第一篇：中國傳統文化翻譯--春節用語

一、中國傳統文化之英語表達---有關春節的基本詞匯與短語

【Greeting Season】: 春節 The Spring Festival 農歷 lunar calendar 正月 lunar January;the first month by lunar calendar 除夕 New Year?s Eve;eve of lunar New Year

初一 the beginning of New Year 元宵節 The Lantern Festival 【Customs】：

過年 Guo-nian;have the Spring Festival 對聯 poetic couplet: two successive rhyming lines in poetry 春聯 Spring Festival couplets 剪紙 paper-cuts 買年貨 special purchases for the Spring Festival;do Spring Festival shopping 年畫 New Year paintings 敬酒 propose a toast 燈籠 lantern: a portable light 煙花 fireworks 爆竹 firecrackers(People scare off evil spirits and ghosts with the loud pop.)紅包 red packets(cash wrapped up in red paper, symbolize fortune and wealth.)舞獅 lion dance(The lion is believed to be able to dispel evil and bring good luck.)舞龍 dragon dance(to expect good weather and good harvests)戲曲 traditional opera 雜耍 variety show;vaudeville 燈謎 riddles written on lanterns 燈會 exhibit of lanterns 守歲 staying-up 禁忌 taboo 拜年 pay New Year?s call;give New Year?s greetings;New Year?s visit

去晦氣 get rid of the ill-fortune 祭祖宗 offer sacrifices to one?s ancestors

壓歲錢 gift money;money given to children as a lunar New Year gift www.tmdps.cn 辭舊歲 bid farewell to the old year 掃房 spring cleaning;general house-cleaning 【Food names】：

年糕 Nian-gao;rise cake;New Year cake 團圓飯 family reunion dinner 年夜飯 the dinner on New Year?s Eve

餃子 Jiao-zi;Chinese meat ravioli 八寶飯 eight treasures rice pudding 湯圓 Tang-yuan;dumplings made of sweet rice, rolled into balls and stuffed with either sweet or spicy fillings糖果盤 candy tray: 什錦糖 assorted candiesgrowth and good health 西瓜子 red melon seedprosperity 紅棗 red datesmany descendents to come 糖藕 candied lotus rootsweet 【Blessing】: Treasures fill the home 財源廣進

Business flourishes 事業興隆

Peace all year round 歲歲平安

Wishing you prosperity 恭喜發財

Harmony brings wealth 家和萬事興

May all your wishes come true 心想事成Everything goes well 萬事如意 The country flourishes and people live in peace 國家富強、人民安康

Money and treasures will be plentiful 財源茂盛

Wishing you every success Promoting to a higher position 事業有成、更上一層樓、蒸蒸日上 Safe trip wherever you go 一帆風順

Wish you happiness and prosperity in the coming year!祝你新的一年快樂幸福

Wish you success in your career and happiness of your family!事業成功，家庭美滿。

【中國新年禁忌】：

Dos and Donts of Chinese New Year Do's: Wish everyone you meet a happy New Year by saying “gong xi fa cai”, which translates to: “Have a happy and prosperous New Year!” 對每一個你遇到的人道一聲：“恭喜發財”，翻譯成英文就是：“在新的一年里擁有幸福繁榮的生活”；

Wear articles of red clothing because red symbolizes luck.穿紅色布料做成的飾品，因為紅色昭示著幸運；

Eat vegetarian food because it's not good to see blood.吃素食，因為見血是不吉利的；

Buy new trousers because the Chinese word for trousers is “fu”,(Chinese homonym for wealth)買新褲子（衣服），因為漢語里褲子就是“服”，（在漢語里與財富的“富”諧音）；

Children should stay up as late as possible on New Year's Eve for it is believed that the later they stay up, the longer their parents will live.孩子應該在除夕之夜盡可能晚睡、熬夜因為據說他們睡的越晚，他們的父母越長壽；

Visit family(especially those older than yourself)and friends to pass on your wishes on good fortune for the New Year.(plus kids and single people will receive lai-see lucky red packets full of money.拜訪親戚朋友（尤其是比你年長的），傳遞你對他們來年幸福的美好祝愿（另外孩子和單身的人將會得到裝滿錢的幸運紅包，稱為“來喜”。）

Give two lai see to each child.Because happiness comes in two's, do not just give one.This is your way of passing good luck to the next generation.Business owners also give lai see to employees and associates.給每個孩子兩份“來喜”（我覺得應該指錢是偶數的），因為好事成雙，不要只給一份。這是你把祝愿傳遞給下一代的方法。企業主（老板）也要給員工和同事紅包。

Don'ts: Don't wear white or black clothing, since they are the traditional colours of mourning.不要穿白色或黑色服裝，因為這是傳統意義上喪事的顏色；

Don't buy new shoes for the first month of the New Year, because the sound of shoe in Chinese is “hai”.“Hai” is similar to the sound of sighing, which Chinese believe is not a good way to start the year.不要在新年的第一個月買新鞋，因為在漢語里鞋的發音是“孩”（好像是四川地區的發音），它與嘆息”唉“相近，中國人認為這不是新年伊始的好兆頭。

Don't wash your hair for the first three days of the New Year, because the Chinese word for hair is a homonym for the Chinese word for wealth.Therefore, Chinese believe it isn't a good thing to 'wash away your wealth' right at the start of the New Year.在新年的前三天里不要洗頭，因為漢語里“頭發”的“發”和“發財”的“發”同音。因此，中國認為在新年伊始把財富給沖走可不是好兆頭。

Floors may not be swept and garbage may not be disposed of on the first day of the New Year for fear of casting riches out the door.在新年第一天，不拖地，不扔垃圾，因為怕把“財”給送走了；

Don't swear or quarrel.不要詛咒發誓，也不愿吵架；

Don't break any dishes, otherwise you may incur more misfortune for the New Year.In the event of breaking a dish, quickly say “ Peace for all time”, and the bad luck will be warded away.不要打破碗碟，否則在來年你可能會遭遇不幸。一旦打破了，要馬上說“歲歲平安”，這樣壞運氣就會被趕走了；

Don't greet people who are in mourning.不要向服喪期的人們問候（主要指不要說喜慶的話吧？）

Don't drop your chopsticks.不要讓筷子掉地上；

Don't say the number 'four'(Chinese homonym for death)or mention death.不要說數字“四”（漢語里和“死”諧音）或者提到死；

Don't borrow or lend money.不要借錢也不要借給別人錢。

拜年 Pay a New Year Call

An important activity during the Spring Festival is bainian（to pay a New Year call）.People start to pay New Year calls from the lunar New Year's Day，that is，the first day of the first month of the lunar calendar.Ever since the Ming Dynasty in the 14th century，ordinary people have begun to exchange greeting cards on this day.On the morning of the lunar New Year's Day，people get up very early and call on others.The earlier one does so，the more sincere he is.Moreover，people wear new clothes and a new cap，symbolizing that a new year has begun.The younger generation should call on their elders first，such as the grandfather，grandmother，father and mother，wishing them “Good health” and “Long life”.Then the elders give children some money in a red envelope as a New Year gift.After that，people call on their relatives，friends and neighbors.As “big tangerine” is a homonym for “very lucky” in Chinese，so people often present red big tangerines as a gift while paying a New Year call.Nowadays，besides greeting cards，people also use telephones and e-mails to pay New Year calls.一、藝術 1.畫類 壁畫 mural 國畫 Chinese traditional painting 水墨畫 ink and wash painting 絹畫 silk painting 木刻畫 wood engraving 版畫 engraving 貝雕畫 shell carving painting 年畫 new year picture 2.陶器類

陶器 pottery ware 玉器 jade article 瓷器 china ware 青瓷 celadon 青銅器 bronze ware 景泰藍 cloisonné enamel 漆器 lacquer ware 彩陶 painted pottery 唐三彩 trio-colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 3.雕刻類

冰雕 ice carving 玉雕 jade carving 石雕 stone carving 骨雕 bones carving 貝雕 shell carving 木雕 wood carving 根雕 tree root carving 瓷器雕 porcelain carving 象牙雕 ivory carving 4.塑像類

彩塑painted sculpture 畫塑 dough figurine 泥人兒 clay figure 5.扇類

絹扇 silk fan 檀香扇 sandal wood fan 折扇 folding fan 6.寶石類 珍珠 pearl 瑪瑙 agate 珊瑚 coral 翡翠 green jade 琥珀 amberwww.tmdps.cn 玉 jade 7.工藝類

刺繡 embroidery 雙面秀 two-sided embroidery 掛毯 tapestry 蠟染 batik 藤條制品 wickerwork 真絲 pure silk 煙嘴 cigarette holder 鼻煙壺 snuff bottle 圖章 seal 盆景 potted landscape 屏風 screen

二、民俗詞匯 轎子sedans 風車 pinwheel 雜技 acrobatics 魔術 magic 撥浪鼓 shaking drum 竹苗 bamboo flute 皮影 shadow puppet 糖人 sugar-molded 四合院 courtyard homes 踩高蹺 stilt walk 武術 martial arts 人力車 rickshaw 宮燈 palace lantern 猜拳 finger-guessing game 說書 monologue story-telling 老字號 time-honored 相聲 cross talk

三、傳統節日詞匯

拜年 pay a new year call 爆竹 firecracker 鞭炮 a string of small fire crackers 大掃除 year-end household 燈謎 lantern riddles 廟會 temple fair 年畫 new year’ s picture

掛年畫 to hang out new year’s picture

年夜飯 family reunion dinner on lunar new year 守歲 to stay awake all night 年糕 glutinous cake for new year 大年初一 the first day of the first lunar month 八寶飯 eight-treasure rice pudding 對聯 poetic couplets 貼春聯 to put up antithetical couplets 糊窗花 to put up window paper-cuts 壓歲錢 money given to children as a lunar new year gift

四、京劇相關詞匯

地方戲：local opera 戲劇臉譜theatrical mask 生 male characters 旦 female characters 凈 painted face characters 末 middle-aged male characters 丑 clown

五、中國古代四大發明

火藥 gunpowder 指南針 compass 造紙術 paper-making techniques 印刷術 paper-printing techniques

六、中國特有的事務

武術 martial arts 氣功 Qigong 打擂臺 to fight a challenge fight in an arena 聽評書 to listen to historical or traditional stories 下象棋 to play Chinese chess 練習書法 to make special studies of calligraphy 畫國畫 to do traditional Chinese painting 題詩 to inscribe a poem 求對 to match an antithetical couplet 元宵節 the Lantern Festival 端午節 the Dragon-Boat Festival 中秋節 the Mid-autumn Day 荔枝節 the Litchi Festival 西瓜節 the Water Melon Festival 風箏節 the Kate Festival 國慶節 the National Day 勞動節 the Labor Daywww.tmdps.cn 婦女節 the Women’s Day 兒童節 the Children’s Day 教師節 the Teachers’ Day 建軍節 the Army Day 解放 the Liberation in 1949 建國 the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 改革開放 to carry out reforms and adopt open policies 基層 at grass-root level 干部 cadre 文革 the Cultural Revolution 上山下鄉 to settle down in the mountainous areas and in the countryside 國民黨 the Kuomintang 四世同堂的大家庭 an extended family with four generations living under the same roof 獨生子女家庭 family with only one child 大齡未婚青年 elder unmarried youth 離退休人員 retired people 貧困地區 poverty-stricken area 貧困戶 poverty-stricken family 承包 to adopt the responsibility system 致富 to become well-off 鐵飯碗 iron rice bowl/a secure job 吃大鍋飯 to eat from the same large caldron

七、其它

大觀園 Grand View Garden 龍舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 診脈 feel the patient’s pulse 衙門 yamen 磕頭 kowtow 人參 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韻大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民樂 traditional instrumental music 楷體字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城計 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff 大觀園 Grand View Garden 龍舟 dragon boat 肝火 fire in the liver 診脈 feel the patient’s pulse 衙門 yamen 磕頭 kowtow 人參 ginseng 秧歌 yangko 京韻大鼓 story-telling in Beijing dialect with drum accompaniment 民樂 traditional instrumental music 楷體字 characters in the orthographic script 箬笠 hat of plaited bamboo leaves 空城計 “undefended city”, a stratagem of putting up a bluff

第二篇：中國傳統文化春節

中國傳統文化——春節

中國有許多傳統的節日，比如春節、元宵節、清明節、端午節、中秋節等，但我最喜歡的就要屬過年了。每到春節，家家戶戶喜貼春聯，敲鑼打鼓，張燈結彩，辭舊迎新的活動熱鬧非凡，每一個人的臉上都洋溢著節日的喜悅。但你知道嗎，過年為什么會有這些喜慶的活動呢？這里面有著一個美妙的神話故事，現在讓我給你講一講吧！

相傳，中國古時候有一種叫“年”的怪獸，頭長觸角，兇猛無比。“年”長年深居海底，每到除夕才爬上岸，吞食牲畜，傷害人命。因此，每到除夕這天，村村寨寨的人們都要扶老攜幼逃往深山，以躲避“年”獸的傷害。

這一年的除夕，桃花村的人們正準備扶老攜幼上山避難。這時從村外來了個乞討的老人，當時全村的鄉親們正在收拾行裝，誰也沒心關照這位乞討的老人。只有村東頭的一位老婆婆走過去給了他一點糧食說：“快逃吧！年獸快要來了。”老伯伯笑著說：“婆婆如果讓我在你家呆一夜，我一定能把‘年'獸趕走。”老婆婆繼續勸說他，乞討老人笑而不語。婆婆無奈，只有撇下他，上山避難去了。

半夜時分，“年”獸闖進村。它發現村里氣氛與往年不同：只見村東頭老婆婆家里，門貼大紅紙，屋內燭火通明。“年”獸渾身一抖，怪叫了一聲，便向老婆婆家撲了過去。快到門口時，院內突然傳來“劈里啪啦”的炸響聲，“年”嚇壞了，就再也不敢往前走了。原來“年”最怕紅色、火光和炸響。這時，婆婆的家門大開，只見院內一位身披紅袍的老人在哈哈大笑。“年”大驚失色，狼狽逃竄了。

第二天是正月初一，避難回來的人們見村里安然無恙，十分驚奇。這時老婆婆才恍然大悟，趕忙向鄉親們述說了乞討老人的許諾。于是，鄉親們一起擁向老婆婆家，只見婆婆家門上貼著紅紙，院里一堆未燃盡的竹子仍在“啪啪”作響，屋內幾根紅蠟燭還發著余光??欣喜若狂的鄉親們為慶祝吉祥的來臨，紛紛換新衣戴新帽，到親友家道喜問好。這件事很快在周圍村子傳開了，人們都知道了驅趕“年”獸的辦法

從此以后，每到除夕，家家貼紅對聯，燃放爆竹，戶戶燭光通明，守更待歲。初一一大早，還要走親串友道喜問好。后來這風俗越傳越廣，逐漸成了中華民族最隆重的傳統節日。過年的習俗除了上面所說的外，還有很多，比如：貼窗花，貼年畫，吃餃子，壓歲錢等。我最喜歡和小朋友一起放鞭炮，晚上我早早的吃過年夜飯，就拿著鞭炮就朝門外奔去。伴隨著我們的歡呼聲，一個個煙花飛到了空中，點亮了美麗的天空。還有一個傳統也是我們最喜歡的了，那就是春節，我們都會收到長輩們給我們的紅包，預示著來年我們都會順順利利的過著每一天。

“過新年，穿新衣，開開心心過大年??”我們唱著歡樂的歌謠，迎接新的一年來到。

第三篇：段落翻譯(中國傳統文化)

一、Chinese Dragon

對龍圖騰他的崇拜在中國大約已綿延了八千多年。中國龍是古人將魚、蛇、馬、牛等動物與云霧、雷電等自然天象集合而成的一種神物。中國龍的形成與中華民族的多元融合過程同步。在中國人的心目中，龍具有振奮騰飛、開拓變化的寓意和團結凝聚的精神。

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon(or loong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、Yangko

秧歌舞是中國漢族的一種民間傳統舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服裝，他們的表演動作有力迅速。在農歷春節、元宵節等節日期間，人們一旦聽到鑼鼓聲，不管外面天氣有多冷，他們都會蜂擁到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年來，中國東北某些城市的老年人自發組織了了秧歌隊，隊員常年通過跳秧歌舞來保持健康，同事他們也樂在其中。

Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces.The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko.Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、The Great Wall

長城是人類創造的世界奇跡之一。如果你到了中國卻沒去過長城，就想到了巴黎沒有去看看菲爾鐵塔，或者就像到了埃及沒有去看金字塔一樣。人們常說：“不到長城非好漢。”實際上，長城最初只是一些斷斷續續的城墻，直到秦朝統一中國后才將其連城長城。然而，今天我們看到的長城——東起山海關，西至嘉峪關——大部分都是在明代修建的。

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say, “He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.四、Dumplings

餃子是深受中國人民喜愛的傳統食品。相傳為古代醫圣張仲景發明。餃子的制作是包括： 1）搟皮、2）備餡、3）包餡水煮三個步驟。其特點是皮薄餡嫩，味道鮮美，形狀獨特，百食不厭。民間有“好吃不過餃子”的俗語。中國人接親待客、逢年過節都有包餃子吃的習俗，寓意吉利。對崇尚親情的中國人來說，“更歲交子”吃餃子，更是歡度除夕、辭舊迎新必不可少的內容。

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1)make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.五、Acupuncture

針灸是中醫學的重要組成部分。按照中醫的經絡理論，針灸療法主要是通過疏通經絡、調和氣血，來達到陰陽歸于平衡，使臟腑趨于調和之目的。其特點是“內病外治”。主要療法是用針刺入病人身體的一定穴位，或用艾火的溫熱刺激燒灼病人的穴位，以達到刺激經絡。治療病痛的目的。針灸以其獨特的優勢，流傳至今并傳播到了世界，與中餐、功夫、中藥一起被海外譽為中國的“新四大國粹”。

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

六、Chinese Kung Fu

中國功夫即中國武術，是將技擊寓于搏斗和套路運動之中的中國傳統體育項目，承載著豐富的中華民族傳統文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和養氣之說，同時兼容了道家、釋家的思想。中國武術源遠流長、流派林立、拳種繁多，講究剛柔并濟、內外兼修，蘊含著先哲們對生命和宇宙的參悟。后世所稱十八般武藝，主要指：徒手拳藝，如太極拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀槍劍戟、斧鉞鉤叉等。

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance.It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks.The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi”(otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training.It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxing(Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.七、Chinese characters

漢字是從原始人用以記事的簡單圖畫，經過不斷演變發展最終成為一種兼具音、形、意韻的獨特文字。現存中國古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被認為是現代漢字的初形。此后，漢字又經歷了金文、隸書、楷書、草書、行書等不同的階段。漢字結構“外圓內方“，源于古人”天圓地方“的觀念。漢字有五種基本筆畫，即：橫、豎、撇、捺、折。

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“(the horizontal stroke)“│”(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).八、Chinese Chopsticks

中國人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上獨樹一幟。有史記載用筷的歷史已有三千多年。筷子古時稱為箸，它看似簡單，但卻同時具有夾、撥、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多種功能。中國民間視筷子為吉祥之物，如婚俗中將筷子隱喻為快生貴子的祝福等。與使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成雙結對的筷子含有“和為貴“的意蘊。西方人贊譽筷子是古老的東方文明。

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on.Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.九、Chinese Seal

印章就是圖章。中國歷代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱記、合同、符、契等等不同的稱謂，而帝王所用的印章古時稱璽、印、寶、章等。據史料記載，印章在戰國時代已普遍使用。印章的制作是將篆隸等字體、圖像用陰、陽的形式雕刻而成，形狀以圓、方為主。印章用朱色 鈐蓋，除日常應用外，又多用于書畫題識，逐漸成為中國特有的藝術形式之一。

A seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.十、Chinese Era

天干地支是中國歷法中用以記錄和命名年歲的方法。十天干為：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支為：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人觀測朔望月，發現月亮圓缺12次大體上是一年的天數，而兩個朔望月約是60天。古人以十天干與十二地支的順序依次相配，記錄不同年份，60年為一個輪回。干支紀年法從古沿用至今。按干支紀年法，2011年便是辛卯年。

The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years.The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.十一、Chinese Beijing Opera

京劇被譽為“東方歌劇”，是地道的中國國粹。它起源于中國多種古老的地方戲劇，特別是南方的“徽班”。到了19世紀末，京劇形成并成為中國最大的戲曲劇種。京劇是綜合性表演藝術，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）為一體，通過程式化的表演手段，敘述故事，刻畫人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、凈（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行當。

Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan(young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).十二、Chinese Taoism

道教是中國土生土長長的宗教。創始人是春秋末期的哲學家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德經》為主要經典。道教主張“重人貴生”。崇尚清靜無為，修身養性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。無名天地之始；有名萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

Taoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.十三、Chinese Idioms

中國成語是漢語中意義完整的表示一般概念的固定詞組或短語。“成語”中的“成”既是約定俗成。成語是比詞大而語法功能又相當于詞的語言單位。絕大多數的中國成語由四個漢字組成，例如：自強不息、青出于藍、厚積薄發。成語主要從民間諺語、古代文學作品、詩歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提煉而成，是漢語語言中精煉而又富有生命力的一部分。

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions.Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters.For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.十四、Chinese silk

中國是絲綢的故鄉。栽桑、養蠶、繅絲、織綢是中國古代人民的偉大發明。商周時期絲綢的生產技術就已發展到相當高的水平。西漢時張騫通西域，把中原與波斯灣、地中海緊密聯系起來，開辟了中外交流貿易的新紀元。從此中國的絲綢以其卓越的品質、精美的花色和豐富的文化內涵聞名于世，成為中國文化的象征。東方文明的使者。

China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations.Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.十五、Chinese Classical Garden

中國園林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等與自然地貌有機結合的環境藝術，是我國古代建筑藝術的珍寶。其建造原則是“妙極自然，宛自天開”。游賞中國古典園林，能充分領略“假自然之景，創山水真趣”的園林意境。在世界三大園林體系中，中國園林歷史悠久、內涵豐富，被譽為世界造園史上的淵源之一。

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.十六、The Four Treasures of the Study

筆墨紙硯是中國古代文人書房當中必備的寶貝，被稱為“文房四寶”。用筆墨書寫繪畫在中國可追溯到五千年前。秦時已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制筆；漢代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了紙張以后，簡牘錦帛逐失其用；硯臺則隨筆墨的使用而發展。“文房四寶”到宋朝以后特指湖筆、徽墨、宣紙、端硯。可以說文房四寶書寫了整個中華文明。

The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes.During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out.The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After the Song Dynasty(960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.十七、Paper cutting

剪紙是中國最為流行的傳統民間藝術形式之一。中國剪紙有一千 五百多年的歷史，在明朝和清朝時期特別流行。人們常用剪紙美化居家環境。特別是在春 節和婚慶期間，剪紙被用來裝飾門窗和房 間，以增加喜慶的氣氛。剪紙最常用的顏色是紅色，象征健康和興旺。中國剪紙在 世界各地很受歡迎，經常被用作饋贈外國 友人的禮物。

Paper cutting is one of China’s most popular traditional folk arts.Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.the Ming and Qing It was widespread Dynasties.particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations, in particular, paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red, which symbolizes health and prosperity.Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.十八、Lion Dance

獅舞（Lion Dance）是中國最廣為流傳的民間舞蹈之一。獅為百獸之首，在中國傳統中，獅子被視為是能帶來好運的吉祥物（mascot）。古人將獅子視作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驅趕邪惡、保護人類。據記載，獅舞已擁有了2,000多年的歷史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），獅舞就已經被引入了皇室。因此，舞獅成為元宵節（the Lantern Festival）和其他節日的習俗，人們以此來祈禱好運、平安和幸福。

The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition, the lion is regarded as a mascot, which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength, which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty, the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family of the dynasty.Therefore, performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck, safety and happiness.十九、The Duanwu Festival

端午節，又叫龍舟節，是為了紀念愛國詩人屈原。屈原是一位忠誠和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他給國家帶來了和平和繁榮。但最后因為受到誹謗（vilify）而最終投河自盡。人們撐船到他自盡的地方，拋下粽子，希望魚兒吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身軀。幾千年來，端午節的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和賽龍舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。

The Duanwu Festival, also called the Dragon Boat Festival, is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister, who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water, hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuan’s body.For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races, especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.二十、hutong 北京有無數的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來了無窮的魅力。北京的胡同不僅僅 是平民百姓的生活環境，而且還是一門建筑藝術。通常，胡同內有一個大雜院，房間夠4到10個家庭的差不多20 口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味。如今，隨著社會和經濟的飛速發展，很多胡同被新的高樓大 廈所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下來。

In Beijing, there are numerous hutongs.The life of common people in hutongs brings endless charm to the ancient capital, Beijing.The hutong in Beijing is not only the living environment of common people but also a kind of architecture.Usually, there is a courtyard complex inside hutong, with rooms shared by 4 to 10 families of about 20 people.Therefore, life in hutongs is full of friendliness and genuine humanity.Nowadays, with rapid social and economic development, many hutongs are replaced by new tall buildings.I hope hutongs can be preserved.二

十一、Romance of the Three Kingdoms

《三國演義》由羅貫中創作于14世紀，是一部中國歷史題材小說。小說以漢朝末年和三國時期的歷史演變為背景，敘述了在這個動蕩（turbulent）時期發生的一系列重大事情。整個故事情節從公元168年開始一直到公元280年領土統一（reunification）時結束。小說篇幅長達80萬字，分為120個章節，共描述了1,191個人物角色，堪稱中國文學史上四大經典小說之一。

Romance of the Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century,is a Chinese historical novel based upon events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD280.It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800,000 words, 1,191 characters, and 120 chapters.·

第四篇：一般用語翻譯

在英式英語中，“副”的翻譯是deputy 或者vice.副經理：Deputy Manager 或 Vice Manager

副總經理：Deputy General Manager 或 Vice General Manager

查字典的話，Deputy 是副手、副職的意思。

而在字典當中，vice除了“副”之外還有其他意思，包括：邪惡、罪行、惡習等等。

在“副”的含義來說，deputy和vice幾乎是可以替換使用的，但deputy比vice使用得更多，尤其是書面上和正式場合中。正如剛才所說，deputy的含義比較純正，沒有歧義。

Deputy的用法有：

Deputy Commissioner of Police 副警務處長

Deputy General Manager 副總經理 Deputy Manager 副經理

Deputy Chairman of the Board 董事會副主席

以上都是在英式英語地方（英國、香港、澳大利亞等）真正使用的詞語。

很多人都認為deputy是代理的意思（例如代主席，代經理，等），這沒有錯。但是英式英語中，實際使用的“代理”有另外一個詞acting.例如，英國的殖民地的總督（例如以前的香港總督）出外訪問的時候，政府會任命其下一級的最高級官員在總督外訪期間擔任代總督（也叫做署理總督）Acting Governor.因此，如果要表達代主席，代經理，應該是acting chairman, acting manager.順便說一下，外國是有總經理的，但也有“首席執行官”。首席執行官這個詞在中國用得很流行，其實它比較恰當的翻譯是“行政總裁”。

Assistant完全沒有“副”的意思，它只是助理的意思。順便也說，Assistant Manager是助理經理，Manager Assistant 是經理助理，這兩個的意思很不相同哦！

《項目副經理崗位職責2010年11月15日》《項目副經理崗位職責》簡介：

1、在項目經理領導下，主持項目日常施工管理工作，貫徹執行公司質量、環境、職業健康安全方針，組織實施項

《項目副經理崗位職責》正文開始>>

1、在項目經理領導下，主持項目日常施工管理工作，貫徹執行公司質量、環境、職業健康安全方針，組織實施項目目標及管理方案，對各分部、分項工程的施工質量、工期、安全負直接領導責任。

2、負責制訂施工網絡，月進度計劃，落實月形象進度。主持每月的工程調度會議，擬定實施工

程進度獎懲辦法。項目經理外出時，代理項目部日常工作。

3、負責工程質量和安全的過程控制，組織有關人員向工區和施工隊進行技術交底，主持質量事故和不合格工程的分析處理，堅持 “三不放過”原則。

4、負責協調各工區、施工隊交叉施工中工序的銜接與工作配合，定期或不定期組織工程項目檢查，及時統計與總結，提出建議和決策意見，對不合格和不經濟的施工方案，行使否決權。

5、嚴格按合同要求組織施工生產，將項目質量保證體系、環境管理體系、管理體系要求落實到各項工作之中。

6、負責與業主、監理進行工程施工計劃、計量、質量、材料等方面的請示聯系工作，負責協調和處理業主、監理的意見，負責工程項目變更、工程索賠的內部初審工作。

7、定期考核施工、技術和管理人員，負責對施工隊伍的監管，參與勞務合同和分包合同的審核，向項目經理推薦施工隊伍和技術骨干人員。

8、負責材料與設備管理，做好內部和外租設備的管理和調配以及工程材料采購、運輸、儲存、使用、防護與交付的監管工作。

9、負責本項目竣工資料的收集與整理，參與本項目的竣工驗收和工程竣工決算。

10、定期向項目經理匯報工作，落實員工http://轉載請注明出處，謝謝！

chief of office 辦公室主任

工商金融 Industrial, commercial and banking communities 會長 President 主席 Chairman

名譽顧問 Honorary Adviser 理事長 President

理事 Trustee/Council Member 總干事 Director-General 總監 Director 董事長 Chairman

執行董事 Executive Director 總裁 President

總經理 General Manager;C.E.O(Chief Executive Officer)經理 Manager 財務主管 Controller

公關部經理 PR Manager 營業部經理 Business Manager 銷售部經理 Sales Manager 推銷員 Salesman 采購員 Purchaser 售貨員 Sales Clerk 領班 Captain 經紀人 Broker

高級經濟師 Senior Economist 高級會計師 Senior Accountant 注冊會計師 Certified Public Accountant 出納員 Cashier

審計署審計長 Auditor-General, Auditing Administration 審計師 Senior Auditor 審計員 Auditing Clerk 統計師 Statistician 統計員 Statistical Clerk

廠長 factory Managing Director 車間主任 Workshop Manager

工段長 Section Chief 作業班長 Foreman

倉庫管理員 Storekeeper 教授級高級工程師 Professor of Engineering 高級工程師 Senior Engineer 技師 Technician 建筑師 Architect 設計師 Designer

機械師 Mechanic 化驗員 Chemical Analyst 質檢員 Quality Inspector

會計助理Accounting Assistant

記帳員Accounting Clerk

會計部經理Accounting Manager

會計部職員A ccounting Stall

Accounting Supervisor 會計主管

Administration Manager 行政經理

Administration Staff 行政人員

Administrative Assistant 行政助理

Administrative Clerk 行政辦事員

Advertising Staff 廣告工作人員

Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座員

Airlines Staff 航空公司職員 Application Engineer 應用工程師

Assistant Manager 副經理 Bond Analyst 證券分析員

Bond Trader 證券交易員 Business Controller 業務主任

Business Manager 業務經理 Buyer 采購員

Cashier 出納員

Chemical Engineer 化學工程師

Civil Engineer 土木工程師

Clerk/Receptionist 職員/接待員

Clerk Typist & Secretary 文書打字兼秘書

Computer Data Input Operator 計算機資料輸入員

Computer Engineer 計算機工程師

Computer Processing Operator 計算機處理操作員

Computer System Manager計算機系統部經理

Copywriter廣告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager副總經理

Economic Research Assistant經濟助究助理

Electrical Engineer電氣工程師 Engineering Technician工程技術員

English Instructor/Teacher英語教師 Export S 總經理 副總經理 市場總監 生產總監 生產部 總經辦 財務部 后勤部 銷售部 采購部

客戶服務中心 技術開發部 門衛室 董事長General manager

Deputy general manager Chief Marketing Officer Produces inspector general Production department always manages Finance department Rear services headquarters Sales outlet Purchase department customer services center Technical development division Gate guard room chairman trustee Sales manager 1.國家甲級工程監理單位State Class A engineering supervision unit 2.國家甲級工程招標代理機構National Class A project tendering agencies 3.法定代表人The legal representative 4.董事長兼總經理Chairman and Managing Director 5.高級工程師Senior Engineer

6.常務副總經理Executive Vice President 7.會計師Accountant 8.總工程師Chief Engineer deputy vice assistant這三個單詞的區別

瀏覽次數：1854次懸賞分：5 | 解決時間：2009-9-4 17:47 | 提問者：karry_yin

請幫我區別以下這三個詞

詳細有條理點 謝謝 問題補充：

四個單詞都能

表示副職

deputy vice assistant associate這四個單詞的區別 謝謝

最佳答案

其實，配合不同的職位有不同的選擇。

Director，CEO的話不能用Vice，只能用Deputy或Assistant。President的話不能用Deputy或Assistant，只能用Vice。

General Manager的話不能用Vice，只能用Assistant或Deputy。

在同時有Deputy和Assistant的情況下，一般Deputy的職位比Assistant高。

樓上的還真能編（除1樓之外）。三個詞本來就是同一個意思，副職。當然都有其他的意思，不過LZ問的就是副職的問題啊。

vice:the person next in rank below someone in authority, who can represent them or act instead of them那么說Assitant Director（副董事）或Assitant GM（副總經理）的職位就一定低于經理？不是吧。這要看什么職位。

在不同職稱用的詞不同，當然行業不同也有分別，不過意思都一樣的，副職。如金融界有很多Vice-President，不過職位不高，都為撐門面。跨國企業也是有不少Vice-President，不過職責和職位就高多了，國家的副總統就一兩個，不過職位高的嚇人。哈哈。

副經理 Assistant Manager 代理經理

Acting Manager

代理主管acting Supervisor

主任 Director

Accounting Assistant 會計助理

Accounting Clerk 記帳員

Accounting Manager 會計部經理

Accounting Stall 會計部職員

Accounting Supervisor 會計主管

Administration Manager 行政經理

Administration Staff 行政人員

Administrative Assistant 行政助理

Administrative Clerk 行政辦事員

Advertising Staff 廣告工作人員

Airlines Sales Representative 航空公司定座員

Airlines Staff 航空公司職員

Application Engineer 應用工程師

Assistant Manager 副經理

Bond Analyst 證券分析員

Bond Trader 證券交易員

Business Controller 業務主任

Business Manager 業務經理

Buyer 采購員

Cashier 出納員

Chemical Engineer 化學工程師

Civil Engineer 土木工程師

Clerk/Receptionist 職員/接待員

Clerk Typist & Secretary 文書打字兼秘書

Computer Data Input Operator 計算機資料輸入員

Computer Engineer 計算機工程師

Computer Processing Operator 計算機處理操作員

Computer System Manager 計算機系統部經理

Copywriter 廣告文字撰稿人

Deputy General Manager 副總經理

Economic Research Assistant 經濟研究助理

Electrical Engineer 電氣工程師

Engineering Technician 工程技術員

English Instructor/Teacher 英語教師

Export Sales Manager 外銷部經理

Export Sales Staff 外銷部職員

Financial Controller 財務主任

Financial Reporter 財務報告人

F.X.(Foreign Exchange)Clerk 外匯部職員

F.X.Settlement Clerk 外匯部核算員

Fund Manager 財務經理

General Auditor 審計長

General Manager/ President 總經理

General Manager Assistant 總經理助理

General Manager's Secretary 總經理秘書

Hardware Engineer 計算機硬件工程師

Import Liaison Staff 進口聯絡員

Import Manager 進口部經理

Insurance Actuary 保險公司理賠員

International Sales Staff 國際銷售員

Interpreter 口語翻譯

Legal Adviser 法律顧問

Line Supervisor 生產線主管

Maintenance Engineer 維修工程師

Management Consultant 管理顧問

Manager 經理

Manager for Public Relations 公關部經理

Manufacturing Engineer 制造工程師

Manufacturing Worker 生產員工

Market Analyst 市場分析員

Market Development Manager 市場開發部經理

Marketing Manager 市場銷售部經理

Marketing Staff 市場銷售員

Marketing Assistant 銷售助理

Marketing Executive 銷售主管

Marketing Representative 銷售代表

Marketing Representative Manager 市場調研部經理

Mechanical Engineer 機械工程師

Mining Engineer 采礦工程師

Music Teacher 音樂教師

Naval Architect 造船工程師

Office Assistant 辦公室助理

Office Clerk 職員

Operational Manager 業務經理

Package Designer 包裝設計師

Passenger Reservation Staff 乘客票位預訂員

Personnel Clerk 人事部職員

Personnel Manager 人事部經理

Plant/ Factory Manager 廠長

Postal Clerk 郵政人員

Private Secretary 私人秘書

Product Manager 生產部經理

Production Engineer 產品工程師

Professional Staff 專業人員

Programmer 電腦程序設計師

Project Staff 項目策劃人員

Promotional Manager 推售部經理

Proof-reader 校對員

Purchasing Agent 采購進貨員

Quality Control Engineer 質量管理工程師

Real Estate Staff 房地產職員

Recruitment Co-ordinator 招聘協調人

Regional Manger 地區經理

Research＆.Development Engineer 研究開發工程師

Restaurant Manager 飯店經理

Sales and Planning Staff 銷售計劃員

Sales Assistant 銷售助理

Sales Clerk 店員、售貨員

Sales Coordinator 銷售協調人

Sales Engineer 銷售工程師

Sales Executive 銷售主管

Sales Manager 銷售部經理

Salesperson 銷售員

Seller Representative 銷售代表

Sales Supervisor 銷售監管

School Registrar 學校注冊主任

Secretarial Assistant 秘書助理

Secretary 秘書

Securities Custody Clerk 保安人員

Security Officer 安全人員

Senior Accountant 高級會計

Senior Consultant/Adviser 高級顧問

Senior Employee 高級雇員

Senior Secretary 高級秘書

Service Manager 服務部經理

Simultaneous Interpreter 同聲傳譯員

Software Engineer 計算機軟件工程師

Supervisor 監管員

Systems Adviser 系統顧問

Systems Engineer 系統工程師

Systems Operator 系統操作員

Technical Editor 技術編輯

Technical Translator 技術翻譯

Technical Worker 技術工人

Telecommunication Executive電訊（電信）員

Telephonist / Operator 電話接線員、話務員

Tourist Guide 導游

Trade Finance Executive 貿易財務主管

Trainee Manager 培訓部經理

Translation Checker 翻譯核對員

Translator 翻譯員

Trust Banking Executive 銀行高級職員

Typist 打字員

Wordprocessor Operator 文字處理操作員

----------

行政職務名稱

（副）主席：（vice-）president/chairman

（副）總理：（vice-）premier

總書記：general secretary

（副）秘書長：（deputy）secretary-general

（副）部長：（vice-）minister

（副）局長：（vice-）bureau director

（副）省長：（vice-）governor

（副）市長：（vice-）mayor

（副）縣長：（vice-）head of a county

（副）主任：(deputy)director

（副）處長：(deputy)section chief,head of a depart.（副）科長：(deputy)section chief/manager

大專院校（副）校長：（vice-）president;(vice-)chancellor

專業技術職稱

（副）教授：(associate)professor

講師：lecturer

助教：assistant teacher

研究員：research fellow

助理研究員：assistant research fellow

（副）編審：(associate)professor of editorship

助理編輯：assistant editor

主任醫師：professor of medicine

主治醫師：consultant

高級經濟師：senior business engineer

高級會計師：senior accountant

高級統計師：senior statistician

人力資源部經理

human resource department manager

研發部

其全稱是Research and Development Center

副科長：Vice-section chief

副廠長：Assistant Production Manager

副總裁：Vice-President

副處長：Deputy Division Chief 第一分廠

First Branch-------------

HRDM

第五篇：中國傳統文化資料春節

中國傳統文化資料春節

導語：中國的春節給了人們一份濃得難以化開的情，一種經年釀造的淳厚的味。下面是小編給大家整理的中國傳統文化資料春節的內容，希望能給你帶來幫助!

中國傳統文化資料春節

我們的傳統節日春節一到大街小巷張燈結彩，爆竹聲聲到處都是節日的喜慶。

說起春節，我想起了一個傳說：很久很久以前，有一頭叫“年”的怪獸，它長得兇神惡煞，住在村莊旁的深海中，每到除夕，它就會上岸，去旁邊的村莊吞食牲畜，還要傷人命，人們害怕得躲到了山上。有一年，一個老翁出現在它們的面前，對他們說：“那個來搗亂的‘年’怕紅色和響聲。”于是，村民們手忙腳亂地準備起來，把紅色的春聯貼在門上，然后，用竹子互相敲打發出聲音，“年”就落慌而逃，從此以后，我們過年的除夕夜家家戶戶燈火通明，我們每年的大年初一走親向友，從此，春節就流傳到了現在，變得越來越隆重。

隨著我們科技的發展，家家戶戶變得富裕，我們的春聯變成貼圖，還有掛著燈籠，竹子的敲打聲變成了煙花爆竹。隨著“噼里啪啦”的煙花聲音在空中綻放開來，像爭奇斗艷的“仙女散花”，又像下煙花雨，有紅、黃、紫……天空被打扮得炫麗多彩，它們照到了人們的臉上，人們的臉被照得喜氣洋洋，人們過年的習俗還有包團圓果，大掃除……

中國的春節，是最具文化內涵和傳統魅力的節日，也是最有凝聚力的一個節日，盡管隨著社會的進步，生活節奏的加快，這一節日在城市漸漸地失去了原有的韻味，但在農村，這幾千年延續的文化仍顯示著它的生命力。那里有小山村的靜謐，有黃土地的厚重，有春節神秘溫馨的氣氛，有嚴肅莊重的禮儀和濃烈淳厚的人情味。而生活在城市的人則像斷了根的浮萍一樣在社會中漂流，因此人們心中始終有著一種尋根的沖動。

中國的春節給了人們一份濃得難以化開的情，一種經年釀造的淳厚的味。這就是生養我們的“文化之根”。春節，融入一種文化的意境、文化的象征，并擔負起一種文化的功能：一是辭舊迎新，打上一個人生的結，分開過去和未來;二是祭祀，緬懷祖宗之德，承繼先人之志，融通天地萬物，祈盼人生幸福;三是宗親禮儀往來，安排人生秩序，聯絡世代親情，找到個人定位，擔負社會責任;四是民間娛樂，擴大社會交往，播撒傳統文化，宣泄感情之波，體味生活之樂。

春節成為中國傳統文化的載體，代代相傳，沉淀下厚重的含金的礦藏。宋代王安石曾作《元日》詩云：“爆竹聲中一歲除，春風送暖入屠蘇。千家萬戶瞳瞳日，總把新桃換舊符。”文化的質是歷千年而不變的。

一、貼春聯、門神

春聯，起源于桃符。“桃符”是周代懸掛在大門兩旁的長方形桃木板。據《后漢書·禮儀志》說，桃符長六寸，寬三寸，桃木板上書“神荼”、“郁壘”二神。正月一日，造桃符著戶，名仙木，百鬼所畏。所以，清代《燕京時歲記》上說：“春聯者，即桃符也。”五代時，西蜀的宮廷里，有人在桃符上提寫聯語。據《宋史·蜀世家》說：“后蜀主孟昶令學士章遜題桃木板，以其非工，自命筆題云：新年納余慶，嘉節號長春”，這便是我國的第一副春聯。直到宋代，春聯仍稱“桃符”。王安石詩中就有“千門萬戶幢幢日，總把新桃換舊符”之句。宋代，桃符由桃木板改為紙張，叫“春貼紙”。

關于春節的黑板報

明代，桃符才改稱“春聯”。明代陳云瞻《簪云樓雜話》中載：“春聯之設，自明太祖始。帝都金陵，除夕前忽傳旨：公卿士庶家門口須加春聯一幅帝微行時出現。”朱元璋不僅親自微服出城，觀賞笑樂，他還親自題春聯。他經過一戶人家，見門上不曾貼春聯，便去詢問，知道這是一家閹豬的，還未請人代寫。朱元璋就特地為那閹豬人寫了“雙手劈開生死路，一刀割斷是非根”的春聯。聯意貼切、幽默。經明太祖這一提倡，此后春聯便沿習成為習俗，一直流傳至今。據傳某年春節后乾隆下江南時路過通州小鎮(今江蘇通州市)，想到紫禁城外也有一個通州(今北京通州區)，于是出一聯讓隨行大臣們作對：“南通州，北通州，南北通州通南北”，大臣們無一人對得出來，不料一小侍從平素勤學，眼見滿街當鋪，當即對出下聯：“東當鋪，西當鋪，東西當鋪當東西”，乾隆大喜，獎其官升三級。

民間有些春聯寫得也很有意思。如一個鞋店的春聯是：前程遠大腳跟須站穩，工作浩繁輕重要分清，橫批——始于足下。一家理發店的春聯是：提起刀人人落發，拉下水個個低頭，橫批——改頭換面。

門神，傳說是能捉鬼的神荼、郁壘。東漢應劭的《風俗通》中引《黃帝書》說：上古的時候，有神萘、郁壘倆兄弟，他們住在度朔山上。山上有一棵桃樹，樹陰如蓋。每天早上，他們便在這樹下檢閱百鬼。如果有惡鬼為害人間，便將其綁了喂老虎。后來，人們便用兩塊桃木板畫上神茶、郁壘的畫像，掛在門的兩邊用來驅鬼避邪。南朝·梁·宗憬《荊楚歲時記》中記載：正月一日，“造桃板著戶，謂之仙木，繪二神貼戶左右，左神萘，右郁壟，俗謂門神。”然而，真正史書記載的門神，卻不是神荼、郁壟，而是古代的一個勇士叫做成慶的。在班固的《漢書·廣川王傳》中記載：廣川王(去疾)的殿門上曾畫有古勇士成慶的畫像，短衣大褲長劍。到了唐代，門神的位置便被秦叔寶和尉遲敬德所取代。

春節風俗

二、貼年畫

過年，人們除了貼春聯，剪窗花外，還喜愛在客廳里、臥室中掛貼年畫。一張張新年畫給家家戶戶平添了歡樂的節日氣氛。

年畫是我國的一種古老的民間藝術，他反映了人民大眾的風俗和信仰，寄托著人們對未來的希望。年畫，也和春聯一樣，起源于“門神”。春聯由神荼、郁壘的名字而向文字發展，而年畫依然沿著繪畫方向發展。

隨著木版印刷術的興起，年畫的內容已不僅限于門神之類，而漸漸把財神請到家里，進而在一些年畫作坊中產生了《福祿壽三星圖》、《天官賜福》、《五谷豐登》、《六畜興旺》、《迎春接福》等彩色年畫，以滿足人們喜慶祈年的美好愿望。

因明太祖朱元璋提倡春節貼春聯，年畫也受其影響隨之而盛行開來，全國出現了年畫三個重要產地：蘇州桃花塢，天津楊柳青和山東濰坊楊家埠，形成了我國年畫的三大流派。

我國收藏最早的年畫是南宋《隋朝窈窕呈傾國之芳容》木刻年畫，畫的是王昭君、趙飛燕、班姬和綠珠四位古代美人。不過我國民間流傳最廣的是一幅《老鼠娶親》的年畫。這畫描繪了老鼠依照人間的風俗迎娶新娘的有趣場面。其畫構圖生動活潑，熱鬧非凡。此畫曾給魯迅先生留下不可磨滅的印象。正如他說的那樣，這幅寓教于樂的《老鼠娶親》，不但喚起成年人的興趣，對兒童的藝術感染更為強烈。

民國初年，上海鄭曼陀將月歷和年畫二者結合起來。這是年畫的一種新形式。這種合二而一的年畫，以后發展成掛歷，至今風靡全國。

三、拜年

拜年是中國民間的傳統習俗，是人們辭舊迎新、相互表達美好祝愿的一種方式。

古時“拜年”一詞原有的含義是為長者拜賀新年，包括向長者叩頭施禮、祝賀新年如意、問候生活安好等內容。遇有同輩親友，也要施禮道賀。

在古代，上層士大夫有用名帖互相投賀的習俗。宋人周輝在《清波雜志》中說：“宋元佑年間，新年賀節，往往使用傭仆持名刺代往”。當時士大夫交游廣，若四處登門拜年，既耗費時間，也耗費精力，因此有些關系不大密切的朋友就不親自前往，而是派仆人拿一種用梅花箋紙裁成的二寸寬、三寸長，上面寫有受賀人姓名、住址和恭賀話語的卡片前往代為拜年。

明代人們以投謁代替拜年。明朝杰出畫家、詩人文征明在《賀年》詩中描述：“不求見面惟通謁，名紙朝來滿蔽廬;我亦隨人投數紙，世憎嫌簡不嫌虛”。這里所言的“名刺”和“名謁”即是現今賀年卡的起源。賀年卡用于聯絡感情和互致問候，既方便又實用，乃至今日仍盛行不衰。

大約從清朝時候起，拜年又出現“團拜”的形式，清人藝蘭主在《側帽余譚》中說：“京師于歲首，例行團拜，以聯年誼，以敦鄉情”，“每歲由值年書紅訂客，飲食宴會，作竟日歡”。

隨著時代的發展，拜年的習俗亦不斷增添新的內容和形式。現在人們除了沿襲以往的拜年方式外，又興起了禮儀電報拜年、電話拜年、短信拜年等。

四、放爆竹

古代過年時人們以火燒竹，爆裂發聲，用以驅鬼，“爆竹”一名由此而來。《荊楚歲時記》說：“正月一日，雞鳴而起，先于庭前爆竹，以辟山臊惡鬼。”到后來，由于社會和民俗的進化，爆竹發生了兩大變化：一是火藥發明以后，從燒竹子發展為用紙筒灌裝火藥引爆，炸開后響聲貫耳，紙屑飛揚，火藥香四溢，于是爆竹又叫“爆仗”。此后人們又用麻莖把爆竹編成串來放，稱為“編炮”。因其聲音清脆如鞭響，故也叫“鞭炮”。在“鞭炮”的基礎上又出現了各種花炮乃至煙花。二是爆竹的功能由避邪驅鬼完全轉變為節日的吉祥、熱鬧、喜慶和歡樂。王安石詩曰：“爆竹聲中一歲除，春風送暖入屠蘇。”因此過去老百姓認為不放鞭炮不喝酒就不算過年。

宋朝重爆竹，明清出煙花。明代的煙花制作已達到了相當的水平。從高度、品種到造型都相當不錯。明人張時轍在《陳都閫宅看煙花》詩中，對煙花燃放空中的景象作了生動描繪：“空中捧出百絲燈，神女新妝五彩明。真有斬蛟動長劍，狂客吹簫過洞庭”。到了清代放煙花的規模更加盛大，工藝和花型變幻精美無比，民間、官府和佛教界逢年過節都要大放煙花，尤以宮廷的煙花最為壯觀和盛大。現在我國的不少城市因安全、噪音和污染等問題而禁放鞭炮，這種風俗只在沒有“禁放”的城市和農村沿襲著。其實，文化是人創造的，文化形式也會不斷地發生變化。既然有法必依，對于心中的留戀您就得從方式上想點轍。有的人就比較聰明，弄盤錄音帶放放，聽鞭炮聲，或用踩小氣球聲當鞭炮，有的干脆買幾串工藝品鞭炮掛在廳里看，不但安全又一點兒不影響情緒，還給家里另添了幾分喜慶!

五、掃塵

掃塵就是年終大掃除，北方稱“掃房”，南方叫“撣塵”。在春節前掃塵，是我國人民素有的傳統習慣。每逢春節來臨，家家戶戶都要打掃環境，清洗各種器具，拆洗被褥窗簾，灑掃六閭庭院，撣拂塵垢蛛網，疏浚明渠暗溝。大江南北，到處洋溢著歡歡喜喜搞衛生、干干凈凈迎新春的氣氛。

“臘月二十四，撣塵掃房子”的風俗，由來已久。據《呂氏春秋》記載，我國在堯舜時代就有春節掃塵的風俗。按民間的說法：因“塵”與“陳”諧音，新春掃塵有“除陳布新”的涵義，其用意是要把一切“窮運”、“晦氣”統統掃出門。這一習俗寄托著人們破舊立新的愿望和辭舊迎新的祈求。

六、壓歲錢

壓歲錢由來已久，古稱“厭勝錢”、“壓崇錢”、“押歲錢”等，在錢幣系列中，它被歸為花錢類。早在漢代我國就已出現壓歲錢，以圓形圓孔和圓形方孔居多，錢的正面多為吉祥文字，如“去殃除兇”。“福山壽海”、“長命富貴”、“強身健體”等，還有的正面為錢文，背面為祥瑞圖案，如“北斗七星”、“龜蛇”、“老虎”、“八卦”、“生肖”等紋飾。唐朝時期，宮廷盛行春日散錢，當時人們把春節這天作為立春日，是宮內相互朝拜的日子，而當時在民間還沒有拜年的習俗。宋元以后，春節被定為正月初一，春日散錢習俗就演變為長者給晚輩壓歲錢的習俗。清人富察敦崇《燕京歲時記·壓歲錢》記載：“以彩繩穿錢，編作龍形，置于床腳，謂之壓歲錢。尊長之賜小兒者錢，亦謂之壓歲錢。”明清時期，長者用紅繩串連著壓歲錢送于晚輩。民國時期，方孔圓錢基本取消，長輩則用紅紙包一百文銅元作為壓歲錢，其寓為“長命百歲”，貨幣改用紙鈔后，長者喜歡選用連號的新紙鈔賜于晚輩，有“連連好運”、“連連高升”之意，這種送連號錢給晚輩的習俗一直延續至今，這就是將連號錢作為壓歲錢賜于晚輩的緣由。壓歲錢的習俗源遠流長，它預示著鎮歲、去病、避邪、祈福等，是長者對晚輩的美好祝愿。

七、祭灶

祭灶，是一項在我國民間影響很大、流傳極廣的習俗。舊時，差不多家家灶間都設有“灶王爺”神位。人們稱這尊神為“司命菩薩”或“灶君司命”，傳說他是玉皇大帝封的“九天東廚司命灶王府君”，負責管理各家的灶火，被作為一家的保護神而受到崇拜。灶王龕大都設在灶房的北面或東面，中間供上灶王爺的神像。沒有灶王龕的人家，也有將神像直接貼在墻上的。有的神像只畫灶王爺一人，有的則有男女兩人，女神被稱為“灶王奶奶”。這大概是模仿人間夫婦的形象。灶王爺像上大都還印有這一年的日歷，上書“東廚司命主”、“人間監察神”、“一家之主”等文字，以表明灶神的地位。兩旁貼上“上天言好事，下界保平安”的對聯，以保佑全家老小。

八、祭 祖

華人過節總不會忘記死去的先人，春節也不例外。供奉食物或鮮花以表心意，是我們普遍采用的儀式，祭祖的形式或許因宗教信仰而不同，但紀念祖先的意義卻是相同的。

九、吃年夜飯

吃年夜飯，是春節家家戶戶最熱鬧愉快的時候。大年夜，豐盛的年菜擺滿一桌，闔家團聚，圍坐桌旁，共吃團圓飯，心頭的充實感真是難以言喻。人們既是享受滿桌的佳肴盛饌，也是享受那份快樂的氣氛，桌上有大菜、冷拼、熱炒、點心，一般少不了兩樣東西，一是火鍋，一是魚。火鍋沸煮，熱氣騰騰，溫馨撩人，說明紅紅火火;“魚”和“余”諧音，是象征“吉慶有余”，也喻示“年年有余”。還有蘿卜俗稱菜頭，祝愿有好彩頭;龍蝦、鮑魚等煎炸食物，預祝家運興旺如“烈火烹油”。最后多為一道甜食，祝福往后的日子甜甜蜜蜜，這天，即使不會喝酒的，也多少喝一點。古代，過年喝酒，非常注意酒的品質，有些酒現在已經沒有了，只留下許多動人的酒名，如“葡萄醅”、“蘭尾酒”、“宜春酒”、“梅花酒”、“桃花酒”、“屠蘇酒”等等。

年夜飯的名堂很多，南北各地不同，有餃子、餛飩、長面、元宵等，而且各有講究。北方人過年習慣吃餃子，是取新舊交替“更歲交子”的意思。又因為白面餃子形狀像銀元寶，一盆盆端上桌象征著“新年大發財，元寶滾進來”之意。有的包餃子時，還把幾枚沸水消毒后的硬幣包進去，說是誰先吃著了，就能多掙錢。吃餃子的習俗，是從漢朝傳下來的。相傳，醫圣張仲景在寒冬臘月，看到窮人的耳朵被凍爛了，便制作了一種“祛寒嬌耳湯”給窮人治凍傷。他用羊肉、辣椒和一些祛寒溫熱的藥材，用面皮包成耳朵樣子的“嬌耳”，下鍋煮熟，分給窮人吃，人們吃后，覺得渾身變暖，兩耳發熱。以后，人們仿效著做，一直流傳到今天。新年吃餛飩，是取其開初之意。傳說世界生成以前是混沌狀態，盤古開天辟地，才有了宇宙四方，長面，也叫長壽面。新年吃面，是預祝壽長百年。

十、包餃子

餃子已有一千多年的歷史，歷代曾叫牢丸、水角、餛飩、餑餑等。后來怎么叫餃子呢?餃的原名叫“角”，“粉角”即用面粉做的角，“水角”指用水煮的角，因北方人發音“角”“餃”相似，后來就說成“餃”子了。三國時《廣雅》一書載：“餛飩，形如偃月，天下之通食也”。這個餛飩就是餃子，偃月就是半月形。唐《酉陽雜俎》已有“籠上牢丸蒸餃”、“湯中牢丸水餃”的描述。

今天昌明盛世的餃子更是異彩紛呈。從餡來說，有雞蓉、鮮蝦、什錦、三鮮等上百種;從烹法來說，有湯煮、籠蒸、罐煲、鍋貼等各法，速凍餃、即食餃等產品也層出不窮。餃子館也如雨后春筍遍布神州。京城“八大樓”之一的鴻興樓飯莊，一兩面能捏成25個小餃子，一個一種味道。西安唐城餃子館的餃子宴名揚海內外，據說一些老外們吃的時候一邊老叫肚子脹一邊還拼命往口里塞。沈陽的“老邊餃子館”因煽鍋蒸餃和熗雞湯煮餃而聞名遐邇。天津清真“白記餃子館”和太原“認一力餃子館”也為華廈餃子上品，使路人垂涎因而門庭若市。廣東粵菜中的鮮蝦仁蒸餃有后來居上之勢，北方人南下均趨之若鶩。

此外，春節還有蒸年糕，倒貼“福”字，守歲，迎春，回娘家等習俗。