第一篇：大學英語3期末復習(2012-12)

大學英語3期末復習

1.If either of you had been able to _______ your anger the fight would have been avoided.a.hold backb.hold onc.hold outd.hold up

2.Many students are taking part in extracurricular activities in their ______ to enhance their communicative skills.a.questb.strainc.temptationd.campaign a.scatterb.dedicatec.give offd.hand out a.hopefulb.definitec.productived.super

5.We can’t ________ her to be able to take responsibility just because she has been working for her boss for two years.a.interpretb.grantc.detachd.assume

6.He left the office, still ______ by the way she had spoken to him.a.annoyedb.been annoyed

c.being annoyedd.to be annoyed

7.__________ is the arbitrary circumstances both of my arrest and my subsequent fate in court.a.It is made rather disturbingb.what makes it rather disturbing

c.It makes rather disturbingd.It is rather disturbing

8.You ______ at the door before you come in.a.mean knockingb.are meant knocking

c.mean to knockd.are meant to knock

9.Mary has ____ a couple of hours on Saturdays to help her mother with her computer.a.put awayb.set asidec.get offd.take on a.likesb.realizesc.imaginesd.considers

11.The statistics show that those who prefer electronic dictionaries _________ 55 percent.a contributedb.amounted toc.headed ford.took in

12.Set your mind at ease.____ you get accustomed to the noise here.a.It will be soon afterb.It wouldn’t be long before

c.It is a short time whend.It is in a short time before

13.All the questions the police asked _____ where she had been on the night of the murder.a.brought upb.revolved around

c.built ond.singled out

14.Give them an inch, ________________.a.and they will make a mileb.they will make a mile

c.so they will make a miled.or they will make a mile

15.Let’s stop taking nonsense and _______ analyzing the tough situation.a.go onb.go offc.go intod.go about

Key

1-5 aadcd6-10 abdbc

11-15 bbbad

第二篇：第三冊大學英語期末復習重點句子

1.我們的計算機系統出了毛病，但我覺得問題不大We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it’s fairly minor.2.父親去逝的時候我還小,不能獨立生活。就在那時，家鄉的父老接過了教育我的責任。My father died when I was too young to live

on my own.The people of my hometown took over my upbringing at that point.3.這些玩具必須得達到嚴格的安全要求后才可出售給兒童The toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children.5.一些科學家堅信人們總有一天會喜歡轉基 因農作物的，因為它們能夠提高產量，幫助發展中國家戰勝饑荒和疾病Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since

they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world.1.無論是在城市還是農村，因特網正在改變人們的生活方式。The Internet is changing the way peopleEinstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.3.因其在激發學生創造性想象力方面的出色表現，王教授獲得了校長獎Professor Wang received the Presidential Award for his

excellence in stimulating students' creative imagination.4.因存在一些設計上的重大缺陷，董事會沒有同意那個經濟刺激計劃As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn't approve of the economic

4.作為新聞和輿論的載體，廣播和電視補充了而不是替代了報紙。Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion.5.至于這本雜志，它刊載了世界各地許多報

紙雜志上文章的摘要When it comes to this magazine, it is/ carries a digest of articles

from

manynewspapers

and

magazines around the world.1.雖然受到全球金融危機后果的巨大影響，但是我們仍然相信我們能夠面對挑戰，克服

危機。Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.2.在持續不斷的沙塵暴的威脅下，我們被迫

離開我們喜愛的村莊，搬遷到新的地方。Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement.3.根據最近的網上調查，許多消費者說他們也許會有興趣考慮購買電視廣告中播放的產

品。According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials.4.看到卡車司機把受污染的廢棄物倒在河邊，老人馬上向警方報告

Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.live, whether they are in urban or rural areas.2.和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到金融危機的威脅。

Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global

economic crisis than large ones.3.關于期末論文，教授要求我們先分析失業圖表，然然后對過家的經濟發展提供批評性的見解。

With regard to our term paper, the professor asked us to analyze the

unemployment chart first, and then provide critical reflections on the nations economic development.4.他從來也沒有想到他們隊會大比分贏得那場籃球賽。It never occurred to him that their team

would win the basketball match by a large margin.5.回顧二十年得中學教學，我把我的成功歸結為耐心、才能和對知識的不斷追求 Looking back on my twenty years' teaching in high school, I attribute my success to

patience, talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge.1.紅十字會派遣的志愿人員非常小心地對村里的飲用水進行消毒，以避免爆發瘟疫 The volunteers sent by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution, the

drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague.2.愛因斯坦用了多年時間試圖把電磁學理論和引力理論結合起來，但沒有成功。

stimulus package.5.喬丹意識到沒人能給他幫助，終于得出結論他必須面對現實，獨自接受挑戰Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up

the challenge by himself.1.奶奶想當然地認為糧價要漲，所以買了許多大米Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.2.我可以給你引用幾個例子來說明她獻身科

學的精神I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.3.20世紀80年代中國一些經濟特區開始迅速發展起來The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.4.兩國關系的緊張部分是由最近的間諜事件引起的Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.5.彼得已在一家律師事務所當了多年律師。你可以考慮請他做你的律師，當你需要法律

援助時，由他代你行事Peter has worked in a law firm for many years.You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.

第三篇：2018上半年大學英語期末復習題目

期末復習題目

不要死背答案，順序不一樣。

I.Multiple Choices: choose the best answer to complete every sentence.(20*1'=20')1.We believe it’s possible to _______ growth through the use of different kinds of energy that will allow for lower carbon emissions.A.sustain

B.run

C.come

D.go 2.The European Union is made up of 27 nations with _______ cultural, linguistic and economic roots.A.accuse

B.pay

C.distinct

D.offer 3.Now that we have approval we may _______ the scheme as previously agreed.A.throw

B.execute

C.popular

D.stress 4.The first mobile phones were heavy and ______ to use, but nowadays they are much easier to handle.A.clumsy

B.happy

C.fairy

D.glad 5.Charlie Chaplin was born in a poor area of South London, but in 1913 he left Britain ______ good.A.for

B.again

C.about

D.free 6.They’ll have to cut the film ______----it’s far too long.A.down

B.up

C.into

D.on 7.In many cases, optional subjects ______ science are available, such as business studies.A.more than

B.other than

C.less than

D.little than 8.The less you spend, the less you’ll owe, and the less likely you’ll ______ bankrupt.A.turn off

B.get into

C.reach for

D.end up 9.If ______ of the charge he would face a prison sentence of six years.A.convicted

B.taken

C.got

D.convict 10.Any claims for refund or ______ must be made in writing to our head office within 28 days.A.compensation

B.difficulty

C.problem

D.change 11.His role was to drum ______ contributions and donations from friends in big business.A.to

B.over

C.up

D.out 12.The chairman spoke so forcefully that the rest of the committee yielded ______ his opinion.A.down

B.for

C.to

D.of 13.If you want to donate a number of books to your organization, club, association or to your local school library for the children to read, please fill ______ the form below.A.over

B.after

C.out

D.side 14.The local government has given priority to the construction of infrastructure so as to attract more foreign ______.A.blood

B.attack

C.influence

D.investment 15.We had only two weeks to tour Malaysia, which was hardly enough to ______ the surface.A.patience

B.pain

C.appeal

D.scratch 16.It is ______ that terrorism is a great threat to world peace.A.widely accepted B.widely accepting

C.wide accepted D.wide accepting 17.The house built of stone lasts longer than ____ built of wood.A.the one

B.one

C.that

D.its 18.E-mail as well as telephones ____ more and more popular in daily communication.A.have become

B.become

C.are becoming

D.is becoming 19.This kind of cloth ____ well.A.washes

B.wash

C.is washed

D.is washing 20.What do you mean ____ saying that you've never heard of it before?

A.in

B.by

C.as

D.with

1.A 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.A

11.C 12.C 13.C 14.D 15.D 16.A 17.C 18.D 19.A 20.B

II.Reading Comprehension:(15*2=30')Passage One Passage Two

Passage Three It doesn’t matter when or how much a person sleeps, but everyone needs some rest to stay alive.That’s what all doctors thought, until they heard about AI Herpin.AI Herpin, it was said, never slept, Could this be true? The doctors decided to see this strange man themselves.AI Herpin was 90 years old when the doctors came to his home in New Jersey.They thought for sure that he got some sleep of some kind.So they stayed with him and watched every movement he made.But they were surprised.Though they watched him hour after hour and day after day, they never saw Herpin sleeping , In fact, he did not even own a bed.He never needed one.The only rest that Herpin sometimes got was sitting in a comfortable chair and reading newspapers.The doctors were puzzled by this strange continuous sleeplessness.They found only one answer that might explain his condition.Herpin remembered some talk about his mother having been injured(傷害)several days before he was born.But that was all.Was this the real reason? No one could be sure.Herpin died at the age of 94.11.The main idea of this passage is that _______.A.large numbers of people do not need sleep B.a person was found who actually didn’t need any sleep C.everyone needs some sleep to stay alive D.people can live longer by trying not to sleep 12.The doctors came to visit Herpin , expecting to ______.A.cure him of his sleeplessness B.find that his sleeplessness was not really true C.find a way to free people from the need of sleeping D.find out why some old people didn’t need any sleep

13.After watching him closely, the doctors came to believe that AL Herpin ________.A.was too old to need any sleep B.often slept in a chair C.needed no sleep at all

D.needed some kind of sleep 14.One reason that might explain Herpin’s sleeplessness was ________.A.that he hadn’t got a bed

B.that he had gradually got rid of the sleeping habit C.his mother’s injury before he was born

D.his magnificent physical condition 15.AI Herpin’s condition could be regarded as ______.A.a common one

B.one that could be cured C.very healthy

D.a rare one

11.B 12.B 13.C 14.C 15.D

III.Cloze:(20*1'=20')大學英語讀寫教程Section A 后面練習題的完型填空（重點看Unit1 ,Unit 2, Unit6的完型填空）

IV.Translation: from Chinese into English(2*3'=6')大學英語讀寫教程Section A 后面漢語翻譯成英語練習題

V.Translation: from English into Chinese(3*3'=9')大學英語讀寫教程 SectionA 后面練習題英譯漢的翻譯。

VI.Composition:(15')

你是李華，申請到一家外資企業工作。對方要求你用英語寫一篇短文，介紹自己的基本情況。短文應包括下表所列全部內容。

注意：1.情況介紹必須采用短文形式；

2.詞數100個左右；

3.短文第一句已為你寫好。生詞：競賽—competition My name is Li Hua.

第四篇：2015大學英語Ⅲ復習材料

1.Most cities in the country have introduced “Clean Air Zones”(whereby)factories and households are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.2.He knows that the(pursuit)of social status can consume vast amounts of his time and effort.3.The doctors are at a loss because so far no medicine has been found to(inhibit)the spread of the disease.4.We see many special education directors trying to(maintain)the quality of their programs with much less money and much smaller staff.5.People there are told it is their(patriotic)duty to support the national economy by buying their own products.6.Darwin's thinking both drew upon and(transcended)the conventional ideas of his time.7.In spite of all your(endeavors), there may be times when you encounter difficulties in the training process.8.My advice to Mr.Stewart is to think carefully before entering into a career in medicine, as this is a field which requires a lot of(dedication)and long working hours.9.Most Chinese parents would prefer to choose some professions that are stable and could bring(prestige)and economic benefits.10.It is legally possible for an elderly person to(nominate)someone to act for them, should they become incapable of looking after themselves.1.When Francis got back after Easter, he was far behind his classmates and he was(removed from)the second into the third class at his own desire.2.The president acknowledged that he had somehow(failed in)his ability to communicate to the American people.3.Unfortunately, as history has shown, some of the companies are guilty of misconduct(in the pursuit of)profit.4.The ship(deviated from)the agreed voyage and arrived about 10 days late and in the meantime the price of sugar had fallen and the merchants lost over ￡4,000.5.Because the transcript is still under seal, the law(1)(precludes)them(2)(from)reading and discussing the evidence in detail.6.In carrying out the plan we are likely to come across difficulties, but we are determined to(triumph over)them all.7.Without increasing investment in education, it will be increasingly difficult for low-income people to(work their way into)the middle class.8.All the passengers in the plane that crashed in the middle of the Andes Mountains a week ago were(written off)as dead.1.Kids are more likely to(intervene)in a situation if they believe their parents expect them to help.2.The first lesson I learned as a newcomer for the company was never to(underestimate)the degree of difficulty I would face in career advancement.3.Just as I started to think that I was never going to get well, the illness began to(recede).4.Whatever the decision is, I would like you to know that your department is my first choice and I(deem)it a great honor if I could study in your department.5.During one particularly(bleak)moment in my career, a senior colleague of mine said to me, “If you follow your dreams, the money will come.Follow the money, and you'll lose your dreams.”

6.Unless we can find a way to(appraise)nature and then invest in protecting it, our basic life-support systems are going to collapse.7.The blizzard(暴風雪)moved south, turning into an icy rain that(paralyzed)the airports for three days.8.In this introduction we have diagnosed some of the causes of the illness and, in the following chapters, we will draw attention to its various unpleasant(symptoms).9.In those days, divorce under any circumstances was socially unacceptable and there was great(dismay)in the family who went through it.10.Every time she talked about being rejected in her hunt for a job, she seemed on the(brink)of tears, and I would quickly switch the conversation to another topic.1.When the bus(pulled to a stop)and I got off, I was relieved because I had finished school and I had the weekend ahead of me to enjoy myself.2.When my car crashed into the big tree, I could feel the blood draining from my face and I wondered whether I was about to(black out).3.All kinds of questions concerning the soaring housing price begin to(pop up)on cable television and the blogosphere(博客圈).4.The soldiers' rapid march was(stopped short)by the general's command;they were uncertain whether to go back or forward.5.A car crashed into the side of a house after the driver lost control and(plowed through)a hedge(樹籬).6.Charles reappeared, after half an hour's absence, and(threw himself into)an armchair, where he lay back for some time with his eyes shut.7.You may be out of work but that is no reason to(let yourself go)by not washing, brushing your hair and wearing clean clothes.8.As her door began to open, she(grabbed for)the telephone, and then dropped the receiver as Luke walked in.1.As a number of authors point out, the urge to migrate is a(n)

(integral)part of human nature.2.Children should be allowed to(cherish)those few years of innocence before they have to learn the truth about the real world.3.He has been(afflicted)by a horrible disease, from which one of his best friends died two weeks ago.4.The results of the survey are(noteworthy)and useful despite being from a small sample.5.The director said that they needed a young actress who could(portray)someone who was both unbalanced and confident at the same time.6.Praise must be used wisely to(compliment)students who perform up to expectations and to encourage students to perform to maximum levels.7.In the(domain)of research, it is an accepted fact that scientific publications have to be written or translated into English to get published, acknowledged, and cited.8.He received a(n)

(anonymous)call threatening to disclose details of his affair if he didn't pay the money.9.The movie presents Lincoln as a strong-willed,(conscientious)man who led the US through a moral, constitutional and political crisis.10.It is understandable that the health and welfare of their family is a(n)

(perpetual)concern for this young couple.1.Clearly, most of the students there are full-time workers who would not otherwise have been able to(embark on)sustained further study.2.The court ruled that this man(be deprived of)his political rights for a further four years after he has served his 13-year sentence.3.I would love to have kids.I would(turn down)an Oscar to see my boy at a baseball game or my girl at a song recital.4.Richard was finally released on February 4, one year and six weeks after he'd been(taken captive).5.She hoped Vincent would understand that

her life had not been empty, because her love would(live on).6.All people, whether they be rich or poor, strong or weak, privileged or deprived, are interdependent, and(share in)the common task of seeking to achieve mankind's full potential.7.In September 1944 he was able to return to his academic duties, but soon after the war ended he(was stricken by)a serious illness and did relatively little research thereafter(從那以后).8.She retired from the company where she has(led by example)and been a source of encouragement to others.1.Although secondary education is(compulsory), parents are not required to send their children to state schools.2.The economic situation has been worsening, causing economists to(contemplate)whether the present policies are sustainable.3.He was found guilty and was(imprisoned)in the Tower of London, where he died very quickly, aged only 47.4.It is obvious that the future of the Internet is to(globalize)more and more areas of the world, and that e-commerce and e-entertainment are going to go for more and more markets.5.However, your current losses should soon be(offset)by gains;the fund will produce a positive return of 11.6 percent over a nine-month period.6.Because she was so tall and slim, all the clothes looked marvelous on her and the other girls would(groan)their envy.7.This can be a helpful approach in discussion — someone may regard you as(stubborn)since you never want to change your mind, whereas you see yourself as determined.8.At weekends, the school park is almost empty except that a few cars(cluster)near the entrance.9.In the photographer's finest pictures there is also a degree of(ambiguity), which allows them to be interpreted in a variety of ways.10.Tim stretched out a hand in apology for his thoughtless remarks and was(consoled)by a firm handshake from Mark.1.Virginia was a perfectionist.She was just not prepared to(settle for)anything that was second best.2.He could be quite casual in his attitude to his wife's anxiety, and(more often than not)failed to let her know when he would be back from a business trip.3.“You'll kill yourself with those things,” Arty said in a tone in which disappointment was(mingled with)disgust.4.Thanks to modern transportation, agricultural products in these remote mountainous regions can also be(traded for)other goods.5.As the market(was saturated with)a wide variety of goods, the economy became more balanced and the competition forced the prices down.6.Going with the flow doesn't mean that we don't know where we're going;it means that we(are open to)multiple ways of getting there.7.The athlete had been(endowed with)long legs and a persistent temperament so he was very successful.8.The wrongly accused man asked for extra compensation to(make up for)the stress he had suffered during the case.1.The general considered all the information that had been gathered and(gauged)what possible moves the enemy might make before issuing his orders.2.The new president said she would(dedicate)herself to protecting the rights of the old and the homeless, who are otherwise helpless and vulnerable.3.Cell phone conversations, which are fairly

(commonplace)on commuter trains, can be annoying to fellow commuters.4.Ask your doctor whether a low-fat diet and a daily walk will(suffice)to reduce your high blood pressure.5.The(revenue)from tourism is the biggest single contribution to GDP in the Maldives;every year many tourists from all corners of the world spend their holidays there.6.Since the beginning of this century, China has built many modern conference centers with underground parking, air-conditioning and(simultaneous)translation systems.7.While advertising offers a stimulus(刺激)to buy, sales promotion offers a(n)(incentive)to buy, but consumers must have their own reason to buy.8.In general, smokers living in cities are slightly more(prone)to lung cancer than smokers who are living in the country.9.A large proportion of important(innovations)are brought about by people who step outside of conventional categories or traditional assumptions.10.The habit of going to coffee houses was(fostered)by the city's relatively small size, safe streets, good public transportation, and moderate climate.1.The results of this experiment do not(correlate with)those of the studies that the team of scientists had conducted previously.2.It was a moment of overwhelming excitement when Steve was given the first prize;Tiffany couldn't(refrain from)hugging and kissing him.3.As we(count down)to tonight's presidential debate, it's time to go over the political agendas which the candidates are trying to promote.4.She spent the next 10 years taking in washing,(slaving away)to pay back the money they had borrowed from the bank.5.Indeed, it seems that the upward shift in the rate of economic growth in the mid-1990s(coincided with)a sudden, substantial and rapid decline in the prices of computers.6.As Crawford(contended with)heartbreak in his private life, his career soared to greater heights than he could have ever dreamed of.7.I am assuming that you have adequate health insurance, but someone should(be designated as)successor to take over your financial and domestic affairs if you become unable to cope with them yourself.8.Formal consent for this new type of treatment was obtained from each patient and the study(conformed to)our institution's guidelines concerning medical ethics(倫理).Where there is a will, there is a way.This proverb means that if you are really determined to do something, however difficult it might be, you will(1)(eventually)find a way to do it well.The(2)(premier)point is that you must have the will to achieve success.Ninety percent of the failures that occur are due to the fact that there is no strong will involved.Many people simply say that they want something, but they do not make any(3)(endeavor)to achieve it.So, instead of getting it, they use the poorest excuse to explain the situation away.On many occasions, people tend to(4)(bypass)every minute obstacle, making the objective impossible to attain.In reality, if they have the will to succeed, they can get rid of the(5)(handicaps)and achieve their goals.Only those with a(n)(6)(committed)and focused will and spirit can fight their way to final victory.Many a famous man has the same experience.They have(7)(attained)their prestige because they have had the will to(8)(transcend)apparently insuperable(無法克服的)obstacles.Many artists, statesmen, writers and inventors have managed to succeed because they possess a fierce will，which has helped them to accomplish major(9)(feats).Therefore, we can see that the main thing which one needs is a strong will.Weak-willed people never climb to the top.They collapse at the(10)(slightest)use of force against them.Strong-willed people, on the other hand, will stand up against all odds and will make it a point to succeed.Social anxiety symptoms often begin during adolescence.It's a developmental process that is(1)(characterized)by profound psychological changes, especially in terms of how we relate to others.One of the most frustrating(2)(aspects)of the adolescent years is the tendency for self-focus and a decrease in the(3)(amount)of focus we have for the feelings and needs of others.While these changes are fairly universal, those of us who were born with a shy temperament(性格)can carry the adolescent fears, which may never(4)(recede), into adulthood.An anxious temperament causes our brains to react forcibly when(5)(exposed)to the stress of sudden awareness of our peers and gradually we become more and more vulnerable.Our brains label the fear of exposure or embarrassment as highly dangerous.This may result in a(n)(6)(vicious)circle for many years: excessive self-consciousness and inhibition when you feel you are being observed.To cope with the problem, I would like to(7)(challenge)you to strive for increased focus on other people, in place of your(8)(excessive)focus on yourself.Yes, I know, this is easier said than done.The fear may cause you to feel that you will lose control or make a fool of yourself when you are in the spotlight(聚光燈).But if you begin to build a new response, in(9)(reaction)to your fears, you will gradually build up a stronger and more positive response.Remember, don't let self-consciousness(10)(paralyze)you!Be

courageous!

Unit 3

Audrey Hepburn was a beautiful actress and model, who became one of the most successful and well-known actresses in the film(1)(domain).She was a fashion icon and role model for women all over the world, helping to(2)(define)a particular type of fresh, vulnerable, elfin(小精靈似的)beauty.Today's(3)(popularity)of the slim fashion model is due to Audrey Hepburn's influence.Although she appeared frail(脆弱的), she was(4)(mentally)strong.At the end of her acting career when she entered a(n)(5)(diplomatic)career as a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF, she was so solidly(6)(committed)to her cause that she was held in highest esteem(尊重)by even the most hardened politicians.Audrey originally started working for UNICEF in 1954, doing radio presentations.She always said it was happy to(7)(devote)her life to helping impoverished(窮困的)children after her own good fortune in(8)(surviving)the hardship of the Nazi occupation of Holland.She began her permanent ambassadorship in 1988 and(9)(embarked)on trips to many countries.She was always positive: “People in these places don't know Audrey Hepburn, but they recognize the name UNICEF.When they see UNICEF their faces light up, because they know that something is happening.” In 1992, her(10)(humanitarian)work with those in need was recognized when she was awarded the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for her contribution to humanity.Unit 4 “Why would you leave behind your comfortable bed, your home, your family and friends? Why do you want to go alone?” When you are living out of a backpack for a period of time, you may often get questioned why.I seldom get time to sit down and(1)(contemplate)the reason I travel, but I believe that you only begin to truly live once you step outside of your(2)(comfort)zone.My first overseas trip was at 14 years old, which(3)(sparked)my curiosity for the world.Since finishing high school I have(4)(ventured)through various countries and been amazed by all the(5)(diverse)cultures scattered around the globe.My eyes are my greatest asset as they have(6)(witnessed)the most beautiful scenes that replay in my mind every day:(7)(stunning)landscapes, friendly locals, breath-taking architecture, and food that makes your mouth water once your eyes catch a(n)(8)(glimpse).Traveling teaches you to be independent in the most(9)(positive)way.I know how to depend on myself, go out and meet people, and not let anyone else's expectations(10)(dictate)my life.Every day I see my dream and every day it's in a new place.I am 22 years young.I quite agree with Anthony Bourdain, “If you're 22, physically fit, hungry to learn and be better, I urge you to travel.Find out how other people live and eat and cook.Learn from them, wherever you go.”

Unit 5 In a study conducted in the UK, it was found that only four out of every five(1)(employees)were happy at work.Surprisingly, contrary to popular(2)(notion), friendly, supportive colleagues and a good manager, instead of the salary or the love for the work, have been found to be the(3)(primary)causes of happiness at work.So, how do you keep your spirits up and, at the same time,(4)(foster)a

sense of joy on the job? Here is one of the tips to help you on your way to finding happiness and complete job satisfaction in the workplace.Start with a positive outlook.Happiness is a state of mind;it(5)(reflects)an attitude, though not many people realize it.Staying happy at work is totally based on your(6)(motivations)and on a positive outlook toward your job, not on(7)(monetary)rewards or material gain.Dwelling on(老是想著)the good(8)(aspects)of the work rather than rattling on and on(對...喋喋不休)about what makes you unhappy is the basic key to happiness.Negativity and(9)(gossiping)about bad things may be easy, but it is looking at the bright side that makes for the challenging part of a job.As Francesca Reigler puts it, “Happiness is an attitude.We either make ourselves(10)(miserable), or happy and strong.The amount of work is the same.”

閱讀理解

Unit 1 – Unit 5 Text B 其中一篇

翻譯 Unit 1

英譯漢

Global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions contribute to building this community's values and practices.世界公民是指一個人承認自己是新興的全球社區的一分子，而且其行動對全球社區的價值打造和實踐活動有所貢獻。Global citizenship believes that humankind is essentially one and each individual has the power to change things.世界公民相信人類從本質上來說是一個整體，每 個人都有改變事物的能力。In our interdependent world, global citizenship encourages us to recognize our responsibilities toward each other and learn from each other.在我們這樣一個相互依賴的世界中，世界公民意識鼓勵我們認識到對彼此的責任，并從對方身上學習。Global citizens care about education, disease，poverty，and environmental issues around the world.世界公民關心全球的教育、疾病、貧窮和環境問題。Today, the forces of global engagement are helping some people identify themselves as global citizens who have a sense of belonging to a world community.在當今，全球合作的力量在使一些人萌發世界公民的意識，讓他們擁有對全球社區的歸屬感。This growing global identity in large part is made possible by the forces of modern information, communications and

transportation technologies.這種不斷發展的世界公民意識在很大程度上來講，要 歸功于現代信息、通信和交通技術的力量。Global citizenship aims to empower people to lead their own action.世界公民意識致力于給予人們力量，讓他們付諸行動。Along with the knowledge and values that they have gained from learning about global issues, people need to be equipped with the necessary skills to give themselves the ability and confidence to be

pro-active in making a positive difference in the world.世界公民除了要從世界問題中學習知識和價值觀，還要擁有必需的 技能，使他們擁有能力和自信，積極推動世界的發展。

漢譯英

如今，很多年輕人不再選擇“穩定”的工作，他們更愿意自主創業，依靠自己的智慧和奮斗去實現自我價值。Nowadays, many young people no longer choose “stable” jobs.Instead, they prefer to start their own businesses and realize their self-value through their own wisdom and efforts.青年創業（young entrepreneurship）是未來國家經濟活力的來源，創業者的成功不但會創造財富、增加就業機會、改善大家的生活，從長遠來看，對于國家更是一 件好事，創業者正是讓中國經濟升級換代的力量。Young entrepreneurship is the source of national economic vitality in the future.The success of entrepreneurs not only creates fortune, increases job opportunities, improves people’s life, but it is also good for the country in the long term.Entrepreneurs are a driving force in upgrading China’s economy.尤其是在當前，國家鼓勵大眾創業、萬眾創新，在政策上給予中小企業支持，這更加激發了年輕人的創業熱情。Especially for the time being, our country is encouraging people to start their own businesses and make innovations and giving policy support for medium and small businesses.This further arouses young people's enthusiasm to start their own businesses.Unit 2 英譯漢

The American Dream is a national ethos(精神特質)of the United States.美國夢是美利堅合眾國的民族精神。The term is used in many ways, but it essentially is an idea that suggests that anyone in the US can succeed through hard work and has the potential to lead a happy, successful life.該詞有各種各樣的用法，但其根本含義是，在美國任何人都可以通過努力獲得成功，都有可能過上幸福而成功的生活。Many people have expanded upon or refined the definition to include things such as freedom, fulfillment and meaningful relationships.許多人對 美國夢的概念加以拓展和提煉，涵蓋了像自由、自我實現和深厚的人際關系等方面的內容。The idea of an American Dream is older than the US, dating back to the 1600s, when people began to have all sorts of hopes and aspirations for what was a new and largely unexplored continent to European immigrants.美國夢的思想比美國本身更為久遠，可以追溯到17世紀，當時的歐洲移 民面對這一新發現的、未經開發的廣袤

大陸，開始紛紛懷揣希望，追逐夢想。And the meaning of the Dream has changed over the course of history, including both personal components and a global vision.隨著歷史的發展，美國夢的含義也已改變，既包含了個人

元素，也包含了全局視野。But not everybody thinks the American Dream is a positive thing.但 并不是每個人都對美國夢持肯定態度。Some people believe that the structure of society in the US prevents such an idealistic goal for everyone.一些人認為美國的社會結構決定了不是每個人都能擁有這樣的理想目標。Critics often point to examples of inequality rooted in class, race, religion and ethnicity that suggest that the American Dream is not attainable for everyone.批評者常常舉以實例，揭露植根于階級、種族、宗教 和民族的不平等現象，指出美國夢并非每個人都可企及。

漢譯英

實現中華民族偉大復興（rejuvenation）是近代以來中國人民最偉大的夢想，我們稱之為“中國夢”，其基本內涵是實現國家富強、民族振興、人民幸 福。中國夢，是讓每一個積極進取的中國人形成世世代代的信念：只要經過不懈的奮斗便能獲得更好的生活。Realizing the great national rejuvenation, which we define as the Chinese Dream, has been the greatest Chinese expectation since modern times.It basically means achieving prosperity for the country, renewal of the nation and happiness for the people, thus ensuring that every enterprising Chinese carries, generation after generation, the firm conviction that a better life is accomplished through persistent effort.人們必須通過自己的勤奮、勇氣、創意和決心邁向繁 榮，而不是依賴于社會和他人的援助。People should achieve their prosperity through diligence, courage, creativity and determination instead of aid from society or other people.每個中國人都是中國夢的參與者和創造者。中國夢是民族的夢，也是每個中國人的夢。Each individual is a participant and a designer in the cause of realizing the Chinese Dream, for it is a dream not only for the entire nation but also for every Chinese.Unit 3 英譯漢

Leonardo da Vinci, one of the greatest minds of the Italian Renaissance, is perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.萊奧納多?達?芬奇是意大利文藝復興時期最偉大的思想家之一，也許也是迄今最多才多藝的人。A painter, sculptor, architect, mathematician, engineer, and inventor, he is

famous for a wide range of accomplishments.他是畫家、雕刻家、建筑家、數學家、工程師和發明家，因成就廣 泛而聞名。His natural genius, which crossed multiple disciplines, won him the title of “Renaissance Master”.他的天賦跨越多個領域，為其贏得了“文藝復興大師”的稱號。Leonardo is renowned primarily as a painter.萊奧納多主要作為畫家而著名。Among his works, the Mona Lisa is the best known and The Last Supper the most reproduced religious painting of all time.在其所有作品中，《蒙娜·麗莎》最為有名，而《最后的 晚餐》則是歷來復制最多的宗教畫作。What make Leonardo's drawings unique are mainly his innovative techniques and acute scientific mind.萊奧納多作品的獨特之處主要在于其創新性的技巧和敏銳的科學思維。Perhaps only 15 of his paintings have survived, partly because his constant

experimentation

with

new

techniques made his total output quite small.他的畫作大約只有15幅流傳了下來，其部分原因是他 不斷試驗新的技巧，所以作品總量很小。Although not a prolific(多產的)painter, Leonardo was a most productive draftsman, keeping journals full of sketches, drawings, and diagrams.萊奧納多雖然不是多產畫家，卻是一位最高產的繪圖家，他在日記中畫滿了各種草圖、圖畫和圖表。These notebooks, often referred to as da Vinci's manuscripts, recorded his inventions, observations, and theories about everything that captured his attention.這些筆記通常被稱為達 ?芬奇手稿，記錄了他的各種發明、觀察，以及他對自己感興趣的事物提出的理論。Leonard's genius made him a pioneer in almost every field of study he undertook.萊奧納多的天賦使他幾乎在涉足的每一領域都成了先驅。His paintings, together with his notebooks, have contributed significantly to the history of art.他的畫作，連同他的筆 記，在藝術史上貢獻斐然。

漢譯英

水墨畫（ink and wash painting）是中國獨具特色的傳統藝術形式之一，是中國國畫的代表。Ink and wash painting, one of the unique traditional art forms

of

China，is representative of Chinese painting.它大約始于唐代，興盛于宋代和元代，距今已有一千多年的歷史，其間經歷了不斷的 發展、提高和完善。It began around the time of the Tang Dynasty, and then prospered in the Song and Yuan dynasties.With a history of over one thousand years, it has experienced constant development, improvement and perfection.水墨畫的創作工具和材料是具有濃厚中國特色的毛筆、宣紙和墨，其作品特點也與此緊密相關。The tools and materials used to create ink and wash painting, i.e.brushes, rice paper，and ink, are characteristic of Chinese culture and closely related to the features of the paintings.例如，水和墨相互調和，使作品具有干濕濃淡的 層次。For example, the mixing of water and ink creates different shades of dryness, wetness, thickness and thinness.水墨和宣紙的交融滲透也使畫作善于表現豐富的意象，從而達到獨特的審美效果。

The integration and infiltration of water, ink, and rice paper enables such paintings to convey rich images, and hence to achieve unique aesthetic effects.水墨畫在中國繪畫史上具有很高的地位，甚至被認為是衡量東方繪畫藝術水平的標準。Ink and wash painting holds a high status in the history of Chinese painting, and it is even regarded as the criterion to evaluate the artistic level of Oriental paintings.Unit 4

英譯漢

Venice is the world's famous island city in northern Italy.威尼斯是意大利北部一座世界聞名的島城。Founded in the 5th century, Venice became a major maritime power in the 10th century.威尼斯建立于公元5世紀，在公元10世紀時成為一支重要的海上力量。In the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Venice was a major center for commerce and trade, and became an extremely wealthy European city, a leader in political and economic affairs.在中世紀和文藝復興時期，威尼斯曾是重要的商 貿中心，是當時歐洲極為富裕的城市，在政治和經濟事務中居領導地位。After several hundred years in power, Venice began to decline in the 15th century.幾百年的興盛之后，威尼斯在15世紀開始衰落。Nowadays, it is regarded as one of the world's most beautiful cities and one of the most important tourist destinations in the world.如今，威尼斯被公認為是全世界最美的城 市之一，也是全世界最重要的旅游勝地之一。Venice has a rich and diverse architectural style, the most famous of which is the Gothic style.威尼斯的建筑風格豐富多樣，其中最出名的是哥特式風格。Venice is also known for several important artistic movements in history, especially the Renaissance period.威尼斯還因歷史上的幾次重要的藝術運動而聞名，特別是文 藝復興時期。The influence of Venice on the development of architecture and arts has been considerable.威尼斯對建筑和藝術的發展影響巨大。Today, it is still playing an important role in contemporary arts and popular cultures.至今，威尼斯仍對現代藝術和流行文化的發展起著重要作用。In 1987, Venice was listed as a World Heritage Site.1987年，威尼斯被列入《世界遺產名錄》。In March 1980, Venice became a sister city of

China's Suzhou City.1980年3月，威尼斯與中國蘇州結為“友好城市”。

漢譯英

Lijiang is a mountainous city in northwest Yunnan Province.麗江地處云南省西北部，境內多山。The old town of Lijiang, located at the foot of Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, is a town of scenic beauty and known for its history and culture.It is also a well-preserved old town with features of ethnic minorities.麗江古城坐落在玉龍雪山腳下，是一座風景秀麗的歷史文化名城，也是我國保存完好的少數民族古城之一。The construction work of the old town was started from the Southern Song Dynasty about 800 years from now.麗江古城始建于南 宋，距今約有800年的歷史。Not only does Lijiang boast a long history, but also it boasts many ethnic minorities who make up over a half of the total population in the region.麗江不僅歷史悠久，而且民族眾多，少數民族人口占全區人口的半數以上。With the booming of Lijiang tourism, the old town of Lijiang is receiving a growing number of tourists from home and abroad.隨著麗江旅游業的發展，到麗江古城觀光游覽的中外游客 日益增多。In December 1997, the old town succeeded in applying to be named a World Cultural Heritage Site, filling the gap of lacking a noted historical and cultural city in China on the World Cultural Heritage List.1997年12月，麗江古城申報世界文化遺產獲得成功，填補了中國在世界文化遺產中無歷史文化名城的空白。

Unit 5 英譯漢

The English ceremony of afternoon tea dates back to the 1840s.The tradition evolved out of the rituals and routines that surrounded tea drinking in Britain before that time.英式下午茶的儀式可以追溯到19世紀40年代，該傳統是由之前英國的茶飲儀式和習慣發展而來的。Tea was first introduced to England in the late 1650s, but for a long time, it was only consumed by the royal family and the aristocracy due to its high cost.茶最初在17世紀50年代晚期被引入英國，但由于價格昂 貴，所以很長一段時間里，只有皇家和貴族才能享用。The habit of having afternoon tea did not become established until almost 200 years later.直到將近200多年之后，英國人才養成吃下午茶的習慣。In those days, the British ate only two daily meals: a large breakfast late in the morning and a late dinner around 8 o'clock in the evening.在當時，英國人一日兩餐：快接近中午時分的豐盛 早餐和晚上八點左右的晚餐。Anna, the 7th Duchess of Bedford, can be credited for creating the

tradition of afternoon tea to soothe hunger pangs before supper.據說第七代貝德福德公爵夫人安娜開創了下午茶的傳統，以此來緩解晚餐前的饑餓感。She invited friends to join her for an additional afternoon meal at four to

five o'clock.她邀請朋友和她一起在下午四五點鐘吃下午茶。The menu included tea and snacks such as dainty cakes and sandwiches.下午茶中包括茶和一些點心，比如精致的蛋糕及三明治。Fine porcelain(瓷器)was used to serve this minor feast.這些小巧的美食用精美的瓷器盛裝。Afternoon tea soon became popular, and is now a symbol of the elegant British way of life.下午茶很快就流行開來，現在已經成為優雅英國生活方式的一個象征。As novelist Henry James wrote, “There are few hours in life more agreeable than the hour dedicated to the ceremony known as afternoon tea.”正如小說家亨利?詹姆斯寫道的那樣：“人生鮮有比全心全意享用下午茶這一儀式更愜意的時刻了。”

漢譯英

China is the hometown of tea and the birthplace of tea culture.中國是茶的故鄉，也是茶文化的發源地。Since ancient times, tea has been known as the “national drink” of China.自古以來，茶就被譽為中華民族的“國飲”。In both the Chinese scholars' seven daily necessities, namely music, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry, wine and tea and common people's seven ones, namely firewood, rice, oil, salt, soy sauce, vinegar and tea, tea is listed as one of the necessities.無論是文人墨客生活中的“琴棋書畫詩酒茶”，還是平民百姓生活中的“柴米 油鹽醬醋茶”，茶都是必備品。Meanwhile, China is a country with ancient civilization and a land of courtesy.同時，中國又是文明古國，禮儀之邦。The practice of making and serving tea is essential whenever there are guests or friends.凡是來了客人或朋友，沏茶、敬茶的禮儀必不可少。With the development of cultural exchange, commerce and trade between China and other countries, Chinese tea and tea culture spread to the world.隨著中外文化交流和商業貿易的發展，中 國茶及茶文化傳向了全世界。Today, a number of countries across the five continents grow tea plants, and many countries import tea from China.現在五大洲有不少國家種茶，也有很多國家從中國進口茶。Chinese tea, like Chinese silk and chinaware, has become synonymous with China in the world.中國茶和中國的絲綢及瓷器一樣，已經成為中國在全世界的代名詞。

第五篇：集美大學期末復習材料

期末復習材料

試用世界的物質統一性原理論述一切從實際出發實事求是

是辯證唯物主義一元論的根本要求

從實際出發，實事求是之所以是辯證唯物主義一元論的根本要求，主要是因為它體現了辯證唯物主義的以下原理：⑴從實際出發，實事求是，就要按照客觀事物的本來面貌去認識事物，這就是堅持物質第一性、意識第二性的辯證唯物主義一元論的原理。這正是“從物到感覺和思想”的認識路線所要求的。⑵從實際出發，實事求是，就要按照客觀事物不斷變化發展的實際去認識事物，這就是堅持運動是物質的根本屬性和存在方式的原理。物質世界運動發展的普遍性原理，要求我們既要承認事物有相對穩定的一面，又必須堅持用運動、變化、發展的觀點看問題，指導實際工作的方針、政策，要與時俱進，不能因循守舊，裹足不前。⑶從實際出發，實事求是，要求我們做任何工作，都要考慮時空條件，因時制宜，因地制宜，這就是堅持時間和空間是運動著的物質的存在形式的原理，堅持一切以時間、地點、條件為轉移，反對超歷史、超時空的“左”的傾向，也要反對落后于時空條件變化的右的傾向。⑷從實際出發，實事求是，就是按照客觀事物運動變化的實際情況，揭示客觀事物固有的規律性和發展的過程性、階段性，按客觀規律辦事。這就是堅持物質運動具有客觀規律性的原理。總之，從實際出發，實事求是，既堅持了世界的物質統一性原理，又堅持了物質世界運動、變化和發展具有客觀規律性的原則，也堅持了辯證唯物主義的認識路線和工作路線。因此，它既體現了辯證唯物主義一元論的根本要求，也是我們認識世界和改造世界的根本出發點。我國當前的最大實際，就是我國正處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段。我們強調從實際出發，就是要堅持從我國社會主義初級階段的實際出發。我們黨的路線、方針、政策是否正確，就是要看它是否從這個實際出發，是否符合這個實際。

運用矛盾普遍性與特殊性辯證關系原理說明走有中國特色社會主義道路的必要性重要性

矛盾普遍性與特殊性的辯證關系原理是建設有中國特色社會主義的重要哲學依據。只有堅持馬克思主義普遍真理同各國革命和建設的具體實踐相結合，才能找到適合自己國情的革命和建設的正確道路。建設有中國特色社會主義理論鮮明地體現了矛盾普遍性與特殊性的辯證統一。

（1）矛盾的普遍性是指矛盾無處不在、無時不有；矛盾的特殊性是指每一事物、每一過程的矛盾及其各方面都有特點。矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是辯證的統一：第一，矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是相互聯結的。一方面，普遍性存在于特殊性之中。另一方面，特殊性中包含著普遍性，特殊性與普遍性相聯系而存在。第二，矛盾的普遍性和特殊性是相互區別的，共性只是包括個性中共同的、本質的東西，個性總有許多自己獨有的特點，是共性包括不了的，個性比共性豐富得多。所以二者不能互相代替。第三，矛盾的普遍性和特殊性在一定條件下可以相互轉化。

（2）矛盾的普遍性和特殊性辯證統一的原理，是堅持馬克思主義普遍真理與中國具體實際相結合這一基本思想原則的理論基礎。我國走建設有中國特色社會主義道路，是中國共產黨把馬克思主義普遍真理同中國的具體實際相結合的過程中的理論成果。

（3）走建設有中國特色社會主義道路，一方面，我們必須堅持社會主義的根本制度和基本原則；另一方面，我們又必須從中國的國情出發，注意中國的特點。中國是一個社會主義大國，又是一個窮國，人口多，底子薄，生產力水平低，即我國現在處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段。黨在社會主義初級階段的基本路線和各項方針政策，就是把社會主義基本

原則與中國實際相結合的結果。只有堅持黨的基本路線不動搖，走自己的路，我們才能在建設有中國特色社會主義的道路上不斷取得勝利。

試以上層建筑一定要適應經濟基礎要求的原理說明我國政治體制改革的必要性。

政治體制，從廣義上是指一個國家的政體，也就是一個國家政權的組織制度和運行機制。狹義上是指一個國家的政治制度的基本框架，即政黨、議會、政府、法院、中央和地方政府的組織形式和相互關系。我國的基本政治制度，就國體而言，是工人階級(經過共產黨)領導的，以工農聯盟為基礎的人民民主專政：就政體而言，是民主集中制的人民代表大會制度；就政黨制度而言，是共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度；就國家結構形式而言，是民族區域自治制及“一國兩制”。政治體制是與基本政治制度相適應的具體的領導制度、組織制度和工作制度，包括國家政權的組織形式以及權限劃分，中央機關與地方機關的相互關系的結構形式，組織協調各種機構的管理原則和方法等。政治體制改革，顧名思義，是要改革具體的政治體制，而決不是改變基本政治制度。我國的基本政治制度，是歷史形成的，是廣大人民在長期的政治實踐中進行選擇的結果。它適合中國的國情，符合廣大人民的根本利益，與舊政治制度比較，它有著無比的優越性，我們必須堅持這種基本制度。但在相當長的時間內，我國的政治體制存在著事實上的領導職務終身制、黨政不分、權力過分集中于個人，以及官僚主義問題，這些弊端破壞了黨的民主集中制和國家政治生活的民主化，與新時期經濟文化的發展的要求很不適應。因此，黨的十五大再次重申，我國經濟體制改革的深入和社會主義現代化跨越世紀的發展，要求我們在堅持四項基本原則的前提下，繼續推進政治體制改革。政治體制改革在當前不僅必要而且相當緊迫。具體來講，有以下幾點理由：第一，政治體制改革是經濟體制：改革深入發展的客觀要求，是實現社會主義現代化的需要。鄧小平同志曾指出：“經濟體制改革每前進一步，都深深感到政治體制改革的必要性。”“政治體制改革同經濟體制應該相互依賴，相互配合，只搞經濟體制改革，不搞政治體制改革，經濟體制改革也搞不通，因為首先遇到人的障礙。”“不改革政治體制，就不能保障經濟體制改革的成果，不能使經濟體制改革繼續前進，就會阻礙生產力的發展，阻礙四個現代化的實現”。可見，通過政治體制改革，可以消除政治體制中的弊端，為經濟體制改革的深入發展掃清道路，并對經濟體制改革的成果加以確認，我們所有的改革最后能不能成功，決定于政治體制的改革。第二，政治體制改革是推動社會主義民主政治建設的客觀要求，也是社會主義民主政治建設自身發展的需要。我國原有體制的弊端集中表現為權力過分集中、官僚主義嚴重、家長制作風、形式主義等等。這些弊端嚴重阻礙了社會主義民主政治建設的發展。社會主義民主政治制度的本質和核心是人民當家作主。政治體制則是保障人民當家作主和享有各種民主權利的實現形式。如果不切實有效地進行政治體制改革，不認真解決政治體制存在的弊端，基本政治制度就會發生扭曲，人民當家作主就可能成為一句空話，當然就更談不上國家和社會政治生活的民主化。因此，社會主義民主政治建設的發展必然要求改革原有的政治體制，逐步健全人民群眾參加管理的形式和制度，以調動各方面的積極性，加強社會主義現代化建設。第三，政治體制改革也是保證國家長治久安和穩定發展的需要。我國原有的政治體制的弊端影響了黨和國家政治生活的正常進行，曾導致了“文化大革命”這樣的**。需要通過政治體制改革，使社會主義民主制度化、法律化，以保證國家的長治久安。第四，政治體制改革還是建設有中國特色社會主義文化的客觀要求。政治上層建筑是在一定的思想觀點和意識形態的指導下建設起來的，而一定的思想觀點和意識形態，只有憑借一定的政治設施和制度才能得到貫徹和傳播。通過政治體制改革，可以為社會主義文化建設創造一個寬松良好的政治環境。

與經濟體制改革、建立和健全社會主義市場經濟體制的要求相適應，我國的政治體制改革一直在積極穩妥地不斷向前推進。主要進展包括以下各方面內容：

這就是：針對我國原有經濟和政治體制的缺陷，并進而針對改革開放和發展市場經濟條件下出現的新情況、新矛盾、新問題，包括市場機制自發作用固有弊端的負面影響，我們在堅持和完善人民代表大會制度，堅持和完善共產黨領導的多黨合作和政治協商制度，堅持和完善民族區域自治制度，改革和完善黨和國家的領導制度，改革和完善黨的領導方式和執政方式，改革和完善決策機制，推進干部人事制度改革，推進行政體制改革，推進司法體制改革，發展城鄉基層民主，擴大公民有序的政治參與，保證人民依法實行民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理和民主監督，尊重和保障人權，加強對權力的制約監督和反腐敗斗爭等各個方面，都出臺了一系列新的法律和政策規定，推出并實施了一系列加強制度化、規范化、程序化建設、推進體制創新的重大舉措。其中，有些已經取得了令黨和人民滿意的成效，有些還在繼續探索、經受實踐的檢驗。

深化政治體制改革，必須堅持正確政治方向，以保證人民當家作主為根本，以增強黨和國家活力、調動人民積極性為目標，擴大社會主義民主，建設社會主義法治國家，發展社會主義政治文明。要堅持黨總攬全局、協調各方的領導核心作用，提高黨科學執政、民主執政、依法執政水平，保證黨領導人民有效治理國家；堅持國家一切權力屬于人民，從各個層次、各個領域擴大公民有序政治參與，最廣泛地動員和組織人民依法管理國家事務和社會事務、管理經濟和文化事業；堅持依法治國基本方略，樹立社會主義法治理念，實現國家各項工作法治化，保障公民合法權益；堅持社會主義政治制度的特點和優勢，推進社會主義民主政治制度化、規范化、程序化，為黨和國家長治久安提供政治和法律制度保障。

必須肯定的是中國的政治體制是適合現階段社會發展要求和人民的需要的。對這個制度不是拋棄，而是要堅持、完善和發展。這是一個非常重要的前提，永遠不能動搖這個信念。中國的經濟發展、社會發展、文化的歷史性進步是有目共睹的。盡管可能每個人的感受不同，但千年以來的歷史中曾經有過這樣的大好局面嗎?這一切發展都是在我們現有的政治體制下發生的，難道這種政治體制要不得嗎?!難道制造了那么多危機的西方體制是好的嗎?!他們都要改變了，我們還要搬過來么?!難道這是對人民負責?!難道這樣才算是社會的“良心”?!

什么是中國政治體制改革的正確方向? 正確的方向就是堅持“三統一”。黨的領導、人民群眾當家作主、依法治國的有機統一。簡單地說，就是在強調民主、發展、自由等的同時，不能離開中國共產黨的領導。在今天的世界上，沒有統一的意志就沒有中國人民的一切。而共產黨的宗旨是為人民服務，是為了推進人民的事業的，是為保障并不斷擴大人民權益的。在這之外，就是依法治國。黨的領導、人民當家作主，都要依法而行。“三統一”就是我們政治體制改革的底線和舞臺，在這個舞臺上，我們正在上演一場偉大的民族復興的歷史劇。離開了這當中任何一條，我們都會犯錯誤，人民都會遭殃。

中國政治體制改革的道路還要繼續走下去，在今后的改革之路上要從以下幾點入手： 首先是政權建設，這其中的核心是改革干部人事制度。要有更好的干部選拔任用機制、更好的考核和評價機制、更好的激勵和保障機制，還要有更好的任期和退出機制。

其次是改革完善行政體制，使之更加有效，更好地為人民群眾服務。一方面是提高行政的效率，主要是政府部門的配置，具體來說是大部制。不光是中央政府，地方政府也做了很多嘗試。另一方面則是轉變政府工作作風，調整政府工作的方式，推進服務型政府的建設。

再次是推進基層和地方的民主政治建設。這主要是指村、鄉一級的基層群眾自治制度，比如：在我們國家很多地區出現的基層公共事務的人民會商制度，這個制度創新開始于浙江臺州溫嶺的“民主懇談”，這是現階段化解人民內部矛盾的有效方式。此外，很多地方人大在吸收人民群眾的參與，廣泛進行政治協商和民主監督方面創造了許多好的做法。比如：浙江溫州樂清人大的人民聽證制度等。這些都是中國的政治創造，是中國民主政治發展的成果，今后還要繼續推廣、繼續探索。

現在我們國家發展的勢頭很好，中國已經確實進入了復興模式，堅持我們經過長期探索、反復實踐建立起來的經濟體制、政治體制，并隨著實踐的發展繼續探索完善，就一定能夠在不遠的將來實行中華民族的偉大復興，對人類做出更大的貢獻。

為什么說矛盾是事物發展的動力

矛盾在事物發展過程中的作用即指矛盾的同一性和斗爭性各自在事物發展中的作用。矛盾的同一性使矛盾雙方在一個統一體相互依存，相互吸取有利于自身的因素，并規定事物向自己對立面轉化的發展方向；矛盾的斗爭性則推動矛盾雙方力量的變化，造成雙方力量的不平衡，并最終使矛盾雙方突破原有的限度，舊的矛盾統一體解體，新事物誕生。

比如國家之間的關系。世界上有諸多國家共同生存于同一個地球上，共同擁有著地球上的資源。在現代科學技術高度發達的今天，國家之間的聯系更為緊密。它們進行貿易往來，共同促進全球經濟的繁榮發展；它們也相互競爭，力圖在各個方面獲得相對多的利益。人類就是在這樣一種相互合作和斗爭中走到了今天的。首先，伴隨國際分工，世界市場形成，各國之間出現了貿易往來，各國開始了交往，使得地球上的資源得到更充分的利用，各國之間的相互依賴性比以往更大。其次，隨著各國，尤其是大國對現狀的不滿，相互之間又存在著對立、斗爭。第一次世界大戰和第二次世界大戰以及許多局部性的戰爭都是這種斗爭激化的結果。戰爭有極大的破壞作用，不過也推動了科技的發展，原子彈、氫彈都是在戰爭背景下誕生的。今天，國際間的相互合作和競爭同樣共同推動著世界的經濟、政治形勢的發展。由此可見，矛盾的同一性和斗爭性共同推動著事物的發展，矛盾是事物發展的動力。

(1)事物發展的動力是事物的內部矛盾，矛盾的同一性與斗爭性在事物發展中都起著重要作用。

(2)矛盾的同一性在事物發展中的作用主要表現在:a.矛盾雙方相互依存,使事物保持相對穩定性,為事物的存在和發展提供必要的前提。b.矛盾雙方互相吸取有利于自身的因素而得到發展。c.矛盾的同一性規定了事物向著對立面轉化的基本趨勢。

(3)矛盾的斗爭性在事物發展中的作用主要表現在:a.在事物量變過程中,斗爭推動矛盾雙方的力量對比和相互關系發生變化,為質變做準備。b.在事物質變過程中，斗爭突破事物存在的限度，促成矛盾的轉化，實現事物的質變。

(4)矛盾的同一性與斗爭性在事物發展中都不能孤立地起作用，只有二者結合在一起才能成為事物發展的動力。有條件的、相對的同一性和無條件的、絕對的斗爭性相結合，構成一切事物的矛盾運動。

所以說矛盾是事物發展的根本動力。

如何理解商品二因素與勞動二重性的關系？

勞動二重性矛盾決定商品二因素矛盾

舉例說明：在商品生產中，人們為了生產具有一定使用價值的商品，就要進行一定形式的勞動。使用價值的不同屬性，決定了勞動的特殊形式。如生產上衣需要裁縫的勞動，裁縫利用尺子、剪刀等縫紉工具，對布料進行加工生產出上衣。這種勞動是根據勞動的目的、加工對象、生產手段、操作方式、生產結果等來區分的。這種具有不同性質和不同具體形式的勞動就是具體勞動。具體勞動是創造商品使用價值的勞動，它體現著人和自然的關系，是人類生存和社會發展的永久條件，是不以社會形態的變化為轉移的。但是，具體勞動的種類和操作方式，都隨著生產力和生產專業化、社會分工的發展而不斷擴展和變化。生產商品的勞動，不管其具體形式如何千差萬別，都是人的腦、肌肉、神經、手等等的生產耗費。這種撇開了具體勞動特殊性質的一般人類勞動就是抽象勞動。抽象勞動創造商品價值的勞動，它體

現著人和社會的關系。

答：（1）商品的二因素的內涵：

使用價值：商品能夠滿足人們某種需要的自然屬性，是指商品的使用價值；

價值：商品中凝結或物化了的一般人類勞動就是商品的價值。

商品是使用價值和價值的對立統一體：價值不能獨立存在，使用價值是價值的物質承擔者；離開了價值的使用價值就不是商品的使用價值。

（2）勞動二重性的內涵

具體勞動：是指具有特定的具體形式的勞動，它所體現的是人與自然界的關系；

抽象勞動：是指撇開了各種具體形式的、一般的或者無差別的人類勞動；

具體勞動和抽象勞動也是對立統一的。具體勞動和抽象勞動是同一勞動勞動過程的兩個不同的方面，統一于同一勞動過程之中；具體勞動規定什么勞動、怎樣勞動的問題，抽象勞動則講的是勞動多少、勞動時間長短的問題，因而二者是相互排斥的。

（3）無論是商品的使用價值還是價值，都是勞動的產物，并且生產使用價值和價值的勞動是不一樣的，即具體勞動創造了商品的使用價值，抽象勞動創造了商品的價值。商品之所以具有二因素，其原因在于生產商品的勞動具有二重性，它們之間是結果和原因之間的關系，勞動二重性為因，商品二因素為果。

使用價值和具體勞動：每一種具體勞動，都能夠生產出一種特殊的產品，而每種特殊的產品又都能滿足人們一定的、特殊的需要，即具有特殊的使用價值，因此，具體勞動生產商品的使用價值，但不能形成商品的價值；

價值和抽象勞動：商品的價值是由一般的或者無差別的人類勞動創造的，而一般的或者無差別的人類勞動正是抽象勞動，即抽象勞動創造商品價值。

簡述價值量的決定

勞動生產率提高了，同一社會必要勞動時間里創造出來的商品的價值量：

a．增加 b．減少 c．不變 d．增減不定

價值是凝結在商品中的無差別人類勞動，是兩種使用價值相互交換的基礎，商品的價值量不是由個別勞動時間決定的，而是由凝結在商品中的社會必要勞動時間決定。勞動生產率與商品價值量之間有著密切的關系，商品價值量取決于社會必要勞動時間，同一社會必要勞動時間在相同時間內創造的商品的價值總量相等。勞動生產率提高可以增加單位時間內生產的商品數量，但不能增加單位時間內生產的價值量。因此，本題的正確答案是c選項。

不管社會勞動生產率如何變化，一定時間所創造的價值總量是不變的。這是因為，社會勞動生產率的提高雖表明一定時間內生產出來的商品數量增多，但單位商品的價值量卻減少(商品的價值量與社會勞動生產率成反比)。所以把增多了的商品所含的相應減少的單位商品價值量加在一起，其總量與原先的總量一樣。反之亦然。