撇收捺放,對比明顯。
“效”,左右基本相等,左部“交”收縮,改捺為點,右部齊平以讓右。右部反文撇收捺放,注意字中心部分空間均勻、緊湊。“敢”,左長右短,左部橫畫左長右短,右部反文一部分筆畫致注意穿插,以分割字中心空間,使字內布白勻稱。
“欣”,左右相等,左部兩撇分別為斜撇和豎撇,豎撇上半部分起筆寫短橫,短橫中間寫垂露短豎。右部兩撇注意穿插,撇收捺放。
“炊”,左短右長,左收右放,左部“火”縮捺為點,以讓右。“歐”,左短右長,左收右放,右部“欠”兩撇注意變化,并關注與左部的
四、練習書寫
生字描紅。
五、板書設計
微、軟、政、效、敢、欣、炊、歐”
結構相平衡
第三篇:材料與設備的區別
? 材料與設備的區別——
? ①凡是經過加工制造,由多種材料和部件按各自用途組成獨特結構,具有功能、容
量及能量傳遞或轉換性能的機器、容器和其他機械、成套裝置等均為設備。?設備分為需要安裝與不需安裝的設備、定型設備和非標準設備。
? 定型設備——經過反復改進后,符合國家規范和標準的,在較長時間里適應生產和
生活需要,而能批量生產制造的,不再輕易改型的設備。
?非標準設備——為了生產和生活特定需要而設計加工制造的,超出國家規范和標
準的,不批量生產的設備。
? 成套設備——按系統的成套設計圖紙,經過生產廠家加工制造,主體、部件配套齊
全,經過配套試車或試驗合格,并帶有完整的試驗和試車記錄的設備。
? 非成套設備——若只供應主體或部件,未經配套試車,也沒有試驗和試車報告記錄的設備。
? ②為完成建筑、安裝工程所需的經過工業加工的原料和在工藝生產過程中不起單元
工藝生產作用的設備本體以外的零配件、附件、成品、半成品等,均為材料。?設備與材料的劃分,可從《全國統一安裝工程預算定額》第一篇至第十二
篇中的計價材料和未計價材料項里去理解和掌握,下面的實例也可幫助對其劃分的理解。
? 設備與材料劃分舉例:
?(l)電氣工程
?①各種電力變壓器、互感器、調壓器、感應移相器、電抗器、高壓斷路器、高
壓熔斷器、穩壓器、電源調整器、高壓隔離開關、裝置式空氣開關、電力電容器、蓄電池、磁力啟動器、交直流報警器、成套供應的箱、盤、柜、屏及其隨設備帶來的母線和支持瓷瓶,均為設備;
?②各種電纜、電線、管材、型鋼、橋架、梯架、槽盒、立柱、托臂、燈具及其
開關、插座。按鈕等均為材料;
?③小型開關、保險器、桿上避雷器、各種避雷針、各種絕緣子、金具、電線桿、鐵塔。各種支架等均為材料;
?④各種裝在墻上的小型照明配電箱、0.5 kw照明變壓器、電扇、鐵殼開關、電鈴等小型電器均為材料。
?(3)管道工程
?①公稱直徑300mm以上的閥門和電動閥門為設備;
?②各種管道、公稱直徑 300mm以內的閥門、管件、配件及金屬結構件等均為
材料;
?③各種栓類、低壓器具、衛生器具、供暖器具、現場自制的鋼飯水箱,及民用
燃氣管道和附件、器具、灶具等均為材料。
第四篇:一般過去時與現在完成時區別
一、現在完成時
1.現在完成時的構成:助動詞 have(has)+動詞的過去分詞。助動詞說明該謂語是屬于現在時范圍。它和主語的人稱、數要保持一致。過去分詞是主要的謂語動詞,說明句子的意義。
2.現在完成時表示過去某時發生的行為對主語目前產生的影響。即用過去發生的某個行為來說明現在的某種情況。
We are good friends.(現在的情況)I knew him in 1997.(過去的動作)
We have known each other since 1997.(現在完成時把過去的動作和現在聯系起來并著眼于現在)
(1)表完成和結果:動作發生在過去某個不確定的時間,但對現在留下了某種影響和結果。常被just、already、yet 等副詞修飾。如:-Have you had lunch yet?
在我不餓了)
(2)表持續:從過去某一時刻開始一直持續到現在的動作或狀態。這個動作可能剛停止,可能仍然在進行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時間的狀語。
如:He has taught here since 1981.(可能還要繼續教)
(3)表經驗:說話前發生過一次或多次的動作,現在成為一種經驗,一般譯為漢語“過”,常帶有twice, ever,never, three times等時間狀語。如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京二次。
3.現在完成時的時間狀語
(1)現在完成時屬于現在時范圍,故不能和過去的時間狀語連用。如:yesterday,last
Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是,在強調動作產生的后果和影響時,可以和一些表示不確定的時間狀語連用。
a.用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑問句中。
如:We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業。
b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑問句中,表示“曾經”或“從未”等。
如:-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾經去過長城嗎?
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長城。
c.用表示到說話為止的過去時間狀語,如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。
例如:I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前見過她,但記不起在哪里見
過。
He has been there three times the last few days.近幾天他去過那里三次了。
d.用包括“現在”在內的時間狀語,如:now, today, this morning(month, year, term)等。
例如:-Have you met him today?-No, I haven't.今天你見過他嗎?我 沒有。
How many times have you been there this year?今年你去過那里多少次?
(2)現在完成時可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時間”的狀語連用,表示動作或狀態從某一時
刻開始,一直持續到現在。如:I haven't seen him for two years.但是,像come, arrive, buy等
短暫性動詞不能與表示“一段時間”的狀語連用。要用,必須改為延續性動詞來表述。現歸納總結一下由
短暫性動詞到延續性動詞的轉換:
arrive →be herebegin(start)→be ondie →be deadcome back →be back
leave →be awayfall ill(sick, asleep)→be ill(sick, asleep)get up →be up1-Yes, I have.I've just had it.(現
go out →be outfinish →be overput on →wear 或be onopen→be openjoin→be in或 be a member of?close →be closedgo to school →be a student
borrow →keepbuy→havecatch(a cold)→have(a cold)get to know →know
begin to study →studycome to work →work等
如:He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。
4.幾點注意事項
(1)have been(to)與have gone(to)的區別:have been(to)表示去過某地(現在已經回來了);have
gone(to)表示去某地了(說話時某人不在當地)。如:They have been to Beijing twice.他們去過北京兩
次。He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。
(2)如單純表示一段時間,或強調一段時間,雖有since一詞,也不必用完成時。
如:It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父親去
世已有兩年了。
(3)短暫性動詞現在完成時的否定式,已變成一種可以延續的狀態,因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語
連用。
如:I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來,我一直沒有離開過這兒。
(4)表示行為或狀態從過去一直持續到現在時,用現在完成時,要加表示一段時間的時間狀語時,常
用 for+一段時間, since+時間點,since+一段時間+ago.如:I have lived here since my childhood.我從小就一直住在這里。
(5)在提問現在完成時的時間狀語時通常用 how long。如:How long have you lived here?
注意:在表示某一行為狀態持續多長時間時,根據終止時間的不同,時態使用是不一樣的。如:
I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在這里住了一周。
I have lived here for a week by now.到現在為止,我已經在這里住了一周。
I will live here for a week next year.明年我會在這里住一周。
二、現在完成時與一般過去時的區別
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態,其結果的確和現在有聯系。動作或狀態發生在過去,但它的影響現在還存在;而一般過去時表示過去的事實,與現在沒有關系。
I have just been to London.I went there last month.我剛去過倫敦,是上個月去的。
1.過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的,強調
過去的事情對現在的影響,強調的是影響。
2.過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用,或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語: yesterday, last week,?ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間
狀語
共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately現在完成時的時間狀語 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in
past years, always,3.現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態,動詞一般是延續性的,如live, teach, work, study,know.過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。She has returned from Paris.她已從巴黎回來了。She returned yesterday.她是昨天回來了。
---Will somebody go and get Dr.White?---He's already been sent for.句中如有過去時的時間副詞(如 yesterday, last week, in 1960)時,要用過去時。
(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.三、練習題
1.Mother ____me a new coat yesterday.I _______ it on.It fits me well.A.had made?have triedB.made?have triedC.has made?triedD.made?tried“He ____to draw horses already”.“When ______ he ?” “ Last year “
A.learned?hasB.learned?didC.has learned?hasD.has learned?did
3.Tom _____up into the tree.Look, he ____ high up there!
A.has got?isB.has climbed?wasC.got ?wasD.climbed?is
4.____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.A.Did?copy?didB.Have?copied?haveC.Have?copied?didD.Did ?copy?had
5.“Why ______ she _______ angry ?” “Because he _____ at her just now.”
A.did?get?shoutedB.has?got?shoutedC.did?get?has shoutedD.has?got?has shouted
6.______you __________ the film before ? Where _____ you ____ it ?
A.Have ?seen?did?see
C.Have?seen?have?seenB.Did ?see?did?watchD.Did ?see?have?seen
7.You ____ me waiting for two hours.I ____ for you since five.A.kept?waitedB.have kept?waitedC.kept?have waitedD.have kept?have waited
8.Where ______ John _______ ? To the library.He _________ there for an hour.A.has?been?has gone B.has?gone?has beenC.did?go?wentD.did?be?went
9.______ the baby still _____ ? No, it _______ crying.A.Has?cried?has stoppedB.Is?crying?stopped
C.Did ?cry?stoppedD.Is?crying?has stopped
10.I _______ the way.I ________ here for quite many years.A.knew?have livedB.knew?liveC.know?have livedD.know?live
11._____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have.A.Have?gone toB.Have?gone inC.Have?been toD.Have ?been in
12.My brother ____college for over three years.A.has gone toB.has been toC.has been inD.has been at
13.He ________ the Army by the end of 1989.He ______ in the army since then.A.joined?isB.has joined?has beenC.had joined?isD.had joined ?has been
14.By the time I _____ back they ____ up ten satellites.A.came?have sentB.came?had sentC.come?have sentD.had come?sent
15.Jack ____ over five lessons by seven o’clock.Then he ____ a rest.A.went?tookB.went?had takenC.had gone?tookD.had gone?had taken
16.We ____ out by that time that he ____ a spy for a long time.A.had found?had beenB.had found?wasC.found?had beenD.found?was
17.Before the news ____ him, he ____ to know about it.A.reaches?has got B.reached?had gotC.reached?gotD.had reached?got
18.I _____ him a second letter before I ____ from him.A.wrote?heardB.wrote?had heardC.had written?heardD.have written?hear
19.People ____ that the soldiers _____ fighting.A.say?had stoppedB.said?has stoppedC.say?stoppedD.said?had stopped
20.We ____ in a good harvest because we ____ enough rain.A.didn’t get?had hadB.got?had hadC.had got?had hadD.got?hadn’t had
21.They _______ for five hours when they ______ in New York.A.flew?arrivedB.had flown?had arrivedC.flew?had arrivedD.had flown?arrived
22.She ____ that it _____ for two days by that day.A.says?has rainedB.says?had rainedC.said?had rainedD.said?rained
23.John _____ there since the year before, so he _____ them.A.had worked?knewB.had worked?had knownC.worked?knewD.worked?had known
24.He _____ angry because he ____ for a long time.A.had got?had waitedB.got?waitedC.had got?waitedD.got?had waited
25.-I have seen the film “Titanic” already.-When __________ you __________ it?-The day before yesterday.A.have; seenB.will; seeC.did; seeD.did; seen
26.Mr Black __________ in China since five years ago.A.livedB.has livedC.livesD.is going to live
27.We ____________ trees last Sunday.So far we __________ over 3,000 trees there.A.planted; plantedB.planted; have plantedC.have planted; plantedD.have planted; have planted
28.—I’m sorry, Cathy, I ______ your radio for such a long time.—Never mind.A.have borrowedB.have lentC.have keptD.have returned
29.—Where have you ______ these days?—I have ______ to Yangzhou with my friends.A.been, goneB.been, beenC.gone, beenD.gone, gone
30.—Where is your father? We haven’t seen each other for weeks.—______.A.He has been to America
B.He has gone to EnglandD.He would visit my grandparentsC.He is going to Australia
31.They have ______ since the factory opened.A.left the schoolB.joined the teamC.become workersD.worked here
32.Jim ______ the Great Wall many times.A.went toB.goes toC.has gone toD.has been to
33.It ______ ten years since they ______ to France.A.was, movedB.was, have movedC.is, have movedD.is, moved
34.—______ to the United States?—No, never, but I went to Canada a few years ago.A.Have you beenB.Have you goneC.Did you goD.Will you go
35.I won’t go to see the film tonight because I ______ my ticket.A.didn’t loseB.have lostC.will loseD.didn’t have
36.Miss Wu has taught in this school ______.A.for ten yearsB.ten years agoC.since ten yearsD.for ten years ago
37.I ______ today’s homework already.What about you?
A.have finishedB.finishC.to finishD.finishing
38.—Ann has gone to Shanghai.—So ______ her parents.A.hasB.hadC.didD.have
第五篇:一般過去時與現在完成時區別專題
一般過去時與現在完成時區別專題
一、現在完成時
1.現在完成時的構成現在完成時是由助動詞 have(has)+動詞的過去分詞構成。助動詞說明該謂語是屬于現在時范圍。它和主語的人稱、數要保持一致。過去分詞是主要的謂語動詞,說明句子的意義。
2.現在完成時的用法
現在完成時表示過去某時發生的行為對主語目前產生的影響。即用過去發生的某個行為來說明現在的某種情況。We are good friends.(現在的情況)
I knew him in 1997.(過去的動作)
We have known each other since 1997.(現在完成時把過去的動作和現在聯系起來并著眼于現在)
(1)表示動作發生在過去某個不確定的時間,但對現在留下了某種影響和結果。常被just、already、yet 等副詞修飾。-Have you had lunch yet?
-Yes, I have.I've just had it.你(已經)吃午飯了嗎? 我剛剛吃過。(現在我不餓了)
(2)表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續到現在的動作或狀態。這個動作可能剛停止,可能仍然在進行。常帶有for和since等表示一段時間的狀語。
如:He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在這兒教書。(可能還要繼續教)
I haven't seen her for four years.我有四年沒見到她了。
(3)表示說話前發生過一次或多次的動作,現在成為一種經驗,一般譯為漢語“過”,常帶有twice,ever,never,three times等時間狀語。
如: I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京二次。
3.現在完成時的時間狀語
(1)現在完成時屬于現在時范圍,故不能和過去的時間狀語連用。如:yesterday,last Sunday,in1990,three years ago等。但是,在強調動作產生的后果和影響時,可以和一些表示不確定的時間狀語連用。
a.用副詞already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和 疑問句中。
如:We have already finished our homework.我們已完成作業了。
They haven't finished their homework yet.他們還沒有完成作業。
b.用ever 和never。多用于否定或疑問句中,表示“曾經”或“從未“等。
如:-Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾經去過長城嗎?
-I have never been to the Great Wall.我從未去過長城。
c.用表示到說話為止的過去時間狀語,如just, before, up to now, the past few years等。
例如:I have seen her before, but I can not remember where.我以前見過她,但記不起在哪里見過。
He has been there three times the last few days.近幾天他去過那里三次了。
d.用包括“現在”在內的時間狀語,如:now, today, this morning(month, year, term)等。
例如:-Have you met him today?-No, I haven't.今天你見過他嗎?我 沒有。
How many times have you been there this year?
今年你去過那里多少次?
(2)現在完成時可以和帶有since或for等表示“一段時間”的狀語連用,表示動作或狀態從某一時刻開始,一直持續到現在。如:I haven't seen him for two years.但是,像come,arrive,buy等終止性動詞不能與表示“一段時間”的狀語連用。要用,必須改為“be(在)”等延續性動詞來表述。現歸納總結一下由非延續性動詞到延續性動詞的轉換:
arrive→be herebegin(start)→be on
die→be deadcome back→be back
leave →be awayfall ill(sick,asleep)→be ill(sick,asleep)
get up→be upgo out→be out
finish →be overput on→wear 或be on
open→be openjoin→be in或 be a member of…
close→be closedgo to school→be a student
borrow→keepbuy→have
catch(a cold)→ have(a cold)get to know →know
begin to study→studycome to work→work等
如:He has been a soldier for three years.他參軍三年了。
His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世二年了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.電影已開始十分鐘了。
We have studied English for three years.我們(開始)學英語已三年了。
4.幾點注意事項
(1)have been(to)與have gone(to)的區別:have been(to)表示“去過某地(現在已經回來了)”,可用于各人稱;have gone(to)表示“去某地了(說話時某人不在當地)”,常用于第三人稱,前者可與once ,never, several times等連用,后者則不能。如:They have been to Beijing twice.他們去過北京兩次。
He has gone to Beijing.他去北京了。
(2)如單純表示一段時間,或強調一段時間,雖有since一詞,也不必用完成時。
如:It is two years since his father died.=His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有兩年了。(3)終止性動詞現在完成時的否定式,已變成一種可以延續的狀態,因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來,我一直沒有離開過這兒。(4)表示行為或狀態從過去一直持續到現在時,用現在完成時,要加表示一段時間的時間狀語時,常用 for+一段時間, since+時間點。
I have lived here since my childhood.我從小就一直住在這里。
I have lived here for 10 years.我在這已經住了10年了。
(5)在提問現在完成時的時間狀語時通常用 how long
How long have you lived here?
注意:在表示某一行為狀態持續多長時間時,根據終止時間的不同,時態使用是不一樣的。如:
I lived here for a week last summer.去年夏天我在這里住了一周。
I have lived here for a week by now.到現在為止,我已經在這里住了一周。
I will live here for a week next year.明年我會在這里住一周。
二、現在完成時與一般過去時的區別
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態,其結果的確和現在有聯系。動作或狀態發生在過去,但它的影響現在還存在;而一般過去時表示過去的事實,不表示和現在的關系。
I have just been to London.I went there last month.我剛去過倫敦,是上個月去的。
1.過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的,強調過去的事情對現在的影響,強調的是影響。
2.過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用,或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:
yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具體的時間狀語
共同的時間狀語:
this morning, tonight, this April, now, once,before, already, recently,lately
現在完成時的時間狀語
for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always,3.現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態,動詞一般是延續性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。舉例:I saw this film yesterday.(強調看的動作發生過了。)I have seen this film.(強調對現在的影響,電影的內容已經知道了。)
Why did you get up so early?(強調起床的動作已發生過了。)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?(強調有卷子,可能為不公平競爭。)
She has returned from Paris.她已從巴黎回來了。
She returned yesterday.她是昨天回來了。
He has been in the League for three years.(在團內的狀態可延續)
He has been a League member for three years.(是團員的狀態可持續)
He joined the League three years ago.(三年前入團,joined為短暫行為。)
I have finished my homework now.---Will somebody go and get Dr.White?
---He's already been sent for.句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時,不能使用現在完成時,要用過去時。(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.三、練習題
1.A.用 already或 yet
1)Have they taken down the old pictures ___yet___? No, not ___haven’t_______.2)Most of us have finished our compositions _____阿拉ready___
3)He said he hadn’t visited the exhibition _____yet___.B.用 since或 for
1)We have learned five lessons __scince____ the beginning of this term.2)Mrs Liao has been in hospital ___scince___last week.3)I have stayed at my aunt’s _____two weeks.C.用have gone或 have been
1)Where are the boy students ? They _____ to the school factory.2)Is your father in ? No, he ____ to Shenzhen._______he ever ______ there before ? Yes, he ___ there several times
3)He asked me if I_____ to Hangzhou before.I told him that I wanted to go there for a visit as I ____ never ____ to that city before.2.選擇填空
1.Mother ____me a new coat yesterday.I _______ it on.It fits me well.A.had made…have triedB.made…have triedC.has made…triedD.made…tried“He ____to draw horses already”.“When ______ he ?” “ Last year “
A.learned…hasB.learned…didC.has learned…hasD.has learned…did
3.Tom _____up into the tree.Look, he ____ high up there!
A.has got…isB.has climbed…wasC.got …wasD.climbed…is
4.____ you _____ the text yet ? Yes, we ____ it two hours ago.A.Did…copy…didB.Have…copied…haveC.Have…copied…didD.Did …copy…had
5.“Why ______ she _______ angry ?” “Because he _____ at her just now.”
A.did…get…shoutedB.has…got…shouted
C.did…get…has shoutedD.has…got…has shouted
6.______you __________ the film before ? Where _____ you ____ it ?
A.Have …seen…did…seeB.Did …see…did…watch
C.Have…seen…have…seenD.Did …see…have…seen
7.You ____ me waiting for two hours.I ____ for you since five.A.kept…waitedB.have kept…waitedC.kept…have waited D.have kept…have waited
8.Where ______ John _______ ? To the library.He _________ there for an hour.A.has…been…has gone B.has…gone…has beenC.did…go…wentD.did…be…went 9.______ the baby still _____ ? No, it _______ crying.A.Has…cried…has stoppedB.Is…crying…stoppedC.Did …cry…stoppedD.Is…crying…has stopped
10.I _______ the way.I ________ here for quite many years.A.knew…have livedC.knew…liveC.know…have livedD.know…live
11._____ you ever _____ America ? Yes, I have.A.Have…gone toB.Have…gone inC.Have…been toD.Have …been in
12.My brother ____college for over three years.A.has gone toB.has been toC.has been inD.has been at
13.He ________ the Army by the end of 1989.He ______ in the army since then.A.joined…isB.has joined…has beenC.had joined…isD.had joined …has been
14.By the time I _____ back they ____ up ten satellites.A.came…have sentB.came…had sentC.come…have sentD.had come…sent
15.Jack ____ over five lessons by seven o’clock.Then he ____ a rest.A.went…tookB.went…had takenC.had gone…tookD.had gone…had taken
16.We ____ out by that time that he ____ a spy for a long time.A.had found…had beenB.had found…wasC.found…had beenD.found…was
17.Before the news ____ him, he ____ to know about it.A.reaches…has gotB.reached…had gotC.reached…gotD.had reached…got
18.I _____ him a second letter before I ____ from him.A.wrote…heardB.wrote…had heardC.had written…heardD.have written…hear
19.People ____ that the soldiers _____ fighting.A.say…had stoppedB.said…has stoppedC.say…stoppedD.said…had stopped 20.We ____ in a good harvest because we ____ enough rain.A.didn’t get…had hadB.got…had hadC.had got…had hadD.got…hadn’t had
21.They _______ for five hours when they ______ in New York.A.flew…arrivedB.had flown…had arrived
C.flew…had arrivedD.had flown…arrived
22.She ____ that it _____ for two days by that day.A.says…has rainedB.says…had rainedC.said…had rainedD.said…rained
23.John _____ there since the year before, so he _____ them.A.had worked…knewB.had worked…had known
C.worked…knewD.worked…had known
24.He _____ angry because he ____ for a long time.A.had got…had waitedB.got…waitedC.had got…waitedD.got…had waited
25.-I have seen the film “Titanic” already.-When __________ you __________ it?
-The day before yesterday.A.have; seenB.will; seeC.did; seeD.did; seen
26.Mr Black __________ in China since five years ago.A.livedB.has livedC.livesD.is going to live27.We ____________ trees last Sunday.So far we __________ over 3,000 trees there.A.planted; plantedB.planted; have plantedC.have planted; plantedD.have planted; have planted 練習答案:
1.A.1)already, yet2)already3)yet
B.1)since2)since3)since
C.1)have been2)has gone, Has, been, has been3)have been, have been
2.BDACAADBDCCDDBCABCDBDCADCBB