第一篇：英語常用經典句型

英語學術論文常用經典句型

Beginning

1.In this paper, we focus on the need for

2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts

5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the

Introduction

1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review

1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body

1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx

4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules

12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance

investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system

24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study

currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section

1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section

2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer

implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx

Summary

1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized

6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract

1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in 15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx

20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx

22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure

Chapter 1.Introduction

Time

1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive

2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world

3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the

4.The development of...is explored

5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions

6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years

7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose

1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:

2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx 4.The scope of this research lies in

5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows:

8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of

9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide

10.The main objective of such a...system is to

11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:

13.In order to take advantage of their similarity

14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed

15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues

17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods

20.This illustration points out the need to specify

21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review

23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding

xx

24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade

25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning

27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of

32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to

35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to

37.Characterized the...system as 38.Developed an algorithm to

39.Developed a system called...which 40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce

41.Emphasized the need to

42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology

43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken 44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed

45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights

46.Point out that the problem of

47.A study on...was done / developed by [] 48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with

49.The approach taken by [] is

50.The system developed by [] consists

51.A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to

56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that

58.Their work is based on the principle of 59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established

61.The...studies indicated that

62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question

63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved

68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69.An unanswered question

70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed

73.The three prime issues can be summarized:

74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to 76.It is expected to be serious barrier to

77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a comple

第二篇：英語句型

句型1 would rather that somebody did…“寧愿……；更愿意……”(表示現在或將來的愿望)would rather that somebody had done…“寧愿……；更愿意……”（表示過去的愿望）[例句] I’d rather you posted the letter right now.我想讓你現在去寄信。

I’d rather you were not a celebrated actor.In that case, we could spend more time together.我到情愿你不是個知名演員，這樣我們可以有更多的時間在一起。I’d rather that I hadn’t seen her yesterday.我情愿昨天沒有看到她。句型2 as if/though+主語+did/had done…好像……（表示現在或將來的情況用過去時；表示過去的情況用過去完成時）[參考句型4] [例句] Our head teacher treats us as if we were her own children, so all the students in our class think highly of her.Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.Alan談起羅馬來就好像他去過那里似的。句型3 “wish +賓語從句”，表示不大 可能實現的愿望 表示現在的愿望：主語+過去時； 表示過去的愿望：主語+had done； 表示將來的愿望：主語+would/could do [例句] How I wish we students had more free time to relax ourselves!我們學生多么希望有更多的自由時間放松自己！

I failed in the maths exam.How I wish I hadn’t wasted so much time playing!

What a pity you can’t go to the party.How I wish I could dance with you at the party!句型4 It’s high/about time that somebody did(should do)(should通常不省略)…早就該……

[例句] It’s time that you went to school.= It’s time that you should go to school.It’s high time that we did something to improve our environment.該是我們為環保做些事情了。I think it’s high time that she made up her mind.我想她該拿定主意了。句型5 情態動詞+動詞不定式完成結構的用法

could have done “本來可以……”（表示過去沒有實現的可能）。

might have done “本來可能……；本來應該或可以做某事”（實際沒有發生；含有輕微的責備語氣。

should/ought to have done “本來該做某事”（而實際未做）

should not/ought not to have done “本來不該做”（實際卻做過了，含有責備語氣）needn’t have done “本來不必做”（但是已經做過了）

would rather have done “當時寧愿做了某事”（實際沒有做過）；否定式would rather not have done表達相反意思，兩者都有表示“后悔”之意。句型6 as, though, although引導的讓步狀語從句。

[注意]although位于句首；though位于句首或句中；as位于句中=though。它的詞序是把句中強調的形容詞、副詞、動詞或名詞放在連詞前。[參考倒裝結構] 請注意下列句式的變化： [例句] 1.Although/Though I’m young, I already know what career I want to follow.→Young as/though I am, I already know what career I want to follow.我雖然年輕，但我已經明白我應該追隨什么樣的事業。

2.Although/Though I respect him very much, I cannot agree with his idea.→Much as/though I respect him, I cannot agree with his idea.雖然我很尊重他，但是我不同意他的觀點。

3.Although/Though he is a child, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.→Child（省略冠詞）as/though he is, he knows a lot of Chinese characters.他雖然還是個孩子，卻認識了許多漢字。

4.Although he tried, he couldn’t solve the problem.→Try as he might, he couldn’t solve the problem.盡管他努力了，但是他沒有解決問題。5.Although it is raining, I’m going out for a walk.→Raining as it is, I’m going out for a walk.天雖然在下雨，我還是要出去散步。

6.Strange as it may seem, nobody was injured in the accident.這次意外雖然顯得不可思議，卻沒有人受傷。

7.Much as I would like to help, I have a lot to do.雖然我很想幫助你，但是我有很多事要做。8.Object as you may, I will go.縱使你反對，我也要去。句型7 …before…特殊用法（1）“沒來得及……就……”

[例句] The roof fell before he had time to dash into the room to save his baby.他還沒有來得及沖進房間救孩子，房頂就塌了。

He ran off before I could stop him.我還沒有來得及阻止，他已經跑了。

To my great disappointment, my favorite singer left the concert before I could have a word with her.讓我非常失望的是，我還沒有來得及和我最喜歡的歌手打招呼，她就已經離開了。句型8 …before…特殊用法（2）“過了多久才……”或“動作進行到什么程度才……”

[例句] They walked about fifty miles to the west before they saw a village.他們西行50英里才看到一個村莊。

The workers worked day and night about three days before everything returned to normal.工人們連續工作3天才使一切恢復正常。

He almost knocked me down before he knew it.他幾乎撞到我了才意識到。

We had walked a long way before we found some water.我們走了很長的路才找到一點水。

Five years went by before I knew it.不知不覺，五年過去了。句型9 It was + 時間段+before….“過了多久才（怎么樣）……” It was not long before….“不久，就……”

It will(not)be +時間段+before….“要過多久（不久）……才……”(before從句謂語動詞要用一般時態)[例句] It was not long before he sensed the danger of the position.不久他就意識到他處境的危險。It was five days before he came back.五天后他才回來。

It will be half a year before you graduate from the school.再過半年你才能畢業。It will not be long before they understand each other.他們大概不久就會互相了解。句型10 in case of…(+n.)“以防；萬一”；

in case that…“以防，萬一……”（謂語動詞用一般現在時態或should+動詞原形）[例句] In case of fire, what should we do? Please remind me about it in case I forget/should forget.萬一我忘了，請提醒我。In case(that)John comes/should come, please tell him to wait.Please take your umbrella in case(that it rains/should rain).帶上雨傘，以防下雨。

句型11 It強調句型

強調句的基本構成：It is/was + 被強調的部分 + who（主要指人時）/that + 其余部分 [注意1] 這種結構可以強調句子的主語、賓語、狀語（包括時間，地點，方式，原因等），但是不能強調謂語動詞（參考句型15）。

原句的謂語動詞如果是現在或將來時態，用It is…that/who….； 原句的謂語動詞如果是過去時態，用It was…that/who….；

強調時間、地點、原因或方式時不要用when, where或how, 必須用that。[例句1] I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.→It was I who saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.（強調主語）→It was in the street that I saw him yesterday afternoon.（強調地點狀語）→It was yesterday afternoon that I saw him in the street.（強調時間狀語）→It was him that/who I saw in the street yesterday afternoon.（強調賓語）

[例句2] He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.→It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.He didn’t do his homework until his father came back from work.→It wasn’t until his father came back from work that he did his homework.[例句3] Only when you nearly lose someone do you fully realize how much you value him.→It is only when you nearly lose someone that you fully realize how much you value him.只有你快要失去某個人時，你才意識到你是多么尊重他。

[例句4] I was late again because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour.→It was because the traffic was very heavy during the rush hour that I was late again.（強調句中只能強調由because引導的原因狀語從句，because不能換成since, as, for, now that等）

[注意2]強調句的疑問結構

一般疑問句 Is / Was it +被強調部分 +who / that …?

特殊疑問句 特殊疑問詞+is /was +it +who / that…?

What is/was it that…? Who is/was it that…? When is/was it that…? Where is/was it that…? Why is/was it that…? How is/was it that…? [例句1] I saw him in the street yesterday afternoon.→When was it that you saw him in the street?

→Who was it that you saw in the street yesterday afternoon? →Where was it that you saw him yesterday afternoon? [例句2] I don’t know when he will come back.→I don’t know when it is that he will come back.（賓語從句疑問詞后用陳述句語序）–How was it that you got in touch with Mr.Smith? 你是怎么和Smith先生聯系上的？ –Trough a friend of mine.通過一個朋友。句型12（1）、祈使句（表條件）+ or/or else/ otherwise + 主句（表結果）… “否則…，要不然…”（2）、祈使句（表條件）+ and +主句（表結果）

[例句] Hurry up, or you’ll be late for class.Please call me up before you come, otherwise/or else/or we might be out.你來之前打個電話，否則，我們也許會出去。Think it over and you will find the answer.Give him an inch and he will take a mile.得寸進尺。

Work hard and you will make progress every day.好好學習，天天向上。句型13 …until….“直到……時候”；not…until…“直到……才……” [例句] You are to stay until/till your mother comes back.你得等到你媽媽回來。

The meeting was put off until ten o’clock.會議推遲到十點鐘。

The villagers didn’t realize how serious the pollution was until all the fish died in the river.→Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.（倒裝句）

等到湖里的魚全死光了，村民們才意識到污染是多么嚴重。He didn’t go to bed until his mother came back.→It was not until his mother came back that he went to bed.（強調句）

Not until he failed in the exam did he realize that he had wasted much time playing computer games.Not until his son came back from school did he go to bed.句型14 unless…“除非，如果不……”(=if…not)[例句] I shall go tomorrow unless it rains.如果不下雨，我明天去。–Shall Tom go and play football? –Not unless he has finished his homework.除非他完成作業，否則不能出去。I won’t go unless he comes to invite me himself.除非他本人來邀請我，不然我是不會去的。

I won’t attend his birthday party unless invited(=unless I am invited).除非被邀請，否則我不 去參加的生日晚會。句型15 when引導的從句

when除了用來引導主語從句、賓語從句、時間狀語從句、表語從句和定語從句，還有一種用法值得關注，那就是when引導并列分句，意思是“這時突然；就在那時”，強調另一個動作的突然發生。常用于以下句型中：（1）、主語 + be doing… when…意思是“正在做某事這時……”；（2）、主語 + be about to do…when…；（3）、主語+be on the point of(doing)…when…意思是“正要去做某事這時……” [例句] One day Chuck was on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashed.有一天，Chuck正在太平洋上飛行，這時他的飛機突然爆炸了。I don’t know when he will arrive.我不曉得他什么時候到達。

I thought of the happy days when I was in Beijing.我想起了在北京時的那段快樂日子。I believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world.我相信世界上沒有武器的日子不久就會到來。

I was walking along the river when I heard a drowning boy cry for help.我正在河邊行走，這時我突然聽到一個落水男孩求救。

I was about to leave when it began to rain.我剛要離開，這時下雨了。

I had just finished my exam paper when the bell rang, announcing the class was over.我剛做完作業，下課鈴響了。

I thought of the happy days when I was in France.我想到了在法國時那段快樂日子。I believe the time will soon come when there will be no weapons in the world.我相信世界上沒有武器的日子不久就會來臨。[比較] I was walking along the street when I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.我正在街上走，這時我看見一家裁縫店。

I was walking along the streets.Just at the moment I caught sight of a tailor’s shop.我在街上走。就在那時我看見一家裁縫店。句型16 while引導的從句

while除了有“當/在……時候”的意思外（注意：引導的句子謂語動詞只能是延續性動詞！），另外的兩層意思也是考查的重點：（1）while = although “盡管”、“雖然”，引導讓步狀語從句；（2）while的意思是“然而；可是”，常用來表達對比關系。

[例句] While I admit that the problem is difficult, I don’t think that they can’t be solved.盡管我承認這個問題很難，但是我并不認為無法解決。While I admit his good points, I can see his shortcomings.雖然我承認他的優點，我也能看出他的缺點。

While I was angry with her, I didn’t lose my temper.雖然我很生氣，但我當時沒有對她發脾氣。

While I understand your viewpoint, I don’t agree with you.雖然我了解你的見解，我還是不能同意（你）。

I earn only 120 dollars a week, while she earns 180 dollars.我一星期只賺120美元，她卻賺180美元。句型17 where…（地點從句）

[注意]where引導地點從句時，可以引導定語從句或是邏輯地點狀語從句。當它在定語從句中作地點狀語，指代地點時，這時可以用in which, on which, at which, to which, from which等結構代替。但是它引導邏輯地點狀語從句時，沒有這樣用法。[例句] You should put the book where it was.把書放回原處。

Persistent people begin their success where others end in failure.不屈不撓者從他人失敗的地方獲取成功。

Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。

Where men are greedy, there is never peace.人類貪欲不止，世界和平無望。Go where you should, keep on studying.無論你到哪里，你都應該繼續學習。That is the building where my father works.那是我父親工作的大樓。

Yesterday I went to the department store, where I met my teacher.昨天我去百貨公司，就在那兒遇見了我的老師。

That’s where a change is needed.那就是需要變更的地方。

We could see the runners very well from where we stood.從我們所站的地方能很清楚地看到賽跑的選手。

You should let your children play where you can see them.你應該讓小孩在你的視線所及的地方玩耍。

Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.=Potatoes can be grown in places where it is too cold to grow rice.（本句where引導定語從句）有些地方太冷不能種水稻，但可以種馬鈴薯。[請比較下面的句子結構的不同] Potatoes can be grown where it is too cold to grow rice.（本句where引導地點狀語從句）句型18 what引導的從句

what在英語中非常活躍,它可以用來引導主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句，但是不用來引導定語從句。在句子里可以充當主語、賓語、表語、定語，既可以指人，也可以指物。[例句] What is the population of the world? 世界的人口有多少？ What did you pay for this picture? 這幅畫你付了多少錢？

What is most important in life isn’t money.人生最重要的并非是金錢。Will you show me what you bought? 可以把你所買的東西給我看一下嗎？ Mary is no longer what she was ten years ago.Mary已經不是10年前的她了。句型19 as引導的非限制性定語從句

在as引導的非限制性定語從句中，連接代詞as在句子中可以作主語、賓語或表語等，可以指人或物。其在定語從句中的位置比較靈活，即可以在句子前面，在句子中間或句子末尾。常用的結構有：as we all know;as is well known to…;as is often the case;as is said/mentioned above;as has been said before;as I told you before;as is evident;as often happens;as can be seen;as is/was expected;as we expect;as I can remember等。[注意1]as通常只指整個句子的內容，不表示部分內容。

[注意2]as引導的非限制性定語從句通常指“事先可以預料到的”“料想到的”，表達“好”的方面。[注意3]as引導限制性定語從句時，常構成the same…as…;such…as…;so/as …as…等結構。在從句中既可以指人、物，也可以指整個句子。[例句] This is also part of your work, as I told you before.我曾告訴過你，這也是你工作的一部分。The man was a teacher, as was evident from his way of speaking.從那人說話的樣子可明顯看出，他是個老師。

Such ideas as he hits on are worthless.像他那樣偶然想起的主意是無用的。It’s the same story as I heard from her yesterday.這故事跟我從她那兒聽到的相同。He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.他要盡可能找漂亮的女孩結婚。

Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.那些對世界做出巨大貢獻的人們應該受到極大的尊重。句型20 which引導的非限制性定語從句（也引導限制性定語從句）

which引導的非限制性定語從句既可以指整個句子內容，也可以指句子的部分內容（如單詞或詞組等），在句子中可以作主語、賓語（動詞或介詞的）、定語等。注意它在句子中的位置：只能放在主句后，不能放在主句前。表達的內容是“不好的”、“事先沒有預料到的”等時，常用which，只指物。

[例句] Yellowstone National Park, which is in Wyoming, is one of the most beautiful national parks in the world.黃石國家公園位于懷俄明州，是世界上最美麗的國家公園之一。

The clock, which my grandfather bought, is still in good order.這時鐘是我祖父買的，現在還走時很準。

The picture, for which he paid an enormous amount of money, was a forgery.那幅畫他花了一大筆錢購買，卻是幅贗品。

She changed her mind again, which made us all angry.她又改變了主意，這使我們大家都生氣了。

I lived three years in Paris, during which time I learned French.我在巴黎住了三年，在那期間我學了法語。

The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.天氣結果轉晴，這是我們沒有預料到的。句型21（1）、疑問詞+ever whatever, whoever, whichever, whenever, wherever, however用來引導讓步狀語從句，相當于no matter和what, who, which, when, where, how連用。

[例句] Whatever(=No matter what)may happen, we shall not lose hope.無論發生什么事，我們都不能失去希望。

Whatever reasons you(may)have, you should carry out a promise.無論你有什么理由，你都應該遵守諾言。

Whoever(=No matter who)comes, he will be warmly welcome.無論誰來，都會受到熱烈歡迎。Whenever(=No matter when)it happened, it was certainly not yesterday.此事無論發生在何時，但絕不是昨天。

Whenever you(may)call, you will find her sitting by the window.無論什么時候你去找她，你都會看到她坐在窗邊。

Wherever(=No matter where)he went, he made friends with people.Whichever(=No matter which)of them you many choose, the quality will be the same.他們當中不論你選哪一個，品質都一樣。

However(=No matter how)hard I have tried, I can’t find the answer.（2）、whatever, whoever, whichever, whomever等引導名詞性從句，這時不能用no matter+疑問詞替換。[例句] Take whichever you want.你要哪個就拿哪個。

We will do whatever we can to help him out.我們要盡力幫助他擺脫困境。I’ll show you whatever you want to see.你想看什么我就給你看什么。Whoever did this job must be rewarded.無論誰做這件事都要得到報酬。

Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold.任何人在這種大雨中行走都會患感冒。

You may invite whomever（口語中常用whoever代替）you like to the party.你可以邀請你喜歡的人來參加晚會。

Take whatever magazines you want to read.你可以取閱任何你想讀的雜志。倒裝結構

句型22全倒裝句型

（一）here, there, out, in, up, down, now, then, away等副詞放在句首，句子需要全部倒裝 [例句] There goes the bell!= The bell is ringing.鈴響了！Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.汽車來了。

Now comes your turn to make a short speech.該輪到你發言了。Away went the thief when he saw the police.Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.我們期盼的時候到了。[注意]（1）在這種情況下倒裝僅限于不及物動詞或be動詞，像go, come, rush, live, stand, lie等。（2）主語是人稱代詞時不要倒裝。如：Away he went.他走遠了。句型23全倒裝句型

（二）表示方位的狀語放在句首，句子全倒裝；謂語動詞多為be, lie, stand, sit, come, walk, run, stop etc.不及物動詞。[例句] On a hill in front of them stands a great castle.在他們面前的山上矗立著一座巨大的城堡。In front of the house stopped a police car.房子的全面停著一輛警車。Around the corner walks a young policeman.拐角處有個年輕的警察在行走。Under the tree sat a boy of about ten.在樹下坐著一個大約10歲的男孩。句型24全倒裝句型

（三）（表語）adj./ v-ing / v-ed +（地點狀語）+ be（或其他動詞形式）…

So adj./adv…that…如此……以至于……(so引導的句子倒裝，而that引導的句子不倒裝！)(這種結構是半倒裝句。)[例句] Present at the meeting were the manager, all the designers and the writer.出席會議的有經理，設計師和詞作者。

Fastened to the pole is the National flag.旗桿上有一面國旗。

Hidden behind the door were some naughty children.有幾個頑皮的孩子藏在門后面。

Sitting at the back of the classroom were several old teachers, listening attentively to the new teacher.坐在教室后面的是幾位老教師，他們在認真地聽新教師的課。Gone are the days when farmers lived in the poor houses.農民住在破舊房子里的日子過去了。

Typical for China is the crosstalk show, where a pair of comedians entertains the audience with word play.相聲是中國典型的喜劇，兩個演員通過玩弄詞藻來逗樂觀眾。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.他說英語非常清晰，別人都能聽懂他的話。

So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.光運行非常快，我們幾乎無法想象它的速度。

句型25 半倒裝句

（一）否定意義的副詞或短語放在句首，句子半倒裝。這樣的副詞主要有：little, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, never, not at all, by no means（決不）, at no time（在任何時候都不），nowhere, in no case(無論如何都不)；not in the least(=not at all), on no condition（決不）等。

[例句] Never shall I forget you.At no time was the man aware of what was happening.那個人根本沒有注意到發生的情況。Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.我那時幾乎沒有明白他給我說的話。It’s beyond description.Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet, beautiful place.那真是用語言難以形容。世界上沒有其他地方會有這么安靜、美麗的地方了。Not a single mistake did he make in the exam.他在考試中沒有犯一個錯誤。By no means are these works of art satisfactory.這些藝術品根本不能令人滿意。On no condition should you visit that place.你決不能去那個地方。句型26 半倒裝句

（二）not only…, but also…（前一分句倒裝，后一分句不倒裝）[例句] Not only was everything he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship was taken away.不僅他擁有的一切被那走了，就連他的德國國籍也被取消了。

They suggested not only should we attend the party but also give a performance.他們建議我們不僅要參加晚會，還要進行表演。

Not only should we students study hard, we also should know how to enjoy ourselves in our spare time.我們學生不僅要學習好，還應該知道在課余時間怎樣享受生活。句型27半倒裝句

（三）neither, nor放在句首 [例句] If you don’t go to see the movie, neither will I.如果你不去看電影，我也不去。--Why didn’t you buy the jacket?

--Neither was the price satisfactory, nor did the color agree with me.價格不能令人滿意，顏色也不太適合我。

I don’t like him, nor do I care about him.我不喜歡他，也不關心他。句型28 半倒裝句

（四）“only + 狀語”放在句首，句子半倒裝 [例句] Only when the war was over did he return to work.直到戰爭結束他才回去工作。

Only after you have reached eighteen can you join the army.你只有到了18歲才能參軍。Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life.只有這樣，我們對生活中的機遇和挑戰才會有充分的準備。

Only by changing the way we live will we be able to save the earth.只有改變生活方式，我們才能拯救地球。

[注意]這種結構的倒裝只在only引導狀語的時候使用，only引導主語的時候不用倒裝。Only in this way can you work out the problem.你只有用這種方法才能做出題目。Only this way can help you work out the problem.只有這種方法才能幫你做出題目。句型29 半倒裝句

（五）so + be動詞/助動詞/情態動詞等 + 主語 “……也……”（表示肯定意思）neither/nor +動詞/助動詞/情態動詞等 + 主語 “……也……”（表示否定意思）[例句] She is interested in the story, so am I.He enjoys playing the guitar, so do I.I saw the film last night, so did he.In the past 20 years, our society has changed a lot, so have our eating habits.近20年來。我們的社會發生了很大的變化，我們的飲食習慣也變了。

Tom didn’t attend the meeting last night;nor did Mary.Tom沒來參加昨晚的會議，Mary也沒來。

I have never been abroad.Neither/Nor has Tom.[比較1] “so + 主語 + 助動詞” 表示肯定已有的觀點或事實 [例句] –We have all worked hard these days.–So we have.（的確如此）

I promised to help him, and so I did.（我確實幫助他了）[比較2] “主語 + 助動詞 + so” 表示按照別人的要求去做 [例句] The wounded little boy asked me to lift him up and I did so.The doctor asked Charlie to breathe deeply and he did so.句型30 so it is with somebody = it’s the same with somebody前者怎么 樣，后者也怎么樣

[注意]前面既有否定句又有肯定句，或有多個謂語動詞或助動詞難以選擇時，用此句型。[例句] John likes English but he doesn’t like maths, so it is with me(so it is the same with me).Tom is a student and he studies hard, so it is with me.–He was really manly enough to be responsible for what he had done.他像個男子漢，敢于對自己的所作所為負責。

–So he was, and so it was with you.他的確如此，你當時也一樣。虛擬語氣 句型31（從句）If + were/did（動詞的過去式），（主句）主語 + would/might/should/could + do（表示對現在情況的假設）[例句] If I were you, I would not be so proud.如果我是你，我不會如此自負。

I don’t have a cellphone.If I had one, it would be convenient for me to get in touch with others.If I were in your position, I would think better of it.如果我處在你的位置，我會好好考慮它。句型32（從句）If + had done,（主句）主語+ would/might/should/could +have done（表示對過去或已經發生事情的虛擬假設）

[例句] What a pity it is that you didn’t attend the concert yesterday!If you had attended the concert, you would have seen the famous singer.真遺憾昨天你沒有去聽音樂會。如果你去了，就能見到那位著名歌手。Anyone in his position would have done the same.=If anyone had been in his position, he would have done the same.任何處在他位置的人都會這樣做的。句型33（從句）If + were/did（動詞過去式）/were to do/should do，（主句）主語+ would/might/should/could + do（表示對將來的假設）[例句] If he should refuse(= If he were to refuse=If he refused), it didn’t matter at all.萬一他拒絕了，那也沒關系。

If you shouldn’t pass the college entrance examination, what would you do? 萬一高考不中，你該怎么辦？ 句型34虛擬語氣條件句的倒裝

在虛擬條件句中，如果出現有were, had, should，可以省去if, 把這些詞放在句子前面，構成虛擬倒裝句。[例句] Should he act like that again, he would be fined.如果他還這樣做，就要受罰。

Had the doctor come in time last night(=If the doctor had come in time last time), the boy would have been saved.昨天晚上要是醫生及時到達，小孩就會得救。Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.Had I enough money(= If I had enough money), I would buy a larger house.句型35 if only引起的感嘆句，相當于 “How I wish + 賓語從句”，意思是“但愿……；要是……就好了” [例句] If only he could come!他要是能來就好了！

If only we students didn’t have so much homework！要是沒有這么多的作業該多好！If only I hadn’t been so careless in the exam!我當時沒有那么粗心就好了！句型36 if it were not for…(= were it not for…)

if it hadn’t been for…(= had it not been for…)“要不是因為有……；如果不是……” [注意]這種結構中不能用否定結構的縮寫形式，即不能用weren’t it for…）

[例句] If it hadn’t been for(= Had it not been for)the determined captain, all the passengers on board wouldn’t have been saved.要不是船長一直堅強，船上的旅客就不會得救。

If it were not for your rich parents, you couldn’t live so easy a life.要不是你父母有錢，你的生活不會如此安逸。

If it were not for the expense, I would go abroad now.如果不是因為經費問題，我現在就出國了。句型37 “but for + 名詞”和“but that +從句”，意思是“倘若不是；要不是”，接虛擬語氣

[例句] But for air and water, nothing could live.(= If there were no air or water, nothing could live.)如果沒有空氣和水，什么東西都難以生存。

But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.= If it hadn’t been for the storm, we should have arrived earlier.如果不是暴風雨，我們早就到了。

But for you, we couldn’t have carried out the plan.要不是你的話，我們無法實施那項計劃。She could not have believed it but that she saw it.若非親眼所見，她是不會相信的。句型38 在動詞insist（1堅持做某事），order, command（2命令）, advise, suggest, propose（3建議做某事），demand, require, request, ask（4要求）等表示建議、命令、要求的名詞性從句中謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣。基本句型：主語+(should)+ 動詞原形。另外像decide, desire, intend, recommend等也要接(should)+動詞原形結構。[例句] Mother insists that Tom(should)go to bed at nine o’clock.（賓語從句）We suggested that the meeting(should)be held at once.It was required that the crops(should)be harvested at once.（主語從句）The suggestion that he(should)be invited was rejected.（同位語從句）That is their demand that their wages(should)be increased.（表語從句）[注意1] advice, suggestion, order, demand, proposal, request, desire, command, decision, requirement等名詞引導的同位語從句或表語從句，謂語動詞用(should)+ 動詞原形。[注意2] It’s suggested/ advised/ demanded/ordered/requested/proposed/required/desired等結構后的主語從句中，謂語動詞用(should)+ 動詞原形。

[注意3]suggest意思是“表明，暗示；說明”時；insist意思是“堅持觀點，堅持看法”時，句子不能用虛擬語氣。[例句] He insisted that he was innocent.=He insisted on his innocence.他堅持說自己是無辜的。He insisted that he had never done wrong.他堅持說沒有做錯事情。

Are you suggesting that I’m not suited for the job? 你是在暗示說我不適合做那項工作？ The look on his face suggested that the teacher was quite satisfied with the result.臉上的表情說明老師對結果感到滿意。句型39 It is necessary/important/natural/impossible/essential（基本的）等結構后的主語從句中要用虛擬語氣，即主語+(should)+動詞原形 [例句] It’s necessary that Tom take the exam first.Tom有必要先參加考試。

With the society developing very fast, it’s quite necessary/important that we(should)have a good knowledge of English and computer.隨著社會的快速發展，我們有必要精通英語和電腦。句型40 It’s strange/surprising/a pity/a shame/a surprise(that)… should do…should表示“竟然” [例句] It’s a pity that she should miss the chance.很遺憾她錯過了機會。

It’s really surprising that a prophecy（預言）should coincide with the fact so exactly.令人驚訝的是，預言和事實竟然如此巧合。

It’s strange that he shouldn’t pass the exam.奇怪的是他竟然沒有通過考試。句型41 prefer(1)prefer to do sth 例：I prefer to stay at home.我寧愿呆在家里。(2)prefer doing sth 例：I prefer playing in defence.我喜歡打防守。(3)prefer sb to do sth 例：Would you prefer me to stay? 你愿意我留下來嗎？(4)prefer to do sth rather than do sth ……寧愿…...而不愿.…“.例句：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out 我寧愿呆在家里而不愿出去.(5)prefer doing sth to doing sth 例：I prefer watching football to playing it.我喜歡看籃球，不喜歡打籃球。(6)prefer sth to sth 例：I prefer tea to coffee.我要茶不要咖啡。句型42 seem(1)It +seems + that從句

例：It seemed that everyone was satisfied.看來好像每個人都很滿意。(2)It seems to sb that---例：It seems to me that she is right.我看她是對的，(3)There seems to be----例：There seems to be a heavy rain.看上去要有一場大雨。(4)It seems as if----例：It seemed that she couldn't come to class.看樣子她不能來上課了。句型43 表示“相差……；增加了……；增加到……”句型：(1)She is taller than I by three inches.她比我高三英寸(2)There is one year between us.我們之間相差一歲。(3)She is three years old than I 她比我大三歲。

(4)They have increased the price by 50%.他們把價格上漲了50% 句型44 too句型：

(1)too．．．to do sth．

例：Politics is too important to be left to the politicians．

（＝Politics is so important that it can't be left to the politicians．）政治太重要了，不能由政治家來決定。(2)only too---to do sth 例：I shall be only too pleased to get home.我要回到家里就非常高興。(3)too + adj + for sth 例：These shoes are much too small for me.我穿這雙鞋太小了。(4)too + adj + a + n.例：This is too difficult a text for me.這篇課文對我來說太難了。(5)can't … too +形容詞 無論……也不為過

例：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我們再怎么強調保護眼睛的重要性也不為過。句型45 before 句型：

(1)before sb can/ could … 某人還沒來得及……

例：Before I could get in a word，he had measured me． 我還沒來得及插話，他就給我量好了尺寸(2)It will be +時間+ before + 還有多長時間……

例：It will be 4 years before he graduates.他還有四年時間變畢業了。(3)had done some time before（才……）

例：We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我們航行了四天四夜才見到陸地。(4)had not done---before---不到……就…… 例：We hadn’t run a mile before he felt tired.我們還沒走到一英里路就覺得累了。

(5)It was not +一段時間+ before 不多久就…… 例：It wasn’t two years before he left the country.還沒到兩年他們離開了那國家。句型46 用于表示過去未實現的希望和計劃的句型：

(1)should like to/ would like to/ would love to have done sth.例：You should like to have written to your mother.你本應當給你母親寫信。

(2)was / were going to do sth.（用過去將來時態表示原打算做什么）例：Lucy was going to watch a basketball match.Lucy 原打算看一場籃球比賽。

(3)was / were going to have done sth.表示未完成原來的計劃和安排 例：Lily was going to have cleaned her bedroom, but she had no time.Lily 原打算清理她的臥室，但她沒時間。

(4)expect, intend, hope, mean, plan, promise, suppose, think, want, wish ．．．

常用過去完成時態,在這些詞后接賓語從句或者接不定式的一般形式； 或者用一般過去時態后面接不定式的完成形式表示過去未曾實現的愿望 例：She had supposed him to be very rich.她原以為他很有錢。(5)wish that …had done sth.表示過去未曾實現的愿望．

例：I wish he had been here yesterday.要是他昨天在這兒就好了。(6)情態動詞should ,would, could, might, ought to等后接不定式的完成時，表示過去本該做，打算做，想做而未做的事情． should have done =ought to have done 本應該做而沒做 would have done = 本來就會去做某事而沒做 could have done = 本可以做某事而沒做 might have done 本可以做而沒做

例：They ought to have apologized.他們本該道歉的。句型47 倍數句型：

(1)倍數＋比較級＋than．．．，例：The room is twice larger than that one．這個房間是那個房間的兩倍大。

There is 30 times greater chance of being hit by lightening than being attacked by a shark.(2)倍數＋as＋原級＋as．．．，例：The room is three times as large as that one． 這個房間是那個房間的三倍。

(3)倍數＋the size ／height／length ／weight ／width of．．． 例：The room is three times the size of that one． 這個房間是那個房間的3倍大。

句型48 比較句型：(1)原級比較：

例：English is not so difficult a subject as Russia.英語不是和像俄語一樣難的科目。

Their bones are not as thick as adults’.他們的骨頭和成年人的不一樣厚。(2)一方超過另一方：

例：The weather of this year is a lot hotter than that of last year.今年的氣候比上一年的氣候要熱得多。(3)一方不如另一方：

例：The restoration was so bad that it made some of the buildings less secure than they had been before.修復工作是如此的糟，以致于它使得一些建筑沒有以前安全了。(4)The + ~er + S + V, ~~~ the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~ the + more + Adj + S + V ~~~（愈...愈...）

例：The harder you work, the more progress you make.你愈努力，你愈進步。

The more books we read, the more learned we become.我們書讀愈多，我們愈有學問。(5)more….than…與其說…倒不如說 例：Smith is more diligent than intelligent.與其說Smith聰明倒不如說他勤奮。

(6)no +形容詞比較級+ than = as +形容詞的反義詞+ as 例：I am no better at English than you.我的英語不比你好。(7)that 在前后比較中代替不可數名詞和特指的單數可數名詞 例：The traditional picture of St Nicholas is quite different from that of Father Christmas.(8)one 在前后比較中代替泛指的單數可數名詞。

例：I prefer a flat in Beijing to one in Nanjing, because I want to live near my Mom's.與南京相比我更喜歡在北京有一套公寓，因為我想跟我媽媽住一起。(9)those 在前后比較中代替 特指的復數可數名詞。例：Salaries are higher here than those in my country.這兒的工資比我們國家的高。

(10)ones 在前后比較中代替泛指的復數可數名詞

例：Cars do cause us some health problems---in fact far more serious ones than mobile phones do.汽車確實給我們的身體健康帶來問題，事實上比手機造成的問題更嚴重。句型49 感嘆句型：

(1)What a + Adj + N + S + V!例：What an important thing it is to keep our promise!

信守我們的諾言是多么的重要啊！(2)How + Adj + a + N + V!（多么...！）

例：How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守諾言是多么重要的事！(3)How + S + V!

例句：How I want to go to Beijing.我多么想去北京啊！句型50 表法猜測的句型：

(1)must have done sth 一定做過某事 否定形式：can't have done 例：She must have come here last night.她一定是昨晚來的。She can't have gone there 她不可能到那兒去。

(2)may have done sth 可能做過某事 否定形式：may not have done 例：Philip may have been hurt seriously in the car accident.Philip 可能在這次車禍中傷得很嚴重。

(3)might have done sth 或許做過某事 否定形式: might not have done 例：She might have known what the bottle contained.她或許知道這個瓶子里裝的是什么。(4)should have done sth 估計已經做了某事 否定形式：should not have done 例：She should have arrived in her office by now.她此刻估計已經到達辦公室了。句型51 動詞不定式常用句型：

(1)It takes / took / will take sb.some time / money to do sth.某人花/花了/將花多長時間/多少錢做某事.例句：It took me years of hard work to speak good English.為了講一口流利的英語,我花了多年時間刻苦操練.(2)It is + adj +for/of sb to do sth 例：Lincoln said that it was not right for the South to break away from the Union.林肯說南方脫離聯邦是不對的。It was careless of Tom to break the cup.(3)Sb.have / has / had no choice but to do...某人除了做……別無選擇.例句：We had no choice but to take a taxi for we'd missed the last bus.由于錯過了最后一班公共汽車,除了乘坐的士,我們別無選擇.(4)It's not /just like sb.to do sth.……的行為不/正像某人的一貫作風.例：lt's not like Jim to be late for class.He regards time as the most important thing in life.上課遲到不像吉姆的一貫作風,他把時間看作是生命中最重要的.(5)．．．．形容詞／副詞＋enough to do sth． 例：I was fortunate enough to travel to South Africa.．(6)It pays to + V ~~~（...是值得的。）

例句：It pays to help others.幫助別人是值得的。

(7)It cost sb some time/money to do sth 例：It must cost a good deal to live here.住這兒一定會花很多錢的。(8)do all he could to do sth do what he could to do sth do everything he could to do sth 例：They were doing everything they could to help the fatherland.他們在盡最大努力去幫助祖國。

(9)It is hard to imagine/ say … 很難想象/說……

例：It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很難想象愛迪生每天是怎樣工作20小時的。It's hard to say whether the plan is practical.這個計劃是否實際很難說。句型52 動名詞常用句型：

(1)...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time(in)doing sth.(有困難做某事)例：People from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.來自那兩個國家的人們在相互理解上是沒有困難的。(2)upon/on doing sth, 一……就……

例：Upon / On hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn't say a word.一聽到這個出乎意料的消息，他驚訝到說不出話來。(3)There is no/some difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.例：There is no difficulty in solving this social problem.解決這個社會問題毫無困難。

(4)There is no need/use harm/hurry in doing sth 例：There is no need in sending such expensive present.沒有必要送這樣貴重的禮物。

(5)spend some time/money(in)doing sth 例：They say children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work.他們說孩子們花太多的時間在閑聊和玩游戲上，而不是集中在學習上。(6)It's no use / good/ worth doing sth 例：It’s no use talking with him.He won’t listen to you.跟他談沒用，他不會聽你的。

(7)It's a waste of time/money/energy doing 例：It's a waste of time watching TV programme as this.句型53 Not---until 句型

(1)陳述句 not---until---直到……才

例：Last night I didn't go to bed until 11 o'clock.昨晚我11點鐘才睡覺。(2)強調句 It wasn't until…that...直到……才…….例：It wasn't until yesterday that I got your letter.我直到昨天才收到你的來信.(3)倒裝句 Not until...did...直到……才…….例：Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.直到我開始工作,我才意識到我已蹉跎了很多歲月.句型54 since 句型：

(1)Since + S + 過去式，S + 現在完成式

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自從他上高中，他一直很用功。

(2)It is +---+ since S +持續性謂語動詞（表否定）

例：It is three years since she lived here.她已三年不住這兒了。(3)It is +---+ since S + 瞬間謂語動詞（表肯定）

例：It is years since I stopped smoking）．我戒煙已經數年了。句型55 讓步狀語從句：

(1)Adj./n./adv.+ as/ though+ Subject（主詞）+ be, S + V~~~（雖然...）例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.雖然我們的國家富有，我們的生活品質絕對令人不滿意。(2)No matter what等特殊疑問詞...…無論什么…….例句：No matter what happens, I'll always stand by you.不論發生什么事,我都永遠支持你.(3)However + adj/adv + S + V, 盡管……

例：You won't be able to do it alone, however much you try.不論你多努力，你一個人也做不來。

(4)whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever + S + V，無論什么/哪里…… 例：Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都會想到你。(5)whether … or not

例：Whether you like it or not, you'll have to do it.不管你喜歡不喜歡，你必須做這件事。(6)even if/though 例：Even if/Even though the exercise is very difficult, you must do it.即使那練習很難，你都必須做。句型56 違反常規的冠詞位置句型：

(1)so/as/that/too/how +adj.+ a/an + n.例：He is as good a student as you.他和你一樣是個好學生。This is too difficult a problem for me.對我來說這是一個太難的問題。You can hardly imagine how clever a boy he is.你幾乎想象不到那孩子有多聰明。

(2)quite/rather/what/such/many + a/an +(adj)+n 例：She sang quite a beautiful song.她的歌唱得很漂亮。He was such a fool as to believe what she said.他是這樣的一個笨蛋以致于相信了她說的話。(3)all/both/half/twice the + n 例：All the students in her class like her very much.她班上所有的學生都喜歡她。句型57 表示最高級的句型：

(1)Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容詞 + than to + V 例：Nothing is more important than to receive education.沒有比接受教育更重要的事。

(2)no one(nobody, nothing)+so/as+原級＋as 例：Nobody is so blind as those who will not see.沒有人像那些視而不見的人如此的瞎了。(3)比較級＋than+any other +名詞單數 比較級＋than +anything(anyone)else 比較級＋than + any of the others 例：Bamboo probably has more uses than any other plant in the world.(4)否定詞 +比較級

例：It can’t be worse.這是最糟的

I can’t agree any more.我非常同意。(5)be the last----例：This is the last thing I want to do.這是我最不想干的事。句型58 more---than 句型：

(1)more---than 與其……不如…… 例：He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.在工作上與其說他慢不如說他懶。(2)more than 超過；不僅僅是；非常

例：These flags are more than just colorful pieces of cloth and thread sewn together.這些旗子不只是不同顏色的布料和絲線逢在一起。(3)not more than 最多，不超過

例：They finished the project in not more than one year.在不超過一年的時間內，他們完成了那項工程。(4)no more than 僅僅

例：The officials could see no more than the Emperor.那些官員能看到的僅僅是皇帝。句型59 形式賓語與賓語補語句型：(1)形式賓語代動詞不定式 例：I think it necessary to explore the space.我認為探索太空是有必要的。(2)形式賓語代從句

例：They found it strange that no one would take the money.他們感到很奇怪誰也不要這一筆錢。

(3)過去分詞做賓語補語表示賓語被動的動作： 例：I had my pen stolen.我的筆被偷了。

(4)現在分詞做賓語補語表示賓語正在進行的動作。例：They found her lying in bed reading a novel.他們發現她躺在床上看小說。

(5)以名詞（間或可用代詞）作賓語補足語：

例：In 1849, he went to England and made London the base for his revolutionary work.1849年他到了英國，并且把倫敦作為他的革命工作的基地。I think him an honest man.我認為他是一個誠實的人。(6)介詞短語做賓語補語：如：

例：I can't find him in the office.我在辦公室外沒有發現他。(7)What do you find the hardest in...你覺得……最大的困難是什么 例句：What do you find the hardest in learning English 你覺得學英語最大的困難是什么 句型60 特殊的條件句：

(1)Suppose/ Supposing---, 假如……

例：Suppose/Supposing he is absent, what shall we do? 假如他缺席，我們怎么辦？

(2)On condition that只要……；如果…… 例：I'll come on condition that John is invited, too.如果約翰也被邀請，我就來。

(3)provided(that)/ providing-----只要……

I will come provided(that)I am well enough.只要我身體好，我一定來。You may go out providing you do your homework first.只要你先做作業，你便可以外出。(4)so/as long as 例：As/So long as you work hard, you'll succeed in the end.只要你好好干，終究會成功的。(5)祈使句+and + 陳述句(表肯定）例：Give him an inch and he’ll take a mile.(= If you give him an inch, he’ll take a mile.)他會得寸進尺的。(6)祈使句+ or/otherwise +陳述句(表否定）

例：Start at once, or / otherwise you’ll miss the train.(= If you don’t start at once, …)

(= Unless you start at once, you’ll miss the train.)立即動身，否則你會錯過那班火車的。(7)…won't...unless...除非……否則我不會…….例句：I won't write to him unless he writes to me first.我不會寫信給他的,除非他先寫給我.句型61 特殊的比較句型：

(1)A differs from B in that…(A不同于B在于……)例：She differs from her sister in the colour of her eyes.她眼睛的顏色跟她姐姐不同。

(2)...varies from person to person(……是因人而異的)例：The opinion of the problem varies from person to person.對這個問題的看法是因人而異的。(3)A is superior(inferior)to B.A 優越于B 例：The modal is technically superior to its competitors.這一款式在技術上優越于與之競爭的產品。

Some consider digital TV to be superior to satellite TV.(4)be different from 例：Its meaning can be completely different from the meaning of its components.它的意思有時候跟它的合成的意思完全不一樣。(5)be inferior to 例：Modern music is often considered inferior to that of the past.現代音樂常被人認為不如過去的。

(6)A and B have sth in common.A 和B 有共同點。

例：The Japanese and Chinese cultures have a lot in common.日本與中國的文化具有許多相同點。句型62 必須背誦的There be 句型：

(1)There is no immediate solution to the problem.對于這個問題沒有立即的解決的方案。

(2)There is no denying that + S + V...（不可否認的...）

例：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否認的，我們的生活品質已經每況愈下。(3)There is no doubt that...毫無疑問,…….例句：There is no doubt that health is better than wealth.毫無疑問,健康勝于財富.(4)There's no point in...……是無意義的.例句：There's no point in getting angry when things have happened.對已發生的事生氣是沒有意義的.(5)There's no way...……絕不可能.例句：There's no way one could succeed without hard work.一個人不努力絕不可能成功.(6)There is no one but ~~~（沒有人不...）

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.沒有人不渴望上大學。

(7)There is no need/use/harm/hurry in doing sth 例：There is no need in spending money mending the broken car.沒有必要花錢去修理那破車了。

There is no use in regretting when time passed by.時間過去了再后悔就沒有用了。

There is no harm in using the environmentally friendly products.用環保產品是沒有害處的。

There is no hurry in running to school for time is still enough.沒有必要匆匆忙忙上學校，因為時間還充足呢。(8)There no/some difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth 例：There is no trouble in selling our car.我們毫不費力地賣了我們的車。句型63 time 句型：

(1)the first time 引導的狀語從句

例：I thought her nice and honest the first time I met her.第一次我見到她時，覺得她很誠實。(2)(the)next time 引導的狀語從句

例：The harvest will have been got in(the)next time you come.你下次來時，莊稼已收好了。(3)the last time 引導的狀語從句

例：What was the name of the hotel he had stayed in the last time he was in Cairo? 他上次來開羅時往的那家旅館叫什么來著？(4)each time/every time 引導的狀語從句

例：Every time you get back at night, you drop your shoes on the floor.每次夜間回來，你總是把你的靴子朝地上一扔。

(5)It is ／was the first／last／second ／third time ＋從句（完成時態）例：This is the first time I have been here 這是我第一次到這兒。(6)It is high time that sb did(should do)sth 該……的時候了。例句：It is high time that we went to the classroom.該我們進教室的時候了。

(7)by the time + 從句 就在……時候；到……時候為止 例：We'll be ready by the time you get back.你回來的時候，我們將準備好了。(8)It's time for sb to do sth 例：It’s time for me to log off.我該關機/下線了。(9)It's time for sth 例：It's time for lunch.午餐的時間到了。句型64 幾種重要的表語從句句型：

(1)The point is that...重點/關鍵是…….例句：The point is that you have to keep your promise to help her with her English.關鍵是你得遵守諾言,幫她學習英語.(2)The chance is that … 有可能……

例：The chance is that he will succeed.他很有可能成功。(3)The fact is that … 事實是……

例：The fact is that he hasn’t yet recover from illness.事實是他還沒有康復呢。

(4)The problem/question is that … 問題是……

例：The question is whether we should ask them for help.問題是我們是否應該向他請求幫助。(5)That is---例：That is where Lu Xun used to live.這是魯迅過去住過的地方。句型65 so/such that句型

(1)so that（引導結果狀語從句）結果…… 例：We were late so that the teacher was angry.我們遲到，使得教師生氣了。

(2)so that = in order that（目的狀語從句）以便，為了 例：I hurried so that I wouldn't be late for class．

為了上課不遲到，我匆忙起來。

In order that he should not be late, his mother woke him at 6.為了使他不致遲到，他母親在6點鐘叫醒了他。

(3)so +形容詞+（或a/an+ 名詞）+that 如此……以致于…… 例：I've been working so hard recently that I haven't had any time for collecting new stamps.我近來一直很忙，沒時間搜集新郵票。(4)such +名詞（或an/a+形容詞 + 名詞）+---that 例：It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it 這是一個異乎尋常的藝術作品，人人都想看一看。句型70 表示“也、同樣”的句型(1)too 用于肯定

例：I like the book, too.我也喜歡這本書。(2)also 用于陳述句

例：She also speaks a little Italian.她也會說一點意大利語。(3)either 用于否定句

例：Peter can't go and I can't either.Peter 不能去，我也不能。(4)so 用于肯定的倒裝句

例：You speak English well, so does he.你的英語講得很好，他講得也不錯。.(5)neither/nor 用于否定的倒裝句

例：I have never heard of such a thing, Neither has she.我從來沒有聽說這件事，她也沒有。

Tom didn’t finish his homework.Nor did Jane.湯姆沒有完成作業，Jane 也沒有。(6)as well 用于句末

例：He knows German as well.他也懂德語。

(7)so it is/was with = so it is/was the same with 用于包含不同種類的動詞 例：Jack is a student and studies in China.So it is with Green.Jack是一個學生，在中國學習，Green也是如此。(8)The same is true of……，例：The music is dull and uninspiring, and the same is true of the acting.那音樂單調，缺少激情；那表演也是如此。(9)The same can be said of……(……也是如此).例：The same can be said of our country, also a developing one.我們的國家也是如此，一個發展中國家。句型71 幾種重要的同位語從句：(1)由where 引導

例：The suggestion where we should build our new factory should be considered.那個我們應該在哪兒建造廠房的建議應該給予考慮。(2)由what引導

例：I have no idea what he did.我不知道他做了什么。(3)由whether 引導

例：The question whether he’ll attend the meeting is not decided.他是否會參加會議這個問題還沒決定。(4)由who引導。

例：The question who will go abroad needs considering.誰將去國外這個問題需要考慮。(5)由when 引導

例：I have no idea when they will be back and settle down.我不知道他們什么時候回來定居。(6)由that 引導

例：The suggestion that the students should have plenty of exercise is very good.學生應該有很多練習，這個建議不錯。(7)由how 引導

例：He can’t answer the question how he got the money.他是怎樣得到那錢的，他不能回答這個問題。(8)由why 引導

例: We don’t understand the problem why this is the best choice.我搞不懂這個問題，為什么這是最好的選擇。句型72 with復合賓語句型(1)with + n + adj.例：He stared at me with his mouth open.他張著嘴凝視著我。(2)with + n + adv 例：The boy stood there, with his head down.這男孩低著頭站在那。(3)with + n + 介詞短語

例：He stood with his hand in his pocket.他站著，一手插在衣袋里。(4)with + n + 動詞不定式

例：With no one to talk to, John felt miserable.由于沒有可談話的人，John覺得很悲傷。(5)with + n + 現在分詞

例：With prices going up so fast, we can't afford luxuries.由于物價迅猛上漲，我們買不起高當商品。(6)with + n + 過去分詞

例：With her eyes fixed on the opposite wall, she did not answer immediately.她的眼睛盯著對面的墻壁，她沒有立即回答。句型73 have 復合賓語句型：(1)have sb do sth 例：I won't have you say such things.我絕不會讓你說這樣的話。(2)have sb doing 例：She will have you doing all the housework if you are're not carefully.如果你再不小心的話，她就讓你做全部家務。(3)have sth done 例：I have my hair cut every six weeks.我每六個星期剪一次頭。句型74 幾個重要的目的狀語從句句型：(1)in case 例：He left early in case he should miss the last train.他動身得早，以免誤了最后一班火車。(2)for fear(that)例：He handled the instrument with care for fear(that)it should be damaged.他小心翼翼地擺弄那儀器，以防把它弄壞。(3)so that 例：Let’s take the front seats so that we can see more clearly.讓我們坐到前面的座位上，以便能看得更清楚些。(4)in order that 例：He got up very early so that/in order that he might/could catch the early bus.為了趕上早班車，他起了個大早。句型75 幾個難掌握的主語從句和賓語從句

(1)You may take whatever(=anything/everything that)you like.你喜歡什么就拿什么。

(2)You may take whichever(=any)seat you like.你想坐哪個位置就坐哪個位置。(3)Whoever(=Anyone who)cuts the trees down must be punished.任何一個砍樹的人都必須受到懲罰。

(4)You may give the note to whomever(=anyone whom)you meet at the office.你可以把條子給你在辦公室看到的任何一個人。句型76 使用現在完成時和過去完成時的常用句型：(1)since句型：主句用完成時

例：My aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.從1949年，我嬸嬸就一直在一家診所工作。(2)since when +完成時

例：Since when have you planted so many young trees? 從什么時候你種植了這么多小樹的？

(3)This/it is the first(third...)time sb have done sth 例：This is the first time I have been here.這是我第一次到這兒。(4)by…（到……為止）到過去某個時候為止用過去完成時，到現在為止 用現在完成時，到將來某個時候為止用將來完成時。例：She will have finished the book by my next birthday.到我下一個生日為止，我將完成那本書。

By eleven o'clock yesterday, we had arrived at the airport.到昨天十一點止我們就已經到達機場了。

但比較：By the time the speaker entered the hall, all the listeners were seated.就在主講者進入大廳的時候，所有的聽眾都坐好了。(5)in the past time(two days/years...)+完成時

例：In the past 10 years, there have been great changes in our family life.在過去的十年里，我們的家庭生活發生了很大的變化。(6)hardly...when....(no sooner...than)句型用過去完成時 例：Hardly had I reached the school when the bell rang.我一到學校，鈴子就響了。

No sooner had we sat down at the table than the phone rang.我們剛坐到桌子旁邊電話就響了。(7)未實現的愿望打算等等用過去完成時

例：I had thought I could pass the final examination but I failed.句型77 幾種特殊的狀語從句句型：(1)everywhere 引導

例：Everywhere they went, they were kindly received / warmly welcomed.他們每到一處就收到熱烈的歡迎。(2)anywhere 引導

例：We’ll go anywhere the Party directs us.黨指向哪我們就去哪。(3)the way 引導

例：She is doing her work the way I like it done.她在用她喜歡的方法做她的工作。(4)like 引導

例：The landlord was watching him like(= just as)a cat watches a mouse.那地主監視著他就像貓監視老鼠一樣。(5)immediately引導

例：I didn’t wait a moment, but came immediately you called.我一刻也沒停留，你一打電話我就來的。句型78 有關it的幾個特殊句型 ：

(1)owe it to sb.that…把…歸功于…

例：I owe it to you that I finished my work in time.虧你幫忙，我才及時完成了工作。(2)take it for granted that …想當然

例：I take it for granted that they will support this idea.我認為他們會支持這個提議是理所當然的。(3)keep it in mind that…

例：It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work.一定要記住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

(4)It can be seen from the statistics that...從這個統計可看出…… 例句：It can be seen from the statistics that exercise is good for us.從這個統計可以看出，練習對我們是有好處的。

(5).It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的動詞后面，尤其是表示好惡的動詞后，enjoy, like, love, dislike, resent, hate, don't mind, be fond of, feel like, see to, appreciate, stand 賓語從句緊跟it之后 例 I hate it you can swim so well and I can't.我妒嫉你游泳那么好，而我不能。

I would appreciate it if you call me back this evening.如果你晚上給我回電話,我會非常感激.I can't stand it when people talk with their mouth full.我無法忍受別人說話的時候滿嘴食物.(6).It用在不能直接跟賓語從句的介詞后面，賓語從句緊跟it之后（except that例外）

例：I'm for it that you will follow their advice.我贊成你采納他們的意見。

(7)It must be pointed out that 必須指出的是

例句：It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population.一定要指出的是國家基本政策之一是在提高人口質量的同時控制 人口增長。

(8)It has been proved that… 有人已經證實…… 例：It has been proved that his theory is right.已經證明，他的理論是對的。句型79 列舉、說明句型：

(1)on the one hand---;on the other hand(2)For one thing---;for another thing---例：For one thing, these shoes don't suit you.For another, they are too expensive.一方面,這雙鞋子并不適合你;另一方面,這太貴了.(3)It is one thing to...;it is another to...做這件事是一回事；做那件事是另一回事

(4)what's more---;morever---;furthermore---(5)Firstly---;secondly---;finally---(6)In the first place---;in the second place---(7)First of all/to begin with---;in addition/besides---句型80 總結句型：

(1)Through the above analysis(分析)例：Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative ones.通過以上分析，我認為積極因素大于消極因素。(2)To sum up,總而言之, …

例：To sum up, there are three ways of solving the problems.決而言之，解決這個問題的方法有三條。(3)In short...總之……

例：In short, the students have not arrived at any agreement yet.總之，學生們還沒有達成一致的意見。

(4)In a word , it is clear that… 總之，很明顯……

例：In a word, it is clear that smoking does harm to our health.總之，很明顯，抽煙對我們健康有害。

(5)On account of this we can find that … 由此我們可以知道…

例：On account of this we can find that it is not suitable for middle school students to have cell phones.由此我們可以發現中學生持有手機是不合適的。(6)In conclusion … 結論之, …

例：In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants’ lives.結論之，我們必須理性地考慮這個問題，對農民的生活應給予更多的重視。(7)All in all, it is obvious that …..總之，很明顯……

例：All in all, it is obvious that the government should set up different kinds of schools to meet the demands of different children.總之，很明顯，政府應該建立多種不同的學校去滿足不同孩子的需要。(8)From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that...從以上所討論的東西來看/考慮到所有這些因素，我們完全可以得出這樣 的結論……

例：From what has been discussed above/taking into account all these factors, we may safely arrive at/draw/come to/reach the conclusion that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.從以上所討論的東西來看/考慮到所有這些因素，我們完全可以得出這樣的結論，隨著現代社會的進步，閑暇的生活方式正在減少，這未必是一件壞事。

1.隨著經濟的繁榮 with the booming of the economy 2.隨著人民生活水平的顯著提高 with the remarkable improvement of people's living standard 3.先進的科學技術 advanced science and technology 4.為我們日常生活增添了情趣 add much spice / flavor to our daily life 5.人們普遍認為 It is commonly believed that…

6.我同意前者(后者)觀點 I give my vote to the former / latter opinion.7.引起了廣泛的公眾關注 Sth.has aroused wide public concern./ Sth has drawn great public attention.8.不可否認 It is undeniable that…

9.熱烈的討論/ 爭論 a heated discussion / debate 10.有爭議性的問題 a controversial issue 11.就我而言/ 就個人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 12.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 13.雙方的論點 argument on both sides 14.發揮日益重要作用 play an increasingly important role in… 15.對…必不可少 be indispensable to … 16.正如諺語所說 As the proverb goes: 17.對…產生有利/不利的影響 exert positive / negative effects on… 18.利遠遠大于弊 The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.19.導致，引起 lead to / give rise to / contribute to / result in 20.復雜的社會現象 a complicated social phenomenon 21.責任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility / achievement 22.競爭與合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 23.開闊眼界 widen one's horizon / broaden one's vision 24.學習知識和技能 acquire knowledge and skills 25.經濟/心理負擔 financial burden / psychological burden 26.考慮到諸多因素 take many factors into consideration 27.從另一個角度 from another perspective 28.做出共同努力 make joint efforts 29.對…有益 be beneficial to / be conducive to… 30.為社會做貢獻 make contributions to the society 31.打下堅實的基礎 lay a solid foundation for… 32.綜合素質 comprehensive quality 33.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to… 34.應當承認 Admittedly, 35.不可推卸的義務 unshakable duty 36.滿足需求 satisfy / meet the needs of...37.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 38.寶貴的自然資源 valuable natural resources 39.因特網 the Internet(一定要由冠詞，字母I 大寫)40.方便快捷 convenient and efficient 41.在人類生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life 42.環保的材料 environmentally friendly materials 43.社會進步的體現 a symbol of society progress 44.大大方便了人們的生活 Sth has greatly facilitated people's lives.45.對這一問題持有不同態度 hold different attitudes towards this issue 46.在一定程度上 to some extent 47.理論和實踐相結合 integrate theory with practice 48.…必然趨勢 an irresistible trend of…

49.日益激烈的社會競爭 the increasingly keen social competition 50.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest 51.長遠利益 long-tem interest 52.…有其自身的優缺點 … has its own merits and demerits / pros and cons 53.對…有害 do harm to / be harmful to / be detrimental to 54.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas / emotions / information 55.跟上…的最新發展 keep pace with / keep abreast with the latest development of… 56.…的健康發展 the healthy development of… 57.重視 attach great importance to… 58.社會地位 social status 59.把時間和精力放在…上 focus one's time and energy on… 60.擴大知識面 expand one's scope of knowledge 61.身心兩方面 both physically and mentally 62.有直接/間接關系 be directly / indirectly related to… 63.導致很多問題 give rise to / lead to / spell various problems 64.可以替代think的詞 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion / belief / view that 65.緩解壓力/ 減輕負擔 relieve stress / burden 66.優先考慮/發展… give(top)priority to sth.67.與…比較 compared with…/ in comparison with

68.可降解的/可分解的材料 degradable / decomposable material 69.代替 replace / substitute / take the place of 70.提供就業機會 offer job opportunities 71.反映了社會進步的 mirror the social progress/advance 72.增進相互了解 enhance / promote mutual understanding 73.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of 74.承受更大的工作壓力 suffer from heavier work pressure 75.保障社會穩定和繁榮 guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society 76.更多地強調 put more emphasis on… 77.適應社會發展 adapt oneself to the social development 78.實現夢想 realize one's dream 79.主要理由列舉如下 The main / leading reasons are listed as follows: 80.我們還有很長的路要走 We still have a long way to go.1.不用說?…

It goes without saying that子句 =(It is)needless to say(that)子句

= It is obvious that子句 = Obviously, S.+ V.例︰不用說早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.2.…是不可能的;無法… There is no Ving = There is no way of Ving.= There is no possibility of Ving.= It is impossible to V.= It is out of the question to V.= No one can V.= We cannot V.例︰不可否認的?成功的事業關鍵在于健康的身心。

There is not denying that successfulbusiness lies in a healthy body and mind.3.我深信…

I am greatly convinced(that)子句 = I am greatly assured(that)子句

例︰我深信預防是于治療。

I am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure.4.在各種…之中?…

Among various kinds of …, … = Of all the …, …

例︰在各種運動中?我尤其喜歡慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.5.…是很容易證明的。

It can be easily proved(that)子句

例︰時間最珍貴是很容易證明的。

It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time.6.…無論如何強調都不為過 … cannot be overemphasized

例︰交通安全的重要性無論如何強調都不為過。

The importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.7.就我的看法?…；我認為… In my opinion, … = To my mind, ….= As far as I am concerned, … = I am of the opinion that子句

例︰就我的看法?打電動玩具既花費時間也有害健康。

In my opinion, playing video gamesnot only takes much time but is also harmful to health.8.(A)每個人都知道… Everyone knows(that)子句

(B)就我所知?…

As far as my knowledge is concerned, … 例︰就我所知?下列方法對我幫助很大。

As far as my knowledge is concerned, the following ways are of great help to me.9.毫無疑問地?…

There is no doubt(that)子句

例︰毫無疑問地?近視在我國的年輕人中是一個嚴重的問題。

There is no doubt that near-sightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country.10.根據我個人經驗?…

According to my personal experience, … = Based on my personal experience, …

例︰根據我個人經驗?微笑已帶給我許多好處。

According to my personal experience, smile has done me a lot of good.11.在我認識的人當中?也許沒有一個人比…更值得我尊敬。

Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than …

例︰在我認識的人當中?也許沒有一個人比我的英文老師張老師更值得我尊敬。

Of all the people I know, perhaps non deserves my respect more than Miss Chang, my English teacher.12.在我的求學過程中?我忘不了…

In the course of my schooling.I willnever forget …

例︰在我的求學過程中?我忘不了學習英文所遭到的大困難。

In the course of my schooling.I willnever forget the great difficulty I encountered in learning English.13.(A)隨著人口的增加?… With the increase/growth of the population, …(B)隨著科技的進步, … With the advance of science and technology,…

例︰隨著臺灣經濟的快速發展?許多社會問題產生了。

With the rapid development of Taiwan's economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.14.(A)在這信息的年代?…扮演重要的角色。

In the age of information and communication, … plays an important role.(B)在今日工業社會中?…是生命不可或缺的。

In today's industrial society, … is indispensable to life.例︰在這信息的年代?計算機扮演非常重要的角色。

In this age of information and communication, the computer playsan extremely important role.15.在討論…?一個人不得不承認…。

In dealing with …, one cannot but admit(that)子句

例︰在討論未來的職業?一個人不得不承認盡早決定未來的職業很重要。

In dealing with one's future career, one cannot but admit that it is very important to decide one's future career as early as possible.16.世上沒有什么比…更令我高興。

Nothing in the world can delight meso much as … 例︰世上沒有什么比到快餐店吃漢堡更令我高興。

Nothing in the world can delight meso much as having hamburgers in fast-food restaurants.17.… 是必要的 It is necessary that S(should)V … 是重要的 It is important/essential that S(should)V … 是適當的 It is proper that S(should)V … 是緊急的 It is urgent that S(should)V 例︰我們當保持公共場所清潔是應當的。

It is proper that we(should)keep the public places clean.18.每當我聽到…?我就忍不住感到興奮。Whenever I hear …, I cannot but feel excited.每當我做…? 我就忍不住感到悲傷。Whenever I do …, I cannot butfeel sad.每當我想到…?我就忍不住感到緊張。Whenever I think of …, I cannot but feel nervous.每當我遭遇…?我就忍不住感到害怕。Whenever I meet with …, I cannot but feel frightened.每當我看到… 我就忍不住感到驚訝。Whenever I see …, I cannot but feel surprised.例︰每當我想到我家附近那一條清澈的小溪?我就忍不住感到悲傷。

Whenever I think of the clean brooknear my home, I cannot but feel sad.= Every time I think of the clean brook near my home, I cannot help feeling sad.19.據說… It is said(that)子句 一般認為… It is thought(that)子句 大家都知道… It is known(that)子句 據報導… It is reported(that)子句 一般預料… It is expected(that)子句 一般估計… It is estimated(that)子句 一般相信… It is believed(that)子句

例︰一般相信閱讀增加我們的知識、擴大我們的心胸。

It is believed(that)reading increases our knowledge and broadens our mind.20.…的主要理由是…

The main reason why …..is(that)子句

例︰青少年犯罪的主要理由是社會環境日一敗壞。

The main reason why the juveniles commit crimes is that social environment is becoming worse.21.俗語說得好：「…」。Well goes an old saying, ”…“

= As an old saying goes(runs, says),”…“ = An old saying goes, ”…“ = It's an old saying(that)子句

例︰俗話說得好：「誠實為上策」。

As an old saying goes, ”Honesty is the best policy." 22.(A)…用下列方法… … in the following ways.(B)…有三個主要理由。… for three major reasons.(C)要…?至少我們可做三件事。To …, there are at least three things we can do.例︰(A)我用下列方法增加信心。

I increase my confidence in the following ways.(B)人們學外語有三個理由。

People learn a foreign language forthree major reasons.(C)為了維護健康?我們每天至少可做三件事。

To keep healthy, there are at least three things we can do every day.II.用于文章承轉句 23.那就是(說)…；亦即… That is to say, … = That is, … = Namely, …

例︰我們生活需有規律。也就是說?早睡早起?戒除煙酒。

We need to live a regular life.That is, we can keep good hours and refrain from smoking and drinking in the daily activities.24.(A)基于這個理由?… For this reason, …(B)為了這個目的?… For this purpose, …

例︰基于這個理由?我已決定把行醫作為未來的職業。

For this reason, I have decided to take practicing medicine as my future career.25.我們有理由相信…

We have reasons to believe(that)子句

例︰我們有理由相信體罰應該嚴格禁止。

We have reasons to believe that corporal punishment should be strictly prohibited.26.事實上?…

As a matter of fact, … = In fact, …

例︰事實上?健康才是最重要。

As a matter of fact, it is health that counts.27.(A)例如?… For example, …(B)拿…做例子 Take … for example.例︰例如?我們盲目地提高生活水準?卻降低生活品質。

For example, we elevate the living standards blindly, but lower the quality of life.28.此外?我們不應忽視…

Besides(In addition), we should notneglect …

例︰此外?我們不應忽視每個人都想要一個溫馨祥和的社會。

In addition, we should not neglect that everyone wants a friendly and peaceful society.29.相反地?…

on the contrary, … = by contrast, …

例︰相反地?少數學生似乎還在鬼混。

On the contrary, a few students, it seems, are still fooling around.30.另一方面?…

on the other hand, …

例︰政府應嚴格執法?另一方面?大眾也應該培養減少污染的好習慣。

The government should enforce laws strictly.On the other hand, thepublic also should develop the goodhabit of reducing pollution.31.然而?很可惜的是… However, it is a pity that子句

例︰然而?很可惜的是他總是臨時抱佛腳。

However, it is a pity that he should always cram at the eleventh hour.32.換言之?… in other words, … = to put it differently 例︰換言之?我會盡最大的努力達成我的目標。

In other words, I will try my best toattain(gain, live up to)my goal.33.別人可能認為這是事實?但我不是。我認為…

It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that子句 例︰別人可能認為這是事實?但我不是。我認為… It may be true as assumed by others, but I don't.I believe that if you have strong determination and perseverance, the success will certainly come to you in the end.34.從此之后?我已發現…

Ever since then, I have found that子句

例︰從此之后?我已發現…

Ever since then, I have found smile the best way to avoid any possible conflicts in our daily lives.35.這樣說來?假如...?當然毫無疑問地…。

In this light, if…, there can surely be no doubt(that)子句

例︰這樣說來?假如我們能善用時間?當然毫無疑問地我們會成功。

In this light, if we can make good use of time, there can surely be no doubt that we will get somewhere.36.更嚴重的是?…。

What is more serious is(that)子句

例︰更嚴重的是?我們不珍惜野生動物。

What is more serious is that we do not cherish the wildlife.37.鑒于社會的實際需要?…。

In view of the practical need of society, ….例︰鑒于社會的實際需要?愈來愈多人對學英語有興趣。

In view of the practical need of society, there are more and more people interested in learning English.III.用于文章結論句

38.如果能實踐這三點?…。

If one can really put the three points into action(practice), … 例︰如果能實踐這三點?…。

If one can really put the three points into action(practice), he will surely be able to live a healthy and happy life.39.做這些簡單之事?我們一定可以…。

By doing these simple things, we surely can ….例︰做這些簡單之事?我們一定可以快樂出門平安回家。

By doing these simple things, we surely can go out of the door happily and come back home safe every day.40.如此?我相信…。

In this way, I believe(that)子句

例︰如此?我相信大家能夠像我一樣?享受乘坐公車的樂趣。

In this way, I believe that all the people may be able to enjoy the bus ride like me.41.實踐這些?…。

By putting them(the above)into practice, ….例︰實踐這些?在智育方面我一直能不斷進步。

By putting them(the above)into practice, I have been able to make constant progress in intellectual education.42.(A)唯有符合此三項要求?我們才能…。

Only by living up to the three requirements, can we ….(B)唯有通力合作?我們才能…。

Only with combined efforts, can we….例︰唯有通力合作?我們才能期望臺灣不久有新的面貌。

Only with combined efforts, can we expect Taiwan to take a new face in due course.43.最后?但并非最不重要?…。Last but no least, ….例︰最后?但并非最不重要?教育上的缺失是助長青少年犯罪的原因。

Last but no least, the shortcoming in education is the cause contributing to juvenile delinquency.44.這證據顯示～的重要性在怎么強調都不為過。

This evidence shows that the importance of ～ cannot be overemphasized.例︰這證據顯示交通安全的重要性在怎么強調都不為過。

This evidence shows that the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized.45.由于這些理由?我…。For these reasons, I ….例︰由于這些理由?我認為在臺灣接受大學教育是明智的。

For these reasons, I think that receiving college education in Taiwan is wise.46.總而言之?…。In conclusion, … = To sum up, …

例︰總而言之?好國民應該遵守交通規則。

In conclusion, a good citizen should abide by traffic regulations.47.因此?我們能下個結論?那就是…。

We can, therefore, come to the conclusion(that)子句

例︰因此?我們能下個結論?那就是世上自由罪珍貴。

We can, therefore, come to the conclusion that nothing is so precious as freedom in the world.48.如果我們能做到如上所述?毫無疑問地?…。

If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt(that)子句

例︰如果我們能做到如上所述?毫無疑問地?我們就能精通英語。

If we can do as mentioned above, there can be no doubt that we can master English 49.因此?這就是…的原因。Thus, this is the reason why ….例︰因此?這就是我重感冒的原因。

Thus, this is the reason why I caught a bad cold.50.所以?我們應該了解…。

Therefore, we should realize(that)子句

例︰所以?我們應該了解學英文不能沒有字典。

Therefore, we should realize that in learning English we cannot do without a dictionary.51.因此?由上列的討論我們可以明了…。

We, therefore, can make clear fromthe above discussion(that)子句

例︰因此?由上列的討論我們可以明了毅力可以克服任何困難。

We, therefore, can make clear fromthe above discussion that perseverance can overcome any difficulty.52.1.從～觀點來看?…。From the ～ point of view, ….2.根據～的看法?…。According to ～ point of view, ….例︰從政治的觀點來看?這是一個很復雜的問題。From the political point

第三篇：英語句型

句型寶典

疑問句型 What is this? 結構︰問句：What＋be 動詞＋this（that?）？

答句：This（that?）＋be 動詞＋a book（pen?）。

說明︰此句型意為“這（那）是什么？這（那）是書（鋼筆?）”。what（什么）叫做“疑問詞”，用于詢問“事物”，通常放在句首，后接 be <動詞>，再接<主詞>，第一個字母 w要大寫，句尾要加問號(?)，位置不可排錯。

What is this? This is a chair.這是什么？這是一張椅子。

What’s this? It’s a book.這是什么？它是一本書。

What is that? That is a desk.那是什么？那是一張書桌。What are these? 結構︰問句：What are＋these／those?？

答句：These／Those are＋復數名詞（＋s／es）。

說明︰<主詞>與<動詞>的形式要一致，is 后面接單數<名詞>，are 后面要接復數<名詞>。

What are these? These are books.這些是什么？這些是書。

What are those? Those are cups.那些是什么？那些是茶杯。

What are they? They are glasses.它們是什么？它們是玻璃杯。What are you? 結構︰問句：What＋be 動詞＋主詞（人）?？

答句：主詞＋be 動詞＋a student?。

說明︰此句型意為“你是做什么事情的？我是學生?”。疑問詞 what 除了詢問事物之外，還可用于詢問“人的職業或身分”。be <動詞>隨<人稱代名詞>的變化而改變形態，如：I am，we are，you are，he is?。

What are you? I am a student.你是做什么事情的？我是一名學生。

What is she? She is a teacher.她是做什么事情的？她是一名教師。Are you a...? 結構︰問句：Be 動詞（am，are，is）＋主詞＋?？

肯定簡答：Yes，主詞＋am（are，is）。

否定簡答：No，主詞＋am（are，is）not。

說明︰在否定<簡答句>中，<主詞>和 am，is，are 可以縮寫；在肯定<簡答句>中則不可。

Is he a student? Yes, he is.(No, he isn’t.)

他是學生嗎？是的，他是。（不，他不是。）

Are you a teacher? Yes, I am.(No, I’m not.)你是教師嗎？是的，我是。（不，我不是。）

Is that a clock? Yes, it is.(No, it isn’t.)那是鐘表嗎？是的，它是。（不，它不是。）What is your name? 結構︰問句：What＋is＋所有格＋name?

答句：所有格＋name＋is＋名字。

/ 103 說明︰“my，your，his，her”為單數人稱的<所有格>；<所有格>后面必接<名詞>，即“<所有格>＋<名詞>”；<所有格>不可與 a，an，this，that，these 或 those 緊接一起使用。

What is your name? My name is Sue.妳叫什么名字？我的名字叫蘇。

What is his name? His name is John.他叫什么名字？他的名字叫約翰。

What is her name? Her name is Jean.她叫什么名字？她的名字叫珍。Who is that...? 結構︰問句：Who＋be 動詞＋that＋形容詞＋名詞？

答句：That is＋名字。

說明︰Who 是<疑問代名詞>，詢問人的“姓名”或“關系”；將<形容詞>直接放在<名詞>前面，叫做“前位修飾”。

Who is that short boy? That is Bill.那位矮男孩是誰？那位是比爾。

Who is that tall girl? That is Mary.那位高女孩是誰？那位是瑪麗。

Who is that fat man? He is my uncle.那位胖男子是誰？那位是我叔叔。Where is...? 結構︰問句：Where＋be 動詞（am，are，is）＋主詞?？

答句：主詞＋be 動詞＋in the＋名詞?。

說明︰問句是“Where...?”，簡答時可用<副詞詞組>“In／On the＋<名詞>”。

Where is Sue? She is in her room.蘇在那里？她在她的房間里。

Where are your books? On the desk.你的書在那里？在書桌上。

Where is your mother? She is in the kitchen.你媽嗎在哪里？她在廚房里。Are you V-ing...? 結構︰Am（Are，Is）＋主詞＋現在分詞?？

說明︰此句型意為“<主詞>（人，物）正在?嗎？”。這一<句型>轉換的三要素是：be <動詞>移到句首；改為大寫；句尾用問號。

Is Mary sleeping?

瑪麗正在睡覺嗎？

Are you reading a book?

你正在看書嗎？

Is the dog playing?

小狗正在玩耍嗎？ What are you doing? 結構︰問句：What＋am（are，is）＋主詞＋現在分詞？

答句：主詞＋am（are，is）＋現在分詞?。

說明︰“<主詞>（人）正在做什么？<主詞>（人）正在?”。注意：<祈使句>的動詞只能用原形，不可造<現在進行式>；表示“瞬間產生”的動作的<動詞詞組>，如 sit down，stand up，不可造<現在進行式>。

What am I doing? You are reading a book.我正在做什么？ 你正在閱讀一本書。

What are the girls doing? They are singing.姑娘們正在做什么？ 她們在唱歌。

What is Bill writing? He is writing a letter.比爾在寫什么？ 他在寫一封信。How old are you?

/ 103 結構︰問句：How old＋be 動詞＋主詞（某人）？

答句：主詞（某人）＋be 動詞＋year(s)old。

說明︰此句型意為“某人幾歲？某人是?歲”。該句型中，<疑問詞>要用 how，不可用 what；且 be <動詞>（am，is，are）要和后面的<主詞>(某人)配合；答句中的“year(s)old”可以省略。

How old are you? I am twelve(years old).你幾歲？我十二歲。

How old is your sister? She is thirteen years old.你的姊妹幾歲？她十三歲。

How old is John? He is one year old.約翰幾歲？他一歲。What time is it? 結構︰問句：What time is it？

答句：It is＋數字＋o’clock。

說明︰此句型意為“現在是幾點鐘？現在是?點鐘”。問句中 what 當<形容詞>，修飾后面的<名詞> time；time 當時間解時，只能用單數，不可用復數。

What time is it? It is ten o’clock.現在是幾點鐘？現在是十點鐘。

What time is it? It is six o’clock.現在是幾點鐘？現在是六點鐘。

What time is it? It is nine o’clock.現在是幾點鐘？現在是九點鐘。Do you + V...? 結構︰問句：Do／Does＋主詞＋原形動詞?？

肯定簡答：Yes，主詞＋do／does。

否定簡答：No，主詞＋don’t／doesn’t。

說明︰肯定句中，如有一般<動詞>（speak，work，teach?），則在句首加<助動詞> do 或 does，并將一般<動詞>改為原形<動詞>（不加s或es），即構成<疑問句>。

Do you speak English? Yes, I do.(No, I don’t.)

你講英語嗎？是的，我講英語。（不，我不講英語。）

Does she have a cat? Yes, she does.(No, she doesn’t.)

她有一只貓嗎？是的，她有一只貓。（不，她沒有一只貓。）

Do they work in office? Yes, they do.(No, they don’t.)

他們在辦公室里工作嗎？是的，他們在辦公室里工作。（不，他們不在辦公室里工作。）What time do you + V...? 結構︰問句：What time＋do／does＋主詞＋原形動詞?？

答句：主詞（某人）＋一般動詞?＋時間。

說明︰此句型意為“某人幾點做某事？”<助動詞> do 或 does 的選擇依<主詞>而定，若<主詞>為第三人稱單數，用 does；其它用 do。

What time do you get up? I usually get up at six.你幾點起床？我通常六點起床。

What time does he go to bed? He usually goes to bed at ten.他幾點就寢？他通常十點就寢。

What time does your class begin? It begins at eight-ten.你的課幾點開始？八點十分開始。What day is today?

結構︰問句：What day is today？

/ 103

答句：It’s＋Sunday／Monday／?。

說明︰此句型意為“今天是星期幾？今天是星期日／星期一／?。”it 可用于指“星期的名稱”，但 this或 that 不可以；一星期七天的名稱，都是<專有名詞>，開頭的首字母要大寫，前面不加<冠詞>。

What day is today? It’s Sunday.今天是星期幾？今天是星期日。

What day is today? It’s Wednesday.今天是星期幾？今天是星期三。

What day is today? It’s Saturday.今天是星期幾？今天是星期六。How many N are there...結構︰問句：How many＋復數名詞＋are there in／on＋名詞？

答句：There is／are＋單數（復數）名詞＋in／on＋名詞。

說明︰此句型意為“在某處有多少?？在某處有?。”該句型中，many 修飾復數<名詞>；又因本句型是 <疑問句>，故用 are there，不可用 there are。

How many seasons are there in a year? There are four seasons in a year.一年有幾個季節？ 一年有四季。

How many days are there in a week? There are seven days in a week.一星期有幾天？ 一星期有七天。

How many lessons are there in this book? There are twelve lessons in this book.這本書里有幾課？ 這本書里有十二課。How many...do you have? 結構︰問句：How many＋復數名詞＋do／does＋主詞＋have？

答句：主詞＋have／has?＋復數名詞＋?。

答句：主詞＋don’t／doesn’t have?＋復數名詞?。

說明︰“How many”后面接復數<可數名詞>，復數<名詞>的前面可用 many，a lot of，a few，some，few，any，no 等修飾。

How many books do you have? I have a lot of books.(I don’t have any books.)

你有幾本書？ 我有許多書。（我沒有書。）

How many sweaters do you have? I have three sweaters.(I don’t have any sweaters.)

你有幾件毛衣？ 我有三件毛衣。（我沒有毛衣。）

How many friends does she have? She has a lot of friends.(She doesn’t have many friends.)

她有幾個朋友？ 她有許多朋友。（她沒有許多朋友。）How much...do you have? 結構︰問句：How much＋單數不可數名詞＋do／does＋主詞＋have？

答句：主詞＋have／has?＋單數不可數名詞。

答句：主詞＋don’t／doesn’t have?＋單數不可數名詞。

說明︰“How much”后面接單數<不可數名詞>，單數<不可數名詞>前面可用 much，a little，some，little，any，no 等修飾。

How much tea does he have? He has a lot of tea.(He doesn’t have any tea.)

/ 103

他有多少茶？ 他有很多茶。（他沒有茶。）

How much homework do they have? They have a lot of homework.(They don’t have much homework.)他們有多少家庭作業？ 他們有許多家庭作業。（他們沒有許多家庭作業。）

How much fruit do they have? They have a lot of fruit.(They don’t have a lot of fruit.)

他們有多少水果？ 他們有許多水果。（他們沒有許多水果。）How much do(es)...cost? 結構︰How much do（es）＋某物＋cost?？

說明︰此句型意為“某物值多少錢？”。how much 用來詢問商品的價格。還可以寫作：“How much＋ be <動詞>＋某物？“。

How much does this computer cost?(=How much is this computer?)這部計算機值多少錢？

How much do the vegetables cost? 這些蔬菜值多少錢？

How much do the movie tickets cost? 這些電影票值多少錢？ Did...V...結構︰Did＋主詞＋原形動詞＋?過去時間？

說明︰將肯定句中的過去式改為“Did＋原形<動詞>”，并將 Did 放在句首，句尾用問號，即構成過去式的<疑問句>。

Did he clean the room yesterday? 他昨天打掃房間嗎？

Did she wash the skirt yesterday? 她昨天洗這裙子嗎？

Did your brother play in the park this morning? 你弟弟今天上午在公園玩耍嗎？

Did he eat lunch yesterday? 他昨天吃午飯嗎？

Did you see any elephants in the zoo last week? 上星期你在動物園里看到大象了嗎？

Did Sue have her breakfast at eight? 蘇在八點鐘吃過早餐了嗎？ Do you ever + V...? 結構︰問句：Do／Does＋主詞＋ever＋原形動詞?？

答句：No，主詞＋never＋一般動詞（加s或es）?。

說明︰ever 通常用于<疑問句>，never 通常用于否定回答；never 也可放在句首，后接原形 <動詞>，形成否定<祈使句>，如例句4。

Do you ever use a computer? No, I never use a computer.你曾經使用計算機嗎？不，我未曾使用過計算機。

Does Tom ever get up late? No, Tom never gets up late.湯姆曾經晚起床嗎？不，湯姆未曾晚起床過。

Does Sally ever play the piano? No, Sally never plays the piano.薩莉曾經彈鋼琴嗎？不，薩莉未曾彈過鋼琴。

Never be late for school, Bill.比爾，上學絕不可遲到。What year was he born in? 結構︰What date／year＋was／were＋主詞＋born＋on／in？

/ 103 說明︰此句型意為“你出生于幾月幾日（那一年）？”。born 是<原形動詞> bear 的過去<分詞>，在文法上當 <形容詞>，前面常有 was 或 were；中文說“某人出生”，英語應說：“某人＋was／were born?”。

What year were you born in? 你出生于那一年？

What date was your mother born on? 你母親出生于幾月幾日？

What month was your sister born in? 你妹妹出生于幾月？ What will you do on...? 結構︰What will／did＋主詞＋do＋on＋時間？

說明︰此句型意為“某人在某時間將做什么？（未來式）某人在某時做了什么事？（過去式）”。指特定的日期（如幾月幾日）、星期幾或星期幾的早上（下午，晚上），要用介系詞on。

What will you do on Teacher’s Day? 你在教師節將做什么事？

What will they do on Christmas Eve? 他們在圣誕夜將做什么事？

What will Helen do on her birthday? 海倫在她生日那天將做什么事？

What did John do on New Year’s Day? 約翰在元旦做了什么事？

What did Mary do on Youth Day? 瑪麗在青年節做了什么事？

What did the suspect do on July ninth? 嫌疑犯在七月九日做了什么事情？ How do you + V...? 結構︰問句：How＋do＋主詞＋一般動詞?？

答句：主詞＋一般動詞?＋情狀副詞。

說明︰How 是問情況的<疑問副詞>，表示“怎樣?？”。用于說明“狀態或性質”的副詞，稱為 <情狀副詞>。當用來修飾<不及物動詞>時，<情狀副詞>位于其后；當用來修飾<及物動詞>時，<情狀動詞>位于<及物動詞>的前面或后面。

How did you do your work? I did my work happily.你怎樣做你的工作？ 我很快樂地做了我的工作。

How did Mrs.Lin look at Mr.Lin? She looked at Mr.Lin coldly.林太太怎樣注視林先生？ 她冷漠地注視林先生。

How does Mr.Wang drive his taxi? He drives his taxi carefully.王先生怎樣駕駛他的出租車？ 他小心地駕駛他的出租車。You are..., aren’t you?

結構︰肯定句，＋否定式助動詞＋主詞？

說明︰這是一種反意<疑問句>，其結構特點是：第一部分是肯定式，第二部分就用否定式。直述句的<主詞>是<名詞>時，附加問句的<主詞>要用<代名詞>代替：it 代替 this，that，<不定詞>(當<主詞>)或<動名詞>(當<主詞>)等；they 代替 these，those，people 等。下列<助動詞>的否定縮寫式較易弄錯：will not－>won’t；would not－> wouldn’t；should not－>shouldn’t；can not－>can’t；could not－>couldn’t； might not－>mightn’t；ought not－>oughtn’t。直述句有一般<動詞>現在式，則附加問句用 do 或 does 代替；有一般<動詞>過去式，則附加問句用 did 代替。

They’re ready, aren’t they?（讀降調）他們準備好了吧？（讀升調）他們準備好了，不是嗎？

/ 103

Mike has a car, doesn’t he?（讀降調）麥克有輛車，是吧？（讀升調）麥克有輛車，不是嗎？

The secretary typed the letter, didn’t she?

是秘書打了這封信，不是嗎？

They will go to Europe, won’t they?

他們將去歐洲，不是嗎？

You are the teacher, aren’t you?

你就是老師，不是嗎？

I suppose you have been in our woods, haven’t you?我推想你在我們的森林里呆過，不是嗎？

I know he had a good time last night, didn’t he? 我知道他昨天晚上玩得很愉快，不是嗎？

The wall plug is broken, isn’t it?

墻上的插座壞了，不是嗎？

Clean parks are beautiful, aren’t they? 干凈的公園是美麗的，不是嗎？

You can do it, can’t you?

你會做它，不是嗎？

We should rise early, shouldn’t we?

我們應該早起，不是嗎？ He isn’t..., is he?

結構︰否定句，＋肯定式助動詞＋主詞？

說明︰這是另一種反意<疑問句>。否定結構在第一部分，第二部分就要用肯定結構。對反意<疑問句>的回答和對否定式一般<疑問句>一樣，要看答句。

He isn’t a manager, is he? －-Yes, he is.(No, he isn’t.)

他不是經理，是吧？－－不，他是經理。（是的，他不是經理。）

Mike doesn’t have a car, does he? 麥克沒有車，是嗎？

The secretary didn’t type the letter, did she? 秘書沒有打過這封信，是嗎？

They won’t go to Europe, will they? 他們不會去歐洲，是嗎？

You aren’t the teacher, are you?

你不是老師，是嗎？

I don’t think he can answer the question, can he? 我想他無法回答這個問題，是嗎？ What in the world...? 結構︰疑問詞＋in the world／on earth／ever＋其他

說明︰此句型意為“究竟?？到底?？”。這是特殊<疑問句>的強調說法。in the world，on earth 和 ever是強調疑問詞的<詞組>。

How in the world will he do it?

他到底將如何做這件事？

What in the world do you mean?

你的意思究竟是什么？

How on earth did you know it?

你到底是怎么知道的？

Who on earth told you that?

那件事究竟是誰告訴你的？

Where ever did you lose it?

你到底在哪兒丟的呀？

What in the world are they hoping for?

他們到底想要什么？ Are you...or...? 結構︰一般疑問句（讀升調）＋or＋一般疑問句（讀降調）

說明︰此句型意為“是?還是?？”。這是選擇<疑問句>，前面都是一般<疑問句>，后面的問句如與前面有相同的部分，都可以省略。

Shall we come to see you or will you come to see us?

/ 103 是我們來找你們，還是你們來找我們？

Are you from the America or from the England?

您是美國人還是英國人？

Will he go on Monday or on Tuesday?

他是星期一走還是星期二走？

Would you like coffee or tea?

你是要咖啡還是茶？ What..., + A or B? 結構︰特殊疑問句(讀降調)，＋A（讀升調）or B（讀降調）

說明︰這種選擇<疑問句>使用得相當廣泛，其特點是：前面的特殊<疑問句>已經明確地指出了要問的內容，再補充幾項具體事物讓對方做出肯定的答復。其語調是“降-升-降”調。

What would you like － coffee or tea?

你要什么？咖啡還是茶？

Which would you rather to buy － silk or cotton? 您想買什么？絲還是棉？

Where did you go: to Tianjin or to Beijing? 您去了哪里？天津還是北京？ When will you go to the Fair, tomorrow or some other day?

你何時去交易會？明天還是另找哪一天？...what/which...結構︰主要子句＋疑問詞（what／how／which／why 等）＋子句

說明︰這是間接<疑問句>。疑問詞后面的語句采用正常詞序，不采用特殊<疑問句>所用的倒裝詞序。全句末尾大多用句點，但也有用問號的。直接問句改為間接問句或間接句時，原先的<疑問句>要改為肯定句或<否定句>的順序；<助動詞>如 will，should，would，must，may，can 等，須照抄，不可去掉；<助動詞>如 do，does，did，必須去掉，再將它后面的原形<動詞>改為適當的形式。

I’d like to know how old the manager is.我想知道經理有多大年紀。

He inquired how it was done.他問這事做得怎么樣了。

Please advise me which item I should buy.請問我該先買哪個品種。

Tell me why it is so important?

告訴我為什么此事這么重要？

They do not know what the words mean.他們不知道這些字的意思是什么。

Tell me what happened yesterday.告訴我昨天所發生的事。

What they talked about is what we want to know.他們談論什么是我們所想要知道的事。

She washed her hair every night and measured how much it grew in a week.她每晚洗頭發，而且量量看一星期長多少。

You will never know how much your encouragement meant to me.你決不會知道你的鼓勵對我多么有意義。...whether / if...結構︰主要子句＋whether／if＋子句

說明︰此句型意為“?是否?”。口語中使用 if 較為普遍。如果子句中帶有 or not 等詞，則只能用 whether；另外，whether 不能引導否定的間接<疑問句>，而 if 則可以。

He asked me the question whether the price was too high.他問我價格是否太高。

They asked him whether the quality is fine or not.他們問他質量是否好。

/ 103

Tell me whether you like this color.告訴我你喜不喜歡這種顏色。

Tell me if it doesn’t rain.告訴我是否下不了雨。

Ask him if it is true.問他那是不是真的。

I wonder if he is in the school.我想知道他是否在學校。Do you know if/where...結構︰一般疑問句＋疑問詞（what／where／when 等）＋子句

說明︰此句為雙重<疑問句>。疑問詞后面采用正常詞序，不用倒裝詞序。

Can you tell me where the teacher has gone? 你能告訴我老師到哪里去了嗎？

Have you any idea where he comes from? 他是哪里人，您知道不知道？

Do you know if they like this new item? 你知道他們是否喜歡這個新品種？

Do you know who wants to go with me? 你知道誰想跟我一起去嗎？

Do you know when the train will leave? 你知道火車何時開嗎？

Can you tell me how much you earn a month? 你能告訴我你一個月賺多少嗎？ He is..., is he? 結構︰肯定式陳述句＋肯定式反問句

說明︰這種疑問<句型>的前后一致，都是肯定式結構。后一部分進一步強調前一部分的內容，是不需要回答的一種修辭方式。

We are old friends, not strangers, right?

我們是老朋友了，不是陌生人，是嗎？

He’s a capable businessman, is he?

他是一位很有能力的業務員，可不是嗎？

So you come importing Chinese textiles, do you? 原來你是來進口中國紡織品的，是么？

So you’ve been to Shanghai, have you? 原來你去過上海，是吧？...what...? 結構︰?疑問詞（在句中任何位置上）?

說明︰疑問詞不是位于句子開頭，而是在句子中任何位置上，這種方法十分簡單，因此在口語中經常出現。

Two times what number makes ten? 什么數的兩倍是十？

You will go where?

你要到哪里去？

You are twenty-what this year?

你今年二十幾歲？

He’s your who? 他是你什么人？ What/How about + N/V-ing? 結構︰What／How about＋名詞／動名詞？

說明︰此句型意為“?如何？”。這是征求對方意見或提議的委婉說法。

What about the name Smith? 史密斯這個名字怎么樣？

What about going to a movie? 去看場電影如何？

What about lending me some money?

借點錢給我如何？

What about washing the car on Sunday?

禮拜天洗車怎么樣？

How about the others? 剩余的怎么樣？

/ 103

How about a drink? 來一杯吧？

How about a cup of coffee at a nearby coffee shop? 去附近的咖啡屋喝杯咖啡吧？ What if...? 結構︰What if＋主詞＋動詞

說明︰此句型意為“如果?的話怎么辦呢？”。但經常用于反語，有時也變成“即使?也沒關系”之意。

What if it is true?

如果這是真的又該如何呢？

What if he doesn’t agree? 如果他不同意該怎么辦呢？

What if he comes back now? 如果他現在回來怎么辦？

What if the boy’s parents should die? 如果那男孩的父母死了該怎么辦呢？

What if I fail!即使我失敗了又怎樣！What...for? 結構︰What＋助動詞＋主詞＋動詞?＋for？

說明︰此句型意為“為什么?？”。相當于“For what?？”

What are you running for? 你為什么在跑步？

What do you want it for?

你為什么要那個？

What did they go there for? 他們為什么去那里？ How else...? 結構︰How else＋助動詞＋主詞＋助動詞？ 說明︰此句型意為“?還有別的方法嗎？”。

How else should a father in this modern world express his affection and concern for his own son?

現代這個世界上，父親還應該有別的方法來對自己的兒子表示愛護和關心嗎？

How else can the doctor save him?

醫院還有別的方法可以救他嗎？

How else can I apologize for her?

我還能有別的方法可以向她道歉嗎？ 假設法句型

If + Present Tense..., S + will/shall + V...結構︰If＋現在式?，S＋未來式?

說明︰if 子句用現在式，表示須具備的條件，主句用未來式表示可能的結果，整句含意為“如果?，那么?”。will 用于所有的人稱，在 I 和 we 之后可用 shall 代替 will。若主句的主詞為 I 或 we 時，可以用 shall 代替 will。像 if necessary（如果需要），if possible（如果可能），if so（如果這樣）等固定詞組實際上是省略了的 if 子句。

If I lose my job, I will/shall go abroad.如果我失業了，我就出國。

If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin.如果我頭痛，我就服一片阿斯匹林。

If it rains, we will stay at home.如果下雨，我們將待在家里。

If the weather clears, we’ll go for a walk.如果天晴，我們就去散步。

If the weather doesn’t clear, we won’t go for a walk.如果天不晴，我們就不去散步。

Inflation may be rising, if(it is)so, prices will go up.10 / 103 通貨膨脹率可能上升。如果是這樣，物價就會上漲。

If possible, She wants to go with us.可能的話，她想跟我們一起去。

Sterling may fall, if(this should be)so, interest rates will rise.英國貨幣可能貶值，如果果真如此，利率就會上升。If + Present Tense..., S + Modal Verb...結構︰If + 現在式，主詞＋情態助動詞

說明︰本句型實為句型之變體。之所以用情態助動詞，主要是因為說話者對可能的結果不是太肯定或者是想表達例如必要的意思。

If it is fine tomorrow, we can go out.如果明天天氣好，我門可以出門。

If it is fine tomorrow, we could go out.如果明天天氣好，我門能夠出門。

If it is fine tomorrow, we may go out.如果明天天氣好，我門可能出門。

If it is fine tomorrow, we might go out.如果明天天氣好，我門可能出門。

If it is fine tomorrow, we should go out.如果明天天氣好，我門宜于出門。

If it is fine tomorrow, we ought to go out.如果明天天氣好，我門宜于出門。

If it is fine tomorrow, we must go out.如果明天天氣好，我門必須出門。If I should..., Imperative Sentence.結構︰If I＋should...＋祈使語氣

說明︰代替，增加了條件的不確定性。本句型常用在想禮貌地提出要求或建議，或者想圓通地告訴他人該做什么事的場合。用 should 起始句子即可不用 if 而表示條件。這種用法比較正式，常用于諸如公函之中，而不用于日常會話。

If you should see him, please give him my regards.如果你見到他，請代我向他致意。

Should you see him, please give him my regards.如果你見到他，請代我向他致意。

If you should happen to see him, please give him my regards.如果你萬一見到他，請代我向他致意。

Should you happen to see him, please give him my regards.如果你萬一見到他，請代我向他致意。

If you should write to her, send her my love.如果你給她寫信，請代我向她問候。

Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know.你若不希望我們的代理人去造訪，請告之。

Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us.你若對我們的報價感興趣，請與我們聯系。If I should..., I will...結構︰If?should?，?would（will）／should（shall）等＋原形動詞

說明︰這是表示與未來事實相反的假設<句型>，if <子句>要用<助動詞> should，譯成“萬一”。should可置于<主詞>前，將 if 省略。<主要子句>的<助動詞>則視可能性做變化：若可能性低，則為過去式，若可能性高，則為現在式。should 可以提前，而將 if 省略。

/ 103

If he should come, I would tell him the truth.萬一他來，我會把真相告訴他。

If he should come, I will tell him the truth.萬一他來，我一定會把真相告訴他。

Should the boy come again, I would throw him out.要是那男孩在來，我就把他攆出去。

If it should rain, our plan would be spoiled.萬一下雨，我們的計劃就泡湯了。

Should that be true, the contract would be canceled.假如那是真的，合約就該取消。

Should another world war break out, what would become of human beings?

萬一另一次世界大戰爆發，人類將會發生什么事？ If I were to..., I...結構︰If?were to?，?would／should 等＋原形動詞

說明︰這也是表示與未來狀況相反的假設<句型>，與“if...should,...”大致相同，但“if...were to”所表示的可能性更低，通常用以表示“與真理相反”的<假設語氣>。

If the sun were to rise in the west, he would pass the exam.要是太陽從西邊出來，他就會通過考試－－他不可能通過考試。

If I were to be born again, I would like to be a bird.我要是再活一次，我想當一只鳥。

If the sun were to disappear, what would the earth be like?

萬一太陽消失了，地球會變成什么樣子？

Were I to die tomorrow, what would my children do?

萬一明天我死了，我的孩子們將怎么辦呢？ If I + V-ed, I would...結構︰If?＋過去式動詞?，主詞＋過去式助動詞（would／should 等）＋原形動詞

說明︰這是與現在事實相反的假設句型。if <子句>中的<動詞>，不論<主詞>為第幾人稱，一律用 were，were 可置于主詞前面，而省略 if。過去式<助動詞>除用 should（用于第一人稱）、would（用于第二、三人稱）外，還可用不分人稱的 could，might 和 ought to，它們與<動詞>原形結合起來構成<假設語氣>。

If I knew his address, I could write to him.如果我知道他的住址，我會寫信給他。

If I were free now, I might call on him.如果我有時間，我可能會去看他。

If you were in my shoes(=Were you in my shoes), what would you do?

如果你站在我的立場，你會怎么做？

Were I rich enough, I would buy a sports car.如果我有足夠的錢，我就買一輛賽車了。

How happy I would be if I were a few inches taller!要是我再高幾寸，我會好高興。

If I had a car, I could take her for a drive.如果我有車，我就帶她去兜風了。

If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly.如果我有望遠鏡，我就可以清楚地看見那顆彗星。It is time that...結構︰It is（high）time＋（that）＋主詞＋過去式動詞

說明︰此句型意為“已經到了?的時間了”。過去式<動詞>處有時亦使用“should＋<動詞>原形”。that <子句>也能用 to <不定詞>來表示。

It is time he went to bed.該是他睡覺的時間了。

/ 103

It is time that you left for the duty.該你當班了。

It is time that you reflected upon your mistakes.該是你反省思過的時候了。

It is high time he should come to our house for dinner.已經到了他該上咱家吃晚飯的時候了。

It is time for somebody to teach you to behave yourself.該是有人教你應對進退之禮儀的時候了。If I had V-ed, I would have...結構︰If?had＋過去分詞?，主詞＋would／should 等＋have＋過去分詞

說明︰這是與過去事實相反的假設<句型>。if <子句>要用<過去完成式>，<主要子句>則要用過去式<助動詞>（would，should，ought to，might，could）＋have＋過去<分詞>。if <子句>中的 had可置于<主詞>前面，而省略 If。

If I had seen him, I would have told him the truth.如果我當時看見他，我會告訴他實情。

I could have finished the task if I had had more time.如果當時我能有多一點時間，我就能完成這項任務。

If we had known of your departure, we would have seen you off at the airport.如果我們事先知道你要離開，我們會到機場送行。

I someone had been with him, he might not have been drowned.如果有人在他旁邊，或許他就不會溺死。

I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses.若非我已經習慣了這樣的回答，我可能不敢輕易相信。

Had he not apologize to her, she would not have forgiven him.她（那時）不會原諒他，若非他道了歉。

Had he not saved me, I might have been drowned.我可能溺死了，若非他救了我。

Had I proposed to you, would you have married me? 我要是當年向你求婚，你會答應嫁給我嗎?

Had you not helped us, we should have canceled this transaction.假如沒有你的幫助，這筆生意早就告吹了。If I had V-ed, I would...結構︰If?had＋過去分詞?，主詞＋would／should 等＋原形動詞＋now／today 說明︰這是<時態>不一致時的假設<句型>，亦稱混合假設條件句。即：if <子句>若與過去事實相反，用<過去完成式>表示；而<主要子句>若與現在事實相反，則用過去式<助動詞>表示。此類<主要子句>句尾通常有表現在的<時間副詞>，如 now，today 等。

If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now.如果他年輕時多努力一點，現在就能過得舒服些。

If I had been rich ten years ago, I could buy that house today.如果十年前我有錢，今天我就能買下那棟房子了。

Had he told the truth, he wouldn’t be punished now.如果他當時肯說實話，現在就不會受罪了。

Had he followed the doctor’s advice, he might be alive now.13 / 103

當時他要是聽了醫生的建議，現在可能還活著。I wish...+ V-ed...結構︰I wish＋（that）＋主詞＋動詞過去式／過去完成式（had＋過去分詞）?

說明︰I wish 之后以 that <子句>為<受詞>時，該<子句>的<動詞>一定要用<假設語氣>：若<動詞>用過去式，表示與現在事實相反的愿望；若用<過去完成式>，則表示與過去事實相反的愿望。“I wish＋that-<子句>”的<句型>也可用“I would rather＋that-<子句>”取代。而 I hope 之后以 that <子句>做<受詞>時，該<子句>用一般<時態>。

I wish there were meadows and lambs.但愿有草地與小羊。

I wish I were as tall as you.但愿我像你一樣高。

I wish he could tell us.但愿他能告訴我們。

I wish(=I would rather)he could come tomorrow.但愿他明天能來。

I wish you had not been caught in the rain yesterday.但愿昨天你們沒有淋到雨。

I wish you had not told the truth.但愿你沒有說實話。

I wish I had known you ten years ago.真希望十年前就已經認識你。If only + V-ed 結構︰If only＋過去式／過去完成式

說明︰此句型意為“要是?就好了。”用過去式，表示與現在事實相反；若用<過去完成式>，則表示與過去事實相反。

If only I had a rich father.要是我有個有錢的爸爸就好了。

If only he had been here.要是他當時在這兒就好了。

If only I had another chance.要是我再有一次機會就好了。...as if/as though...結構︰?as if／as though?現在式／過去式／過去完成式

說明︰此句型意為“彷佛?；好像?一樣”。as if，as though 是<副詞><連接詞>，引導<副詞子句>。<子句>中，可用現在式，以表示事實；也可用過去式或<過去完成式>，分別表示與現在或過去事實相反的<假設語氣>。

He speaks like that as if he doesn’t want to attend the meeting.他那樣說話，似乎不想參加會議。

He walks as if he is drunk.他走起路來好像他真的醉了。

He felt as if he almost wished to kill them.他感覺彷佛幾乎要殺掉他們。

The baby opened the book as if he were able to read.這個嬰兒打開書本彷佛他會念書。

The nurse attends on the patient as if he were her father.這護士照顧這位病人彷佛在照顧她爸爸似的。

He ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible.他跑進屋子，彷佛他看到什么可怕的東西。

She looks as if nothing had happened to her.她當時看起來好像什么事都沒發生似的。It seems/looks as if...結構︰It seems／looks as if?

說明︰此句型意為“似乎?”。本句型中的 as if <子句>可用以表示事實，或<假設語氣>。

/ 103

It looks as if it is going to rain.好像要下雨了。

It seems as if he knows everything.他似乎是個萬事通。

It seems as if he knew everything, but in reality, he is as stupid as can be.他似乎是個萬事通。其實他是再愚蠢不過了。

It looks as if she had just come back from outer space.她看起來彷佛剛從外層空間回來似的。

It seemed as if he had finished the work.他似乎已經完成了這個工作。

It seemed as if he would never finish the work.他似乎永遠完成不了這個工作。If it were not for...結構︰if it were not for＋名詞／子句，主詞＋would／should 等＋原形動詞?

說明︰此句型意為“若非（有）?”。此類句構專門用于表示與現在事實相反的<假設語氣>。亦可用“but for＋<名詞>”或“without＋<名詞>”代替。were 可以提前，省略 if，如例句3。

If it were not for his presence, I would punish you.要不是他在場，我會處罰你的。

But for your advice, I should have failed.要不是你的忠告，我會失敗的。

But for music(=Were it not for music), life would be dull.要不是音樂，人生會很無聊。

If it were not for oxygen and nitrogen in the air, no man could live on the earth.大氣中如果沒有氧和氮，人就無法生存于地球了。

Without air, all living things would die.若非空氣，所有的生物都會死亡。

Without newspaper, we would get behind the times.要不是報紙，我們都趕不上時代了。

I should be lonely, were it not for the birds and the flowers.我會寂寞，若非有鳥也有花。

Were it not for his help, I could not finish the work.若非有他的幫助，我就不能完成這件工作。

Were it not for science, we could not live a comfortable live.若非科學，我們無法過著舒適的生活。If it had not been for...結構︰if it had not been for＋名詞／子句，主詞＋would／should 等＋原形動詞?

說明︰此句型意為“若非（有）?”。此類句構專門用于表示與過去事實相反的<假設語氣>。

If it had not been for his help, I should have failed.如果沒有他的幫忙，我應該已經失敗。

Had it not been for your timely help, our company would have been on the verge of bankruptcy.若非你及時伸出援助之手，本公司將會瀕臨破產的邊緣。

If it had not been for these experiments, the improvement of the machine would have been impossible.要不是這些實驗，這部機器也許就不可能改良了。

Had it not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the mountains.要不是這位好心的向導，我可能就在山中迷路了。

If it had not been that he was here, I would have punished you.要不是他在場，我當時就會處罰你。I demand/insist that...結構︰主詞1＋意志動詞（demand／insist 等）＋（that）＋主詞2＋（should）＋原形動詞

說明︰意志<動詞>有四類：建議（suggest，recommend，propose，advise，urge 等），要求（desire，ask，15 / 103 demand，require，request，maintain，insist 等），命令（order，command 等），規定（rule，regulate，stipulate 等）。其后接 that-<子句>時，該<子句>里的<動詞>要用原形或“should＋<動詞>”。美式英語通常省略 should。

The committee moved that the meeting(should)be adjourned.委員提議休會。

His parents demanded that he(should)be back by ten.他的父母要求他十點以前回家。

The employees demand that their salaries be raised.員工們要求加薪。

They ruled that the law(should)not be imposed.他們規定不應加重法律。

His father ordered that he(should)keep a diary in English.他的父親規定他要用英文寫日記。

My mother encouraged me and insisted that I continue my education.我媽媽鼓勵我，而且堅持我應該繼續我的教育。

He insisted that I(should)apologize to her.他堅持我應該向她道歉。

Recently, many states have insisted that high schools teach students how to drive.最近，許多州堅持中學應該教學生如何開車。

His father insisted that they(should)move to the country.他爸爸堅持他們應該搬到鄉下。It is proper...that...結構︰It is＋意志形容詞（important 等）＋（that）＋主詞＋（should）＋原形動詞

說明︰意志<形容詞>包括 important，necessary，imperative，essential，urgent，desirable，advisable，recommendable，proper 等。that-<子句>中只能用<助動詞> should，不可用 must，而 should 往往予以省略。

It is necessary that he(should)sort out the information for my reference.他有必要整理些資料供我參考。

It is essential that he get up early.他有必要早起。

It is urgent that food and clothing(should)be sent to the sufferers.急需將食物和衣服送給災民。

It is desirable that we(should)provide for the poor at Christmas.在圣誕節施舍窮人是可喜的事。

It is important that he be quiet.他該保持安靜是有必要的。

It is important that he not do it.他不該做那事是有必要的。

It is requested that all members be present at the party.全體會員都被要求出席這次晚會。

It is proper that such a bad man be punished severely.這么壞的人受重罰是應該的。Imperative Sentence + Conj.+ Main Clause 結構︰祈使句＋連接詞＋主句

說明︰<祈使句>表示須具備的條件，主句表示可能的結果。<祈使句>代替 if 子句進行評說，提出要求，訂立協議，提供建議或威脅等。<祈使句>的用法比 if 子句表示的更為緊迫。

Provide the materials and we’ll do the job.提供材料，我們就做這活。

Stop shouting or you’ll wake up the neighbors.不要喊了，否則你會把鄰居吵醒的。

Put that down or else I’ll smack you.把它放下，不然我就揍你。

Be there on time, otherwise you’ll create a bad impression.要準時來，否則你會給人一個壞的印象。

Fail to pay and they’ll cut off the electricity.你（如果）不付款，他們就要斷電。

/ 103

Stop eating sweets, or you won’t get any dinner.你如果不停止吃糖，你就不要吃飯。Unless...結構︰Unless＋子句，主要子句

說明︰此句型意為“除非?”。unless 引導一個否定假設句，相當于 if...not...，有時可以互換使用。總體上看，unless 的語氣強于 if...not...，而且有時較為常用，例如在最后通牒中。

Unless you change your mind(=If you don’t change you mind), I won’t be able to help you.除非你改變你的想法，否則我不能幫助你。

Unless the management improves their offer, there’ll be a strike.除非資方做出進一步的建議，否則將舉行罷工。

I couldn’t have got to the meeting on time － unless I had caught an earlier train.我不可能及時趕到會場，除非我趕上了較找的一班火車。Provided/Providing(that)....結構︰Provided／provided（that）＋子句，S＋V...說明︰此句型意為“如果?”。Provided/Providing(that)引導假設條件句，其功能相當于 if。

Provided/Providing(that)you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off.如果你到今晚把手頭上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。As/So long as...結構︰As/So long as ＋子句，S＋V...說明︰此句型意為“如果?，只要?”。As/So long as引導一個條件假設句，其功能相當于 if。

So(As)long as you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow leave.如果你到今晚把手頭上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。

As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe.如果你開車小心，你就會很安全。

You may eat anything, so long as you don’t eat too much.只要不吃得太多，你可以吃任何東西。

As long as live, I will help you.只要我活著，我都會幫助你。

As long as you don’t betray me, I’ll do whatever you ask me to(do).只要你不出賣我，要我做什么我都愿意。

We’ll ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.只要有船，我們就盡早裝貨。

You will never be good students so long as you goof around.如果你們成天游手好閑，就永遠也成不了好學生。Suppose/Supposing(that)...結構︰Suppose/Supposing（that）＋子句，S＋V...說明︰此句型意為“如果?，假使?”。Suppose/Supposing(that)引導假設條件句，其功能相當于 if。

Suppose/Supposing(that)we miss the train, what shall we do? 如果我們誤了火車，我們將怎么辦？ What if/Say...結構︰What if/Say＋子句，S＋V...說明︰此句型意為“假設?”。What if 和 Say 用來引導一個假設條件句，其義相當于 Let us suppose（讓

/ 103 我們假設）。

What if/Say he goes home before us and can’t get in? What will he do then?

假設他在我們之前趕到家而又進不去呢？那他怎么辦呢？

What if/Say you were to run out of money? What would you do?

假設你的錢用完了呢？你將怎么辦呢？ With luck...結構︰With luck，＋主要子句

說明︰With luck 為含蓄假設條件句（即不用 if 直接引導）。with luck 意為“如果幸運的話，如果運氣好的話”。

With luck, we’ll be there by tomorrow.幸運的話，我們明天將到達那兒。（=If we are lucky）

With luck, she will get the job.如果幸運的話，她將得到那份工作。（=If she is lucky）Given time...結構︰Given time，＋主要子句

說明︰此為含蓄假設條件句（即不用 if 直接引導）。Given time 意為“（如果）給以時間的話”。Given time, they will probably agree.給以時間的話，他們可能會同意。（=If they are given time/If we give them time）

To hear him talk,...結構︰To hear him talk，＋主要子句

說明︰此句型意為“聽某人談話（的口氣）?”。從形式上看，To hear him talk 似為不定式詞組，但實則為含蓄條件句（即不用 if 直接引導）。To hear him talk 相當于 If you could hear him talk。

To hear him talk, you’d think he was Prime Minister.聽他談話（那口氣），你會以為他是首相呢。

To hear you talk, I’d think you were Prime Minister.聽你談話（那口氣），我還以為你是首相呢。Without..., S + V...結構︰Without ?，＋主要子句

說明︰此句型意為“如果沒有?”，是導致主要子句結果發生的必要條件。Without...為含蓄假設條件句，此用法在口語表達中最為常見。without 意為“（如果）沒有?的話”。Without 既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾，放在句首有強調作用。此外，如果主要子句用否定式，則和 without 構成雙重否定，表示特別強調 without 之后項為主要子句動作發生之必備條件。

Without your help, I couldn’t have done it.（如果）沒有你的幫助，我是不會做成的。（=If you hadn’t helped me）

She can’t solve the problem without his help.如果）沒有他的幫助，她不可能解決這道題。

We can’t live without air or water.（如果）沒有空氣或水，我們就無法生存。

Fish cannot live without water.（如果）沒有水，魚兒就無法生存。比較句型 as/so...as...結構︰as／so＋形容詞或副詞原級＋as?

/ 103 說明︰此句型意為“?和?一樣?”。比較兩件東西，并表示它們的程度一樣。第一個 as 為<副詞>，第二個 as 則為<副詞><連接詞>，引導<副詞子句>，修飾第一個 as。在 as?as 中可插入單數<可數名詞>，即：“as＋<形容詞>＋a／an＋<名詞>＋as”。若是復數<名詞>，可用“as many／few＋復數 <名詞>＋as”；若是<不可數名詞>，則用“as much／little＋<不可數名詞>＋as”。“as＋原級（形、副）＋as＋原級（形、副）”這形式表示有關同一人（物）的兩種不同的性質、狀態是一樣程度的，譯作“既有?且還有?”。

He is as handsome as his brother(is).他和他哥哥一樣英俊。

Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does.朱迪像莎拉一樣時常去看電影。

Old John goes to sleep as easily as a baby does.老約翰像嬰兒一樣容易入睡。

The girls are as busy with their work as bees.這些女孩子就跟蜜蜂一樣忙著工作。

He is as nice a boy as Peter(is).他和彼得一樣都是好男孩。

She has as many friends as Mary(does).她和瑪麗一樣有許多朋友。

He has as much money as John(does).他和約翰一樣有很多錢。

He is as clever as(he is)handsome.他不但英俊而且聰明。

My teacher is as kind as(she is)intelligent.我的老師不但善良而且聰慧。as many/much...結構︰as many／much＋名詞?

說明︰此句型意為“同數（量）的?；一樣多”。本<詞組>旨在用以代替句中前面已提到的相同數字，以避免該數字的重復。

He was tired enough to make ten errors in as many(=in ten)pages.他疲倦得十頁中犯了十個錯誤。

Mike read five books in as many(=in five)months.麥克在五個月內看了五本書。

I didn’t expect that he should have committed three robberies in as many days.沒想到（老實的）他居然在三天內犯了三次搶劫罪。as many/much as...結構︰as many／much as＋數字＋復數名詞／不可數名詞

說明︰此句型意為“多達?”。不要與“as many／much＋<名詞>”（同數量的?）混淆。同理，此類<詞組>還有：as long as＋數字＋<名詞>（長達?），as wide as＋數字＋<名詞>（寬達?），as high as＋數字＋<名詞>（高達?），as early as＋數字＋<名詞>（早在?），as late as＋數字＋<名詞>（遲在?）等。

She has as many as seven sisters.她的姊妹有七人之多。

As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash.這次空難中多達一百人喪生。

I gave the beggar as much as 1,000 yen.我給了這乞丐整整一千元。

Building costs ran up to as much as NT$ 20 million.建筑費用漲到高達新臺幣兩千萬。

I have been learning English(for)as long as 15 years.我學英文已有十五年之久。

He came home as late as two in the morning.他遲至清晨兩點才回家。

I saw your brother as late as last week.上個禮拜我還看到你哥哥。

The river is as wide as 100 meters.這條河寬達一百公尺。

I mailed the letter as early as Friday.我早在星期五就把信寄了。

/ 103 A is as much + N + as B is 結構︰主詞＋be＋as＋much＋名詞＋as＋（be）＋主詞

說明︰此句型意為“?和?同樣?”。“as much＋<名詞>＋as＋（be）＋<主詞>”的 be 通常省略或放句末。

Comets are just as much members of the sun’s family as(are)the other planets.彗星和其他的行星同樣是太陽家族的成員。

To eat too much is as much a bad thing as to eat nothing.吃太多和什么都不吃同樣是壞事。

He is as much a member of the orchestra as Tom.他和湯姆同樣是管弦樂隊的成員。not as/so + ADJ/ADV + as + N 結構︰not as／so＋形容詞／副詞＋as＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“不像?那樣?”。as?as 可用于肯定句或<否定句>，而 so?as 僅可用于<否定句>構中。

It is not as(so)popular as other foods.它不像其他食物那樣受歡迎。

He does not study as(so)hard as John.他不像約翰那樣用功。

I am not as(so)careful as Tom.我不像湯姆那樣細心。as far as...結構︰as far as＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“到?之遠；到?的程度”。而“as far as＋<主詞>＋<動詞>”則表示“只要?，在?范圍內的話?”。

Swallows from England go as far as South Africa.英國來的燕子飛到南非那樣遠的地方。

We walked as far as the railroad station.我們走到火車站那樣遠的地方。

We drove as far south as Kaohsiung.我們往南開車一直到高雄。He went as far as Yokohama to meet his friend from England.他遠至橫濱去迎接由英國來的朋友。

I swam as far as I could.我盡可能地游遠。...just as...as...結構︰主詞＋動詞＋just as＋形容詞／副詞＋as＋（代）名詞／動名詞

說明︰此句型意為“?就像?一樣?”。第一個 as 是“同樣的；一樣的”，第二個 as 是“像”之意。若<主詞>之后不是 be <動詞>，則 as 之后不用<形容詞>，而要用<副詞>。

Being a good pedestrian is just as important as being a good driver.做一個好的行人就像做一個好的司機一樣重要。

Writing is just as important as reading.寫作就像閱讀一樣重要。

He wrote just as carefully as Tom.他就像湯姆一樣小心地寫。...as...as one can 結構︰?as＋形容詞／副詞／名詞＋as one can 說明︰此句型意為“盡可能?”。“as...as one can”相當于“as...as possible”。one 要隨<主詞>的人稱而變化，而 can 要隨<時態>變化。

/ 103

To speak English fluently, you had better read as many English articles as you can.要想把英文講得很流利，你最好盡量多看英文文章。

Take as much exercise as you can.盡可能多做運動。

Be as careful as you can.盡可能小心。

Our teacher explained the lesson to us as clearly as he could.我們的老師盡可能清楚地為我們解釋這一課。

She needed to soften her request to make it as polite and courteous as she could.她需要使請求語氣柔婉，以便盡可能把它變成有禮貌與客氣。

You should be as careful as you can in making friends.在交朋友方面，你應該盡可能小心。

We had better learn by heart as many sentence patterns as we can.我們最好盡可能多背句型。

I looked down the road as far as I could.我盡可能遙望這條路。

I will try to save as much as I can.我會設法盡可能多儲蓄。

You should remain as quiet as you can.你應盡可能地保持沉默。...as...as...can be 結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋as＋形容詞＋as＋（形容詞）＋can be 說明︰此句型意為“極?，不亞于任何人?”。此<句型>借重復同一個<形容詞>而成為強調此<形容詞>的說法。常用的此類<詞組>有：as plain as plain can be（再明白不過了），as wise as wise can be（再聰明不過了），as white as white can be（白得不能再白了），as wrong as wrong can be（錯得太離譜）等。

His failure is as plain as plain can be.他的失敗是再明白不過了。

He is as handsome as(handsome)can be.他瀟灑極了。

She is as kind as can be.她極為和顏悅色。

Mary is as hardworking as can be.瑪麗在班上之用功不輸任何人。

He may not be so clever as Peter, but he is as industrious as can be.他也許不如彼得聰明，但卻用功極了。as...as ever 結構︰as＋形容詞／副詞＋as ever 說明︰此句型意為“與往常一樣?”。

He seems to be as busy as ever.他似乎和往常一樣忙碌。

He works as hard as ever.他和往常一樣努力工作。

She was as beautiful as ever after so many years.過了那么多年，她美麗如故。...times as...as...結構︰倍數詞＋as＋形容詞／副詞＋as?

說明︰此句型意為“是?的幾倍”。“兩倍”是 twice，而三倍以上的“倍”，通常用 times。

An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest jet.平常的地下火車接近車站時，發出的聲音可能是最大聲的噴射機的兩倍。

This line is four times as long as that one.這條線是那條線的四倍長。

/ 103

I am twice as old as he.我的年紀是他的兩倍。

She studies three times as hard as I.她用功的程度是我的三倍。

He earns twice as much as he used to.他比往常多賺二倍的錢。

She spent half as much money as you.她花掉的錢只有你花掉的一半。...times the/my N...結構︰?倍數詞＋the（或所有格）＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“是?的幾倍”。<倍數詞>與<名詞>之間一定有 the 或<所有格>。有時可改為“<倍數詞>＋as＋<形容詞>”。三倍以上的“倍”，通常用“times”。而“more than＋<倍數詞>＋the（或<所有格>）＋<名詞>”譯為“是?的幾倍還不止”。

It was over twice the distance of the earth from the sun.那是地球到太陽的距離的兩倍多。

Line A is four times the length of line B.線條 A 是線條 B 的四倍長。

I have five times the number of Tom’s books.我有五倍于湯姆的書。

He has three times my money.他的錢是我的三倍。

He has more than three times my money.他的錢是我的三倍還不止。

The river is ten times the length of the Tamsui River.這條河的長度是淡水河的十倍。

Holland has two-thirds the inhabitants of the state of New York, which is four times the size of Holland.荷蘭的居民是紐約州的三分之二，而紐約州卻是荷蘭的四倍大。more than...as...as 結構︰more than＋倍數詞＋as＋形容詞／副詞＋as 說明︰此句型意為“是?的幾倍還不止”。“兩倍”是twice，而三倍以上的“倍”，通常用times。

He is more than three times as rich as I.(=He is three times richer than I.)他的財富是我的三倍還不止。

He studies more than three times as hard as I.他用功的程度是我的三倍還不止。

I am more than twice as old as he.我的年齡是他的兩倍還不止。

He has collected more than three times as many stamps as I(have).他搜集的郵票是我的三倍還不止。...times...er than...結構︰倍數詞＋形容詞或副詞比較級＋than?

說明︰此句型意為“比?大幾倍”。“兩倍”是twice，而三倍以上的“倍”，通常用times。

We now know that X-ray waves are 2,000 to 10,000 times shorter than light waves.我們現在知道Ｘ光波比光波短二千到一萬倍。

This street is four times shorter than that one.這條街道比那條短四倍。

The mother elephant is one hundred times heavier than the baby elephant.這只母象比小象重一百倍。

It is ten times louder than another.它比另外一個的聲音大十倍。

This street is three times wider than that one.這條街比那條街寬三倍。

I am twice older than he.我的年紀比他大兩倍。not so adj.as adj.結構︰not so＋形容詞／副詞＋as＋形容詞／副詞

/ 103 說明︰此句型意為“與其說是?倒不如說是?”。相當于“<形容詞>／<副詞>＋rather than＋<形容詞>／<副詞>”。

She is not so beautiful as charming.(=She is charming rather than beautiful.)與其說她美倒不如說她迷人。

He is not so clever as diligent.與其說他聰明倒不如說他勤奮。

She is not so kind as simple.與其說她善良不如說她單純。not so much + N as + N 結構︰not so much＋名詞＋as＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“與其說是?倒不如說是?”。相當于“<名詞>＋rather than＋<名詞>”。

He is not so much a writer as a scholar.與其說他是作家倒不如說他是學者。

He is not so much a genius as a hard worker.他的努力勝于天份。

The Apollo program was not so much a scientific achievement as a technical accomplishment.阿波羅計劃與其說是一項科學成果，不如說是一項技術成就。not so much...as...結構︰not so much＋介系詞詞組／不定詞詞組＋as＋介系詞詞組／不定詞詞組

說明︰此句型意為“與其說是?倒不如說是?”。相當于“<介系詞詞組>／<不定詞詞組>＋rather than＋ <介系詞詞組>/<不定詞詞組>”。

Happiness hinges not so much on wealth as on health.快樂與其說在于財富倒不如說在于健康。

One’s greatness lies not so much in his wealth as in his character.一個人的偉大與其說是由他的財富來判斷，倒不如說是由他的品德來判斷。

Success lies not so much as in luck as in hard work.與其說成功在于運氣不如說是辛勤努力。

I lay down not so much to sleep as to think.我躺下來與其說是要睡覺，倒不如說是要思考。

It is not so helpful to give someone some bread as to teach him how to make a living.與其說給人面包很有幫助，倒不如說教導他如何謀生才重要。

Our success was attributed not so much to your help as to our cooperation.我們的成功與其歸功于您的幫忙，不如歸功于我們的合作。

The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.學校教育的最大用處，與其說是教你事物，不如說是教你學習的方法。

The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.(=The oceans do not divide the world so much as unite it.)與其說是海洋分割這個世界，不如說是統一這個世界。not so much as...結構︰not so much as...說明︰此句型意為“甚至都不?”。相當于“not even...”。本<詞組>使用時，要置于<助動詞>之后，即： cannot so much as＋原形<動詞>（甚至?都不能），do not so much as＋原形<動詞>（甚至?都不），have not so much as＋過去<分詞>（甚至?都沒有）。

He cannot so much as write his own name.(=He cannot even write his own name.)

/ 103

他甚至連自己的名字都不會寫。

He did not so much as thank me.他甚至都沒謝我。

He is so stupid that he can’t so much as eat.他蠢得甚至連吃飯都不會。

When Mary walked in, she didn’t so much as take a glance at me, which angered me.瑪麗進門時，連看我一眼都沒有，真令人生氣。the more..., the more...結構︰the＋比較級?，the＋比較級?

說明︰此句型意為“愈?，就愈?”。若句中的<主詞>為一般<名詞>，而非<代名詞>（he，it，you，they）或<專有名詞>（John，Mary），且后面的<動詞>為 be <動詞>時，該 be <動詞>可省略。The more you soften a request, the more polite it becomes.你愈使請求柔婉，請求就愈變為客氣。

The longer you stay here, the more you will like the place.你在這里待得愈久，你愈會喜歡這個地方。

The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make.你愈小心，你犯錯就會愈少。

The more I learn, the less I feel I know.學而后知不足。

The closer you stay to nature, the more you will appreciate her beauty.你愈接近大自然，就愈能了解它的美。

The more leisure he has, the less he stays at home.愈是有空，他愈不肯待在家里。

The better the boy(is), the more I like him.這男孩愈好我愈喜歡他。

The colder the weather(is), the more comfortable my life(will be).天氣愈冷，我的生活就愈舒服。

The bigger the house(is), the more money it will cost.房子愈大愈值錢。

The more haste, the less speed.欲速則不達。

The more noble the more humble.結實愈豐者，其穗愈低。

More profit and less honor.舍名逐利。

The sooner the better.事不宜遲。

The more you have, the more you want.擁有愈多，欲望愈高。

The more you beat iron the harder it grows.鐵不煉不成鋼，玉不琢不成器。more and more...結構︰比較級＋and＋比較級 說明︰此句型意為“愈來愈?”。

The noise of traffic grows louder and louder.交通的噪音變得愈來愈大。

It is getting hotter and hotter.天氣愈來愈熱。

You should study harder and harder.你應該更用功念書。

The girl became more and more beautiful.這女孩變得愈來愈漂亮了。

With the rapid economical development, China’s position on the international stage is getting more and more important.隨著經濟迅速發展，中國在國際舞臺上的地位變得愈來愈重要了。...more...than...24 / 103 結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋more?than?

說明︰此句型意為“?是?而不是?”。在“?”的位置，可以用<名詞>，<形容詞>，或帶有形容詞性的<分詞>。

You may also find that reading has become more fun than work!

你或許也會發現閱讀已經變成是有趣的事，而不是工作。

It is more a made-up story than a real occurrence.那是杜撰的故事，而不是真實發生的事情。

I was more disappointed than discouraged.我是失望，而不是泄氣。

He seems more like a military officer than a business executive.他似乎比較像一個軍官，而不像一個商業行政主管。

He is more a sprinter than a swimmer.他是短跑健將，而不是游泳選手。

I am more frightened than hurt.我嚇壞了而沒有受傷。

Sue is more beautiful than Jane.蘇比珍較美。

The computer is more expensive than the typewriter.這部計算機比這部打字機更貴。

People in the country are happier than people in the city.鄉下的人們比城市的人們更快樂。N1 more...than N2 結構︰名詞1＋比較級＋than＋名詞2 說明︰此句型意為“比?更為?的?”。

People have to live on something more nourishing than hope.人們必須依賴比希望更滋養的東西來過活。

I have never seen a girl more beautiful than Mary.我從未見過比瑪麗更為美麗的女孩子。

I want some persons more experienced than Tom.我要一些比湯姆更有經驗的人。more N than + ADJ/V-ed 結構︰比較級＋名詞＋than＋（be 動詞）＋形容詞／過去分詞 說明︰此句型意為“比?來得更多的?”。be <動詞>通常省略。

Some people give higher priced gifts than necessary for the situation.有些人給了比情況所必要來得更高價的禮物。

I did more work than required.我做了比所被要求的來得更多的工作。

We were given more money than necessary for the project.我們被給了比計劃所要求來得更多的錢。It is better to V1 than V2 結構︰It is＋比較級＋to＋原形動詞1?than＋（to）＋原形動詞2? 說明︰此句型意為“?比?更?”。than 之后的 to 可以省略。

It is better to laugh than(to)weep.笑比哭好。

It is more comfortable to lie on a lawn than(to)sit in the office.躺在草坪上比坐在辦公室里舒服。

It is harder to teach than(to)study.教書比讀書辛苦。make...more...of...結構︰主詞＋make＋受詞＋more＋形容詞＋of?

/ 103 說明︰此句型意為“?使?更加?”。根據不同的情況，句子可以有不同<時態>。

Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight.黑暗會使他更加珍惜視力。

Their sudden attack made us more aware of the danger around us.他們突然的攻擊使我們更加注意我們周圍的危險。

Your encouragement made me more confident of my future.你的鼓勵使我對我的未來更加有信心。all the more for...結構︰all the＋比較級＋for＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“即使?卻更加?；因為?反而更加?”。for 為<介系詞>，之后接<名詞>為其<受詞>。也可寫成“all the＋比較級＋because-子句”。because 為<副詞><連接詞>，之后接<主詞>＋<動詞>，引導<副詞子句>。

You will enjoy stories all the more for having understood the characters in them.你會因為已經了解小說中的角色，而更加喜歡小說。

I love her all the better for her poverty(=because she is poor).因為她窮，我反而更喜歡她。

I like the book all the more for its beautiful illustrations.我因為精美的插圖而更加喜歡這本書。

He studied all the harder because he had failed(=for his failure).因為他失敗了，他反而更用功念書了。

She is all the more beautiful for her shabby clothing(=because her clothing is shabby).即使她衣衫襤褸，卻顯得更美麗了。

I respect him all the more because he has faults.因為他有缺點，我反而更尊敬他。

I like Kyoto all the better for its many narrow streets.正因為小道多，我反而更喜歡京都。none the...er for...結構︰none the＋比較級＋for＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“即使?卻一點也不?”。相當于“none the＋比較級＋because-子句”。for 為<介系詞>，之后接<名詞>為其<受詞>；because 則為<副詞><連接詞>，之后接<主詞>＋<動詞>，引導<副詞子句>。

His health is none the better for his exercise(=because he takes exercise).即使他運動，他的健康狀況卻一點也不好。

She is none the more beautiful because she wears a fancy dress.即使她身穿時髦洋裝，卻一點也不漂亮。

He is none the happier for his great wealth.即使他有錢，卻一點也不快樂。He is none the wiser because he has read many books.他雖然讀了不少書，可是并未因此而聰明些。none the less...for...結構︰none the less＋形容詞／副詞＋for＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“即使?卻仍然”。相當于“none the less＋形容詞／副詞＋because-子句”。none the less 為<副詞>，譯成“仍然”，可修飾<動詞>，<形容詞>或<副詞>；修飾<動詞>時，置于該<動詞>之后；修飾<形容詞>時，置于該<形容詞>之前；修飾<副詞>時，置于該<副詞>之前。

/ 103

I love him none the less because he is poor.即使他窮，我還是愛他。

She is none the less beautiful for her shabby clothing.即使她衣衫襤褸，卻仍然美麗。

He studied none the less hard because he had failed.即使他失敗了，卻仍然用功念書。...no more...than...結構︰A＋動詞＋no more＋B＋than＋C＋動詞＋D 說明︰此句型意為“A 不是 B 正如 C 不是 D”。“no more...than”等于“not...any more than”。若 than之后的詞類與前面的詞類相同，可以省略；若不同，則不可省略。

A whale is no more a fish than a horse is.鯨魚不是魚正如馬不是魚一樣。

A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man.沒有愛的家不是家，就如同沒有靈魂的身體不是人一樣。

He is no more able to speak English than I am(able to speak English).和我不會說英語一樣，他也不會說英語。

He is no more considerate of others than his brother is.他不體諒別人，就跟他弟弟一樣。

He can no more sing than I can dance.他不會唱歌正如我不會跳舞一樣。

We can no more live without sleep than(we can)without water.我們沒有睡眠不能活，正如我們沒有水就不能活一樣。

I am no more out of my mind than you are(out of your mind).你我兩人都沒有瘋狂。

Tom was no more surprised than(he was)disappointed at this news.湯姆聽見那消息既不驚訝也不失望。

He is no better(no more good)at English than I am.他的英文不好，就像我一樣。...no less...than...結構︰A＋動詞＋no less＋B＋than＋C＋動詞＋D 說明︰此句型意為“A 是 B 和 C 是 D 一樣”。“no less...than”等于“as...as”，no less 之后可置<副詞>或 <形容詞>修飾。

A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is.鯨魚和馬一樣都是哺乳動物。

He is no less clever than his elder brother.他和他的大哥一樣聰明。

She is no less good at swimming than Mary.她和瑪麗一樣擅長游泳。

His parents are no less happy over his engagement than he is(happy over his engagement).他的雙親對他訂婚的高興并不亞于他自己。

He studies no less hard than John.他和約翰一樣用功。

Associating with good friends is no less important to us than choosing good books.交益友與選擇好書對我們同樣重要。

A good shirt is no less expensive than a jacket.一件好襯衫的昂貴程度并不比一件夾克衫差。

Sports wears, no less than suits, are very much saleable.運動服和西服套一樣，非常暢銷。not more...than...結構︰not more?than?

/ 103 說明︰此句型意為“沒有比?更多；最多只是和?一樣”。等于“at best as...as”。

She is not more beautiful than Mary.她不比瑪麗美麗－－頂多只是和瑪麗一樣美。

I was not more surprised than he(was).我不像他那樣驚訝。

He is not more handsome than I.他不比我瀟灑－－頂多跟我一樣瀟灑。not less...than 結構︰not less...than 說明︰此句型意為“沒有比?更少；至少與?一樣”。等于“at least as...as”。

She is not less beautiful than Mary.她至少和瑪麗一樣美麗。

He is not less interested in composing music than Jane.他至少跟珍一樣對譜曲很感興趣。

He is not less handsome than I.他至少跟我一樣瀟灑。no more than...結構︰no more than＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“僅僅?”。等于“only＋<名詞>”，強調稀少。

It will take no more than five days to read the book.不到五天，我就會把這本書讀完。

It is no more than ten minutes’ walk from the station.由車站走到這里只有十分鐘的路程。

I had no more than 2 or 3 mistakes on my English assignment.我的英文作業中只有兩三處錯誤。no less than...結構︰no less than＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“多達?；足足有?之多”。等于“as many／much as...”，強調多。

I received no less than ten thousand yen for my work.我的工資多達一萬元。

The audience was no less than five thousand.聽眾有五千人之多。

That hotel probably costs no less than 20 dollars a night.那間旅館的住宿費大約要20元一晚呢。

No less than ten students flunked the exam.整整有十位學生在這次考試中不及格。not more than...結構︰not more than＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“最多不超過?”。等于“at most＋<數詞>＋<名詞>”。

It is not more than ten minutes’ walk from the station.由車站走到這里最多十分鐘的路程。

I’ll stay here not more than three days.我將待在這里最多不超過三天。

For safety’s sake, don’t drive more than 30 kilometers per hour in the city.為了安全起見，在市內開車時速不要超過三十公里。not less than...結構︰not less than＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“至少?”。等于“at least＋<數詞>＋<名詞>”。

The audience was not less than five thousand.聽眾至少也有五千人。

I’ll stay here not less than three days.我將待在這里至少三天。

Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six

/ 103 days.雖然他們認為完成這任務只需三天，但我卻認為至少需要六天。at best + N 結構︰at best＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“充其量?；只不過是?”。等于“nothing but...”。

Don’t expect much of him;he is at best a student.不要對他期望過高；他只不過是個學生。

She is at best a second-rate singer.她充其量是個二流歌手。

Don’t scold him too much;he is at best a child.不要太責罵他；他只不過是個孩子。much more /much less...結構︰much more／much less?

說明︰此句型意為“更不用說?”。“much more...”等于“let alone...”或“still more...”，只用于肯定句；“much less...”等于“still less...”，只用于<否定句>。

She can speak English, much more/let alone/still more write it.她會說英語，更不用說寫英文了。

She cannot speak English, much less/still less write it.她不會說英語，更不用說寫英文了。

You have a right to your property, much more to your ideas.你有處理自己財產的權利，更有支配自己思想的權利。

I enjoy singing, much more listening to music.我喜歡唱歌，更不用說聽音樂了。

She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.她連生活必需品都不能買，更不用說奢侈品。

He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon.他連一哩都跑不了，更不用說馬拉松了。

That father can’t discipline himself, much less set a good example for his children to follow.那位父親不能以身作則，更不用說做孩子的榜樣了。...more than any other N 結構︰比較級＋than＋any other＋單數名詞

說明︰此句型意為“比其他任何?都還?”。這是用<比較級>來表示<最高級>的同范圍比較<句型>。也可用“<比較級>＋than＋all the other＋復數<名詞>”來表示。

John is more diligent than any other student in his class.約翰比班上其他的同學用功。

John is more diligent than all the other students in his class.約翰比班上其他的同學用功。

Baseball is more popular than any other sport in Japan.在日本，棒球比其他任何運動都受人歡迎。

Autumn is better for reading than any other season.秋天比任何季節都適合讀書。

Mt.Jade is higher than any other mountain in Taiwan.玉山要比臺灣的任何山都高。...more than anyone else 結構︰比較級＋than＋anyone else／anything else 說明︰此句型意為“比其他任何?都還?”。這是用<比較級>來表示<最高級>的同范圍比較<句型>。anyone else 指人；anything else 指物。

John is more diligent than anyone else in his class.約翰比班上其他的同學用功。

/ 103

Time is more precious than anything else in the world.時間比世上任何東西都寶貴。

Mary is more beautiful than anyone else in her company.瑪麗在公司里比其他人都漂亮。

We pay less attention to time than to anything else.我們對時間的不重視超過其他任何事物。nothing is...er than...結構︰nothing（或 no＋名詞）＋動詞＋比較級＋than?

說明︰此句型意為“沒有如此?者”。這是用<比較級>來表示<最高級>的<句型>。

Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued.沒有比時間更貴重的東西，但也沒有比它更受輕視的東西。

No place is better than one’s home.沒有任何地方比得上自己的家。

Nothing is more pleasant than staying home listening to music.沒有一件事比待在家里聽音樂更愉快的了。

Nothing gives him more pleasure than helping someone in trouble.沒有一件事要比幫助陷入困境的人帶給他更大的快樂。

There is nothing to which we pay less attention than time and air.我們對時間和空氣的不重視超過其他任何事物。...nothing more than N 結構︰主詞＋動詞＋nothing more than＋名詞

說明︰此句型意為“?只不過?”。“nothing more than”等于“nothing but”。

Others are dismissed as nothing more than entertainment.有些只不過是被當做娛樂而不予考慮。

It is nothing more than a made-up story.它只不過是杜撰的故事而已。

She wishes to be treated as nothing more than a common girl.她希望被對待得只不過像一般的女孩子。...er than ever 結構︰?＋比較級＋than ever 說明︰此句型意為“比以前更?”。than ever 等于 than ever before，意為“比以前任何時候?”。

There it was, ticking away, louder than ever.它就在那里，滴答地走著，比以前更大聲。

You should be more careful than ever.你應該比以前更小心。

Does she spend more money than ever? 她比以前花更多的錢嗎？ better...than...結構︰better＋?＋than＋被比對象

說明︰此句型意為“寧可?；最好還是?”。better 之后可接<形容詞>，<副詞>，<名詞>，<動詞>等。

Please try to attend the meeting.Better late than absent.請您盡量參加會議。遲來也比不來強。

Better to postpone the shipment than to cancel the contract.與其撤約還不如延期裝運。

Better reduce the price than allow a discount.與其給折扣，不如減價。with no N is it...er than 結構︰...and with no＋名詞1＋is it＋比較級＋than＋with＋名詞2 說明︰此句型意為“?這種情形沒有一種?比?更為?”。此種結構，由于有 no，所以用 is it的倒裝句型。

/ 103

It is unreasonable to regard any language as the possession of a particular nation, and with no language is it more unreasonable than with English.把某一種語言視為某一特定的國家所擁有是不合理的，而這種情形沒有一種語言比英語更為不合理。

It is bad to get ill, and with no disease is it worse than with cancer.生病是糟糕的，而這種情形沒有一種疾病比癌癥更為糟糕。

It is pleasant to chat with friends, and with no chat is it more pleasant than with close friends.和朋友聊天是愉快的，而這種情形沒有比和知己的朋友聊天更為愉快。Who is the most...結構︰Who is the＋最高級?？

說明︰此句型意為“誰最?？”。此句型中若將 who 改為 which，即用來詢問一組事物中最具某種特色的，如例句4。

Who is the oldest of them? 他們之中誰的年紀最大？

Who is the most beautiful in their family? 誰是他們家里最美麗的人？

Who is the youngest here? 這里誰是最年輕的？

Which is the most interesting subject for you? 哪個科目對你來說最有趣？ the...est...not...結構︰最高級＋?not?

說明︰<最高級>詞類與 not 并用時，有“甚至?都不?”的意味。

The most foolish man knows his own name.再笨的人都知道自己的名字。

The loveliest flower cannot beat her beauty.再漂亮的花也比不上她的美麗。

The greatest scholar cannot solve this difficult problem.再偉大的學者也沒有辦法解答這個難題吧。

The richest man in the world cannot buy everything.即使是世上最富有的人，也無法買到一切。

There is not the smallest chance of his escape.他一點逃走的機會也沒有。

Not even the thickest jacket was enough to keep out the cold.就連最厚的夾克也不足以御寒。

The strongest man(that)you can think of cannot tear the log apart with bare hands.就連你所能想到的最壯的人也不能光用手就將木頭撕裂。the...est...that V-ed 結構︰the＋最高級?＋（that）＋完成式

說明︰此句型意為“最?”。that 是<關系代名詞>；<完成式>中習慣使用<副詞> ever 強調。

That’s the best book that I have ever read.那是我讀過的最好的書。

That’s the nicest thing that has ever happened to me.那是我遇到的最美好的事。

He is the most diligent student that I have ever known.他是我所知道的最用功的學生。

That’s the worst performance(that)I have ever seen.那是我所看過的最糟的一次表演。of all the N, the...est 結構︰of＋the three／the four／all the＋復數名詞，＋最高級子句

說明︰此句型意為“在?中，?最?”。但須注意：“of the two＋復數<名詞>＋<比較級><子句>”，表示“兩

/ 103 者中?較?”，如例句7。<最高級><子句>也可置于句首。

Of the three students, he is the best.三個學生中，他是最好的。

Jane is the best of all the students in her class.珍是班中最好的學生。

Jane is the best of the three(students).珍是三個學生中最好的一個。

Of all the high mountains, Mt.Jade is the highest.在所有高山當中，玉山為最高。

Of all the four seasons, summer is the hottest.在所有四季當中，夏天最熱。

Of all the girls, she is the most beautiful.在所有這些女孩子當中，她最美。

Of the two girls, Mary is more beautiful.這兩個女孩中，瑪麗較漂亮。A is the...est among...結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋最高級＋(名詞)＋among?

說明︰此句型意為“?是?之中最?”。<最高級>后的<名詞>通常省略。

The Chuo-shui River is the longest one among them.濁水溪是其中最長的一條。

Which river is the shortest among them? 哪一條河流是它們之中最短的？

Paris is the most beautiful among the cities.巴黎是這些城市中最美的。A is the...est N in...結構︰A＋be 動詞＋the＋最高級＋名詞＋in＋場所。說明︰此句型意為“A 是?里面最?”。the 不能漏掉。

Jane is the best student in her class.珍是她班上最好的學生。

Mr.Jones is the busiest man in the office.瓊斯先生是辦公室里最忙的人。

The baseball game on Tuesday is the most important game this year.星期二的棒球賽是今年最重要的棒球賽。A is the...est of N 結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋the＋最高級＋of＋復數名詞

說明︰此句型意為“?是最?的?”。本<句型>的意思等于“<主詞>＋be <動詞>＋the＋<最高級>＋單數<名詞>”。

Robert Frost was the most American of American poets.羅伯?佛洛斯特是最具美國風格的美國詩人。

He is the strictest of teachers in our school.他是我們學校最嚴格的老師。

It is the most popular of movies.這是最受歡迎的電影。

English is the most international of languages.英語是最國際化的語言。

It is the most difficult of examinations.那是最難的考試。

You must make the most of your opportunities.你必須盡量利用機會。A is the...est of all.結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋the＋最高級＋of all 說明︰此句型意為“?是最為?”。“<最高級>＋of all”的<語氣>比“<最高級>”強。

These frozen foods are the most convenient of all.這些冷凍食品是最為方便。

It is the most important of all.那是最為重要的。

/ 103

They are the most dependable of all.他們是最為可靠的。A is most...結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋沒有 the 的最高級?

說明︰在以下幾種場合里的<最高級>之前沒有 the：被用來代替“very＋原級”或“very”以加強 <語氣>時前面沒有 the；most 的含義是“多數”時前面沒有 the；用作<最高級><副詞>時前面沒有 the；帶有<所有格>的<最高級><形容詞>之前沒有 the。

I think he is a most learned man.我認為他是個很有學問的人。

A most beautiful girl came to see him yesterday.昨天有一個很漂亮的女孩來看他。

Such a most talented person as he shouldn’t be satisfied with what he is.像他這么有才華的人不應滿足于現狀。

A comet is at perihelion when it is closest(=very close)to the sun.彗星最接近太陽時，它就是在近日點。

A person is most disappointed when he is in despair.一個人在絕望時最失望。

He is calmest(=very calm)when he is all by himself.他一人獨處時極為平靜。

The sentence of six months imprisonment was most unjust.六個月監禁的判決極其不公。

Most people need six to eight hours of sleep every day.多數人每天需要六至八小時的睡眠。

Most learned men are modest.大部分有學問的人都很謙虛。

I like apples best of all fruits.所有水果中我最喜歡蘋果。

Bill runs quickly, Jack runs more quickly than Bill, and Bob runs most quickly of all.比爾跑得快，杰克跑得比比爾快，鮑伯在三者中跑得最快。

Jane’s worst fault is her quick temper.珍最大的毛病是她的急性子。

She is my youngest sister.她是我最小的妹妹。A is the last to...結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋the last＋（名詞）＋to-不定詞／子句

說明︰此句型意為“?是最不可能?”。the last 表示“最不可能?；絕不至于?”，它的后面有時有 <名詞>。

I would be the last to attempt to answer the question.我是最不可能去嘗試回答這個問題。

He is the last person(that)I want to see.他是我最不想要看到的人。

This is the last attempt(that)he would make.這是他最不可能做的嘗試。

The author should be the last man to talk about his work.作者應該是最不喜歡談論自己作品的人。superior/inferior to...結構︰superior／inferior to?

說明︰此句型意為“優于／劣于?”。這是不規則的<比較><句型>，其后跟 to 代替 than，其他還有“prefer? to?（喜愛?甚于?）”，“senior to...（年長的）”，“junior to...（年少的）”等。

I prefer tea to coffee.茶與咖啡，我較喜歡茶。

I prefer chemistry to physics.我喜歡化學甚于物理。

/ 103

He is superior to his brother in mathematics.他的數學比他兄弟好。

A cheaper camera is not always inferior to a more expensive one.廉價照相機的質量并總不比昂貴的差。

This plastic is inferior in quality to glass.這塑料的質料比玻璃差。

He is senior to me by seven years.他比我年長七歲。

The president was so young that he was junior to some of his employees.總裁的年齡甚至是比他的一些雇員還小。含不定詞句型 I am glad to...結構︰主詞（人）＋be 動詞＋情緒形容詞（如 glad，sorry?）＋不定詞?。

說明︰<不定詞>放在情緒<形容詞>如 glad，sorry，happy，sad，surprised，troubled等字之后修飾，這是<不定詞>做<副詞>的用法。

I am glad to see him.我很高興看到他。

Sue was troubled to see trash everywhere.蘇看到到處是垃圾很苦惱。

Sara was excited to see the rock band.莎拉看到搖滾樂團很興奮。...too...to...結構︰主詞＋動詞＋too＋形容詞／副詞＋（for＋sb.）＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“太?而（使某人）不能?”。too 為<副詞>，可修飾<副詞>或<形容詞>。too 后也可接含有<形容詞>的單數<名詞>，即“too＋<形容詞>＋a＋單數<名詞>＋to-<不定詞>”，也可以是“too much＋<不可數名詞>＋to?”或“too many＋復數<名詞>＋to?”。該句型如提到“對某人來說”，則加入“for＋人”。該句型表示“否定”的意義，若加上<附加問句>，則須用否定，如例句8。

He walked too slowly to catch up with me.他走得太慢而不能跟上我。

It is too dark in this room for me to read a book.房間太暗，使我無法看書。

This problem is too difficult for them to settle.這對他們來說真是一個難解的問題。

The price is too low for customers to believe.價格低得令顧客難以相信。

He is too young a boy to do it.他還太小，無法做這事。

He has too much work on hand to go picnicking with us.他手頭的工作太多了，不能跟我們去野餐。

He has too many things at his disposal to go home early.有太多事要他處理，使他不能早點回家。

The boy is too young to do it, isn’t he? 這男孩年紀太輕不能做這件事，不是嗎？ I am too glad not to...結構︰主詞＋動詞＋too＋形容詞／副詞＋not＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“太?而必能?；非常?”。本<句型>具有雙重否定作用，也可將否定詞移到<動詞>部分。

Our professor is too capable not to solve this difficult problem.我們教授非常有才干，必定能解決這一難題。

This customer is too honest not to deceive us.這位客戶非常誠實，不會騙我們。

/ 103

I am too glad not to help the boy.我太樂意了而不能不幫助那男孩－－我非常樂意幫助那男孩。

It is never too late to learn.活到老，學到老。I am only too...to...結構︰主詞＋動詞＋only too＋形容詞／副詞＋to-不定詞

說明︰此句型意為“非常?”。only 除去了 too 的否定意義，only too 相當于 very，very much 等。

I am only too glad to accept your kind invitation.我非常高興地接受你的邀請。

He is only too willing to serve friends.他極愿為朋友效勞。

I am only too pleased to do business with you.我能和你做生意，太高興了。ADJ/ADV + enough to...結構︰主詞＋動詞＋?形容詞／副詞＋enough＋（for sb.）＋to-不定詞

說明︰此句型意為“足以?”。enough 可做<副詞>或<形容詞>用，在此做<副詞>，可修飾<副詞>或<形容詞>，恒置于被修飾的<副詞>或<形容詞>之后。

We need several men strong enough to do the work.我們需要幾個強壯得足以做這件工作的人。

They bought a house large enough for ten persons to live in.我們買了一棟房子，大得足以供十個人住。

He is competent enough to fill that position.他足以勝任那職位。

He ran fast enough to catch the thief.他跑得飛快，足以抓住那小偷。

Our teacher is old enough to retire.我們老師年紀已夠得上退休了。

The assignment is few enough to be finished within half an hour.作業很少，足能在半小時內完成。...enough + N + to do...結構︰主詞＋動詞＋enough＋名詞＋to-不定詞

說明︰此句型意為“有足夠的?可以做?”。該句型也可寫作“主詞＋動詞＋名詞＋enough＋to-不定詞”。enough 在此做<形容詞>，修飾<名詞>，可置于該<名詞>之前或之后。

He has enough money(=money enough)to buy a car.他有足夠的錢買一輛汽車。

He hasn’t enough sense to realize his mistakes.他沒有足夠的辨別力去認識自己的錯誤。

It is a pity that he doesn’t have enough money to sponsor the project.遺憾的是他沒有足夠的錢來支持這項計劃。

Will 2,000 dozens be enough for selling? 兩千打夠賣嗎？...be good enough to...結構︰Would you be good enough＋to-不定詞?？

說明︰此句型意為“請你?好嗎？”。本<句型>的意思和“Would you be so kind as to...?”一樣，<語氣>較客氣。

Would you be good enough to turn the radio down a bit?請你把收音機的聲音關小一點好嗎？

Would you be good enough to keep silent?

請你保持安靜好嗎？

Would you be good enough to move a bit to the right? 請你往右邊移一點好嗎？...how(+ N)+ to do...結構︰?how／what／when／where／which／whose（＋名詞）＋to-不定詞?

/ 103 說明︰此句型意為“應該如何做／何時做／何地做／做哪些事?”。what，whom，which 為疑問<名詞>，做其后 <不定詞詞組>中<動詞>的<受詞>，否則就做<介系詞>的<受詞>。how，where，when，why均為<疑問副詞>。<不定詞詞組>中的<動詞>若為<及物動詞>，則后面要有<受詞>；若為<不及物動詞>，則不需要<受詞>。

How do I know what to do and what not to do? 我怎么知道什么該做，什么不該做？

He showed me how to use the tape recorder.他教我如何使用這臺卡式錄音機。

What to do is one question, and how to do it is quite another.應該做什么和應該怎樣做是完全不同的兩個問題。

The trouble is when to start the business.麻煩在于應該什么時候開始這項工作。

We haven’t decided where to go for lunch.我們還沒有決定去哪里午餐。

I don’t know which advise to follow.不曉得該聽誰的勸告。

I learned what expressions to use in public.我懂得在公共場所中應使用什么措辭。

How to begin is more difficult than where to stop.如何著手遠比在何處結束來得困難。

You should know what to cook to eat.你應該知道該煮什么來吃。

The problem is when to get the money we need.問題是什么時候能得到我們所需要的錢。

There are so many fancy cars on display here that I don’t know which to buy.有這么多的豪華汽車在此展出，我不知要買哪一輛才好。...only to do...結構︰?only／merely／simply／just＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“竟然?；卻?”。表示與先前的努力相反的結果，一般用在句尾。

He studied hard only to fail in the exam.他這么用功，結果竟然考場失利。

He rushed all the way to the station only to miss the train.他一路沖往車站，結果還是錯過了火車。

He tried a second time only to fail again.他再試一次，竟然還是失敗。

He tried to increase his income by gambling only to plunge more deeply into the mire.他企圖藉賭博增加收入，卻陷入了更深的困境。

I went out, merely to get caught in a shower.我跑出去，結果徒然碰到一場驟雨。...have only to do...結構︰have only＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“只需?就夠了”。相當于“All one has to do...”或“What one has to do...”。

You have only to sit there and watch what I am doing.你只要坐在這里，看著我做就行了。

Don’t worry;you have only to sing a song to please her.不用擔心，你只需唱首歌讓她高興就行了。

You have only to go.你只要去即可。

You have only to ask and he’ll tell you.你只要問他，他就會告訴你。...never to do...結構︰?never＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“不會再有?的結果”。

/ 103

He went on a journey when he was 18 years old, never to come back.他十八歲時出外旅行，一直沒有回來。

He went off to the war never to return alive.他去參加戰爭，沒能活著回來。

She left her husband, never to come back.她離開了她丈夫，再也沒回來。make/have sb.do sth.結構︰主詞＋make／have／bid／let＋受詞（人）＋不定詞原形

說明︰此句型意為“要／囑咐／叫?”。<使役動詞>中，make、have、bid、let 等字加了<受詞>之后，要接原形<動詞>做<受詞補語>，與使用<分詞>相比，<不定詞>原形重點在事實。變成<被動語態>時，該<受詞補語>要變成<不定詞詞組>。但是 have 當<使役動詞>時，無<被動語態>。

I made him do it.我叫他做這事。

I let him do it.我讓他做這事。

They had/made the girl clean the floor.他們叫這個女孩打掃地板。

The mother bade the child behave himself.媽媽叮嚀孩子要守規矩。

He was bidden to finish the work on schedule.我要他按時完成工作。

My father will probably have Tom paint the house green.我爸爸很可能叫湯姆把房子漆成綠色。

He had me help him with his homework.他叫我幫忙他做家庭作業。...want/like to do...結構︰主詞＋一般及物動詞＋不定詞（to＋V）?。

說明︰常以<不定詞>作為<受詞>的<及物動詞>有：like（喜歡），want（想要），try（設法），love（喜愛），hate（討厭），forget（忘記），begin（開始），start（開始），need（必須）。

Some students hate to study English.有些學生不喜歡研讀英語。

You need to study in a quiet place.你必須在一個安定的地方讀書。

He likes to go to the movie.他喜歡去看電影。

She wants to help Mary.她想要幫助瑪麗。...want/ask sb.to do...結構︰主詞＋want／ask／tell 等＋受詞＋to-不定詞

說明︰<不定詞>放在<受詞>的后面，用于補充說明<受詞>的動作，叫做“<受詞補語>”；當<不定詞>要表達“不要做某事”的意思時，則須采用<不定詞>的<否定式>，即直接在<不定詞>前加 not。常用的此類<動詞>有 want，get，compel，expect，ask，would like，advise，urge，wish，tell，allow，permit，trouble，help，teach 等。

I told him not to goof around.我叫他不要游手好閑。

The teacher urged his students to prepare for the exam.老師勸他的學生準備考試。

They forced me to do things against my will.他們強迫我做違背我心意的事。

Do you want me to go there instead of you? 要不要我代你到那兒去？

I got him to do it.我叫他做這事。

Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease.他們幫助我，使我能夠順利地完成工作。

/ 103

A sense of humor enabled him to get along well with others.幽默感使他能與人相處愉快。

The heavy workload forced me to cancel the camping trip.繁重的工作量迫使我取消去露營。

The father allowed(=permitted)his son to travel abroad alone.父親答應讓他的兒子單獨出國旅行。

We troubled him to turn on the light.我們麻煩他打開電燈。

We needed someone to fix the tape recorder.我們需要有人來修理錄音機。I heard him sing.結構︰主詞＋hear／see／feel＋受詞＋原形不定詞

說明︰此句型意為“聽／看／感覺?”。英文中表示“看”，“聽”，“感覺”的三類<動詞>，加了<受詞>之后，須接原形<動詞>做<受詞補語>，用以表示已發生，而且是主動意味的事實。我們稱此類<動詞>為知覺<動詞>，常用的有 see，watch，notice，look at，hear，listen to，feel 等。變成<被動語態>時，<受詞補語>要變成<不定詞詞組>，如例句4。這些詞后也可接現在<分詞>，強調“動作進行”，而接原形<動詞>，則強調“整個事實”。

Did you notice anyone come in? 你注意到有人進來過嗎？

As far as I remember, I have never seen him smile.在我記憶中，我從未見他笑過。

She once heard him whisper to another girl.她曾聽到他對另外一個女孩說悄悄話。

He was heard to sing.我聽到他唱歌。

I felt my heart beat violently.我感覺到自己的心跳得很厲害。

She liked to listen to children talk.她喜歡聽孩子們談話。

We heard him playing with his puppy.我們聽到了他在玩著他的小狗。

Rick often watched the boats returning to port in the late afternoon.瑞克常常看到小船在傍晚正回到港口。be going to...結構︰主詞＋be going＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“將做?”。“be going＋to-<不定詞>”用作表示未來的<助動詞>，表示最近之未來將做的行為或未來的意圖。這種<句型>經常用于會話體，表示包含講話者的主觀或感情的情形。

He is going to marry Jane in May.他打算五月和珍結婚。

I am going to stay up late to finish my paper.為了完成報告我打算熬夜不睡。

I’m afraid he is going to lose the match.我恐怕他會輸掉比賽。

The train was just going to start when we arrived.我們到達時，火車馬上就要開了。

My father was a sailor and I’m going to be one, too.我父親（以前）是水手，我也打算當水手。be about to...結構︰主詞＋be about＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“將做?”。表示極近的未來之行為，故為了表示幾乎等于現在的未來而不和未來之 <副詞>一起使用，如：不能說“I am about to go next week.”。

He was surely about to change his mind.他一定會改變主意。

She was about to walk out of the door when the telephone rang.電話鈴響時她正要出門。

/ 103

Something unusual was about to happen.某種不尋常的事正要發生。...be to...結構︰主詞＋be＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“預定要?”。“be＋to＋<不定詞>”含有事先的安排或命令，表示“必須?；應該?；打算?”。

A was to be placed onto A’, and B onto B’....seem/appear to...結構︰主詞＋seem／appear＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“似乎是?，好像?”。to-<不定詞>的內容是表示狀態的詞。seem 有時要加入“或許”（probably）的意思翻譯起來才適當；appear近于“乍看之下好像是?”的意思。

Taiwan seems to contain no petroleum.臺灣恐怕沒有蘊藏石油吧！

The thread seems to match the cloth.這線和這布似乎很相稱。

He appears to be very tired.他似乎很累。

These stars appear to move around the North Star.這些星星似乎環繞著北極星轉。

They appear to be able to handle the problem.他們似乎可以處理這個問題。

John seems to love music very much.約翰似乎很喜歡音樂。To..., Main Clause 結構︰不定詞詞組，主要子句

說明︰此類<不定詞詞組>通常放在句首，表示目的，修飾<主要子句>。常用的有 to tell the truth（老實說），to do someone justice（替某人說句公道話），to be brief（簡言之），to begin with（首先），to sum up（總之），to make matters worse（更糟的是），so to speak（可以這么說），needless to say（不用說），to say nothing of sth。（更不用說）等。

To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance.為了確定他在家，我事先打電話給他。

To tell the truth, I don’t agree to your plan.老實講，我不同意你的計劃。

To do her justice, she is not as bad as you described.說句公道話，她并沒有你說的那樣壞。

To sum up, only when strict punishment can be imposed on the lawless, can social stability be maintained.總之，唯有當嚴刑峻罰加之于違法之徒時，才能維持社會安定。

Mary is, so to speak, a hardworking student.瑪麗可說是個用功的學生。

I can’t speak English, to say nothing of Chinese.我不會說英語，更別提中文了。

Needless to say, learning without thinking is useless.不用說，學而不思則罔。...pretend to...結構︰主詞＋pretend＋to-不定詞／that-子句

說明︰此句型意為“假裝?”。pretend 后面用 to-不定詞或 that 子句。

He was pretending to climb a mountain.他假裝在爬山。

She pretended not to go.她假裝不去。

He pretended to be a good man.他假裝是好人。

/ 103

Let’s pretend(that)we are pirates.讓我們玩假裝海盜的游戲吧！...stop to...結構︰主詞＋stop＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“停下來?”。若“stop＋Ving”是“停止?”。

They just don’t stop to think.他們就是不停下來想一想。

They stopped to look into the window.他們停下來看看櫥窗。

I have stopped smoking for half a year.我已經半年不抽煙了。...be meant to...結構︰主詞＋be meant＋to-不定詞

說明︰此句型意為“?是有意要?；?是命中注定要?”。“be meant to V”有時變成“be meant for N”。

Some TV programs are meant to be watched today and forgotten tomorrow.有些電視節目的用意是要今天觀賞，明天忘掉。

He believes he is meant to be a great man.他相信他命中要成為偉人。

This dictionary is meant for you.這本字典是要給你的。be + ADJ + to...結構︰主詞＋be＋形容詞＋to-不定詞

說明︰<主詞>實際上是 to-<不定詞>的<受詞>，經過轉變而移到句首。

It was even more pleasing to look at in the morning light.它在早晨的光線下看起來更悅目。

The rising sun is especially beautiful to look at from this angle.旭日從這個角度看起來特別美。

I think she is easy to please.我想她是很容易討好的。...be likely to...結構︰主詞＋be likely＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“?可能?”。likely 表示具有充分根據的預測。有時<句型>可變為“It is likely that...”。

One’s first impression is likely to be that everyone is in a rush.一個人的第一個印象是，每個人都是匆忙的。

He is likely to arrive at any time.他可能隨時會到。

His health is likely to get worse.他的健康可能會惡化。make an/no attempt to...結構︰主詞＋make an／no attempt＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“?打算要／沒有打算要?”；“?試圖要／沒有試圖要?”。

His smile deepened, but he made no attempt to answer.他的微笑加深了，但他沒有打算要回答。

I made no attempt to make friends with her.我沒有打算要和她做朋友。

Will they make any attempt?

他們會再做另一次的嘗試嗎？ happen/chance to...結構︰主詞＋happen／chance＋to-不定詞? 說明︰此句型意為“?碰巧?”。

/ 103

A friend of his happened to be sitting in a railroad-coach next to a young man who was obviously depressed.他的一個朋友碰巧在火車車廂里坐在一個無精打采的年輕人的身邊。

We happened to meet at the station.我們碰巧在火車站相遇。

He happened to be sleeping.他碰巧在睡覺。

I chanced to be thinking of the same thing.我碰巧想到同樣的事。...is said to...結構︰主詞＋is said＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“據說?（現在）是?”。而“is said to have been...”是“據說?（以前）是?”。

His music is said to be “good”or “great”.他的音樂據說是“好”或“了不起”。

He is said to have been the richest man in Taiwan.據說他以前是臺灣最有錢的人。

They are said to build a hospital here.據說他們要在這里蓋一家醫院。...be bound to...結構︰主詞＋be bound＋to-不定詞

說明︰此句型意為“一定?”。“be bound to V”是“be sure to V（一定）”之意，而“be bound for”是“前往”之意。

Something is bound to happen one way or another to end the conflict or solve the problem.事情一定以某種方式發生以結束沖突或解決難題。

He is bound to come tonight.他今天晚上一定會來。

If so, your points of view are bound to conflict with his.如果這樣的話，你的觀點一定會和他的起沖突。...do all one can to...結構︰主詞＋do all one can to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“盡一切可能來?”。注意 do 和 can 的<時態>要保持一致。

Daddy did all he could to fill my needs and desires.爸爸盡一切可能來滿足我的需求和欲望。

You should do all you can to persuade him.你應該盡一切可能來說服他。

We have done all we could to catch up with them.我們已經盡了一切可能來趕上他們。have sth.to do with...結構︰...have something／nothing to do with...說明︰此句型意為“?與?有／無關系”。這是包含不定式的習慣用法。隨著“有關系”的程度，something 可改為 little，much，a great deal 等。have nothing to do with表示否定；have anything to do with 用于<疑問句>中。

Her diligence must have something to do with his success.她的勤勉和她的成功一定有某些關系。

The traffic accident had nothing to do with him.這交通事故和他一點關系也沒有。

His wife had much to do with his bankruptcy.他的破產和他的妻子很有關系。have no other N except to 結構︰主詞＋have no other＋名詞＋except／than＋to-不定詞

/ 103 說明︰此句型意為“除了要?沒有其他的?”。except 可以換成 than。

The speaker has no other purpose except to make people laugh.這位演說者除了想搞笑之外，沒有別的目的。

We have no other choice than to agree with them.我們除了同意他們之外，沒有別的選擇。

I have no other wish except to pass the examination.我除了要通過考試之外，沒有別的心愿。...in order/so as to...結構︰in order／so as＋to-不定詞?

說明︰此句型意為“為了?；想做?就得?”。這是表目的的不定詞句型，意思更為明確。

He must work very hard in order to support his large family.他必須拼命工作以養活他的大家庭。

Listen carefully so as to follow the teacher.要仔細聽才能聽懂老師講的課。

You must watch your step so as not to fall down.你必須留心腳下才不會跌下去。...be used to...結構︰主詞(物)+ be used to-不定詞

說明︰此句型意為“被用來?”。主詞通常是無生命的東西。而“物＋be used as＋<名詞>”譯為“被用來當做?”。

The book is used to teach us how to write.這本書教我們如何寫作。

The knife can be used to cut meat.刀能用來切肉。

It is said that the plant can be used to treat hepatitis.據說那種植物可用來治肝炎。

The book is used as a reference book.這本書被用來做參考書。含分詞之句型 I am + V-ing...結構︰主詞＋am（are，is）＋現在分詞?

說明︰此句型意為“<主詞>（人，物）正在?”。<現在進行式>用于表示現在“正在進行”的動作或“暫時性”的動作，常和 now，still，at this time 等<副詞>（<詞組>）連用。而<簡單現在式>用于表示現在的“事實，習慣或狀態”，常和 every day，usually，always 等<副詞>(<詞組>)連用。

Bill is singing.比爾正在唱歌。

Linda is cooking.琳達在烹飪。

My father is sleeping.我父親在睡覺。

Mother cooks dinner every evening.媽媽每天晚上做晚飯。

She is cooking in the kitchen now.她現在正在廚房里做飯。

Father walks to his office every morning.爸爸每天早上走路去上班。

He is walking to his office now.他現在正在走路去上班。

Mary sings in her room every afternoon.瑪麗每天下午在她房間里唱歌。

She is singing in her room now.她現在正在她房間里唱歌。an interesting movie

/ 103 結構︰主詞＋動詞＋a／an＋（very）＋現在分詞＋名詞（物）?。

說明︰“情緒<動詞>”如 interest，excite，satisfy，bore，confuse，trouble 等，要修飾事物，常用現在<分詞>；現在<分詞>含有“主動”或動作“正在進行”的意味。

That is an interesting movie.那是一部令人有趣的電影。

That is an exciting game.那是一場令人興奮的比賽。

That is a satisfying book.那是一本令人滿意的書。Have you + V-ed...? 結構︰Have／Has＋主詞＋過去分詞＋?？

說明︰將<助動詞> have（has）提到句首，即構成<現在完成式>的疑問式。

Have you had your lunch?

你已吃過午飯嗎？

Has she ever written a letter to Mark?

她曾經寫信給馬克嗎？

Have you found the pen you lost yesterday?

你找到昨天丟失的鋼筆了嗎？ a troubled student 結構︰主詞＋動詞＋a／an＋（very）＋過去分詞＋名詞（人）?。

說明︰“情緒<動詞>”如 interest，excite，satisfy，bore，confuse，trouble 等，要修飾人，常用過去<分詞>；過去<分詞>含有“被動”或動作“已經完成”的意味。

He is a troubled student.他是一位感到苦惱的學生。

He is an interested person.他是一位表現興趣的人。

He is a bored student.他是一位感到厭煩的學生。I have written a letter.結構︰主詞＋have（has）＋過去分詞＋?。

說明︰<現在完成式>用于表示“過去某時”發生的事情，“直到現在”才完成，或“繼續到現在”，或其結果“影響到現在”，它的肯定式由“have（has）＋過去<分詞>”構成，其中 have或 has 是<助動詞>，當<主詞>是第三人稱單數（he，she，it?）時，用 has，其余人稱用 have。

I have written a letter.我已經寫了一封信。

Mary has studied English for three years.瑪麗研讀英語已有三年。

He has liked dogs since he was a child.自從他是小孩時，他就喜歡狗。...is...ed by...結構︰主詞＋be 動詞＋過去分詞＋by＋受詞?。

說明︰將主動句改為被動句時，先將主動句的<主詞>變成被動句的<受詞>，再將主動句的<及物動詞>改成“be＋過去分詞”，且須注意 be <動詞>的時式要與主動句的<及物動詞>時式相同，最后將主動句的<主詞>變成被動句 by 的<受詞>。

The news is widely spread by them.這一消息被他們廣為傳播。

Vegetables are needed every day by us.蔬菜每天被我們所需要。

This letter was typed by Alice this morning.這封信在今早被艾麗斯用打字機打過了。will be V-ed by...43 / 103 結構︰主詞＋will be＋過去分詞＋by＋受詞?。

說明︰將現在式被動句的 be <動詞>（am，is，are）改為 will be，是構成未來式被動句的一種方法。

That book will be brought by Mary tomorrow.那本書明天將被瑪麗帶來。

That car will be washed this afternoon.那部汽車今天下午將會被洗。

The building will be opened next month.那棟大樓下個月將營業。be going to be V-ed by 結構︰主詞＋be going to＋be＋過去分詞＋by＋受詞?。

說明︰在現在式被動句的 be <動詞>（am，is，are）后加 going to be，是構成未來式被動句的另一種方法。

These clothes are going to be washed by her.這些衣服將由她來洗。

A birthday cake is going to be brought to the table by the cook.一只生日蛋糕將被廚師放到桌子上。

Music is going to be taught by Miss Lin.音樂課將由林小姐來教。can(not)be V-ed by...結構︰主詞＋can（not）be ＋過去分詞＋by＋受詞?。

說明︰將主動句中的<助動詞>（can，must?）照抄，后面加上 be＋過去<分詞>，即構成含有<助動詞>的被動句。

That lesson can not be understood by many students.那一課無法為許多學生所理解。

The question can not be answered by many people.這一問題無法被許多人回答。

His poor handwriting can not be read by himself.他糟糕的筆跡無法被他本人所辨認。...V + V-ing...結構︰主詞＋動詞＋補語（現在分詞）

說明︰英文中，若兩個<動詞>在一起而無<連接詞>加以連接，所表示的動作又是同時發生的，則第二個<動詞>要變成現在<分詞>；若第二個<動詞>是be<動詞>時，應變成現在<分詞> being，但 being通常予以省略。

We sat listening to the sound of the waves.我們坐著傾聽海浪的聲音。

The dog lay dozing in front of the door.小狗躺在門前打盹兒。

She stood there(being)motionless.她站在那兒，一動也不動。

He quickly ran home, looking as if there was something wrong with him.他快步跑回家，看上去好像有什么事不對勁。

I stand looking over the lake.我站著展望湖面。

Some leaves went flying into my room.幾片葉子飛著進入我的房間。...V-ing／V-ed + N...結構︰?現在分詞／過去分詞＋名詞（或名詞＋現在分詞／過去分詞）

說明︰這是<分詞>做<名詞>之修飾語的用法，該<分詞>修飾其前或后緊臨之<名詞>；<名詞>之前有其他單字或<詞組>跟隨時，<分詞>通常放在<名詞>后面。

The shouting boy did not hear his mother call him.大聲叫嚷的孩子聽不到媽媽的叫喚。

The girl standing in the front row is my niece.站在前排的少女是我的侄女。

/ 103

There were no printed books in those days.當時沒有印刷的書籍。

This is a play written by an American author.這是美國作家寫的劇本。

The prisoners closely guarded escaped from the prison last night.被嚴密監視的這些囚犯昨夜越獄了。

I looked painfully at the vase broken into pieces.我痛苦地看著這個破得粉碎的花瓶。

It is difficult to shoot a flying bird, especially a small bird flying high up in the sky.要射中飛行中的小鳥，尤其是高空飛行的小鳥，非常困難。

Soon we came to a crowded street, a very wide street crowded with allsorts of vehicles.我們很快就來到一條很寬、很吵雜，各種車輛來往行駛的大馬路上。feel/make...V-ing/V-ed 結構︰keep／make／hear 等＋受詞＋現在分詞／過去分詞

說明︰<動詞> keep，find 或<使役動詞> make，let，get 等，以及<感官動詞> hear，see，watch，feel 等后的<受詞補語>若強調正在進行的概念，且有主動意味時，以現在<分詞>表示；若有被動意味時，則以“being＋過去<分詞>”表示，均譯成“正在?”。若要強調被動且已發生的概念，則用過去<分詞>做<補語>，譯成“被?”。

At last I succeeded in getting my car moving slowly.最后，我終于成功地讓我的車子慢慢移動。

We saw him watering the lawn around the house.我們看見他在為屋子四周的草坪澆水。

Have you heard the opera sung in French?

你聽過用法語唱的這場歌劇嗎？

I felt something crawling up my arm.我感覺到有什么東西爬上我的手臂。

I saw him being punished by the teacher.我看到他正被老師處罰。

I saw the boy carried away to the hospital.我看到那個男孩被抬去醫院。

I found the work being done in a rush.我發現這件作品正倉促地被完成。...get(s)V-ed/ADJ 結構︰主詞（某人）＋get（s）＋過去分詞（或形容詞）?。

說明︰此句型意為“某人變成?”。get＋<形容詞>（過去<分詞>）的常見用例有：get old（年紀大），get hungry（肚子餓），get angry（生氣），get sick（生病），get fat（發胖），get tired（疲倦），get lost（迷路），get confused（困惑），get hurt（受傷），get excited（興奮），get ready（準備好）。

John got lost.約翰迷路了。

Mary gets tired of wearing red dresses.瑪麗厭倦穿紅色衣服。

The question is so hard, and we’re getting confused.這問題太難，我們感到困惑。...have/get sth.done 結構︰主詞＋have／get／make＋受詞＋過去分詞

說明︰此句型意為“把?（辦完）”。make 之后的<受詞>習慣上是“人”而非“物”；但 have 和 get 后的<受詞>在此 <句型>中是“物”，有“叫別人代勞”的意味，即做事的人并非<主詞>，而是別人。

Be sure to get the work finished before six o’clock.務必在六點之前把工作完成。

Are you going to get the house painted green? 你打算要把房子漆成綠色嗎？

I want to get/have these shoes mended.我想把這些鞋子修補一下。

/ 103

He has been unable to raise enough money to have the big clock repaired.他一直無法籌募到足夠的錢來把這個大鐘修理好。

I’ll have it sent right away.我會立刻把它（拍送）出去。

Have it charged to my credit card.把它記在我的信用卡的賬號里。

I cannot make myself understood in English.我無法用英文使自己被人了解。（我無法用英文把我的意思講清楚。）

I had my tooth extracted.(=I had the dentist extract my tooth.)我把牙拔了。（我是叫醫生拔的。）Sth.is being + V-ed...結構︰主詞＋is being＋過去分詞?

說明︰此句型意為“?正在被?”。是<進行式>的<被動語態>。

Money is being used in place of something more direct.金錢正在被更直接地用來取代某種東西。

The machine is being experimentally used.這些機器正在被實驗地使用著。

The problems are being discussed.這些問題正在被討論著。...go + V-ing...結構︰go＋現在分詞

說明︰此句型意為“從事?”。go 之后的現在<分詞>通常是運動類的<動詞>，如：fishing（釣魚），boating（劃船），skating（溜冰），skiing（滑雪），hunting（打獵），mountain climbing（爬山），shopping（購物）等。

Sometimes Mr.Black went swimming with the children.有時布拉克先生和這些小孩去游泳。

We went fishing yesterday and I caught three fish.我們昨天去釣魚，而我釣了三條。

I find it interesting and healthy to go mountain climbing.我覺得爬山有趣又有益健康。

The American housewife probably goes shopping only once or twice a week.美國家庭主婦可能一星期只購物一、二次。

You may go grass skiing, bicycle riding, or shopping on the weekend.周末你可以去滑草，騎腳踏車，或購物。the + V-ing/V-ed/ADJ 結構︰the＋現在分詞／過去分詞／形容詞

說明︰<形容詞>，包括可做<形容詞>的<分詞>，前面加<冠詞> the，可當復數<名詞>用，表示“全體”的意思，其后的<動詞>用復數形。常用的有：the wounded（所有受傷的人），the handicapped（所有殘障者），the rich（有錢人），the dead（所有已死的人），the dying（所有垂死的人），the unknown（所有未知之事）等。

The rich are not necessarily happy.有錢人未必快樂。

The oppressed were free after the coup.被壓迫的人民，在政變之后獲得自由。

The dying were rushed to the hospital.垂死的人被急速送往醫院。

During the depression, millions of the unemployed wandered around in the streets.經濟蕭條時期，有好幾百萬的失業者在街頭游蕩。

/ 103 V-ing/V-ed..., Main Clause 結構︰現在分詞／過去分詞?，主要子句

說明︰這是含<分詞>句構的<句型>，是以<分詞詞組>代替<副詞子句>。<主要子句>中的<主詞>應和<分詞詞組>中的動作接受者一致。若<動詞>為 be 或 have been，變成現在<分詞> being 或 having been后，可以省略。<否定句>若變成<分詞詞組>時，<否定副詞> not 或 never 應置于<分詞>之前。

Holding the watch up, she listened.把表拿起來，她注意聽。

Standing in the dark, I can not see anything.站在黑夜里，我什么也看不見。

Sitting under the tree, I was hit by a stone on the head.我坐在樹下，被一塊石頭擊中了頭。

(Being)a lover of nature, he often goes mountain climbing.因為熱愛大自然，他常常去爬山。

Angry with his wife, Tom kicked the dog.因為和太太生氣，湯姆踢狗。

Rich and generous, he contributed two million dollars to the Red Cross.因為有錢又慷慨，他捐了兩百萬圓給紅十字會。

(Having been)Knocked down by a car, he spent a week in the hospital.被車子撞倒后，他在醫院里度過了一星期。

Seriously damaged, the bridge is no longer in use.因受到嚴重損壞，這座橋不再使用了。

Caught in a rain, he was wet all over.淋到了一場雨，他全身都濕了。

Bitten by a dog, the little boy did not dare to play with dogs again.被狗咬過，這個小男孩不敢再和狗玩。

Written in English, the book is difficult for me to understand.用英文寫的這本書對我來說很難理解。

Not(being)fond of learning, he ran away from home.由于不喜歡讀書，他就離家出走了。

Never having been to Switzerland before, he longs for a trip there.因為從來沒去過瑞士，他期待一趟瑞士之旅。When + V-ing...結構︰when／while／once／if／unless／though＋現在分詞

說明︰當when，while，once，if，unless，though 等<副詞><連接詞>引導<副詞子句>時，若其<主詞>與<主要子句>相同，可保留該<副詞><連接詞>，其余部分則化簡為<分詞詞組>。

He says “Please” when making a request.請求時，他說：“請”。

When waiting for a bus, he takes his turn.等公共汽車時，他按順序排隊。

He stopped to talk to me when seeing me.看到我的時候，他停下來和我說話。

If falling ill, I’ll stay home taking a good rest.如果生病，我會待在家里好好休息。

Once arriving there, I’ll keep contact with you.一到那里，我會跟你連絡。

Unless(being)rich, I am not going to buy a house.除非有錢，要不然我是不會買房子的。

Though knowing the truth, he remained silent.雖然他知道實情，卻保持沉默。N + V-ing/V-ed 結構︰名詞＋現在分詞／過去分詞，?

說明︰這是含獨立<分詞>結構的<句型>，即因<主詞>不同而將<分詞>意義上的<主詞>置于<分詞>之前。若 <動詞>為 be 或 have been，變成現在<分詞> being 或 having been 后，可以省略。若<分詞>意義上的 47 / 103 <主詞>是 we，you，one 等表世上之一般人的情形時，即使和<主要子句>之<主詞>不同，也可省略，變成慣用的句子，常用的有：frankly speaking（坦白說），judging from（由?觀之），talking about／of（談談?），generally speaking（一般而言），roughly speaking（大體言之）等。

They were trembling, their mouths watering at the thought of the beer.他們顫抖著，一想到啤酒，口水就流出來。

He was sitting next to Mrs.Smith, his eyes resting on her daughter.他坐在史密斯太太的旁邊，他的視線落在她女兒的身上。

The earthquake took place, the windows broken into pieces.地震發生了，戶破得粉碎。

“There it is,” he whispered, his eyes(being)bright with sudden tears.“就在那里。”他低聲地說，他的眼睛閃亮著突然而來的眼淚。

He said in a low voice, both his hands(being)on his back.他低聲地說，他的雙手放在背后。

He argued, his voice trembling with anger.他爭論著，他的聲音由于生氣而顫抖。

Generally speaking, women live longer than men.一般而言，女性壽命較男性長。

Frankly speaking, he is not so bad as you might think.坦白講，他沒有你想象中的壞。with + N + V-ing/V-ed 結構︰with＋名詞＋現在分詞／過去分詞

說明︰這是表“附帶狀況（并行行為）”的<副詞詞組>，常用來描述情景。有時使用<形容詞>、<副詞>、<介系詞>代替<分詞>。

She sang to the music with her hand waving gently.她跟著音樂唱歌，手斯文地揮動著。

He came running here with one hand holding a knife.他手上握著刀向這里跑來。

He came running here with a knife held in one hand.他一手握著刀向這里跑來。

With our work done, we felt much at ease.工作做完后，我們覺得好輕松。

She looked at him with the color gone from her face.她凝視著他，臉上毫無血色。

He was dozing with a book open in his hands.他在打盹，手上的書打開著。

My father sometimes goes out for a stroll with a stick in his hand.父親有時候帶著手杖出去散步。

What a lonely world it would be with you away!妳要是不在，這世界不知將有多寂寞！V-ing...+ be + N...結構︰現在分詞?＋be 動詞＋名詞

說明︰此句型的<名詞>是句子的<主詞>，所以 be <動詞>要和<名詞>一致。

Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self-reliance and independence.和美國家庭的這種愛同時并存的是自強及獨立的文化價值觀。

Growing along the river are tall palm trees.沿著這條河生長的是高大的棕梠樹。

Lying north of the church is a girls’ senior high school.位于這座教堂以北的是一所女子高中。含動名詞之句型 Thinking correctly is...結構︰動名詞＋副詞（或名詞）＋單數動詞＋?。

/ 103 說明︰此句型意為“做某事是?的”。<動名詞>在文法上具有<動詞>與<名詞>的雙重性質，故<動名詞>可以像<名詞>一樣充當<主詞>；又因<動名詞>當<主詞>時，用于指“某一件事”，屬于第三人稱單數，故取單數<動詞>。

Thinking correctly is important.思考正確是重要的。

Living in the big city is convenient.住在大城市是方便的。

Reading good books makes us happy.閱讀好書使得我們快樂。...without + N/V-ing...結構︰主詞＋動詞＋?without＋名詞／動名詞?。

說明︰此句型意為“<主詞>沒有（不用）?”。without 當“沒有；不用；假如沒有；當?不”解，是<介系詞>，后面接<名詞>（<代名詞>）或<動名詞>，用法相當于“and...not”或“if（when）?not＋<動詞>”。

I can’t start a fire without matches.我沒有火柴不能點火。

We won’t go without you joining it.你沒有參加的話我們就不去了。

You can’t see the movie without the ticket.你沒有票，不能看電影。

He went to school without breakfast.(=He went to school and did not eat breakfast.)

他沒吃早飯就去上學了。I like + V-ing...結構︰主詞＋及物動詞＋動名詞（當受詞）＋?。

說明︰此句型意為“某人?做某事”。下列的<及物動詞>后面，常接<動名詞>當<受詞>：like，love，hate，begin，start，try，enjoy，mind，practise。

I like doing my homework.我喜歡做我的家庭作業。

He loves listening to music.他喜歡聽音樂。

The boys hate doing homework on Sundays.男孩們討厭在星期日做家庭作業。cannot help + V-ing...結構︰主詞＋cannot help＋動名詞

說明︰此句型意為“不得?，不禁?”。這里的 help 作“抗拒”或“避免”解，此時一定要用<動名詞作受詞>，相當于“<主詞>＋cannot but／cannot help but＋原形<動詞>”。

He cannot help loving Mary because of her beauty.因為瑪麗長得美，他不禁愛上她。

Whenever I hear the story, I cannot help crying.每次我聽這故事，就忍不住要哭。

After learning of his sufferings, I couldn’t help sympathizing with him.得知他痛苦的遭遇后，我忍不住同情他。

I cannot help laughing.我忍不住笑出來。

I cannot help being poor.我是窮，可是沒有辦法呀！

I cannot help wondering about that girl.我不免對那個女孩感到驚奇。

I cannot help worrying to hear that there is no steamer this week.我聽到本周沒有船的消息，禁不住擔憂起來。There is no + V-ing...49 / 103 結構︰There is no＋動名詞?

說明︰此句型意為“做?是不可能的”。等于“It is impossible to＋原形<動詞>”或“No one can＋原形<動詞>”。

There is no accounting for tastes.人各有所好。

There was no telling what the next assignment would be.不曉得下一個任務將是什么。

There is no reasoning with such a stubborn man as Peter.跟彼得這種固執的人講理簡直是不可能的事。

There is no denying that Taiwan is a beautiful island.臺灣是座美麗的島嶼，這是不可否認的。

There is no describing the beauty of the scene.誰都無法形容這景色的美麗。

There is no typing up this letter within five minutes.不可能在五分鐘內打完這封信。feel like + V-ing...結構︰feel like＋動名詞

說明︰此句型意為“想要?”。like 是<介系詞>，故之后要接<名詞>或<動名詞>。當接<動名詞>時，解釋為“想要做?”，相當于“would like to＋原形<動詞>”；接<名詞>時，解釋為“感覺像?”。

I don’t feel like studying tonight.我今晚不想念書。

I feel like going to Europe for a visit next summer vacation.我好想明年暑假去一趟歐洲。

Do you feel like going to a movie?

你想看電影嗎？

I feel like a newborn baby.我感覺像是個新生的嬰兒。...come near + V-ing...結構︰主詞＋come near＋動名詞

說明︰此句型意為“幾乎去做?”。near 后跟<動名詞>。

It came near being the prettiest bow he had ever seen.那幾乎是他所見過最漂亮的一只果盆。

I came near hitting him.我幾乎揍他。

They came near being drowned.他們幾乎被水淹死。

My son came near being run over by a truck.我的兒子差點被大卡車輾過。...worth + V-ing...結構︰worth＋動名詞

說明︰此句型意為“值得?”。worth 是<介系詞>，使用時要用<名詞>或<動名詞>做<受詞>，形成<介系詞詞組>，當 <形容詞>用。worth 之后接<動名詞>時，<主詞>必須為該<動名詞>之<受詞>，否則<動名詞>之后須另加<介系詞>，使<主詞>做其<受詞>。這種<句型>不可用虛<主詞> it 做<主詞>。

London is a city worth visiting.倫敦是值得參觀的城市。

He who does his duty is worth praising.凡是忠于職守的人都值得贊揚。

A book worth reading once is worth reading time and time again.值得一看的書值得一看再看。

The work is worth doing.這個工作值得去做。

He is worth doing the work for.值得為他去做這份工作。be worthy of + V-ing 結構︰be worthy of＋動名詞

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第四篇：常用英語句型

英語句型

★It goes without saying that(不用說）

★It is needless to say that（不用說）

★It is obvious that(很顯然)

★It is impossible to +v(什么是不可能的)

★I am greatly convinced that(我深信)

★Among various kinds of(在各種…之中)

★It can be easily proved that(…是很容易證明的)

eg：It can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time(時間是最珍貴的很容易證明)

★where there is a will, there is a way(有志者事竟成)

★In my opinion=As far as I am concerned(依我看來)

★Everyone knows that(每個人都知道)

★As far as my knowledge is concerned(就我所知)

★According to/Based on my personal experience(根據我個人經驗)

★Ofall the people I know, perhaps none deserves my respect more than…（在我認識的人當中，也許沒有一個比…更值得我尊敬）

★In thecourse of my schooling, I will never forget…（在我的求學過程中，我忘不了）

★with the

increase/growth of the population,(隨著人口的增加)

★with the advance of science and technology.(隨著科技的進步)

★In the age of information and communication, …plays an important role（在這信息時代，…扮演重要的角色）

★Nnthing in the world can delight me so much as…（世界上沒有什么比…更令我高興）

★It is necessary/important/essential/proper/urgent that S.(should)V(是必要的/重要的/適當的/緊急的)

★whenever I hear…,I can not but fell excited.（每當我聽到…，我就忍不住感到興奮）

★whenever I do…,I can not fell sad.（每當我做…，我就忍不住感到悲傷）

★whenever I think of…,I can not but fell nervous.（每當我想到…，我就忍不住感到緊張）

★whenever I meet with…,I can not but fell frightened.（每當我遭遇…，我就忍不住感到害怕）

★whenever I see…,I can not but fell surprised.（每當我看見…，我就忍不住感到驚訝）

★It is said /thought/reported/expected/believed that(據說/一般認為/據報道/一般預料/一般相信)

★The main reason why … is that（…的主要原因是…）

★Well goes an old saying=As an old saying goes=an old saying goes(俗話說的好)

★That is to say=that is=Namely(那就是說)

★We have reasons to believe that(我們有理由相信)

★As a matter of fact=in fact(事實上)

★For example=For instance(例如)

★Take … for example（以…為例）

★Besides(in addition),we should not neglect…（此外，我們不應該忽視）★On the contrary=by contrast(相反的)

★On the other hand(另一方面)

★However,It is a pity that(然而，很可惜的是)

★In other words=To put it differently(換言之)

★It will be true as assumed by others,but I don't believe it.I believe that…（別人可能認為這是事實，但我不這么認為，我認為）

★Ever since then,I have found that…（從此之后，我就發現）

★In this light,if…,there can surely be no doubt that（這樣說來，假如…，當然毫無疑問的）

★what is more serious is that(更嚴重的是)

★In view of the practical need of society(鑒于社會實際需要)

第五篇：英語常用句型

第三章 英語常用句型大全

第一節 不定式結構

1.ask sb to do sth 叫某人去做某事 2.ask sb not to do sth 叫某人不要去做某事 3.be afraid to do sth 恐懼，害怕做某事 4.be ashamed to do sth羞于做某事 5.be friendly to sb 對某人好 6.be glad to do sth高興，樂意做某事 7.be happy to do sth 高興，快樂做某事 8.be helpful to sb 對某人有好處

9.be sorry to do sth 對做某事而感到對不起 10.be supposed to do sth 被要求去做什么 11.be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 12.be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事 13.begin to do sth = start to do sth 開始做某事 14.bother sb to do sth 打擾某人做某事 15.take sb to sp 把某人帶到某地 16.decide to do sth 決定做某事

17.Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 18.except to do sth 期待做某事

19.find it +adj+to do sth 發現....做某事 20.think it +adj+to do sth 認為....做某事 21.fit to sb= be fit for sb 適合某人 22.give sth to sb 把某物給某人 23.go on to do sth 繼續去做另外一件事 24.It's good way to do sth 這是做某事的好方法 25.hate to do sth 討厭做某事 26.have been to sp 曾今去過某地 27.have gone to sp 已經去了某地

28.have sth to do 有什么事情要做 29.hope to do sth 希望做某事

30.introduce sb to sb 介紹某人給某人認識 31.invite sb to do sth 邀請某人做某事

32.It takes sb +一段時間+to do sth 花多久時間做某事 33.It's +adj+ to do sth 做某事怎么樣

34.It's a good idea for sb to do sth 對某人來說去做某事是個好主意 35.learn to do sth學著去做某事

36.make a decision to do sth 下定決心做某事 37.want to do sth 想要做某事 38.need to do sth 需要去干某事 39.offer sth to sb 給某人提供某物 40.pretend to do sth 裝著去做某事 41.take sth to sb 帶某物給某人 42.like to do sth 喜歡做某事 43.show sth to do把某物拿給某人看

44.encourage sb to do sth 鼓勵某人去做某事 45.warn sb to do sth 告誡某人做某事 46.be used to do sth 被用來做某事 47.It's best to do sth最好去看某事 48.stop to do sth 停下來去做某事

49.Have nothing to do with 與做某事不相干 50.be allowed to do 被容許做某事 51.forget to do sth 忘記做過某事 52.would like to do sth 想要做某事 53.prefer sth to sth 喜歡某物勝過某物

54.Prefer to do sth rather than do 喜歡做某事勝過做某事 55.Say hello to sb向某人問好

56.It's time to do sth 是做某事的時間到了 57.trouble sb to do sth 麻煩某人某事

58.tell sb to do sth 叫某人做某事 59.need to do sth 需要干某事

60.It's a good place to do sth 它是做某事的好地方 第二節 動原結構

1.Would you please do sth 請你做某事

2.can do sth 能夠做某事 may ,must,could,might,would,should,shall 3.be going to do sth 打算，將去做某事 4.need do sth 必須干某事 5.had better do sth 最好干某事 6.have to do sth不得不去做某事 7.let sb do sth 讓某人做某事 8.make sb do sth 使得某人做某事 9.have sb do sth讓某人做某事 10.Why not do sth為什么不去做某事

11.Why don't you do sth 你為什么不去做某事

12.句子里面有do,does,don't,does't did,didn't ,后面動詞+do sth 13.prefer to do sth rather than do sth 喜歡做某事而不去做某事 14.would rather do sth than do sth 寧愿而不 15.used to do sth 過去常常做某事

16.do nothing but do sth 除了做sth 不能做任何其它事情 17.help sb do sth 幫助某人做某事

18.Feel,listen,look,see,hear,notice,wacth+do sth 19.please do sth 請做某事

20.情態動詞（can,may,must,will,ought.to ,might,could,dare to)+動原（do sth)第三節

動詞ing 句型

1.feel like doing sth 想要做某事 2.stop.....from doing sth 阻止。做某事 3.practice do ing sth 練習做某事 4.against doing sth 反對做某事 5.enjoy doing sth 喜歡做某事

6.finish doing sth 結束做某事

7.keep on doing sth carry on doing sth go on doing sth 繼續做某事 8.prefer doing sth to doing sth喜歡做這件比喜歡做那件事情 9.be busy doing sth be busy whith sth 忙于做某事 10.spend....(in)doing sth 花費時間做某事 11.spend......(on)doing sth 花費金錢做某事

be+doing 現在正在進行時、現在進行表將來（go，arrive，come，take(take off)，start，stay，return）

12.be angry with sb for doing sth為某人而作的某個事情生氣 13.be good at doing sthdo well in doing sth 在某方面擅長 14.be strict in doing sth 嚴與做某事 15.be sure of doing sth 對做某事有信心 16.be terrified of doing sth 害怕做某事 17.be worth doing sth 值得做什么 18.consider doing sth 考慮 做某事 19.mind doing sth 介意做某事 20.end up doing sth 結束做某事 21.have been +doing 現在完成進行時 22.have fun doing sth 開心做某事

23.have trouble(problem)in doing sth 在某方面有問題或者麻煩 24.how about doing sth =what about doing sth 做....事情怎么樣 25.thanks for doing sth 感謝你為我做什么 26.admit doing sth 承認做某事 27.appreciate doing sth 感激做什么 28.avoid doing sth 避免做某事 29.complete doing sth 完成某事 30.delay doing sth 耽誤做某事 31.deny doing sth 否認做過某事 32.detest doing sth 討厭做某事 33.endure doing sth 忍受什么

leave(leave for)

34.escape fancyimagine doing sth 逃脫、想象 35.misspostponerecall doing sth 想念，推遲，會議 36.resumeresistrist doing sth繼續，抵抗，冒險 37.suggest doing sth 建議做某事 38.face doing sth 面對某事 39.include doing sth 包括什么 40.stand doing sth 忍受某事 41.understand doing sth 理解某事 42.forgive doing sth 寬恕做什么 43.admit doing sth承認某事 44.lead to doing sth引導、指引某事 45.devote oneself to doing sth 獻身于某事 46.abject to doing sth反對做某事 47.stick to doing sth堅持做某事 48.It's no good doing sth 做什么不好 49.It's no use doing sth做什么沒用 50.be fond of doing sth喜歡做什么 51.look forward to doing sth盼望做某事 52.be pround of doing sth 為某事感到驕傲 53.can't help doing sth忍不住做某事 54.be tired of doing sth 做某事感到疲憊 55.be capable of doing sth有能力做某事 56.be afraid of doing sth 害怕做某事 57.think of doing sth 考慮做某事 58.burst out doing sth突然發生某事 59.be insist on doing sth堅持做某事 60.count on doing sth依靠，指望做某事 61.set about doing sth著手干某事 62.put off doing sth推遲某事 63.give up doing sth放棄做某事

64.be successful in doing sth在某方面成功

65.seewatchnoticelook athearlisten to smelltaste feel+doing sth 66.like doing sth喜歡做某事 67.stop doing sth停止手中做的事情 68.remember doing sth記起做過的事情 69.forget doing sth 忘記做過某事 70.regret doing sth對做過的事情感到后悔 71.instead of doing sth 代替某事 72.be slow in doing sth 做某事慢 73.take turns doing sth輪流做某事 74.be famous for doing sth由做某事而著名 75.be confident of doing sth對做某事有信心

76.make a countribution to doing sth 在..方面做貢獻 77.There is |are sb doing sth.這里有某人正在干什么