第一篇：高級英語6 lesson1課文的summary

Summary of Sexism in School

According to Myra and David Sadker, many people believe classroom

sexism was gone already, but actually it still exists in school: boys still get more attention than girls do in classroom.Based on some reliable investigation and bountiful evidence, readers can easily know that teachers' sexist attitudes towards students do exist and it can directly affect students' progress in learning.It can be found that boys get more than their fair share of teacher attention, while girls just sit and keep quiet.Besides, the sexism with

far-reaching harmful effects also exists in work place.Then the authors make a recommendation that teachers getting trained can establish equity in classroom, which turns out to be effective according to the study.Finally, the authors make a call for immediate action to remove sexism in school so that females can achieve equity in work world as well as in school.

第二篇：英語summary

Fate is sometimes not very kind to policemen like myself.Take as an example the recent trial in which I was involved.When I arrested the young lad I had felt sure he was guilty I had been following him around for a couple of hours and he conduct himself suspiciously.He had been wandering about and it seemed to me that he was looking for an opportunity to steal.When I arrested him, his casual manner only served to confirm my suspicions.I thought I had at last caught the thief who had been troubling the area for so long.However, my joy was only temporary.When I saw the brilliant solicitor the boy's father had hired to defend him, I knew we didn't stand a chance.It turned out that the boy was simply a student who was looking for temporary employment before going to university.If only he had been a bit more helpful when we arrested him, he could have saved us all a lot of time and trouble.It's enough to make one turn against students!

Despite the vast amount of data available for us to download from the worldwide web, we still face a problem in how to make the best use of it.Data on its own has its limitations.It is only when nature is exposed to fruitful questions that we can hope to uncover her secrets.The evolution of science shows this clearly, with many of the most notable discoveries relying on the ability to view matters rather than simply gathering more facts.In short, half the answer lies in thinking up the right question.To my mind, in any analysis of the professions, few can match teaching.One needs to be energetic, certainly, for occasionally it seems one hardly has time to catch his breath.It can mean staying up late in order to get lessons prepared on time.Nonetheless, I am convinced that the work is more stimulating than that of my administrative colleagues.I certainly would not wish to switch, even though the pay is higher.With teaching, the pace of life is more varied, allowing greater time for reflection and research.Yet most of all it is the chance to see the spark of a fresh idea taking hold in a student's mind that is the most rewarding aspect of the job, repaying all one's efforts

It is difficult not to be affected by the tale of Sarah Morris.While her physical conditions made it difficult to interpret her speech, from her writing it would be impossible to spot that she suffers from such a severe handicap.Writing slowly with the help of a pointer fastened to her head, her maximum writing speed is no more than eight words per minute.Yet she still manages to write extensively on the team she grew up following.Straining her neck in the gloom of her room, surrounded by her computer equipment and a TV set, she has managed to rise above her situation against all the odds.I recall that it was something of an embarrassment to have my son find me so upset on that Wednesday long ago.He had come home expecting to have the place all to himself, only to find me there, frantic with worry about losing my job.I had assumed that I could master typing in just a few sessions, but it took much longer than I had expected.Try as I might, it seemed I just could not catch on to it in time.I suppose I should have enrolled on a correspondence course, as I did when learning to run the nursery, but by then it was too late.I felt helpless and the tension at work was becoming too much to bear, so in the end I just had to accept defeat and change jobs.Not that I gave up wanting to type.I went on practicing and eventually mastered it.The medicines the doctor prescribed for me tasted horrible.They were supposed to bring down my temperature, but when I heard how high it was I was terrified.I thought I was certain to die.I just didn't see how I could possibly overcome the illness.I couldn't stop worrying about it.All day I just gazed into space, feeling miserable.The fever made me shiver and gave my face a flush I couldn't take an interest in anything and felt very detached from everything around me.I thought my father must know I was going to die, but had said nothing, wanting me to keep from thinking about it.Finally I could bear it no longer and asked him how much longer I could live.When he explained my mistake, all my worries slid away.Only then was I really able to take it easy.I am still trying to figure out why we all behaved so badly on the night my neighbours tried to break into our family bomb shelter.It was frightening for us down there, hearing those we thought of as our friends heading for something to break down the shelter door.Even though we piled up all we could find against the door, I knew it would eventually give way.And it did.Should I hold it against them? After all, their reactions were born of fear and I would probably have behaved the same way in their shoes.Perhaps it would have been fairer to have drawn lots for who got to use the only shelter in the street, but I was never going to let that happen.I was as scared and selfish as the rest.It seems that underneath we are all more aggressive and greedy than we like to think.Many people are hostile to daydreaming, believing that it can interfere with the pursuit of success.They consider that daydreamers will never amount to much in their chosen careers.Recently, however, some experts have begun to argue that indulging in fantasy can have positive benefits.Daydreaming of success, they claim, can contribute to success.One technique they recommend is to picture yourself as you wish to be.Holding this vision clearly in your mind supposedly helps you make it come true.Of course, you should not neglect necessary study or work because daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.Merely relying on daydreaming will not help you attain your goal.The beauty of the music was in sharp contrast with the reality of the lives led by the singers.Amid all their suffering, a group of Jewish prisoners had found the courage to stage performances of Verdi's Requiem.Despite the difficulties and dangers, they threw themselves enthusiastically into rehearsals, which had to be kept a secret.An additional difficulty was that they had only one instrument, an old harmonium.Their greatest triumph came when they performed before an audience containing the infamous Nazi official, Adolf Eichmann.Their voices swelled with passion as they threw in the faces of the Nazis words which sang of how they would have to pay for their crimes.If we look at the process of innovation, we will see how technology feeds on itself, accelerating the pace of technological advance in our own times.Technological innovation is comprised of three stages: invention, application and diffusion.One of the most important characteristics of advanced technology today is the fantastic speed that occurs between each of these stages.For example, nowadays the time it takes to put ideas to work has been greatly reduced.The progress in transportation is a case in point.Likewise, the time between the application and diffusion stages has been radically shorted.This accounts for the acceleration of present-day technology.And this, in turn, generates more feasible ideas.What sort of future will this process conjure up for us? Will the pace of change exceed our ability to cope with it? Or is it one of our characteristics that we have an impressive ability to adapt to change, no matter how frequent?

Dictation

One of the ways you can encourage children to be creative is to talk things over rather than to give instructions or make a model when they ask for help.If you show a child how to draw a flower or a person, they will try to draw one just like yours.This can be frustrating because no matter how hard children try, their pictures will not be as “good” as yours because they do not have the skill that you have.Chances are that children will compare the two pictures and not be happy with their own.They may even decide not to try.Be creative yourself and think of ways to encourage children's creativity.Baseball is America's national sport, played mainly by men.It developed in the mid 19th century from the British games of rounders and cricket.Baseball is also popular in Japan and several Latin American countries, and has been an Olympic sport since in 1972.Softball is similar but uses a large, softer ball and is popular with women.Many Americans play baseball for fun because players do not have to be strong like football players or tall like basketball players.Some people think baseball is too slow, but the team managers often change their players and plans during the game, and there are many exciting plays.Many American families enjoy going to a Sunday afternoon double-header, that is, two games between the same two teams in one day.The Terezin concentration camp was established by the Nazis in an 18th century fortress in Czechoslovakia on November 24, 1941.More than 150,000 Jews passed through the camp during its four-year existence, which was used as a holding area for eventual murder in Auschwitz.By 1943, rumors began circulating in the international community that the Nazis were exterminating Jews in gas chambers, and that the conditions of the concentration camps did not permit survival.The Nazis rebuilt parts of this camp to serve as a “showpiece” for propaganda purposes.Flowers were planted there.Shops, schools, and a cafe were built.When an investigating commission of the International Red Cross came to visit, they did not see a typical concentration camp.In July 1944 the Nazis made a documentary propaganda film about life in this camp.After the movie was completed, most of the Jewish “actors” were shipped to their death at Auschwitz.

第三篇：高級英語課文翻譯

課文翻譯

Once again, outside in the open air, I tore into little pieces a small notebook with questions that I'd prepared in advance for inter views with the patients of the atomic ward.Among them was the question: Do you really think that Hiroshima is the liveliest city in Japan? I never asked it.But I could read the answer in every eye.從醫(yī)院出來，我又一次地撕碎了一個小筆記本，那上面記著我預(yù)先想好準備在采訪原子病區(qū)的病人時提問的一些問題，其中有一個問題就是：你是否真的認為廣島是日本最充滿活力的城市?我一直沒問這問題，但我已能從每個人的眼神中體會出這個問題的答案。

Most Americans remember Mark Twain as the father of Huck Finn's idyllic cruise through eternal boyhood and Tom Sawyer's endless summer of freedom and adventure.In-deed, this nation's best-loved author was every bit as ad-venturous, patriotic, romantic, and humorous as anyone has ever imagined.I found another Twain as well – one who grew cynical, bitter, saddened by the profound personal tragedies life dealt him, a man who became obsessed with the frailties of the human race, who saw clearly ahead a black wall of night.在大多數(shù)美國人的心 目中，馬克?吐溫是位偉大作家，他描寫了哈克?費恩永恒的童年時代中充滿詩情畫意的旅程和湯姆?索亞在 漫長的夏日里自由自在歷險探奇的故事。的確，這位美國最受人喜愛的作家的探索精神、愛國熱情、浪漫 氣質(zhì)及幽默筆調(diào)都達到了登峰造極的程度。但我發(fā)現(xiàn)還有另一個不同的馬克?吐溫——一個由于深受人生悲 劇的打擊而變得憤世嫉俗、尖酸刻薄的馬克?吐溫，一個為人類品質(zhì)上的弱點而憂心忡忡、明顯地看到前途 是一片黑暗的人

Personal tragedy haunted his entire life, in the deaths of loved ones: his father, dying of pneumonia when Sam was 12;his brother Henry, killed by a steamboat explosion;the death of his son, Langdon, at 19 months.His eldest daughter, Susy, died of spinal meningitis , Mrs.Clemens succumbed to a heart attack in Florence, and youngest daughter., Jean, an epileptic, drowned in an upstairs bathtub.馬克?吐溫的一生都籠罩在悲劇的陰影之中，自己的親人一個接一個地去世：他的父親在他十二歲那年死于肺炎，他的兄弟亨利在一次汽船爆炸事故中遇難；他的兒子朗頓才滿十九個月即離開人世。他的大女兒蘇茜死于脊膜炎；克萊門斯夫人在佛羅倫薩死于心臟病；而他的小女兒也因癲癇病的發(fā)作淹死在樓上的浴盆里。

Two and a half years later I slept under the midnight sun at the other end of our planet, in a small tent pitched on a twelve-toot-thick slab of ice floating in the frigid Arctic Ocean.After a hearty breakfast, my companions and I traveled by snowmobiles a few miles farther north to a rendezvous point where the ice was thinner – only three and a half feet thick – and a nuclear submarine hovered in the water below.After it crashed through the ice, took on its new passengers, and resubmerged, I talked with scientists who were trying to measure more accurately the thickness of the polar ice cap, which many believe is thinning as a re-suit of global warming.I had just negotiated an agreement between ice scientists and the U.S.Navy to secure the re-lease of previously top secret data from submarine sonar tracks, data that could help them learn what is happening to the north polar cap.Now, I wanted to see the pole it-self, and some eight hours after we met the submarine, we were crashing through that ice, surfacing, and then I was standing in an eerily beautiful snowcape, windswept and sparkling white, with the horizon defined by little hummocks, or “pressure ridges ” of ice that are pushed up like tiny mountain ranges when separate sheets collide.But here too, CD, levels are rising just as rapidly, and ultimately temperature will rise with them – indeed, global warming is expected to push temperatures up much more rapidly in the polar regions than in the rest of the world.As the polar air warms, the ice her e will thin;and since the polar cap plays such a crucial role in the world's weather system, the consequences of a thinning cap could be disastrous.兩年半以后，在地球的另一端，在寒冷至極的北冰洋上漂浮的一塊十二英尺厚的冰板上搭起的小帳篷里我又體驗到了在午的陽光下睡覺的滋味。飽吃了一頓早餐后，我和同伴們一起乘雪防滑汽車北行數(shù)英里，到了約定會合地點，那兒的冰層較薄--有三英尺半厚--水下有一艘核潛艇在那兒徘徊著。潛艇破冰上來，載上新的乘客后又潛了下去。我也就開始同那些正設(shè)法以高的精確度測量極地冰帽厚度的科學(xué)家們進行交談。許多人認北極冰層由于地球氣候的轉(zhuǎn)暖而正在變薄。此前我剛剛通過談使美國海軍方面與研究北極冰層的科學(xué)家達成協(xié)議，向他們提由水下聲納系統(tǒng)探測得到的本來屬于最高機密的有關(guān)資料，這資料有助于他們了解北極冰層所發(fā)生的情況。現(xiàn)在我想實地考一下北極極點。我們登上潛艇約八個小時后，潛艇沖破冰層浮上面。于是，我便置身于一片神奇瑰麗的冰雪世界中。雪原上寒風(fēng)勁掃，銀光閃耀，其邊緣則是一道由連綿起伏的小冰丘或由冰席相撞、相互擠壓而形成小型山脈的冰層“壓脊”勾勒出的地平線。但即使在這兒，空氣中二氧化碳的含量也在不斷上升，最后氣溫也必然會隨之上升--事實上，地球氣候變暖會使南北極地區(qū)在氣溫上升的速度上遠高于世界的其他地區(qū)。隨著極地氣溫的升高，這里的冰層會融化變薄。由于南北極的冰帽對全球的氣候有著至關(guān)重要的調(diào)節(jié)作用，它們的融化將會帶來災(zāi)難性的后果。

But one doesn't have to travel around the world to witness humankind's assault(1.攻擊, 猛襲, 突襲)(1.襲擊, 毆打;強暴)on the earth.Images that signal the distress of our global environment are now commonly seen almost anywhere.On some nights, in high northern latitudes, the sky itself offers another ghostly image that signals the loss of ecological balance now in progress.If the sky is clear after sunset--and it you are watching from a place where pollution hasn't blotted out the night sky altogether--you can sometimes see a strange kind of cloud high in the sky.This “noctilucent cloud” occasionally appears when the earth is first cloaked in the evening darkness;shimmering above us with a translucent whiteness, these clouds seem quite unnatural.And they should: noctilucent clouds have begun to appear more often because of a huge buildup of methane gas in the atmosphere.(Also called natural gas, methane is released from landfills , from coal mines and rice paddies, from billions of termite(1.白蟻)s that swarm through the freshly cut forestland, from the burning of biomass and from a variety of other human activities.)Even though noctilucent clouds were sometimes seen in the past., all this extra methane carries more water vapor into the upper atmosphere, where it condense s at much higher altitudes to form more clouds that the sun's rays still strike long after sunset has brought the beginning of night to the surface far beneath them.人們也不一定非要周游世界才能目睹人類對地球的破壞。今天的世界上，預(yù)示著地球生態(tài)危機的景象已是隨處可見。在北方高緯度地區(qū)，夜晚的天空有時也會呈現(xiàn)出另一種預(yù)示地球上日趨嚴重的生態(tài)失衡的陰森景象。假如日落后天空明朗無云--而且你又置身于一個空氣污染還沒有嚴重到足以完全遮蔽夜空的地方進行觀察的話--你會看見天空高處有時會出現(xiàn)一種奇異的云團。這種“夜光云團”偶爾出現(xiàn)于夜幕開始籠罩大地的時候，它呈半透明的白色，在高空中閃爍發(fā)光，看起來頗不像自然之物。其實，這種云團也確非自然之物：近年來由于大氣中甲烷含量的大幅度增高，夜光云團的出現(xiàn)頻率也隨著上升了。(甲烷又稱天然氣，它產(chǎn)生于填土、煤礦、糠殼、新砍伐的林地里群聚的白蟻、燃燒生物以及人類許多其他的活動過程中。)雖說過去天空偶爾也出現(xiàn)過夜光云團，但大氣層中所含的那些過量的甲烷會將更多的水蒸氣帶到高層大氣中；水蒸氣在更高處凝結(jié)，會形成更厚的云層，夜幕降臨以后很久，這些位于高空的云層下方還在受著太陽光的照射。

Besides, I do not want to become involved in discussion.I observe with amusement how totally the concerns of the world, which once absorbed me to the exclusion of all else except an occasional relaxation with poetry or music, have lost interest for me eve to the extent of a bored distaste.Doubtless some instinct impels me gluttonously to cram these the last weeks of my life with the gentler things I never had time for, releasing some suppressed inclination which in fact was always latent.Or maybe Laura's unwitting influence has called it out.況且，我也不想陷入討論的旋渦。我有趣地發(fā)覺，自己過去除偶爾借詩歌或音樂消遣放松一下外，一心專注的世界大事現(xiàn)在不僅是索然無味，而且簡直是令人厭煩了。這無疑是自己受某種本能的驅(qū)使，要貪婪地用一些過去無暇享受的賞心樂事來填補自己生命中的最后幾周，釋放那些在過去雖受到壓抑但一直潛伏在自己心中的欲望。也許是勞拉的無意的影響喚起了我心中的欲望。

The young moon lies on her back tonight as is her habit in the tropics, and as, I think, is suitable if not seemly for a virgin.Not a star but might not shoot down and accept the invitation to become her lover.When all my fellow-passengers have finally dispersed to bed, I creep up again to the deserted deck and slip into the swimming pool and float, no longer what people believe me to be, a middle-aged journalist taking a holiday on an ocean-going liner, but a liberated being, bathed in()mythological water s, an Endymion young and strong, with a god for his father and a vision of the world inspired from Olympus.今夜的一彎新月仰面斜躺在天空，這是月亮在熱帶地區(qū)常見的姿勢。在我看來，這種姿勢對一個少女來說雖說有些不雅，但卻還是適宜的。沒有哪一顆星星不愿飛射下來接受邀請做她的情人。當(dāng)船上的其他乘客最后一個個都回艙就寢之后，我一個人又悄悄爬上空蕩蕩的甲板，滑入游泳池，在水面上浮游著。這時我已不再是人們所熟悉的那位在遠洋海輪上度假的中年記者了，而是一個無拘無束的沐浴著天池神水的自由快樂的人，就像神話中那位有天神作父親并有一雙奧林匹斯山諸神所賜的觀察人世的慧眼的年輕健壯的恩底彌翁。

In an odd way the two leaders diminished each other They were both Number One Men.But that was impossible.who, then, was Number One? Roosevelt stood a full head taller ,but he was pathetically braced on lifeless leg frames, clinging to his son's arm, his full trousers drooped and flapping.Churchill, a bent Pickwick in blue uniform, looked up at him with majestic good humor, much older, more dignified, more assured.Yet there was a trace of deference about the Prime Minister.By a shade of a shade, Roosevelt looked like Number One.Maybe that was what Hopkins had meant by "the changing of the guard.這兩位領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人以一種奇特的方式貶抑對方。他們兩位都是頭號人物，但這又是不可能的，兩個人不可能同時都是第一。那么，究竟誰是第一呢?羅斯福站著比丘吉爾高出一個頭，然而他卻是可憐地由兩根沒有生命的假腿支撐著，緊依在兒子的胳膊上，長褲空蕩蕩地迎風(fēng)飄動著。丘吉爾呢，看起來像一個穿著藍制服的駝背的匹克威克，他抬頭看著羅斯福，神態(tài)莊重而又親切。比起羅斯福來，他老成一些，神態(tài)更威嚴，也更自信。不過，從這位首相身上還是可以看出一些欽佩羅斯福的神色來。羅斯福看起來有那么一丁點兒更像第一號人物。或許這就是霍普金斯所說的“換崗”的意思吧。

The staffs got right to business and conferred all day.Victor Henry worked with the planners, on the level below the chiefs of staff and their deputies where Burne-Wilke operated, and of course far below the summit of the President, the Prime Minister, and their advisers.Familiar problems came up at once: excessive and contradictory requests from the British services, unreal plans, unfilled contacts, jumbled priorities, fouled communications.參謀人員立即開始工作，全天開會。維克多·亨利與作戰(zhàn)計劃人員一起開會，勃納?沃克就參加這一層的會議，級別上低于參謀282長們及其副手們，當(dāng)然比總統(tǒng)、首相及其顧問．的最高級會議低得多。一開始就碰到了熟悉的老問題：來自英國軍方的要求太過分，又互相矛盾，計劃不現(xiàn)實，合同沒兌現(xiàn)，須優(yōu)先照顧的順序一團糟，通訊聯(lián)絡(luò)混亂不清。

The military men were talking together, except for Admiral King, who stood woodenly apart.Pug walked up to him, saluted, and in the fewest possible words recount-ed his talk with Burne-Wilke.The lines along King's lean Jaws deepened.He nodded twice and strolled away, without a word.He did not go anywhere.It was just a gesture of dismissal, and a convincing one.軍官們都聚在一堆交談，只有海軍上將金神情木然地獨立站在一旁。帕格走上前去，敬了個禮，然后盡量簡明扼要地匯報了他同勃納．沃克的談話情況。金的瘦削的下巴上的皺紋加深了。他點了兩下頭，一言不發(fā)地走開了。他并不是要走到哪里去，他的那種動作只是為了示意讓亨利離開，而且是一種堅決有力的表不。

第四篇：高級英語課文翻譯

Never Give In, Never, Never, Never

Almost a year has passed since I came down here at your Head Master's kind invitation in order to cheer myself and cheer the hearts of a few of my friends by singing some of our own songs.The ten months that have passed have seen very terrible catastrophic events in the worldbut can anyone sitting here this afternoon, this October afternoon, not feel deeply thankful for what has happened in the time that has passed and for the very great improvement in the position of our country and of our home? Why, when I was here last time we were quite alone, desperately alone, and we had been so for five or six months.We were poorly armed.We are not so poorly armed today;but then we were very poorly armed.We had the unmeasured menace of the enemy and their air attack still beating upon us, and you yourselves had had experience of this attack;and I expect you are beginning to feel impatient that there has been this long lull with nothing particular turning up!

But we must learn to be equally good at what is short and sharp and what is long and tough.It is generally said that the British are often better at the last.They do not expect to move from crisis to crisis;they do not always expect that each day will bring up some noble chance of war;but when they very slowly make up their minds that the thing has to be done and the job put through and finished, then, even if it takes monthsthey do it.Another lesson I think we may take, just throwing our minds back to our meeting here ten months ago and now, is that appearances are often very deceptive, and as Kipling well says, we must “…meet with Triumph and Disaster.And treat those two impostors just the same.”

You cannot tell from appearances how things will go.Sometimes imagination makes things out far worse than they are;yet without imagination not much can be done.Those people who are imaginative see many more dangers than perhaps exist;certainly many more than will happen;but then they must also pray to be given that extra courage to carry this far-reaching imagination.But for everyone, surely, what we have gone through in this periodsurely from this period of ten months this is the lesson: never give in, never give in, never, never, never-in nothing, great or small, large or pettyI wanted to do so last year, but I did not venture to.It is the line: “Not less we praise in darker days.”

I have obtained the Head Master's permission to alter darker to sterner.“Not less we praise in sterner days.”

Do not let us speak of darker days: let us speak rather of sterner days.These are not dark days;these are great days-the greatest days our country has ever lived;and we must all thank God that we have been allowed, each of us according to our stations, to play a part in making these days memorable in the history of our race.譯文

絕不屈服，絕不，絕不，絕不

距離上次你們校長盛情邀請我來這里已經(jīng)快一年了，上次來是為了通過演唱我們自己的校歌來鼓舞我自己以及其他一些朋友的心靈的。在過去的十個月里，世界上發(fā)生了許多極為悲慘的事情-----起起伏伏，多災(zāi)多難-------但今天下午，這個十月的下午，在座的有誰能對過去這段時間所發(fā)生的事情以及我們國家和家園所發(fā)生的巨大改進不充滿感激之情？是啊，當(dāng)上次我來這里的時候，我們都非常的孤獨，充滿了絕望的孤獨，這種狀況持續(xù)了大約五六個月。我們當(dāng)時的裝備很差，而如今我們的裝備已不再這么差了；但當(dāng)時我們的裝備的確非常差。我們受到了敵人的巨大威脅，他們的空襲至今仍在我們頭頂上轟鳴，你們大家一定經(jīng)歷過這種空襲；我想你們大家一定開始對目前的這種局面感到煩躁，因為這種局面已經(jīng)持續(xù)了很久而毫無轉(zhuǎn)機。

但我們必須學(xué)會正確對待這兩種情況：不管是短暫激烈的，還是長期艱難地。人們通常都認為英國人總是在最后表現(xiàn)得最好。他們不想從一種危機轉(zhuǎn)入另一種危機；他們不會總是期待戰(zhàn)爭每一天都會出現(xiàn)好的轉(zhuǎn)機；但當(dāng)他們慢慢下定決心要結(jié)束這一切的時候，那么，即使是要花費幾個月，甚至數(shù)年的時間，他們也會做的。

讓我們把思緒拉到十個月之前我們在此相遇的情景，然后再轉(zhuǎn)到現(xiàn)在。另外一個我想我們可以吸取的教訓(xùn)是，表面的東西往往具有欺騙性。正如吉普林所說的，我們必須“去面對勝利和災(zāi)難，并對這兩種具有欺騙性的東西保持同樣的態(tài)度。”

你很難從事情的表面判斷它的走勢。盡管離開了想象力就做不了多少事情，但想象有時候會讓事情看起來比實際情況更糟。那些富有想象力的人會發(fā)現(xiàn)很多也許根本就不存在的危險；也許會有更多的危險發(fā)生，但這些人同時也要祈求能被賜予額外的勇氣來承受這種深遠的想象力。但對所有人來說，毫無疑問，我們在這段時期所經(jīng)歷的-------我要告訴你們--------從這10個月的經(jīng)歷中所得到的經(jīng)驗就是：絕不屈服，絕不屈服，絕不，絕不，絕不，絕不------屈服于任何東西，不管它是偉大還是渺小，龐大還是細微-------除了對榮譽和機智外，都絕不屈服。不屈從于暴力，不屈從于表面上氣勢洶洶的敵人。一年前我們孤軍奮戰(zhàn)，對許多國家來說，我們的命運似乎終止了，我們似乎完蛋了。我們所有的傳統(tǒng)，我們的歌曲，我們學(xué)校的歷史，這個國家的這一段歷史，似乎都要隨風(fēng)而去了。

如今大家的心情已完全不同。其他國家都認為英國已經(jīng)翻開了新的一頁，但其實我們的國家是站在一個缺口上。沒有退縮，沒有屈服的念頭；這些對于英倫三島以外的人來說都是奇跡般的事情，我們自己從來沒有懷疑過，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)自己現(xiàn)在正處在這種局勢中，就是我所說的，堅持就是勝利。

你們今天唱了一段校歌：你們唱了特別為我所做的那段，你們今天一起重復(fù)了那段，我深感榮幸。但其中有一個詞我想改一下--------去年我就想改了，但當(dāng)時沒敢改。就是那句：“即使對最黑暗的日子，我們也要贊頌它。”

我已經(jīng)征得了校長的同意，將“更黑暗”改為“更嚴峻”。“即使是對更嚴峻的日子，我們也要稱頌它。”

讓我們不要再談及那些更黑暗的日子，而談及那些更嚴峻的日子吧。這段時光并不是黑暗的日子；這些是偉大的日子-----我們國家所經(jīng)歷的最偉大的一段日子；我們每個人都該感謝上帝能夠允許我們參與其中，我們都各負其責(zé)，使這段日子在我們?nèi)祟悮v史上留下永恒的印跡。

第五篇：高級英語課文譯文

Lesson2

The Game of the Name

By Peter Farb

Here comes John Smith walking toward me.Even though he is but a passing acquaintance, the American greeting ritual demands that I utter a few words to reassure him of my good will.But what form of address should I use? John? Smith? Dr.Smith? A decision such as this is usually made unconsciously.As native speakers in the American speech community, we have grown up learning the rules of address at the same time that we were acquiring the grammatical rules of American-English.At first thought, it might seem a trivial pursuit to examine the ways in which we address one another.But forms of address reveal many assumptions we make about members of our speech community.Our initial decision about the appropriate address form is based on relative ages.If the person being addressed is a child, then almost all the rules that we have unconsciously assimilated can safely be ignored, and we use the simple formula First Name.The child, in turn, addresses an adult by using the formula Title plus Last Name(TLN).But defining a “child” is not always easy.I address my son's roommate at college by Uneven though he is an adult under the law.I, too, have the relative age of a child to a 75-year-old acquaintance who calls me Pete.Let us assume that John Smith is not a child who can be addressed by FN but is either my contemporary or my elder.The next important determiner for the form of address will then be the speech situation.If the situation is a formal one, then I must disregard all other rules and use social Identity plus Last Name.John Smith will always be addressed as Dr.Smith(or sometimes simply as Doctor, with Last Name understood)in the medical setting of office or hospital.(I am allowed to call him if my status is at least as high as his or if we are friends outside of our social roles, but the rest of my utterance must remain respectful.)

We are also obliged to address certain other people by their social Identity in formal situation: public officials(Congressman: Your Honor),educators(Professor or Doctor),leaders of meetings(Mr.Chairman),Roman Catholic priests(Father Daffy)and nuns(Sister Anna),and so forth.By the way, note the sexist distinction in the formulas for priests and nuns.The formula for a priest is Father plus Last Name, but for a nun it is Sister plus Religious Name(usually an FN).Most conversations, however, are not carried on in formal speech situations, and so the basic decision is when to use FN to TLN.A social acquaintance or newly hired colleague of approximately the same age and rank is usually introduced on an FN basis.“Pete, I’d like you to meet Harry.” Now a problem arises if both age and rank of cone of the parties are higher：“Pete, I’d like you to meet Attorney Brown.”

Attorney Brown may, of course, at any time signal me that he is willing to suspend the rules of address and allow an FN basis.Such a suspension is his privilege to bestow, and it is usually handled humorously, with a remark like,“I answer quicker to Bruce.”

Complications arise when relative age and relative rank are not both the same.A young doctor who joins a hospital finds it difficult to address a much older doctor.They are equal in rank(and therefore FN should be used)but the great disparity in ages calls for TLN.In such cases, the young doctor can use the No-Name(NN)formula, phrasing his utterances adroitly to avoid using any term of address at all.English is quite exceptional among the world's languages in this respect.Most European languages oblige the speaker to choose between the familiar and formal second person singular(as in the French tu and vous), as English once did when“thou”was in use.This is the basic American system, but the rules vary according to speech situations, subtle friendship or kin relationships between the speakers, regions of the country, and so forth.Southern speech, for example, adds the formula Title plus First Name(Mr.Charlie)to indicate familiar respect.Southerners are also likely to specify kin terms(as in Cousin Jane)whereas in most of the United States FN is used for cousins.Address to strangers also alters some of the rules.A speaker usually addresses a stranger whose attire and behavior indicate higher status by saying sir.But sometimes speakers with low status address those with obviously higher status by spurning this rule and instead using Mac or buddy—as when a construction worker asks a passing executive, socially identified by his attaché case, “You got a match, buddy?”

第二課 名字游戲

約翰·史密斯正朝我走過來。雖然他只是我的一個很平常的熟人，但按照美國人的問候習(xí)慣，我得說出那么幾個字來（如：“你好！”或“早上好！”之類的話。）向他表示我的好意。然而，我該怎么叫他呢？叫他約翰？或是史密斯？或者史密斯醫(yī)生？像這樣的問題在平常，是不用思考的事情。

對于在美國土生土長講美語的人來說，我們長大后，學(xué)會語法規(guī)則的同時也學(xué)會了稱呼別人的規(guī)則。乍一想，我們會認為仔細去考察我們稱呼的方式是一件不值得做的事情，然而正是這些稱呼的方式揭示了我們對同一個語言社區(qū)的人們的主觀看法。

首先，我們會用講話者的年齡關(guān)系去判斷使用的稱呼是否合適。如果我們招呼的是個孩子，那么我們就可以毫無顧慮地忽略那些無意之中學(xué)來的規(guī)則，而簡單地直呼其名（FN）。然而，孩子卻要用“頭銜+姓氏”的方式來招呼大人。

但“孩子”一詞卻不是那么容易界定的。我直呼其名地招呼我兒子的大學(xué)室友，即使他已經(jīng)是法定的成人了。我也一樣，相對一個叫我乳名（Pete）的75歲的老人來說，我也是個孩子。

假定約翰·史密斯不是一個可以直呼其名的孩子，他既不是我的同齡人，也不是我的長者，那么怎么招呼他就主要看語境了。

如果是在一個很正式的場合，我們就會用“社會身份+姓氏”的方式來招呼他，而不會考慮其他規(guī)則。這樣一來，在與醫(yī)學(xué)有關(guān)場合，如醫(yī)生辦公室或醫(yī)院里，約翰·史密斯就會被稱呼為“史密斯醫(yī)生”（或者有時，在已知姓氏的情況下，直接叫他“醫(yī)生”）（如果至少與他地位相當(dāng)或者除開社會地位的因素我們是朋友，而且我對他的稱呼又要保持一份敬意，這時我就可以叫他“Doc”）

在正式的場合，我們還不得不用社會身份來稱呼其他的某些人：如出入公眾視野的官員（議員；閣下），教育工作者（教授或博士），會議的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)（主席先生），羅馬天主教的牧師（達夫神父）和修女（安娜姊姊）等等。順便提一下，要注意，對牧師和修女的稱呼差異中存在著性別歧視的傾向。對牧師的稱呼是Father（父親）+ 姓氏，而對修女的稱呼卻是Sister（姐妹）+ 教名（通常情況下就是名字）。

然而，大多數(shù)談話都不是在正式的場合進行的。因此我們最基本的考慮就是什么時候直呼其名，什么時候用“頭銜+姓氏”的方式。如果是一個社會上的熟人或剛剛雇來的一個與你年齡和級別相仿的同事，就有可能用直呼其名的方式介紹他：“皮特，過來見見哈里”如果那個人的年齡比你大，級別比你高，這樣介紹也是沒有問題的：“皮特，請過來見見布朗律師。”

當(dāng)然,布朗律師任何時候都有可能向我表示愿意拋開那些客套的規(guī)矩, 讓我直呼其名。這種放棄是他的一種特權(quán)，通常用一種幽默的方式來處理。比如說句這樣的話：“你如果叫我布魯斯，我會反應(yīng)快些。”

當(dāng)彼此的年齡和級別這兩個方面不是都相仿的時候，事情就變得復(fù)雜了。一個剛到醫(yī)院來的的年輕醫(yī)生就會感到不太好稱呼一個年齡比他大很多的醫(yī)生。他們級別相當(dāng)（因此應(yīng)該直呼其名），但是他們年齡的差異又要求他用“頭銜+姓氏” 的方式打招呼。在這樣的情況下，這個年輕醫(yī)生就可以用避開姓名的方式打招呼，巧妙地措辭，完全避開那些稱呼的形式。

英語在這方面是世界其他語言不可比擬的。大多數(shù)歐洲語言都要求說話的人對第二人稱單數(shù)作出“隨和用語”和“正式用語”的選擇（比如法語就用“tu”和“vous”這兩個詞分別表示非正式場合和正式場合中的“你”）,就如英語曾經(jīng)用過“thou”這個詞一樣。

上面所談到的只是美國人打招呼的基本規(guī)則。根據(jù)說話雙方微妙的朋友或親緣關(guān)系，語境以及地區(qū)差異等因素，這些規(guī)則也有所改變。

例如，南方話就用“頭銜+名字”的形式（如：查理先生）來暗示關(guān)系親近。同時，南方人也會使用很確切的親緣名稱（如：簡表妹），而在美國大多數(shù)地方，表兄妹常常是直呼其名的。給陌生人打招呼時，這些規(guī)則也會發(fā)生變化。當(dāng)那個陌生人的衣著和行為舉止顯示他的地位高一些的時候，說話的人就會用“sir”（閣下）去稱呼他。但是，有時，一個地位低一點的人也可能忽視這個規(guī)矩，用“老兄“”“伙計”等語言去招呼一個明顯比他低位高些的人——比如，當(dāng)一個經(jīng)理走過來，一個建筑工人憑社會經(jīng)驗從他夾著公文包看出了他的身份, 而他卻這樣打招呼:“你有火嗎? 老兄!”