第一篇：《獨立宣言》 中英文對照

美國《獨立宣言》中英文對照

The Declaration of Independence IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776 THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERAICA When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws Nature and Nature’s God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that they are among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among them, deriving their just power from the consent of the governed.That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than t right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed.But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security.Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies;and such is now the necessity, which constrains them to alter their former systems of government.The history of the present King of Great Britain is usurpations, all having in direct object tyranny over these States.To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.He has refused his assent to laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained;and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend them.He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only.He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.] He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasion on the rights of the people.He has refused for a long time, after such dissolution, to cause others to be elected;whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise;the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsion within.He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states;for that purpose obstructing the laws of naturalizing of foreigners;refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the condition of new appropriations of lands.He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent of laws for establishing judiciary powers.He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their office, and the amount and payment of their salary.He has erected a multitude of new officers, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out our substances.He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of our legislatures.He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil power.He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws;giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation.For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murder which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States.For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;For imposing taxes on us without our consent;For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses;For abolishing the free systems of English laws in a neighboring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule these Colonies;For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection and waging war against us.He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely parallel in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.He has constrained our fellow citizens taken captive on the high seas to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.He has excited domestic insurrection amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms: our repeated petition have been answered only by repeated injury.A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren.We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here.We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity.We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our separation, and hold them., as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace friends.We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled , appealing to the supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the good people of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United States Colonies and Independent States;that they are absolved by from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which Independent States may of right do.And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.在人類事務發展的過程中，當一個民族必須解除同另一個民族的聯系，并按照自然法則和上帝的旨意，以獨立平等的身份立于世界列國之林時，出于對人類輿論的尊重，必須把驅使他們獨立的原因予以宣布。

我們認為下述真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等，造物主賦予他們若干不可讓與的權利，其中包括生存權、自由權和追求幸福的權利。為了保障這些權利，人們才在他們中間建立政府，而政府的正當權利，則是經被統治者同意授予的。任何形式的政府一旦對這些目標的實現起破壞作用時，人民便有權予以更換或廢除，以建立一個新的政府。新政府所依據的原則和組織其權利的方式，務使人民認為唯有這樣才最有可能使他們獲得安全和幸福。若真要審慎的來說，成立多年的政府是不應當由于無關緊要的和一時的原因而予以更換的。過去的一切經驗都說明，任何苦難，只要尚能忍受，人類還是情愿忍受，也不想為申冤而廢除他們久已習慣了的政府形式。然而，當始終追求同一目標的一系列濫用職權和強取豪奪的行為表明政府企圖把人民至于專制暴政之下時，人民就有權也有義務去推翻這樣的政府，并為其未來的安全提供新的保障。這就是這些殖民地過去忍受苦難的經過，也是他們現在不得不改變政府制度的原因。當今大不列顛王國的歷史，就是屢屢傷害和掠奪這些殖民地的歷史，其直接目標就是要在各州之上建立一個獨裁暴政。為了證明上述句句屬實，現將事實公諸于世，讓公正的世人作出評判。

他拒絕批準對公眾利益最有益、最必需的法律。

他禁止他的殖民總督批準刻不容緩、極端重要的法律，要不就先行擱置這些法律直至征得他的同意，而這些法律被擱置以后，他又完全置之不理。

他拒絕批準便利大地區人民的其他的法律，除非這些地區的人民情愿放棄自己在自己在立法機構中的代表權；而代表權對人民是無比珍貴的，只有暴君才畏懼它。

他把各州的立法委員召集到一個異乎尋常、極不舒適而有遠離他們的檔案庫的地方去開會，其目的無非是使他們疲憊不堪，被迫就范。

他一再解散各州的眾議院，因為后者堅決反對他侵犯人民的權利。

他在解散眾議院之后，又長期拒絕另選他人，于是這項不可剝奪的立法權便歸由普通人民來行使，致使在這其間各州仍處于外敵入侵和內部騷亂的種種危險之中。

他力圖阻止各州增加人口，為此目的，他阻撓外國人入籍法的通過，拒絕批準其他鼓勵移民的法律，并提高分配新土地的條件。

他拒絕批準建立司法權利的法律，以阻撓司法的執行。

他迫使法官為了保住任期、薪金的數額和支付而置于他個人意志的支配之下。

他濫設新官署，委派大批官員到這里騷擾我們的人民，吞噬他們的財物。

他在和平時期，未經我們立法機構同意，就在我們中間維持其常備軍。

他施加影響，使軍隊獨立于文官政權之外，并凌駕于文官政權之上。

他同他人勾結，把我們置于一種既不符合我們的法規也未經我們法律承認的管轄之下，而且還批準他們炮制的各種偽法案，以便任其在我們中間駐扎大批武裝部隊；不論這些人對我們各州居民犯下何等嚴重的謀殺罪，他可用加審判來庇護他們，讓他們逍遙法外；他可以切斷我們同世界各地的貿易；未經我們同意便向我們強行征稅；在許多案件中剝奪我們享有陪審制的權益；以莫須有的罪名把我們押送海外受審；他在一個鄰省廢除了英國法律的自由制度，在那里建立專制政府，擴大其疆域，使其立即成為一個樣板和合適的工具，以便向這里各殖民地推行同樣的專制統治；他取消我們的許多特許狀，廢除我們最珍貴的法律并從根本上改變我們各州政府的形式；他終止我們立法機構行使權力，宣稱他們自己擁有在任何情況下為我們制定法律的權力。

他們放棄設在這里的政府，宣稱我們已不屬他們保護之列，并向我們發動戰爭。

他在我們的海域里大肆掠奪，蹂躪我們的沿海地區，燒毀我們的城鎮，殘害我們人民的生命。

他此時正在運送大批外國雇傭兵，來從事其制造死亡、荒涼和暴政的勾當，其殘忍與卑劣從一開始就連最野蠻的時代也難以相比，他已完全不配當一個文明國家的元首。

他強迫我們在公海被他們俘虜的同胞拿起武器反對自己的國家，使他們成為殘殺自己親友的劊子手，或使他們死于自己親友的手下。

他在我們中間煽動內亂，并竭力挑唆殘酷無情的印地安蠻子來對付我們邊疆的居民，而眾所周知，印地安人作戰的準則是不分男女老幼、是非曲直，格殺勿論。

在遭受這些壓迫的每一階段，我們都曾以最謙卑的言辭吁請予以糾正。而我們一次又一次的情愿，卻只是被報以一次又一次的傷害。

一個君主，其品格被他的每一個只有暴君才干的出的行為所暴露時，就不配君臨自由的人民。

我們并不是沒有想到我們英國的弟兄。他們的立法機關想把無理的管轄權擴展到我們這里來，我們時常把這個企圖通知他們。我們也曾把我們移民來這里和在這里定居的情況告訴他們。我們曾懇求他們天生的正義感和雅量，念在同種同宗的分上，棄絕這些掠奪行為，因為這些掠奪行為難免會使我們之間的關系和來往中斷?？伤麄儗@種正義和同宗的呼聲也同樣充耳不聞。因此，我們不得不宣布脫離他們，以對待世界上其他民族的態度對待他們：同我交戰者，就是敵人；同我和好者，即為朋友。

因此我們這些在大陸會議上集會的美利堅合眾國的代表們，以各殖民地善良人民的名義，并經他們授權，向世界最高裁判者申訴，說明我們的嚴重意向，同時鄭重宣布：

我們這些聯合起來的殖民地現在是，而且按公理也應該是，獨立自由的國家；我們對英國王室效忠的全部義務，我們與大不列顛王國之間大不列顛一切政治聯系全部斷絕，而且必須斷絕。

作為一個獨立自由的國家，我們完全有權宣戰、締和、結盟、通商和采取獨立國家有權采取的一切行動。

我們堅定地信賴神明上帝的保佑，同時以我們的生命、財產和神圣的名譽彼此宣誓來支持這一宣言。

〔說明〕

杰斐遜起草了《獨立宣言》的第一稿，富蘭克林等人又進行了潤色。大陸會議對此稿又進行了長時間的、激烈的辯論，最終作出了重大的修改。特別是在佐治亞和卡羅來納代表們的堅持下，刪去了杰斐遜對英王喬治三世允許在殖民地保持奴隸制和奴隸買賣的有力譴責。這一部分的原文是這樣的：

他的人性本身發動了殘酷的戰爭，侵犯了一個從未冒犯過他的遠方民族的最神圣的生存權和自由權；他誘騙他們，并把他們運往另一半球充當奴隸，或使他們慘死在運送途中。

托馬斯.杰斐遜(1743-1826)，生于弗吉尼亞的一個富裕家庭。曾就讀于威廉-瑪麗學院。1767年成為律師，1769年當選為弗吉尼亞下院議院。他積極投身于獨立運動之中，并代表弗吉尼亞出席大陸會議。他曾兩次當選弗吉尼亞州長。1800年當選美國總統。

杰斐遜在為自己的墓碑而作的墓志銘中這樣寫到：

這里埋葬著托馬斯.杰斐遜，美國《獨立宣言》的作者，弗吉尼亞宗教自由法規的制定者和弗吉尼亞大學之父。

第二篇：中英文對照A

《美國口語慣用法例句集粹》Ａ

A(Page 1-4)

1.about

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7)I'd like to know what this is all about.我想知道這到底是怎么回事。How about a fish sandwich? 來一塊魚肉三明治怎么樣？What about me? 我怎么樣？I'm not about to go in that old house.我是不會進那幢舊房子的！Yes I remember that night.What about it? 是的，我記得那個晚上，那又怎樣？What's this all about? 這到底是怎么回事？It's about time you showed up!差不多是你該露面的時候了。

2.above

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2)Above all, I want everything quiet.首要的是：我要一切保持安定。Tom thinks he's above hard work.湯姆認為自己沒必要努力工作。

3.act

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6)Would you please act out what happened? 你能把發生的事演示一下嗎？Watch Ricky.He sometimes likes to act up in class.注意里基，他又是喜歡在課堂上搗蛋。That profane comedian needs to clean up his act.那個愛說粗言穢語的喜劇演員應該凈化一下自己的言行。We need to get our act together and come to see you.我們需要統一意見后來見你。The newspapers called the earthquake an act of God.報紙上稱那次地震為天災。Masa is a class act.瑪莎是位杰出的女性。

4.action

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4)We're going to bring action against our debtors.我們打算控告我們的債務人。Did you see any action in yesterday's ballgame? 昨晚的棒球比賽中你看到有什么有趣的精彩場面嗎？Our community is going to take action against the proposed waste dump.我地區要采取行動反對那項垃圾處理場的提案。Jim wants to go where the action is.吉姆想去有刺激性的地方。

5.advantage

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2)Our opponents have a height advantage on us.我們的對手在身高上比我們占有優勢。Nobody likes to be taken advantage of.沒有人喜歡被捉弄（或：被欺騙、利用）

6.after

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4)I think that girl is after you.我想那女孩是在追你。It looks like things are gonna work out after all.看起來事情終會解決的。This soft drink has a nasty aftertaste.這軟飲料有種讓人難受的余味。I see your point, but don't you think it's way after the fact.我明白你的意思，但你不覺

得這已是“事后諸葛亮”了嗎？

7.again

1)I could go to Japan again and again.我可以一而再、再而三地去日本。（注：意指不會感到

厭倦）

8.age

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2)Would you please act your age!請你做事要有一個與自己年齡相稱的樣子。This is a “coming of age” movie.這是一部成人影片。

9.air

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9)I need to go outside and get some air.我需要出去呼吸點新鮮空氣。I don't know what's wrong, but can feel it in the air.雖然我不知道到底是出了什么差錯，但我能隱隱約約感覺到。Mike was sad when they took his favorite program off the air.當邁克喜歡的節目被取消時，他感到很傷心。The sale of our house is still up in the air.我們的房子出勤率售一事還沒有最后定下來。After winning the championship, I felt I could walk on air.獲得冠軍后，我飄飄欲仙。Your sister is such an airhead.你姐姐真是來個沒有頭腦的人。Janet Jackson's new song is getting lots of airplay.珍妮〃杰克遜的新歌到處都在不斷地播放。That last time I took a plane, I got airsick.上次我乘飛機時暈機了。I hope there's no bad air between us.我希望我們之間的關系不要很別扭。

10.all

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13)It's looks like we won't be going after all.看起來最后我們還是不能去。We've all but finished the project.我們已幾乎完成了那個項目。All in all I'd say it's been a very productive day.總的來說，我認為這一天過得很充實。Let's go all-out and win this game!讓我們盡全力來打贏這場比賽。We knew it was all over when we saw the building burst.當我們看見那座建筑突然起火時，我們知道一切全完了。We wish you all the best.我們大家祝福你一切如意。If it's all the same to you, I'd just as soon not go.如果這對你都是一回事的話，我就不想去了。They were running from the police like all get-out.他們以極快的速度逃脫警察的追趕。I didn't see them come in at all.我根本高沒有發現他們的進來。Let's settle this matter once and for all.讓我們來把這個問題一次性地徹底解決掉。Mark is an all-around athlete.馬克是一個全能運動員。Did you get to play in the all-star game? 你入選全明星隊的比賽了嗎？He bloke the all-time record in the 100-meter run at his school.他打破了他所在的學校

100米跑的歷史最高記錄。

11.alley

1)Working on cars isn't up my alley.修理汽車不是我拿手的活兒。

12.alone

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2)I just wanna be left alone.我只是想一個人呆會兒。Can't you just leave well enough alone? 你不能少管一些閑事嗎？

13.along

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2)You knew all along what was going on.你從一開始就知道所發生的事。Debbie doesn't get along with Steve.戴比和史蒂夫相處得不好。

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5)Mr.Pak came here searching for the American dream.帕克先生來到這兒尋求他的“美國夢”。Some foreigners become Americanized while living in the U.S.一些外國人在美國居住時被美國化了。Not having any job freedom would be totally unAmerican.沒有選擇職業的自由是完全違背美國精神傳統的。Bill is an all-American quarterback.比爾是全美（橄欖球）明星賽的四分衛隊員。I just can't go on the American way.我無法適應美國方式。

15.animal

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2)Water-skiing really brings out the animal in Tom.滑水運動真正激發出了湯姆的活力與激情。The young actor emits a lot of animal magnetism on the screen.那個年輕演員在熒幕

上充分顯示出他的性魅力。

16.answer

1)I called Emi but there was no answer.我給埃米打了電話，但是沒人接。

17.apple

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3)

4)

5)Have you ever been to the Big Apple? 你去過紐約嗎？Do I sense an apple of discord between you two? 你問我有沒有感覺出你們兩人之間的不和，是嗎？Heather is the apple of my eye.希瑟是我的掌上明珠。Rita likes to keep everything in apple-pie order.麗塔喜歡把一切都弄得井井有條。Dennis has always been an apple polisher.丹尼斯一直就是一個馬屁精。

18.arm

1)

2)

3)

4)You don't have to twist my arm to get me to go with you.用不著你強迫我跟你走。My father is a hopeless armchair quarterback.我爸爸是一個沒救了的紙上談兵的人。The suspects are armed and dangerous.嫌疑犯帶有武器，十分危險。Every spring the park is filled with lovers walking arm in arm.每到春天公園里到處都是

手挽手散步的戀人。

19.around

1)

2)Coach Johnson has been around for 30 years.約翰遜教練已有三十年的經驗了。Someone is on duty here around-the-clock.有人在這里晝夜值班。

20.as

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)It looks as if someone has already been here.看起來在人來過這里了。As for me, I'm going home.至于我，我準備回家。Marty is acting as if nothing happened.馬蒂表現得像什么也沒發生過一樣。I want this room left as is.我希望這間房子保持原樣。The changes will begin taking place as of tomorrow.變動從明天開始實施。Police are baffled as to the whereabouts of the kidnappers.警察局搜尋綁架者的工作受

挫。

1)

2)

3)

4)Our gas bill average about $50 a month.我們每個月的煤氣費平均50美元。On the average, I'd say we eat chicken once a week.我們平均每周吃一次雞肉。Kent describes himself as just an average Joe.肯特視自己為一名普通的美國人。On the average day, over 100,000 kids bring guns to school in the U.S.在美國平常日

子里，有100,000個孩子帶手槍去上學。

22.away

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)What makes you think you're gonna get away with this? 是什么使你認為你可以免受處罰？I wish they'd do away with these complicated tax forms.我希望他們能費除掉這些復雜的稅務表格。We're planning a weekend getaway for our anniversary.我們正在為慶祝我們的紀念日而安排一次周末的外出活動。Tom wants to run away from home.湯姆想從家里出逃。Dave and Kathy are going to steal away on vacation.戴夫和凱茜計劃在假期里偷偷跑出

去。

第三篇：中英文對照

AEROFLEX “亞羅弗”保溫 ALCO “艾科”自控 Alerton 雅利頓空調 Alfa laval阿法拉伐換熱器 ARMSTRONG “阿姆斯壯”保溫 AUX 奧克斯

BELIMO 瑞士“搏力謀”閥門 BERONOR西班牙“北諾爾”電加熱器 BILTUR 意大利“百得”燃燒器 BOSIC “柏誠”自控 BROAD 遠大

Burnham美國“博恩漢”鍋爐 CALPEDA意大利“科沛達”水泵 CARLY 法國“嘉利”制冷配件 Carrier 開利 Chigo 志高

Cipriani 意大利斯普萊力

CLIMAVENETA意大利“克萊門特” Copeland“谷輪”壓縮機 CYRUS意大利”賽諾思”自控 DAIKIN 大金空調

丹佛斯自控 Dorin “多菱”壓縮機

DUNHAM-BUSH 頓漢布什空調制冷 DuPont美國“杜邦”制冷劑 Dwyer 美國德威爾 EBM “依必安”風機

ELIWELL意大利“伊力威”自控 Enfinilan 英國“英菲尼蘭“閥門 EVAPCO美國“益美高”冷卻設備 EVERY CONTROL意大利“美控” Erie 怡日

FRASCOLD 意大利“富士豪”壓縮機 FRICO瑞典“弗瑞克”空氣幕 FUJI “富士”變頻器

FULTON 美國“富爾頓”鍋爐 GENUIN “正野”風機 GREE 格力

GREENCOOL格林柯爾 GRUNDFOS “格蘭富”水泵 Haier 海爾 Hisense 海信 HITACHI 日立

霍尼韋爾自控 Johnson 江森自控 Kelon 科龍

KRUGER瑞士“科祿格”風機 KU BA德國“庫寶”冷風機 Liang Chi 良機冷卻塔 LIEBERT 力博特空調 MARLEY “馬利”冷卻塔 Maneurop法國“美優樂”壓縮機 McQuary 麥克維爾 Midea 美的 MITSUBISHI三菱

Munters 瑞典“蒙特”除濕機 Panasonic 松下 RANCO “宏高”自控

REFCOMP意大利“萊富康”壓縮機 RIDGID 美國“里奇”工具 RUUD美國“路德”空調 RYODEN “菱電”冷卻塔 SanKen “三墾”變頻器 Samsung 三星 SANYO 三洋

ASWELL英國森威爾自控 Schneider 施耐德電氣 SenseAir 瑞典“森爾”傳感器 SIEMENS 西門子

SINKO ",28商機網;新晃“空調 SINRO “新菱”冷卻塔 STAND “思探得”加濕器 SWEP 舒瑞普換熱器 TECKA “臺佳”空調 Tecumseh“泰康”壓縮機 TRANE 特靈

TROX德國“妥思”風閥 VASALA芬蘭“維薩拉”傳感器 WILO德國“威樂”水泵 WITTLER 德國”威特”閥門 YORK 約克

ZENNER德國“真蘭”計量

第四篇：中英文對照

醫院中英文對照

發熱門診Have Fever主治醫師Doctor-in-charge 供應室Supply Room謝絕入內No entering 紅燈亮時謝絕入內No entering when red light

彩超、心電圖Colorful Cardiogram/ECG住院樓Inpatient Building 透析血磁EndoscopeDept.護士Nueser康復理療科RehabilitationPhysiotherapyDept.中藥計價China medical price account肛腸科Ano-proctology

皮膚、肛腸、男性科、泌尿科候診Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Clinic 皮膚科、肛腸科、男性科、泌尿科Dermatology、Ano-proctology、male Urology Dept 中醫科Traditional Chinese Medicine五官科ENT Dept.男性科、泌尿科 Male urology Dept.安全出口Exit

預防保健科Medical center for health preventionand care

后勤科、藥庫Logistic Room、Seore入院登記In-patient Admisson 高壓氧治療Hyperbaric Oxygehation Therapy碎石中心ESWL Center 急救中心Emergency Center掛號收費Registration

中心藥房Cenreral Pharmacy內科門診Internal Medicine Clinic會議室Meeting Room手外科Hand Surgery 產科Obstentrics Dept.骨外科Orthopedics Dept.神經、燒傷外科Neurosurgery.Plaseric surgey Dept.麻醉科Anaesthesiology手術室Operation Room 泌尿、腫瘤外科Urologic.Gumorsurgery Dept.婦科Gynecology Dept.內二科Internal Medicine.Ward 2產房及愛嬰中心Delivery Room內一科Internal Medicine.Ward 1洗手間Toilet

普外、胸外科Surgey、Thoracic Surgey Dept.皮膚科Dermatology Dept.中醫骨傷科Traditional Mediaine or Thopaedics餐廳Dining Room 配餐室Pantry Room后勤科Logistics Dept.電工室Electrician Room接待室Dermatology Room 內、兒科候診 Internal medicine.Pediatrics功能檢查候診Function Exam 中醫科候診TCM Clinic放射科候診Radiology Clinic 婦科門診Gynecology Dept.產科候診Obstentrics Clinic 肛腸科候診Ano-proctology婦科候診Gynecology Clinic 產科門診Obstentrics Dept.五官科候診ENT.Clinic 外科候診Surgery Clinic輸液中心Transfusion Center 皮膚、泌尿科候診 Dermatology.Male Urology Clinic檢驗候診Clinical Laborotories 家屬休息Relation Rest Room口腔科門診Stomatology Clinic 內兒科Internal Medicine.Pediaarics鏡檢科Endoscope Dept.外科Surgrey Dept.檢驗中心Laboratory Center 功能檢查Function Exam Dept.登記處Registration 預防保健門診Hygine ＆ Public Health Dept.收費處Cashier 美容科、鏡檢科門診 Cosmetology Dept.Endoscope Clinic

收費健康發證Gharge lssue Bill of Health試敏觀察室Scratch Espial Room

第五篇：中英文對照

共軌技術

隨著人們對低油耗、低廢氣排放、發動機低噪聲的需求越來越大，對發動機和燃油噴射系統的要求也越來也高。對柴油發動機燃油噴射系統提出的要求也在不斷增加。更高的壓力、更快的開關時間，以及根據發動機工況修訂的可變的流量速率曲線，已經使得柴油發動機具有良好的經濟性、低污染、高動力性，因此柴油發動機甚至進入了豪華高性能轎車領域。達到這些需求的前提是擁有一個可以精確霧化燃油并具有高噴油壓力的燃油噴射系統。同時，噴油量必須精確計算，燃油流量速率曲線必須有精確的計算模型，預噴射和二次噴射必須能夠完成。一個可以達到以上需求的系統即共軌燃油噴射系統。

共軌系統包括以下幾個主要的部分： ①低壓部分，包含燃油共軌系統組件。

②高壓系統，包含高壓泵、油軌、噴油器和高壓油管等組件。

電控柴油機系統EDC主要由系統模塊，如傳感器、電子控制單元和執行機構組成。共軌系統的主要部分即噴油器。它們擁有一個可以快速開關噴嘴的執行閥(電磁閥或壓電觸發器)，這就允許對每個氣缸的噴射進行控制。

所有的噴油器都由一個共同的油軌提供燃油，這就是“共軌”的由來。在共軌燃油噴射系統中，燃油噴射和壓力的產生是分開的。噴油壓力的產生與發動機轉速和噴油量無關。EDC控制每個組件。

(1)壓力產生。

燃油噴射和壓力的產生是通過蓄能器分離開來。將具有壓力的燃油提供給為噴射做好準備的共軌系統的蓄能器。

由發動機驅動的連續運轉的高壓泵提供所需噴油的壓力。無論發動機的轉速高低，還是燃油噴射量的多少，油軌中的壓力均維持在一定值。由于幾乎一致的噴油方式，高壓泵的設計可以小的多，而且它的驅動轉矩可以比傳統燃油噴射系統低，這源于高壓泵的負載很小。

高壓泵是徑向活塞泵，在商用車上有時會使用內嵌式噴油泵。(2)壓力控制

所應用的壓力控制方法主要取決于系統。

一種控制油軌壓力的方式是通過一個壓力控制閥對高壓側進行控制。不需噴射的燃油通過壓力控制閥流回到低壓回路。這種控制回路允許油軌壓力對不同工況(如負載變化時)迅速做出反應。

在第一批共軌系統中采用了對高壓側的控制。壓力控制閥安裝在燃油軌道上更可取，但是在一些應用中，它被直接安裝在高壓泵中。

另一種控制軌道壓力的方式是進口端控制燃油供給。安裝在高壓泵的法蘭上的計量單元保證了泵提供給油軌精確的燃油量，以維持系統所需要的噴油壓力。

發生故障時，壓力安全閥防止油軌壓力超過最大值。

在進口端對燃油供給的控制減少了高壓燃油的用量，降低了泵的輸入功率。這對燃油消耗起到積極的作用。同時，流回油箱的燃油溫度與傳統高壓側控制的方法相比得到了降低。

雙執行器系統也是一種控制軌道壓力的方式，它通過計算單元對壓力進行控制，并且通過壓力控制閥對高壓端進行控制，因此同時具備高壓側控制與進口端燃料供給控制的優勢。

(3)燃油噴射

噴油器直接將燃料噴到發動機的燃燒室。它們由與燃油軌道直接相連的短高壓油軌提供燃油。發動機的控制單元通過與噴油器結合在一起的控制閥的開閉控制噴油嘴的開關。

噴油器的開啟時間和系統油壓決定了燃油供給量。在恒壓狀態下，燃油供給量與電磁閥的開啟時間成正比，因此與發動機或油泵的轉速(以時間為計量的燃油噴射)無關。

(4)液壓輔助動力

與傳統燃油噴射系統相比，將壓力的產生與燃油的噴射分離開來，有利于燃燒室的充分燃燒。燃油噴射壓力在系統中基本可以自主選擇。目前最高燃油壓力為1600巴，將來會達到1800巴。

共軌系統通過引入預噴射或多次噴射可以進一步減少廢氣排放，也能明顯降低燃燒噪聲。通過多次觸發高速轉換閥的開閉可以在每個噴射周期內實現多達5次的噴射。噴油針閥的開閉動作是液壓輔助元件助力的，以保證噴射結束的快速性。

(5)控制和調節

發動機的控制單元通過傳感器檢測加速踏板的位置以及發動機和車輛的當前工況。采集到的數據包括：

① 曲軸轉速和轉角； ② 燃油軌道的壓力； ③ 進氣壓力；

④ 進氣溫度、冷卻液溫度和燃油溫度； ⑤ 進氣量； ⑥ 車速等。

電控單元處理輸入信號。與燃燒同步，電控單元計算施加給壓力控制閥或計算模塊、噴油器和其他執行機構(如EGR閥，廢氣渦輪增壓器)的觸發信號。

噴油器的開關時間應很短，采用優化的高壓開關閥和專業的控制系統即可實現。

根據曲軸和凸輪軸傳感器的數據，對照發動機狀態(時間控制)，角度/時間系統調節噴油正時。電控柴油機系統(EDC)可以實現對燃油噴射量的精確計算。此外，EDC還擁有額外的功能以進一步提高發動機的響應特性和便利性。

其基本功能包括對柴油燃油噴射正時的精確控制，和在給定壓力下對油量的控制。這樣，它們就保證了柴油發動機具有能耗低、運行平穩的特點。

其他開環和閉環控制功能用于減少廢氣排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具體例子有：

① 廢氣在循環控制； ② 增壓控制； ③ 巡航控制；

④ 電子防盜控制系統等。(6)控制單元結構。

由于發動機控制單元通常最多有8個噴油器輸出口，所以超過八缸的發動機需要兩個控制單元。它們通過內置高速CAN網絡的“主/從”接口進行連接，因此也擁有較高的微控制器處理能力。一些功能被 分配給某個特定的控制單元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根據需求情況(如檢測傳感器信號)可以動態地分配給一個或多個控制單元。

The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common

rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close

the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:

① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:

④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In

addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:

① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;

④ Electronic immobilizer, etc.(6)Control Unit Configuration.As the engine control unit normally has a maximum of only eight output stages for the injectors, engines with more than eight cylinders are fitted with two engine control units.They are coupled within the “ master/slave ” network via an internal, high-speed CAN interface.As a result, there is also a high microcontroller processing capacity available.Some functions are permanently allocated to a specific control unit(e.g.fuel-balancing control).Other can be dynamically allocated to one or many of the control units as situation demand(e.g.to detect sensor signals).