第一篇：每個人都必須掌握的演講技巧

領導者發表演說，通常是為了推動變革、推廣理念，以及改變大家的想法。想要學會領導者般的演說風格，就不能只是純粹報告數據而已，而是必須學習好好設計你的訴求。領導是不好當滴，讓人心服口服的領導更是需要經歷尖端的磨礪（其實很多領導的心態是——我是領導我怕誰！誰敢不聽我的？……呵呵）。

■認識你的聽眾

如果你真的希望能展現出領導者般的演說風格，就要事先針對可能的聽眾做些功課。在你同意演說之前，先弄清楚：

聽眾到底會是哪些人，他們又有哪些共通性？

聽眾的知識背景如何、對你的演講主題了解多少？

聽眾是會支持你的立場，還是會在剛開始的時有點反對的態度？

聽眾有哪些共同的迫切恐懼和憂慮？

他們偏好什么樣的學習方式？

哪些議題是禁忌，不該提起？

這群人平常在討論事情時，有沒有偏好使用什么術語？

卓越領導者最明顯的標記之一，就是他們在步上講臺之前，會盡量努力了解他們的聽眾。如果你這么做，就更可能有精采的表現。演說要讓人佩服，并不只是看你懂多少和你如何表達，能否讓人佩服，取決于聽眾聽到什么、了解到什么、感受到什么，以及需要什么。事先分析你的聽眾，就可以讓情勢對你有利。

■記住「wiifm？」的原則

「wiifm？」就是「我能夠從中獲得什么？」的縮寫，這是當你踏上講臺開始簡報的時候，所有聽眾都在想的問題。而且他們在你的演講結束很久之后，還是會以同樣的標準來評斷你演說的內容。在你準備演講內容時，要鎖定以下這個關鍵問題：

「為什么各位聽眾會想要我想要的東西？」

如果你無法回答這個問題，就無從得知自己該準備和構思什么樣的演講內容。聽眾往往會希望你做到下列幾件事：

針對他們共同的問題提出解決方案；

提出可行的方法，讓他們可以達成他們設定的目標，或是完成對他們很重要的工作。

解釋為何某種作法和他們的價值觀、渴望或夢想相符。

卓越領導者一定會回答聽眾「wiifm？」這個問題，他們會將演說的重心，放在解決問題、達成目標以及滿足需求之上。

■創造鮮活景象

可以運用4種技巧，在聽眾的腦海中創造出鮮活的景象：

利用具體的名詞和動詞——而不是模糊或空泛的用語。以積極的態度說明你目前在做的事，而不是你未來想做的事。在講述內容中加進動態的感覺。

提出范例并直接做比較——也就是一些可以讓聽眾想象出畫面的事物，然后再連結到你所敘述的內容。

用實際物品當作道具——將這些物品帶上講臺，添加一些戲劇效果。

說故事——就像是在聽眾的腦海中播放電影一樣。故事會是演說當中最有力的元素，要挑選有影響力和啟發性的故事。

■打動人心

要做到真正讓人佩服的演說，并不需要一大堆的冠冕堂皇的理念或詞句，而是要在情感上引起聽眾的共鳴，你和你的聽眾之間一定要產生火花。

要打動聽眾，必須具備3項要素：

相互尊重——聽眾必須尊重你的背景，而你則必須尊重他們的時間、價值觀與興趣。

專注——你必須盡量去了解聽眾，依據他們的需求和關切的事量身訂做你的訴求，讓他們感覺受到重視。

愛戴——你必須先愛戴聽眾，他們才會喜歡你。

結合了尊重、專注及愛戴，你就可以和聽眾建立起關系。然后他們就會專注在你的演說上并跟你合作，而這正是你要感動他們所必須的條件。要成為領導者，就要能熟練地讓你的簡報對象產生共鳴。

第二篇：不是每個人都必須成為“忍者”

不是每個人都必須成為“忍者”

春晚上曾有這樣一出經典的小品，趙本山飾演的黑土因為妻子白云說假話炫富而齜牙咧嘴地捂著肚子，問他怎么了，他說：“胃疼”，白云立刻強勢回擊：“忍著！”他就只能忍著了。觀眾們一笑了之，誰可曾想過這種忍著痛不說的感覺是多么痛苦。

小品中因為妻子浮夸，讓黑土內心倍受折磨而覺得痛苦，卻又不能說，當脫離了表演，有多少痛是讓我們用比這種痛還要痛幾十倍的痛苦給憋了回去?

我從小就不是能忍痛的人。小時候打針，戳到一半我就大哭大鬧，使出渾身解數想要逃離，有一次竟然真的跑掉，父母和護士上上下下地跑追到我戳完了另一半。我真的怕痛，小時候讀到關羽“刮骨療毒”的故事，我就會頭皮發麻，閉上眼睛就想象著骨頭被刮到的聲音“吱啦吱啦”，很可怕。

隨著年齡的增長，我沒有再跑樓梯，打針還是那么痛，叫聲卻沒有再喊出喉嚨。“你是男子漢，怎么能哭呢？”

“都多大的孩子了，打針怕是什么疼呢？”

“這小伙子真棒，打針都不喊疼了。”

或許很多人都和我一樣，因為長大了，因為怕被嘲笑，因為想獲得贊賞，因為覺得說“痛”是一種膽怯，一種懦弱，一種不成熟的表現。

小痛且不言，大痛更不說。

是否有人權衡過憋痛之痛與說痛快感二者的得失？

有時候并不是不想說“痛”，而是不敢說痛。如果我不小心做了一件錯事，釀成大禍，我找誰訴說？

對父母說，我會被責怪，我會被毒罵，我會被訓斥，我不敢。

對朋友說，我會被諷刺，我會被嫌棄，我甚至怕被出賣，我不敢。

我會真的羨慕那些有虔誠信仰的教徒。

如果我是基督教徒，我會痛哭流涕向神父懺悔。

如果我是穆斯林，我會跪拜在清真寺中虔誠悔改。

如果我是佛教徒，我會雙手合十對著釋迦摩尼哭訴，得到佛祖的神佑。

可是我都不是。

我只能忍著，成為萬千忍者中苦痛的一個，極其普通的一個。

史鐵生殘疾之痛，魯迅對于民族興衰存亡之痛，林則徐對于懦弱中國之痛。哪個人沒有怒吼一聲，說出疾痛。

他們或許沒有信仰，但無一不有著堅定的信念：“說”。

問渠那得清如許？人間正道是滄桑。

說出痛的警醒，下次就不會再痛。世界不需要那么多“忍者”。

第三篇：TED演講：每個人都能掌握的記憶技巧

TED演講：每個人都能掌握的記憶技巧

I'd like to invite you to close your eyes.Imagine yourself standing outside the front door of your home.I'd like you to notice the color of the door, the material that it's made out of.Now visualize a pack of overweight nudists on bicycles.They are competing in a naked bicycle race, and they are headed straight for your front door.I need you to actually see this.They are pedaling really hard, they're sweaty, they're bouncing around a lot.And they crash straight into the front door of your home.Bicycles fly everywhere, wheels roll past you, spokes end up in awkward places.Step over the threshold of your door into your foyer, your hallway, whatever's on the other side, and appreciate the quality of the light.The light is shining down on Cookie Monster.Cookie Monster is waving at you from his perch on top of a tan horse.It's a talking horse.You can practically feel his blue fur tickling your nose.You can smell the oatmeal raisin cookie that he's about to shovel into his mouth.Walk past him.Walk past him into your living room.In your living room, in full imaginative broadband, picture Britney Spears.She is scantily clad, she's dancing on your coffee table, and she's singing “Hit Me Baby One More Time.” And then follow me into your kitchen.In your kitchen, the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road and out of your oven are coming towards you Dorothy, the Tin Man, the Scarecrow and the Lion from “The Wizard of Oz,” hand-in-hand skipping straight towards you.Okay.Open your eyes.I want to tell you about a very bizarre contest that is held every spring in New York City.It's called the United States Memory Championship.And I had gone to cover this contest a few years back as a science journalist expecting, I guess, that this was going to be like the Superbowl of savants.This was a bunch of guys and a few ladies, widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep.(Laughter)

They were memorizing hundreds of random numbers, looking at them just once.They were memorizing the names of dozens and dozens and dozens of strangers.They were memorizing entire poems in just a few minutes.They were competing to see who could memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.I was like, this is unbelievable.These people must be freaks of nature.And I started talking to a few of the competitors.This is a guy called Ed Cook who had come over from England where he had one of the best trained memories.And I said to him, “Ed, when did you realize that you were a savant?” And Ed was like, “I'm not a savant.In fact, I have just an average memory.Everybody who competes in this contest will tell you that they have just an average memory.We've all trained ourselves to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory using a set of ancient techniques, techniques invented 2,500 years ago in Greece, the same techniques that Cicero had used to memorize his speeches, that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books.” And I was like, “Whoa.How come I never heard of this before?”

And we were standing outside the competition hall, and Ed, who is a wonderful, brilliant, but somewhat eccentric English guy, says to me, “Josh, you're an American journalist.Do you know Britney Spears?” I'm like, “What? No.Why?” “Because I really want to teach Britney Spears how to memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards on U.S.national television.It will prove to the world that anybody can do this.”

(Laughter)

I was like, “Well I'm not Britney Spears, but maybe you could teach me.I mean, you've got to start somewhere, right?” And that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.I ended up spending the better part of the next year not only training my memory, but also investigating it, trying to understand how it works, why it sometimes doesn't work and what its potential might be.I met a host of really interesting people.This is a guy called E.P.He's an amnesic who had, very possibly, the very worst memory in the world.His memory was so bad that he didn't even remember he had a memory problem, which is amazing.And he was this incredibly tragic figure, but he was a window into the extent to which our memories make us who we are.The other end of the spectrum: I met this guy.This is Kim Peek.He was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie “Rain Man.” We spent an afternoon together in the Salt Lake City Public Library memorizing phone books, which was scintillating.(Laughter)

And I went back and I read a whole host of memory treatises, treatises written 2,000-plus years ago in Latin in Antiquity and then later in the Middle Ages.And I learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff.One of the really interesting things that I learned is that once upon a time, this idea of having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today.Once upon a time, people invested in their memories, in laboriously furnishing their minds.Over the last few millenia we've invented a series of technologies--from the alphabet to the scroll to the codex, the printing press，photography, the computer, the smartphone--that have made it progressively easier and easier for us to externalize our memories, for us to essentially outsource this fundamental human capacity.These technologies have made our modern world possible, but they've also changed us.They've changed us culturally, and I would argue that they've changed us cognitively.Having little need to remember anymore, it sometimes seems like we've forgotten how.One of the last places on Earth where you still find people passionate about this idea of a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory is at this totally singular memory contest.It's actually not that singular, there are contests held all over the world.And I was fascinated, I wanted to know how do these guys do it.A few years back a group of researchers at University College London brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab.They wanted to know: Do these guys have brains that are somehow structurally, anatomically different from the rest of ours? The answer was no.Are they smarter than the rest of us? They gave them a bunch of cognitive tests, and the answer was not really.There was however one really interesting and telling difference between the brains of the memory champions and the control subjects that they were comparing them to.When they put these guys in an fMRI machine, scanned their brains while they were memorizing numbers and people's faces and pictures of snowflakes, they found that the memory champions were lighting up different parts of the brain than everyone else.Of note, they were using, or they seemed to be using, a part of the brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.Why? And is there something the rest of us can learn from this?

The sport of competitive memorizing is driven by a kind of arms race where every year somebody comes up with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly, and then the rest of the field has to play catchup.This is my friend Ben Pridmore, three-time world memory champion.On his desk in front of him are 36 shuffled packs of playing cards that he

is about to try to memorize in one hour, using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered.He used a similar technique to memorize the precise order of 4,140 random binary digits in half an hour.Yeah.And while there are a whole host of ways of remembering stuff in these competitions, everything, all of the techniques that are being used, ultimately come down to a concept that psychologists refer to as elaborative encoding.And it's well illustrated by a nifty paradox known as the Baker/baker paradox, which goes like this: If I tell two people to remember the same word, if I say to you, “Remember that there is a guy named Baker.” That's his name.And I say to you, “Remember that there is a guy who is a baker.” And I come back to you at some point later on, and I say, “Do you remember that word that I told you a while back? Do you remember what it was?” The person who was told his name is Baker is less likely to remember the same word than the person was told his job is that he is a baker.Same word, different amount of remembering;that's weird.What's going on here?

Well the name Baker doesn't actually mean anything to you.It is entirely untethered from all of the other memories floating around in your skull.But the common noun baker, we know bakers.Bakers wear funny white hats.Bakers have flour on their hands.Bakers smell good when they come home from work.Maybe we even know a baker.And when we first hear that word, we start putting these associational hooks into it that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date.The entire art of what is going on in these memory contests and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life is figuring out ways to transform capital B Bakers into lower-case B bakers--to take information that is lacking in context, in significance, in meaning and transform it in some way so that it becomes meaningful in the light of all the other things that you have in your mind.One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this dates back 2,500 years to Ancient Greece.It came to be known as the memory palace.The story behind its creation goes like this: There was a poet called Simonides who was attending a banquet.He was actually the hired entertainment, because back then if you wanted to throw a really slamming party, you

didn't hire a D.J., you hired a poet.And he stands up, delivers his poem from memory, walks out the door, and at the moment he does, the banquet hall collapses, kills everybody inside.It doesn't just kill everybody, it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition.Nobody can say who was inside, nobody can say where they were sitting.The bodies can't be properly buried.It's one tragedy compounding another.Simonides, standing outside, the sole survivor amid the wreckage, closes his eyes and has this realization, which is that in his mind's eye, he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting.And he takes the relatives by the hand and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage.What Simonides figured out at that moment is something that I think we all kind of intuitively know, which is that, as bad as we are at remembering names and phone numbers and word-for-word instructions from our colleagues, we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories.If I asked you to recount the first 10 words of the story that I just told you about Simonides, chances are you would have a tough time with it.But I would wager that if I asked you to recall who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse in your foyer right now, you would be able to see that.The idea behind the memory palace is to create this imagined edifice in your mind's eye and populate it with images of the things that you want to remember--the crazier, weirder, more bizarre, funnier, raunchier, stinkier the image is, the more unforgettable it's likely to be.This is advice that goes back 2,000-plus years to the earliest Latin memory treatises.So how does this work? Let's say that you've been invited to TED center stage to give a speech and you want to do it from memory, and you want to do it the way that Cicero would have done it if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.What you might do is picture yourself at the front door of your house.And you'd come up with some sort of an absolutely crazy, ridiculous, unforgettable image to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about is this totally bizarre contest.And then you'd

go inside your house, and you would see an image of Cookie Monster on top of Mister Ed.And that would remind you that you would want to then introduce your friend Ed Cook.And then you'd see an image of Britney Spears to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell.And you go into your kitchen, and the fourth topic you were going to talk about was this strange journey that you went on for a year, and you have some friends to help you remember that.This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches--not word-for-word, which is just going to screw you up, but topic-for-topic.In fact, the phrase “topic sentence,” that comes from the Greek word “topos,” which means “place.” That's a vestige of when people used to think about oratory and rhetoric in these sorts of spatial terms.The phrase “in the first place,” that's like in the first place of your memory palace.I thought this was just fascinating, and I got really into it.And I went to a few more of these memory contests.And I had this notion that I might write something longer about this subculture of competitive memorizers.But there was a problem.The problem was that a memory contest is a pathologically boring event.(Laughter)Truly, it is like a bunch of people sitting around taking the SATs.I mean, the most dramatic it gets is when somebody starts massaging their temples.And I'm a journalist, I need something to write about.I know that there's this incredible stuff happening in these people's minds, but I don't have access to it.And I realized, if I was going to tell this story, I needed to walk in their shoes a little bit.And so I started trying to spend 15 or 20 minutes every morning before I sat down with my New York Times just trying to remember something.Maybe it was a poem.Maybe it was names from an old yearbook that I bought at a flea market.And I found that this was shockingly fun.I never would have expected that.It was fun because this is actually not about training your memory.What you're doing is you're trying to get better and better and better at creating, at dreaming up，these utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious and hopefully unforgettable images in your mind's eye.And I got pretty into it.This is me wearing my standard competitive memorizer's training kit.It's a pair of earmuffs and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over except for two small pinholes, because distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy.I ended up coming back to that same contest that I had covered a year earlier.And I had this notion that I might enter it, sort of as an experiment in participatory journalism.It'd make, I thought, maybe a nice epilogue to all my research.Problem was the experiment went haywire.I won the contest, which really wasn't supposed to happen.(Applause)

Now it is nice to be able to memorize speeches and phone numbers and shopping lists, but it's actually kind of beside the point.These are just tricks.They are tricks that work because they're based on some pretty basic principles about how our brains work.And you don't have to be building memory palaces or memorizing packs of playing cards to benefit from a little bit of insight about how your mind works.We often talk about people with great memories as though it were some sort of an innate gift, but that is not the case.Great memories are learned.At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.We remember when we are deeply engaged.We remember when we are able to take a piece of information and experience and figure out why it is meaningful to us, why it is significant, why it's colorful, when we're able to transform it in some way that it makes sense in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds, when we're able to transform Bakers into bakers.The memory palace, these memory techniques, they're just shortcuts.In fact, they're not even really shortcuts.They work because they make you work.They force a kind of depth of processing, a kind of mindfulness, that most of us don't normally walk around exercising.But there actually are no shortcuts.This is how stuff is made memorable.And I think if there's one thing that I want to leave you with, it's what E.P., the amnesic who couldn't even remember that he had a memory problem, left me with, which is the notion that our lives are the sum of our memories.How much are we willing to lose from our already short lives by losing ourselves in our Blackberries, our iPhones, by not paying attention to the human being across from us who is talking with us, by being so lazy that we're not willing to process deeply?

I learned firsthand that there are incredible memory capacities latent in all of us.But if you want to live a memorable life, you have to be the kind of person who remembers to remember.Thank you.(Applause)

第四篇：求全社會各行各業每個人都必須

求全社會各行各業每個人都必須

信息不對稱理論

詳細內容：

信息不對稱理論(Asymmetric Information theory)

目錄什么是信息不對稱理論?信息不對稱理論產生背景信息不對稱理論的作用信息不對稱理論的重要啟示本條目相關鏈接

什么是信息不對稱理論?

信息不對稱理論是指在市場經濟活動中,各類人員對有關信息的了解是有差異的;掌握信息比較充分的人員,往往處于比較有利的地位,而信息貧乏的人員,則處于比較不利的地位。信息不對稱理論是由三位美國經濟學家——約瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨、喬治·阿克爾洛夫和邁克爾·斯彭斯提出的。該理論認為:市場中賣方比買方更了解有關商品的各種信息;掌握更多信息的一方可以通過向信息貧乏的一方傳遞可靠信息而在市場中獲益;買賣雙方中擁有信息較少的一方會努力從另一方獲取信息;市場信號顯示在一定程度上可以彌補信息不對稱的問題;信息不對稱是市場經濟的弊病,要想減少信息不對稱對經濟產生的危害,政府應在市場體系中發揮強有力的作用。這一理論為很多市場現象如股市沉浮、就業與失業、信貸配給、商品促銷、商品的市場占有等提供了解釋,并成為現代信息經濟學的核心,被廣泛應用到從傳統的農產品市場到現代金融市場等各個領域。

信息不對稱理論產生背景

信息不對稱這一現象早在70年代便受到三位美國經濟學家的關注和研究,它為市場經濟提供了一個新的視角。現在看來,信息不對稱現象簡直無處不在,就像周身遍布的各種名牌商品。按照這一理論,名牌本身也在折射這一現象,人們對品牌的崇拜和追逐,從某種程度上恰恰說明了較一般商品而言,名牌商品提供了更完全的信息,降低了買賣雙方之間的交易成本。這一理論同樣也適應于廣告,在同質的情況下,花巨資廣而告之的商品因為比不做廣告或少做廣告者提供了更多的信息,所以它們更容易為消費者接受。

信息不對稱理論的意義當然不止于此。它不僅要說明信息的重要性,更要研究市場中的人因獲得信息渠道之不同、信息量的多寡而承擔的不同風險和收益。三位經濟學家分別從商品交易、勞動力和金融市場三個不同領域研究了這個課題,最后殊途同歸。最早研究這一現象的是阿克爾洛夫,1970年,他在哈佛大學經濟學期刊上發表了著名的《次品問題》一文,首次提出了“信息市場”概念。阿克爾洛夫從當時司空見慣的二手車市場入手,發現了舊車市場由于買賣雙方對車況掌握的不同而滋生的矛盾,并最終導致舊車市場的日漸式微。在舊車市場中,賣主一定比買主掌握更多的信息。為了便于研究,阿克爾洛夫將所有的舊車分為兩大類,一類是保養良好的車,另一類是車況較差的“垃圾車”,然后再假設買主愿意購買好車的出價是20000美元,差車的出價是10000美元,而實際上賣主的收購價卻可能分別只有17000美元和8000美元,從而產生了較大的信息差價。由此可以得出一個結論:如果讓買主不經過舊車市場而直接從車主手中購買,那將產生一個更公平的交易,車主會得到比賣給舊車市場更多的錢,與此同時買主出的錢也會比從舊車市場買的要少。但接下來會出現另外一種情況,當買主發現到自己總是在交易中處于不利位置,他會刻意壓價,以至低于賣主的收購價,例如好車的出價只有15000元,差車價只出7000元,這便使得交易無法進行,面對這種情況,舊車交易市場的賣主通常會采取以次充好的手段滿足低價位買主,從而使得舊車質量越來越差,最后難以為繼。

信息不對稱現象的存在使得交易中總有一方會因為獲取信息的不完整而對交易缺乏信心,對

于商品交易來說,這個成本是昂貴的,但仍然可以找到解決的方法。還是以舊車交易市場為例,對于賣主來說,如果他們一貫堅持只賣好車不賣一輛“垃圾車”,長此以往建立的聲譽便可增

加買主的信任,大大降低交易成本;對于買主而言,他們同樣也可以設置更好的策略將“垃圾車”

剔除出來。本諾貝爾經濟學獎的另外兩個得主斯賓塞和斯蒂格利茨,則提供了企業和消

費者如何從各式各樣的商品中去蕪存精的方法

斯賓塞的研究著重于勞動力市場,他從長期的觀察發現,在勞動力市場存在著用人單位與應聘

者之間的信息不對稱情況,為了謀到一個較好的單位,應聘者往往從服裝到畢業文憑挖空心思

層層包裝,使用人單位良莠難辨。在這里,斯賓塞提出了一個所謂的“獲得成本”概念,他舉例

說,對于用人單位而言,應聘者如果具有越難獲得的學歷就越具可信度,比如說擁有哈佛文憑

應聘者的才能,就比一般學校的畢業文憑更有可信度。對于人才市場的信息不對稱現象,斯賓

塞在其博士論文《勞動市場的信號》中做了詳盡的表述。無論是個人、企業還是政府,當它

們不能直接了當地傳達其個人偏好或意圖時,“信號法”可以提供較大的幫助。例如舉債經

營傳達出來的一個信號是:公司對未來收益有著良好的預期。名牌商品向消費者傳達的一個

準確無誤的信號是:它是一種高含量的創造,就是應該比一般商品更貴也更值錢。當然如果品

牌要保持自身陽春白雪的地位,必須限量生產。這一理論也同樣可以解釋,為什么企業喜歡向

員工分紅派息而不是派現金,從信號理論的角度而言,分紅派息強烈地表達了公司良好的前景。

斯蒂格利茨在三位獲獎人中名氣最大,他在幾乎所有的經濟學領域都有貢獻,包括宏觀經濟學、貨幣經濟學、公共理論及國際事務乃至發展經濟學,都卓有建樹。斯蒂格利茨今年5月在來

深圳參加“腦庫論壇”時,欣然接受了本報記者的采訪,表達了他作為當今世界著名經濟學家

對中國經濟發展的關注和看好,并特地簽名向本報讀者問好。斯蒂格利茨將信息不對稱這一

理論應用到保險市場,他指出,由于被保險人與保險公司間信息的不對稱,客觀上造成一般車

主在買過車險后疏于保養,使得保險公司賠不勝賠。斯蒂格利茨提出的解決問題的理論模型

是,讓買保者在高自賠率加低保險費及低自賠率加高保險費兩種投保方式間作出抉擇,以解決

保險過程中的逆向選擇問題。其實,信息不對稱現象在現代金融領域的表現更為普遍和突出,尤其在新興市場和東南亞地區乃至中國大陸,企業騙貸、出口騙退和銀行呆壞賬的涌現,無不

與此緊密相關。斯蒂格利茨還是一個頗有趣的人物,他曾在耶魯大學、普林斯頓大學、牛津

大學、斯坦福大學和哥倫比亞大學等多間名校任教,也曾擔任過美國前總統克林頓經濟委員

會主席,1999年他在擔任世界銀行首席經濟師期間,由于對IMF在拯救東南亞金融危機中的做

法提出了猛烈的批評被迫辭職,轟動一時。斯蒂格利茨一向個性張揚,口無遮攔,尤其喜歡為貧

困國家說話,是炮擊“華盛頓共識”的主攻手。他出生于印第安那州的加里,位于美國中西部

一個臟兮兮的工業城市,這里曾誕生了另一個偉大的經濟學家薩繆爾森,所以有人開玩笑說,明年的諾貝爾經濟學獎得主可能還會從這里冒出。

三個學者以研究信息不對稱理論榮膺桂冠,從另一個側面說明了發展中國家經濟學家的無能。

由信息不對稱導致的各種問題和風險,在發展中國家向市場經濟的轉型中尤為突出和嚴重,但

豐富的實踐卻沒有產生先進的理論,這是值得深思的。而信息不對稱的背后隱藏的其實又是

道德風險。在發展中國家信息化高調甚囂塵上的時候,市場經濟所要求的人的素質卻沒能緊

緊跟上,或者說人心向惡,時時都要重典伺候。這說明科技可以解技術問題,但也只能解決技術

問題,它對道德或個人偏好無能為力。三位經濟學家得出的所謂“市場不是萬能的”,“信息

是有價值的”,“信息本身也是市場”,“市場中存在摩擦和交易成本”,乃至斯蒂格利茨所說的 “亞當·斯密不是唯一的王牌”等等,現在看來在理論上毫無新意,因為它絲毫不能解決市

場經濟需要的制度問題。

信息不對稱理論的作用

1、該理論指出了信息對市場經濟的重要影響。隨著新經濟時代的到來,信息在市場經濟中所

發揮的作用比過去任何時候都更加突出,并將發揮更加不可估量的作用。

2、該理論揭示了市場體系中的缺陷,指出完全的市場經濟并不是天然合理的,完全靠自由市場

機制不一定會給市場經濟帶來最佳效果 ,特別是在投資、就業、環境保護、社會福利等方面。

3、該理論強調了政府在經濟運行中的重要性,呼吁政府加強對經濟運行的監督力度,使信息盡

量由不對稱到對稱,由此更正由市場機制所造成的一些不良影響。

信息不對稱理論的重要啟示

1、充分認識新經濟的特點,高度重視信息對未來經濟社會可持續發展的重大影響。我們正在進入由信息業推動,以生命科學、超級材料、航天技術等新知識和新技術為基礎的新經濟時

代。這是一個充滿不確定性、高利潤與高風險并存、快速多變的“風險經濟”的時代。在這

個時代里,市場經濟中的信息不對稱現象比比皆是,問題的關鍵是各行各業的決策者怎樣努力

掌握與了解比較充分的信息,研究生產力發展的規律和趨勢,把握住經濟、技術和社會的發展

動向。可以預見,在新經濟時代,過去的“大魚吃小魚”將不再是一般規律,取而代之的將是“快的吃慢的”、“信息充分的吃信息不充分的”,速度是新經濟的自然淘汰方式。只有及時掌握

比較充分的信息,才能胸有成竹,變不確定為確定,認準方向,加快發展。

2、在政府職能轉變的過程中,應注意政府對經濟運行發揮作用的方式、方法的研究。市場經

濟不排除政府對市場的干預,關鍵是要研究什么地方需要干預,用什么手段干預以及怎樣干預,才能完善和發展市場經濟。經濟手段、法律手段和行政手段的運用,都應以相關信息的收集、研究為前提, 一切唯書、唯上、照抄、照搬是不行的。特別是加入WTO、與國際接軌后,在利用市場法則方面,我們處于信息不充分的不利地位,更應早做準備,盡量避免或少走彎路。

3、重視信息資源的開發利用工作,扶持信息服務業的發展。要不斷地發掘信息及其他相關要

素的經濟功能,并及時將其轉化為現實的信息財富,努力開拓其在經濟社會發展中的用途。要

克服知識和觀念方面的障礙,樹立正確的信息意識。目前,世界上經濟發達國家都把占有、開

發和利用信息資源作為一項基本國策,對信息資源的開發利用工作十分普及。信息業就業人

數占全社會就業人數比重,美國、歐共體國家已經超過50%,澳大利亞、日本也接近50%。相

比之下,我國尚處于起步階段。為此,應積極采取措施,促進信息市場體系的構造和形成,大力扶

持信息服務業的發展。特別對高新技術領域的技術信息和經濟信息資源開發利用工作,更要

組織自然科學和社會科學方面的專家學者,只爭朝夕,知難而上,奮力開拓,努力爭創高新技術的新優勢,以此帶動整個經濟社會的發展。

本條目相關鏈接

非對稱信息

問題反饋

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服務科學概論張潤彤編著, 2009.管理信息經濟學彭志忠著, 2006.期刊 相關851篇

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案利用過程中信息不對稱的成因與解決對策上海檔案, 2011,(7).報紙 相關67篇

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關心和參與。圖書館作為國家文化、知識和信息收藏、教育和傳遞的職能部門，在全社會還

存在相當嚴重的信息不對稱和廣泛的弱勢群體的狀況下，應當自覺地承當起自己應有的責任，對他們進行“信息扶貧”，維護弱勢群體的信息知情權、信息擁有權、信息使用權，縮小城

鄉、地區、階層以及個體間過大的信息貧富差距，在構建和諧社會中充分發揮圖書館的功能，做出應有的貢獻。3圖書館信息扶貧的戰略思考與對策一切成功之事大都始于科學合理的規

劃。2l世紀是知識、信息和網絡的世紀，生產力的發展更多地依賴于知識、依賴于信息、依

賴于知識和信息通過網絡的傳播與利用。這為圖書館的信息扶貧提供了良好的環境。另一方

面，圖書館作為知識的海洋和網絡信息中心與知識教育的輻射中心，必然要求對信息弱勢群

體不斷地提供最新的知識和信息以滿足他們的需要。所謂圖書館信息扶貧戰略主要是指：圖

書館為保證和提高弱勢群體信息扶貧質量和滿意度，利用圖書館的文獻、知識、信息、設備、館員、技術、方法、手段和環境等一切資源，建立健全信息扶貧的戰略體系、質量保障體系，服務監控體系、結果反饋體系及其質量評估體系，以提高圖書館在構建和諧社會過程中的社

會形象而所做的信息扶貧系統工程總體規劃。由于我國圖書館長期享受著國家事業單位保工

資和無償固定撥款辦館的優越條件之原因，加之圖書館條塊分割，各自為政，文獻信息資源

分布極不平衡，被動僵化的服務模式和缺乏搞活創新的管理體制處處皆是，辦館效益評價體

系很不完備，所以，信息扶貧戰略規劃制定容易而付諸實踐還要做大量的工作。目前需抓好

以下幾項工作：3．1培養信息扶貧專業化人才隊伍圖書館是一個專業化的組織，在這個組

織中，其任何一個崗位都應當是專業化的，其中包括館長的專業化、館員的專業化和信息服

務對象的專業化。否則，圖書館信息扶貧的戰略就難以得到實施。所以，筆者認為，傳統圖

書館向現代圖書館轉型的過程就是非專業化館員走向專業化館員的過程。目前我國教育行政

部門和一些高校規定，圖書館只能進具有博士、碩士學位人才的做法，讓我們看到了圖書館

營造專業人才的曙光。但是，還很不夠，還需要我們做大量艱苦的、細致的和具有創新意義的人才建設工作。目前在這方面首先應做好幾件事情：第一，把好圖書館進人關，嚴格按《普

通高校圖書館規程》的要求即圖書館工作人員必須為大專以上學歷，而本科生要達到60％

以上，且學歷結構必須合理；第二，對圖書館工作人員必須進行資格認證；第三，制定“圖

書館專業技術隊伍發展戰略規劃”，對圖書館工作人員進行在職在崗各種形式的業務培訓，促其提高素質，盡快適應計算機和網絡環境下圖書館工作的新要求；第四，引人競爭機制，建立獎懲制度，健全圖書館各類崗位工作標準及其績效評價體系，實行優升劣淘，不斷提高

圖書館專業人才的整體水平。；3．2對各階層弱勢群體進行廣泛的信息素質教育弱勢群體是

一個規模龐大、結構復雜、分布廣泛的群體。有人把弱勢群體定義為：弱勢群體是指由于自

然、經濟、社會和文化方面的低下狀態而難以像正常人那樣去化解社會問題造成的壓力，導

致其陷入困境、處于不利社會地位的人群或階層。說白了主要指那些沒錢、沒權、沒325

中國圖書館學會編.中國圖書館學會年會論文集 2006年卷.北京圖書館出版社,2006年07月

第1版.

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第五篇：每個人都能掌握的記憶技巧

每個人都能掌握的記憶技巧（雙語）

Joshua Foer Ted英語演講：

kira86 于2013-05-23 為什么有些人似乎天賦異能，能夠過目不忘在短時間內記下一本書的內容或是繁多的數字？是否他們的腦袋和我們的不一樣，或他們更聰明？科技欄作家Joshua Foer給您詳細講解這種記憶方法 —— 他稱其為“記憶宮殿” —— 并向您證明他的重點是: 任何人都可以擁有絕佳的記憶里，包括他自己。這個答案就是“精細編碼“——他們把沒有前因后果 沒有重要性 沒有涵義的信息 用某種方法轉化為 有意義的內容 跟腦海里的其他記憶串聯起來。

Feats of memory anyone can do 英語演講稿帶中文翻譯： I'd like to invite you to close your eyes.請大家跟我一起閉上眼睛，象一下。

Imagine yourself standing outside the front door of your home.I'd like you to notice the color of the door, the material that it's made out of.Now visualize a pack of overweight nudists on bicycles.They are competing in a naked bicycle race, and they are headed straight for your front door.I need you to actually see this.They are pedaling really hard, they're sweaty, they're bouncing around a lot.And they crash straight into the front door of your home.Bicycles fly everywhere, wheels roll past you, spokes end up in awkward places.Step over the threshold of your door into your foyer, your hallway, whatever's on the other side, and appreciate the quality of the light.The light is shining down on Cookie Monster.Cookie Monster is waving at you from his perch on top of a tan horse.It's a talking horse.You can practically feel his blue fur tickling your nose.You can smell the oatmeal raisin cookie that he's about to shovel into his mouth.Walk past him.Walk past him into your living room.In your living room, in full imaginative broadband, picture Britney Spears.She is scantily clad, she's dancing on your coffee table, and she's singing ”Hit Me Baby One More Time.“ And then follow me into your kitchen.In your kitchen, the floor has been paved over with a yellow brick road and out of your oven are coming towards you Dorothy, the Tin Man, the Scarecrow and the Lion from ”The Wizard of Oz,“ hand-in-hand skipping straight towards you.你站在，自己家門口的外面，請留心一下門的顏色，以及門的材質，現在請想象一群超重的裸騎者，正在進行一場裸體自行車賽，向你的前門直沖而來，盡量讓畫面想象得栩栩如生近在眼前，他們都在奮力地踩腳踏板 汗流浹背，路面非常顛簸，然后徑直撞進了你家前門，自行車四下飛散 車輪從你身旁滾過，輻條扎進了各種尷尬角落，跨過門檻，進到門廳、走廊 和門里的其他地方，室內光線柔和舒適，光線灑在甜餅怪物身上，他坐在一匹棕色駿馬的馬背上，正向你招手，這匹馬會說話，你可以感覺到他的藍色鬃毛讓你鼻子發癢，你可以聞到他正要扔進嘴里的葡萄燕麥曲奇的香氣，繞過他 繞過他走進客廳，站在客廳里 把你的想象力調到最大檔，想象小甜甜布蘭妮，她衣著暴露 在你咖啡桌上跳舞，并唱著”Hit Me Baby One More Time“，接下來 跟著我走進你的廚房，廚房的地面被一道黃磚路覆蓋，依次鉆出你的烤箱向你走來的是，《綠野仙蹤》里的多蘿西 鐵皮人，稻草人 和獅子，他們手挽著手蹦蹦跳跳地向你走來，Okay.Open your eyes.好了 睜開眼睛吧，I want to tell you about a very bizarre contest that is held every spring in New York City.It's called the United States Memory Championship.And I had gone to cover this contest a few years back as a science journalist expecting, I guess, that this was going to be like the Superbowl of savants.This was a bunch of guys and a few ladies, widely varying in both age and hygienic upkeep.我要給你們講一個每年春天在紐約，都會舉辦的奇異競賽，叫做全美記憶冠軍賽，幾年前我作為一名科技類記者，去報道這項競賽，心里想著 大概那兒得像，怪才的”超級碗冠軍賽“一樣熱鬧吧，一大堆男人和屈指可數的女性，從小孩兒到老人 有些還不怎么注意個人衛生，(Laughter)(大笑)，They were memorizing hundreds of random numbers, looking at them just once.They were memorizing the names of dozens and dozens and dozens of strangers.They were memorizing entire poems in just a few minutes.They were competing to see who could memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards the fastest.I was like, this is unbelievable.These people must be freaks of nature.有的奮力在只看一次的情況下，記下上百個任意列出的數字，有的在努力記住成群的陌生人的名字，有的想在幾分鐘內努力背下整篇詩歌，還有的在比賽誰能以最快速度，記下一整副打亂的牌的順序，我當時覺得 這太不可思議了，這些人肯定天賦異稟。

And I started talking to a few of the competitors.This is a guy called Ed Cook who had come over from England where he had one of the best trained memories.And I said to him, ”Ed, when did you realize that you were a savant?“ And Ed was like, ”I'm not a savant.In fact, I have just an average memory.Everybody who competes in this contest will tell you that they have just an average memory.We've all trained ourselves to perform these utterly miraculous feats of memory using a set of ancient techniques, techniques invented 2,500 years ago in Greece, the same techniques that Cicero had used to memorize his speeches, that medieval scholars had used to memorize entire books.“ And I was like, ”Whoa.How come I never heard of this before?“ 所以我開始采訪參賽者，這位叫Ed Cook，是從英格蘭來的，他在那兒接受了最好的記憶訓練，我問他 ”Ed 你是什么時候開始意識到，自己是記憶天才的?“，Ed答道 “我并不是什么專家，其實 我的記憶力很一般，來參賽的每一個人，都會告訴你他們的記憶力只是一般水平，我們都在訓練自己后才能，完成這些奇跡般的記憶游戲，我們運用了一系列古老的技巧，這些技巧是希臘人在兩千五百年前發明的，西塞羅正是用了這些技巧，來記憶他的演講稿的，中世紀學者用這種技巧來背誦正本書籍的內容”，我驚訝不已 “哇噻 怎么我從來沒聽說過呢?”，And we were standing outside the competition hall, and Ed, who is a wonderful, brilliant, but somewhat eccentric English guy, says to me, “Josh, you're an American journalist.Do you know Britney Spears?” I'm like, “What? No.Why?” “Because I really want to teach Britney Spears how to memorize the order of a shuffled pack of playing cards on U.S.national television.It will prove to the world that anybody can do this.” 我們站在競技大廳外，聰明過人 令人驚嘆，而又稍有些古怪的英國人Ed，對我說 “Josh 你是個美國記者，你知道小甜甜布蘭妮吧?”，我茫然不解 ”什么? 當然 為什么要問這個?“，“因為我真的很想在，美國國家電臺上教會布蘭妮，怎樣記住一整副打亂的牌的順序，就能證明這是人人都可以做到的了”，(Laughter)(哄笑)，I was like, “Well I'm not Britney Spears, but maybe you could teach me.I mean, you've got to start somewhere, right?” And that was the beginning of a very strange journey for me.我說 “雖然我不是布蘭妮，但你也可以教教我呀，總得找個人開教嘛 不是嗎?”，接著 一段非常奇特的歷程在我面前展開了序幕，I ended up spending the better part of the next year not only training my memory, but also investigating it, trying to understand how it works, why it sometimes doesn't work and what its potential might be.結果 第二年的大部分時間，我都花在了訓練自己的記憶力，同時調查研究記憶上，我想嘗試理解產生記憶的原理，為何有時會記了又忘，及其它到底隱藏著什么樣的潛力，I met a host of really interesting people.This is a guy called E.P.He's an amnesic who had, very possibly, the very worst memory in the world.His memory was so bad that he didn't even remember he had a memory problem, which is amazing.And he was this incredibly tragic figure, but he was a window into the extent to which our memories make us who we are.途中我遇到了很多有趣的人，其中一個叫E.P.，他患有健忘癥 他的記憶力，恐怕是世界上最差的了，他的記憶能力差到，甚至記不得自己有健忘癥，真的很神奇，雖然他是個悲劇角色，但通過他 我們能了解到，記憶在何種程度上塑造了我們的人格，The other end of the spectrum: I met this guy.This is Kim Peek.He was the basis for Dustin Hoffman's character in the movie “Rain Man.” We spent an afternoon together in the Salt Lake City Public Library memorizing phone books, which was scintillating.情況的另一個極端是 我遇到了這樣一個人，他叫Kim Peek，他是Dustin Hoffman在電影《雨人》里的角色的原型，我和他花了一下午，在鹽湖城公共圖書館里背電話簿，讓我大開眼界，(Laughter)(大笑)，And I went back and I read a whole host of memory treatises, treatises written 2,000-plus years ago in Latin in Antiquity and then later in the Middle Ages.And I learned a whole bunch of really interesting stuff.One of the really interesting things that I learned is that once upon a time, this idea of having a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory was not nearly so alien as it would seem to us to be today.Once upon a time, people invested in their memories, in laboriously furnishing their minds.回家后 我讀了許多關于記憶的論文，寫于兩千多年前的論文，用拉丁文寫的 從古代，一直到后來中世紀期間，我學到很多很有意思的事兒，其中一個就是，曾經，訓練 規束 培養記憶力的這種概念，完全不像如今那樣陌生，曾幾何時 人們寄希望于自己的記憶，能不遺余力地裝飾自己的心靈，Over the last few millenia we've invented a series of technologies--from the alphabet to the scroll to the codex, the printing press, photography, the computer, the smartphone--that have made it progressively easier and easier for us to externalize our memories, for us to essentially outsource this fundamental human capacity.These technologies have made our modern world possible, but they've also changed us.They've changed us culturally, and I would argue that they've changed us cognitively.Having little need to remember anymore, it sometimes seems like we've forgotten how.近幾千年來，人類發明了一系列技術，從字母表到卷軸，到法典 印刷機 攝影技術，電腦 智能手機，讓我們能越來越輕松地，外化記憶能力，讓我們從根本上，把這種基礎的人類能力拱手讓出，這些技術讓現代生活變為可能，但同時也改變了我們，不僅在文化上，我覺得也在認知上，不再需要費勁去記憶，有時會覺得我們已經忘了如何去記憶，3 One of the last places on Earth where you still find people passionate about this idea of a trained, disciplined, cultivated memory is at this totally singular memory contest.It's actually not that singular, there are contests held all over the world.And I was fascinated, I wanted to know how do these guys do it.在這片地球上已經很少有地方，能讓你覺得人們仍熱衷于，訓練 規束 培養記憶力了，那非同尋常的記憶大賽算是一個，其實它也沒有那么非同尋常，世界各地都開始舉辦這樣的競賽，我對此深深著迷 想要知道這些人是怎么做到的，A few years back a group of researchers at University College London brought a bunch of memory champions into the lab.They wanted to know: Do these guys have brains that are somehow structurally, anatomically different from the rest of ours? The answer was no.Are they smarter than the rest of us? They gave them a bunch of cognitive tests, and the answer was not really.幾年前 倫敦大學學院的一組研究人員，請來一批記憶大賽的冠軍接受研究，他們想要弄明白，這些人的大腦，是否跟我們其他人在解剖學上的結構不一樣?，答案是否定的，那他們比我們都聰明嗎?，他們給研究對象實施了一系列認知測試，依舊得出了否定結論，There was however one really interesting and telling difference between the brains of the memory champions and the control subjects that they were comparing them to.When they put these guys in an fMRI machine, scanned their brains while they were memorizing numbers and people's faces and pictures of snowflakes, they found that the memory champions were lighting up different parts of the brain than everyone else.Of note, they were using, or they seemed to be using, a part of the brain that's involved in spatial memory and navigation.Why? And is there something the rest of us can learn from this? 但對比受控制的比對目標的大腦，記憶大賽冠軍們的大腦，確實有一處很有趣的不同 很說明問題，這些人被送去做功能磁共振，掃描大腦時，當他們在記憶數字或人臉或雪花圖案時，研究人員發現記憶大賽冠軍們，的大腦激活的區域，跟普通人不太一樣，值得注意的是 他們看來是在用，腦中在空間記憶和導航時會用到的部分，為什么? 我們可以從中得出什么樣的結論呢?，The sport of competitive memorizing is driven by a kind of arms race where every year somebody comes up with a new way to remember more stuff more quickly, and then the rest of the field has to play catchup.競爭性記憶的較量，被一種類似軍事比賽的方式推向了白熱化，每年都會有人，帶著更有效的記憶方法現身賽場，而其他人就必須迎頭趕上，This is my friend Ben Pridmore, three-time world memory champion.On his desk in front of him are 36 shuffled packs of playing cards that he is about to try to memorize in one hour, using a technique that he invented and he alone has mastered.He used a similar technique to memorize the precise order of 4,140 random binary digits in half an hour.Yeah.這是我的朋友Ben Pridmore，贏得過三次國際記憶大賽冠軍，在他的臺前，有三十六副打亂順序的牌，他要在一個小時內記下全部，用的是一種他自己發明的 也只有他會的技巧，用與此類似的方法，他曾一字不差地背下了，4140個任意排列的二進制數，只用了半個小時，很牛吧，And while there are a whole host of ways of remembering stuff in these competitions, everything, all of the techniques that are being used, ultimately come down to a concept that psychologists refer to as elaborative encoding.參賽者在這些競賽中，運用過很多不同的記憶方法，各式各樣 被運用到的所有技巧，4 最終都能歸化為一個概念，心理學家稱之為“精細編碼”，And it's well illustrated by a nifty paradox known as the Baker/baker paradox, which goes like this: If I tell two people to remember the same word, if I say to you, “Remember that there is a guy named Baker.” That's his name.And I say to you, “Remember that there is a guy who is a baker.” And I come back to you at some point later on, and I say, “Do you remember that word that I told you a while back? Do you remember what it was?” The person who was told his name is Baker is less likely to remember the same word than the person was told his job is that he is a baker.Same word, different amount of remembering;that's weird.What's going on here? 這個概念能用一則幽默的悖論完美詮釋，叫做Baker/baker悖論，簡單說來就是，假設我讓兩個人去記同一個詞，我跟你說，“記住有個人叫Baker”，Baker是人名，我又來告訴你 “記住有個人是面包師(baker)”，過了一段時間我又回來找到你們，問 “還記得我之前，叫你們記住的那個詞嗎?”，”還記得是什么詞嗎?“，被告知人名是Baker的人，記住這個詞的可能性遠不如，被告知職業是面包師的那個人，同樣的詞 導致不同的記憶程度，到底是為什么呢，Well the name Baker doesn't actually mean anything to you.It is entirely untethered from all of the other memories floating around in your skull.But the common noun baker, we know bakers.Bakers wear funny white hats.Bakers have flour on their hands.Bakers smell good when they come home from work.Maybe we even know a baker.And when we first hear that word, we start putting these associational hooks into it that make it easier to fish it back out at some later date.The entire art of what is going on in these memory contests and the entire art of remembering stuff better in everyday life is figuring out ways to transform capital B Bakers into lower-case B bakers--to take information that is lacking in context, in significance, in meaning and transform it in some way so that it becomes meaningful in the light of all the other things that you have in your mind.是因為 人名Baker沒有任何特殊含義，沒法跟你腦海里，零碎繁雜的記憶產生任何聯系，但是面包師(baker)作為一個常用名詞，我們都知道面包師是什么，面包師帶著搞笑的白帽子，他們手上沾滿了面粉，他們下班回到家帶著撲鼻的烤面包香，甚至可能有些人有朋友就是面包師，我們初次聽到這個詞時，馬上就會產生各種各樣的聯想，這使我們能在一段時間后還能回憶起來，其實 要理解記憶競賽中的，一切奧妙，或在日常生活中改善記憶力的秘訣，僅僅在于想辦法把Baker中的大寫B，變為面包師(baker)中的小寫b，把沒有前因后果，沒有重要性 沒有涵義的信息，用某種方法轉化為，有意義的內容，跟腦海里的其他記憶串聯起來，One of the more elaborate techniques for doing this dates back 2,500 years to Ancient Greece.It came to be known as the memory palace.The story behind its creation goes like this: There was a poet called Simonides who was attending a banquet.He was actually the hired entertainment, because back then if you wanted to throw a really slamming party, you didn't hire a D.J., you hired a poet.And he stands up, delivers his poem from memory, walks out the door, and at the moment he does, the banquet hall collapses, kills everybody inside.It doesn't just kill everybody, it mangles the bodies beyond all recognition.Nobody can say who was inside, nobody can say where they were sitting.The bodies can't be properly buried.It's one tragedy compounding another.Simonides, standing outside, the sole survivor amid the wreckage, closes his eyes and has this realization, which is that in his mind's eye, he can see where each of the guests at the banquet had been sitting.And he takes the relatives by the hand and guides them each to their loved ones amid the wreckage.這種精確記憶的技巧，在兩千五百年前的古希臘就已出現，后來將其稱為記憶宮殿，發明這種技巧的過程如下，有個叫做Simonides的詩人，他要去參加一個晚宴，其實他算是被請去做表演嘉賓的，因為在那個年代 炫酷派對的標準，不是請D.J.來打碟 而是要請詩人來頌詩，他站起來 背出了他的全篇詩作 然后瀟灑離去，他剛走出門口 晚宴大廳就塌了，砸死了里面所有的人，不僅全體死亡，所有的死者都被砸得面目全非，沒人說得清死者都有些誰，沒人說得清誰坐在哪兒，導致死者的尸體沒法得到合適的殉葬安置，這又加重了整件事的悲劇色彩，Simonides站在外面，作為廢墟中的唯一幸存者，閉上眼睛 猛然意識到，在他的腦海中，他眼前出現了所有賓客所坐的位置，他就牽著親屬們的手，穿過廢墟 把他們帶到了親人身邊，What Simonides figured out at that moment is something that I think we all kind of intuitively know, which is that, as bad as we are at remembering names and phone numbers and word-for-word instructions from our colleagues, we have really exceptional visual and spatial memories.If I asked you to recount the first 10 words of the story that I just told you about Simonides, chances are you would have a tough time with it.But I would wager that if I asked you to recall who is sitting on top of a talking tan horse in your foyer right now, you would be able to see that.Simonides當時猛然醒悟的事，大概我們大家也都猜到了，其實是 不管我們，有多不善于記住姓名 電話號碼，或是同事的每句指令，我們都擁有異常敏銳的視覺或空間記憶能力，要是我讓你們逐字逐句地重述，我剛才講的Simonides故事的前十個字，應該沒幾個人會記得，但我敢打賭，如果我讓你們現在回想下，在你的門廳里 坐在會講話的棕色駿馬上的，是誰，你們就明白我剛才說的意思了，The idea behind the memory palace is to create this imagined edifice in your mind's eye and populate it with images of the things that you want to remember--the crazier, weirder, more bizarre, funnier, raunchier, stinkier the image is, the more unforgettable it's likely to be.This is advice that goes back 2,000-plus years to the earliest Latin memory treatises.記憶宮殿的原理，就是在你的腦海里建立一棟想象大廈，并讓你想記住的東西，的影像充滿其中，越是瘋狂 古怪 奇詭，荒誕搞笑 亂七八糟 招人厭惡的影像，就越容易記住，這個建議來自于兩千多年前，拉丁最早的記憶學者，So how does this work? Let's say that you've been invited to TED center stage to give a speech and you want to do it from memory, and you want to do it the way that Cicero would have done it if he had been invited to TEDxRome 2,000 years ago.What you might do is picture yourself at the front door of your house.And you'd come up with some sort of an absolutely crazy, ridiculous, unforgettable image to remind you that the first thing you want to talk about is this totally bizarre contest.And then you'd go inside your house, and you would see an image of Cookie Monster on top of Mister Ed.And that would remind you that you would want to then introduce your friend Ed Cook.And then you'd see an image of Britney Spears to remind you of this funny anecdote you want to tell.And you go into your kitchen, and the fourth topic you were going to talk about was this strange journey that you went on for a year, and you have some friends to help you remember that.那么 這種說法的原理到底是什么呢，假設你被邀請，站上TED的中心講臺演講，而你想脫稿完成，如西塞羅在兩千年前在TEDx羅馬上的演講一般，他就會這么霸氣走一回 而你也想這樣，你要做的就是，想象自己站在自家門前，然后憑空想象出，一段完全荒誕瘋狂難忘的景象，用來提示你上臺要提的第一件事，就是這場詭異的裸騎大賽，然后你走進房子里，想到甜餅怪物，坐在Ed先生背上的樣子，這個景象會提醒你，要介紹你的朋友Ed Cook，6 然后你腦海里出現了小甜甜布蘭妮的樣子，你就會想起要講那個關于布蘭妮的小故事，然后你走進廚房，你要說到的第四個話題是，你花了一整年走過的奇妙歷程，通過綠野仙蹤就可以聯想得到，This is how Roman orators memorized their speeches--not word-for-word, which is just going to screw you up, but topic-for-topic.In fact, the phrase “topic sentence,” that comes from the Greek word “topos,” which means “place.” That's a vestige of when people used to think about oratory and rhetoric in these sorts of spatial terms.The phrase “in the first place,” that's like in the first place of your memory palace.這就是羅馬演說家背誦演講稿的秘訣，并非一字不差 逐字背誦只會平添麻煩，而是記住一個個主題，其實 短語“主題句”，就來源于希臘詞“topos”，意思是“地點”，這是古時候，人們談到演講或是修辭時，會用到的空間術語，短語 “第一”，就意味著你的記憶宮殿的第一層，I thought this was just fascinating, and I got really into it.And I went to a few more of these memory contests.And I had this notion that I might write something longer about this subculture of competitive memorizers.But there was a problem.The problem was that a memory contest is a pathologically boring event.(Laughter)Truly, it is like a bunch of people sitting around taking the SATs.I mean, the most dramatic it gets is when somebody starts massaging their temples.And I'm a journalist, I need something to write about.I know that there's this incredible stuff happening in these people's minds, but I don't have access to it.這簡直太有意思了，我對這起了很大的興趣，后來我又去了更多記憶大賽，我開始萌發了要更詳細描寫，這種競技記憶文化的念頭，但有一個問題，問題是記憶大賽，其實過程很無聊的，(大笑)，真的 就像一群人坐那兒高考一樣，最最激動人心的時刻，也不過就是有人揉了揉太陽穴，我是個記者 總得有東西可寫呀，我知道這些人腦子里肯定是驚濤駭浪，但我作為外人無法得見，And I realized, if I was going to tell this story, I needed to walk in their shoes a little bit.And so I started trying to spend 15 or 20 minutes every morning before I sat down with my New York Times just trying to remember something.Maybe it was a poem.Maybe it was names from an old yearbook that I bought at a flea market.And I found that this was shockingly fun.I never would have expected that.It was fun because this is actually not about training your memory.What you're doing is you're trying to get better and better and better at creating, at dreaming up, these utterly ludicrous, raunchy, hilarious and hopefully unforgettable images in your mind's eye.And I got pretty into it.我意識到 若我真的想報道這事兒，一定得親身體驗才行，所以我開始嘗試著每天早上坐下來看紐約時報前，花上十五到二十分鐘，嘗試記憶一些事，背背小詩，背背我在跳蚤市場買來的，舊年鑒里的人名，我驚奇地發現這其實非常帶勁，要不去嘗試根本想不到，有趣在于 其實目標并不是要通過訓練提高記憶力，而是你在努力培養改善，創造力 想象力，在你的腦海里憑空造出，那些完全滑稽荒誕胡亂 最好是難忘的影像，而它成為了我的樂趣，This is me wearing my standard competitive memorizer's training kit.It's a pair of earmuffs and a set of safety goggles that have been masked over except for two small pinholes, because distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy.這是我戴著標準競賽記憶者訓練套裝的樣子，它有一對耳塞，一副護目鏡 鏡面全部遮黑，就留了兩個小孔，因為競技記憶者最大的敵人就是注意力分散，I ended up coming back to that same contest that I had covered a year earlier.And I had this notion that I might enter it, sort of as an experiment in participatory journalism.It'd make, I thought, maybe a nice epilogue to all my research.Problem was the experiment went haywire.I won the contest, which really wasn't supposed to happen.最后 我再次回到了一年前報道的那場競賽場上，我一時沖動 也想報名參加，就當做參與性新聞報道的實驗了，我當時想 到時能在前言里調侃一下自己也好，問題是 實驗最后得到了意想不到的結果，那場競賽我贏了，真是完全出乎我預料之外，(Applause)(鼓掌)，Now it is nice to be able to memorize speeches and phone numbers and shopping lists, but it's actually kind of beside the point.These are just tricks.They are tricks that work because they're based on some pretty basic principles about how our brains work.And you don't have to be building memory palaces or memorizing packs of playing cards to benefit from a little bit of insight about how your mind works.對我來說現在，背演講稿 電話號碼 或是購物單，都是小菜一碟 倒是很不錯，但其實這些都不重要了，這些都是小伎倆，這些記憶伎倆之所以有效，是因為它們依仗人類大腦運轉的，一些基本原理，并不用真的去建立記憶宮殿，或記下幾副牌的順序，你也完全可以從了解大腦運轉原理中，獲得一些益處，We often talk about people with great memories as though it were some sort of an innate gift, but that is not the case.Great memories are learned.At the most basic level, we remember when we pay attention.We remember when we are deeply engaged.We remember when we are able to take a piece of information and experience and figure out why it is meaningful to us, why it is significant, why it's colorful, when we're able to transform it in some way that it makes sense in the light of all of the other things floating around in our minds, when we're able to transform Bakers into bakers.我們總會議論記憶力很好的人，總覺得那些人是天賦異稟，事實并不是這樣，強大的記憶力是可以習得的，從最根本的說起 專心致志就能記住，全心投入時就能記住，只要能想辦法把信息和經歷，轉化為有意義的事，就能記住，想它為何重要 為何多彩，當我們能把它轉化成為，有前因后果的事，并跟我們腦海中繁雜瑣碎的其他事產生聯想時，當我們能把人名Baker轉化為面包師baker時，The memory palace, these memory techniques, they're just shortcuts.In fact, they're not even really shortcuts.They work because they make you work.They force a kind of depth of processing, a kind of mindfulness, that most of us don't normally walk around exercising.But there actually are no shortcuts.This is how stuff is made memorable.記憶宮殿 或是那些記憶技巧，都只是捷徑而已，其實 說到底它們都不能算捷徑，這方法有效是因為它迫使你思考，它迫使你往更深層次去想，讓你更加專注，大部分人平時并不會費力去訓練這個，其實捷徑并不存在，這一直就是我們能記住事物的原因，And I think if there's one thing that I want to leave you with, it's what E.P., the amnesic who couldn't even remember that he had a memory problem, left me with, which is the notion that our lives are the sum of our memories.How much are we willing to lose from our already short lives by losing ourselves in our Blackberries, our iPhones, by not paying attention to the human being across from us who is talking with us, by being so lazy that we're not willing to process deeply? 有一件事我希望你們能記住，就是E.P.，那個連自己患了健忘癥都想不起來的人，讓我深思，得出了一個感想，人生就是我們個人記憶的合集，在短暫的人生里，你還愿意因為黑莓 iPhone，喪失多少瞬間，忽略對面坐著的人，在跟我們交談的人，變得越發懶惰 不愿意，深究任何事？，8 I learned firsthand that there are incredible memory capacities latent in all of us.But if you want to live a memorable life, you have to be the kind of person who remembers to remember.通過親身經歷 我發現，我們的身體里潛藏著，不可思議的記憶能力，但若你想活得難忘，就得做那種，記得時常記憶的人，Thank you.謝謝，(Applause)(鼓掌)，En8848原版英語學習網