第一篇:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯教案
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯
總學(xué)時(shí):36(2節(jié)/周)? 開課時(shí)間: ? 適用班級(jí): ? 專業(yè):商務(wù)英語(yǔ)
? 使用教材:《商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯》 ? 出版社:高等教育出版社 ? 授課教師: 教學(xué)目的
本教程旨在讓學(xué)生掌握英漢互譯的基本技巧,包括詞匯翻譯技巧、句子翻譯技巧以及商務(wù)文體的翻譯,不斷擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的詞匯量和雙語(yǔ)互譯水平,能準(zhǔn)確通順地翻譯一般難度的商務(wù)文體和其他各種材料。教學(xué)方法
? 在課堂上主要講授專題翻譯技巧,通過(guò)討論互動(dòng)形式讓學(xué)生翻譯,并講解翻譯要點(diǎn)。
? 在課后主要是通過(guò)布置作業(yè)鞏固所學(xué)的翻譯技巧,以章節(jié)文體翻譯為任務(wù)驅(qū)動(dòng),并要求學(xué)生查閱資料,不斷提高翻譯水平。教學(xué)要求 1.掌握本單元翻譯技巧; 2.熟悉本單元的篇章翻譯主題; 3.熟記與本單元主題相關(guān)的詞匯; 4.基本句子翻譯訓(xùn)練與篇章翻譯; 5.課外作業(yè)及翻譯筆記??己朔绞?/p>
?平時(shí)成績(jī)占 30%(出勤、課堂表現(xiàn)、作業(yè))? 期末考試占 70% ? 考試方式:試卷
Chapter One: General introduction to Business translation
1.Teaching Objectives ● To learn basic knowledge about translation ● To master the translation theory: translation process and translation standard ● To be familiar with translation skills: literal translation and liberal translation 2.Teaching Focus ● translation theory: translation process and translation standard ● translation skills: literal translation and liberal translation 3.Teaching Difficulties ● What to consider in the translating ● How to transfer the original meaning into acceptable target language 4.Characteristics of the Teaching ● Integration of theory and practice 5.Teaching Methods ● Lecturing, exemplification, heuristic method, class discussion 6.Teaching Facility ● Multi-media(PPT), blackboard writing 7.Teaching procedure and content 7.1 Lead-in Work(5mins): Importance, task, and requirements.7.2翻譯的定義(Definition of translation)
定義1: 把一種語(yǔ)言文字的意義用另一種語(yǔ)言文字表示出來(lái)。(translation means translating meaning)《現(xiàn)狀漢語(yǔ)字典》 定義2:把一種語(yǔ)言翻譯成另一種語(yǔ)言。(translation is an activity of bilingual transformation)《韋氏新大學(xué)辭典》 定義3:翻譯是按照作者的意圖把一篇文章的意思用另一種語(yǔ)言描述出來(lái)的過(guò)程。Peter Newmark: Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.)定義4:所謂翻譯,是指首先從語(yǔ)意、其次從文體在譯語(yǔ)中用最貼近、最自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)再現(xiàn)源語(yǔ)的信息。Eugene A.Nida: Translation consists in reproducing in the target language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.)定義5: 翻譯是異種文字語(yǔ)言或符號(hào)語(yǔ)言通過(guò)人腦思維或電腦預(yù)算進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的等價(jià)交換行為。黃龍 ? 定義6:翻譯是帶著鐐銬跳舞。錢鐘書 ? 定義7:翻譯即叛逆。法國(guó):斯皮瓦克
? 定義8:翻譯是把一種語(yǔ)言的言語(yǔ)產(chǎn)物在保持內(nèi)容方面,也就是意義不變的情況下改變?yōu)榱硪环N語(yǔ)言的言語(yǔ)產(chǎn)物的過(guò)程。蘇聯(lián):巴爾胡達(dá)羅夫
? 定義8:翻譯是運(yùn)用一種語(yǔ)言把另一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的思維內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)。張培基:《英漢翻譯教程》 ? 定義9:廣義的翻譯是指語(yǔ)言與語(yǔ)言、語(yǔ)言變體與語(yǔ)言變體、語(yǔ)言與非語(yǔ)言等的代碼轉(zhuǎn)換和基本信息的傳達(dá)。狹義的翻譯是一種語(yǔ)言活動(dòng),是把一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容忠實(shí)地用另一種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)出來(lái)。楊莉藜: 《英漢互譯教程》
? 定義10:翻譯是許多語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)中的一種,它是用一種語(yǔ)言形式把另一種語(yǔ)言形式里的內(nèi)容重新表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的語(yǔ)言實(shí)踐活動(dòng)。翻譯是門藝術(shù),是語(yǔ)言的再創(chuàng)作藝術(shù)。馮慶華:《實(shí)用翻譯教程》 ? 定義11:翻譯是跨語(yǔ)言、跨文化的交際活動(dòng)。翻譯是科學(xué)、翻譯是藝術(shù)、翻譯是技能。陳宏薇:《漢英翻譯基礎(chǔ)》 7.3翻譯的分類 ? 按代碼分:語(yǔ)內(nèi)翻譯(intralingual translation)、語(yǔ)際翻譯(interlingual translation)、語(yǔ)符翻譯(intersemiotic translation)? 按主體的性質(zhì)分:人工翻譯(manual translation)、機(jī)器翻譯(machine translation)? 按翻譯的工具和成品形式分:口譯(interpretation)、筆譯(translation)? 按翻譯的性質(zhì)分:文學(xué)翻譯(literary translation: 包括小說(shuō)、詩(shī)歌、戲劇等文學(xué)作品)和實(shí)用翻譯(pragmatic translation:包括科技、商務(wù)、公文、法律等翻譯)
? 按翻譯的模式分:全譯、摘譯、編譯、縮譯、改譯等。7.4翻譯的過(guò)程
? 理解(comprehension)
理解的內(nèi)涵:理解語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象(原文詞匯意義、句法結(jié)構(gòu)、修辭手段和慣用法等)、理解文化背景、邏輯關(guān)系和語(yǔ)境。一般從四個(gè)方面著手:語(yǔ)篇分析、語(yǔ)體分析、語(yǔ)法分析和語(yǔ)義分析層層入手。
例1:Suddenly the line went limp.“I’m going back,” said Kurth.“We must have a break somewhere.Wait for me.I’ll be back in five minutes.”(詞匯意義的理解)
(隊(duì)伍突然亂了。“我回去看看,”科斯說(shuō),“我們得找個(gè)地方休息一會(huì)。你們等一會(huì)兒,我五分鐘就回來(lái)。”)例2:It’s three years since I smoked.(我抽煙三年了)此處對(duì)since有錯(cuò)誤的理解,其余延續(xù)性和非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞一起使用時(shí)語(yǔ)法意義不同。與延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞一起使用表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)束;與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞一起使用表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作的開始。It’s three years since I began to smoke.才是抽煙已經(jīng)三年了的意思。(語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)的理解)例3:What a lawyer would do after his death?-Lie still.(律師死后會(huì)做什么?-靜靜地躺著。[繼續(xù)撒謊] 修辭手段的理解 例4:Her performance brought down the house.(她的表演贏得了滿堂喝彩.)(習(xí)語(yǔ)的理解)
例5:She is as fair as Helen.(她是一位絕代佳人。或她和海倫一樣漂亮。)(文化背景的理解)
例6:I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.(我教書并非因?yàn)榻虝鴮?duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)很容易。)(弄清邏輯關(guān)系)例7:The sun gives light and heat.The leading lights of diplomacy are having a meeting in New York.Could you give me a light? A smile of triumph lit up her face.I Had a light meal.Aluminum is a light metal.書上例1和例2.(語(yǔ)境的理解)● 表達(dá)(reproduction)表達(dá)是翻譯的第二步,是譯者把所理解的內(nèi)容正確、充分而又自然地傳達(dá)給讀者的過(guò)程。要注意體現(xiàn)原文的思想內(nèi)容、語(yǔ)體色彩,做到內(nèi)容和風(fēng)格上忠實(shí)原文,而且又要符合譯入語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)法和表達(dá)習(xí)慣。例1:Don’t cross the bridge till you get it.例2:A doctor’s duty is to make every effort to save the dying and the wounded.書上例子1和2.● 校 核(Revision)? 校核內(nèi)容:檢查譯文中的人名、地名、日期、方位、數(shù)字等是否正確;
? 修改譯文中錯(cuò)譯或不妥之處; ? 檢查是否有段、句或重要的詞漏譯。7.5 翻譯方法
? 直譯(Literal Translation):把一種語(yǔ)言所傳達(dá)的內(nèi)容和形式變換為另一種語(yǔ)言和形式的過(guò)程,力求保持原文的形式。? 漢語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)屬于兩種不同的語(yǔ)系,但在詞匯、句子結(jié)構(gòu)、語(yǔ)序和文化內(nèi)涵等方面又有一定的對(duì)等性,這也是直譯的基礎(chǔ)。例如,在英語(yǔ)的幾種句型結(jié)構(gòu)中,英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)有很大程度上是對(duì)應(yīng)的。1)主語(yǔ)+系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ) 2)主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞 3)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ) 4)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+雙賓語(yǔ)
5)主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))6)There+be+主語(yǔ)
? 適用范圍:詞義對(duì)等的詞語(yǔ)、借用的概念和術(shù)語(yǔ)、大部分句子。? 書上例子1, 2, 3.例如:1)Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors.? 今天,科技使我們所有國(guó)家實(shí)際上成為鄰邦。
2)As you build a new China, American wants to build a new relationship with you;We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world.? 當(dāng)你們建設(shè)一個(gè)新中國(guó)的時(shí)候,美國(guó)希望同你們建立一種新型關(guān)系,我們希望中國(guó)成功、安全、開放,同我們一道為一個(gè)更加和平、繁榮的世界而工作。
3)首先,請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我代表在座的,向我們的貴賓表示熱烈的歡迎和真誠(chéng)的問(wèn)候。
? First of all, please allow me, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guests.意 譯(liberal translation):意譯是由于兩種語(yǔ)言的差異性造成而選擇的一種翻譯方法,如果直譯對(duì)翻譯造成意思含糊不清,不能確切地表達(dá)原語(yǔ)的信息和文化內(nèi)涵,甚至還引起嚴(yán)重誤解,牛馬不相及時(shí),這時(shí)譯員要采取其他變通方法,做適當(dāng)?shù)恼Z(yǔ)法和詞匯調(diào)整,或進(jìn)行解釋性翻譯,但關(guān)鍵是要翻譯出原語(yǔ)的真正含義。
直譯和意譯比較
? 例如:
直譯 意譯
Queen’s English 女王的英語(yǔ) 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)
I will show you the ropes.我給你看些繩子。我教你做法。? 拳頭產(chǎn)品 fist products competitive-edge products ? It’s an order from President Bush.” “I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.”
? 直譯:“這是布什總統(tǒng)的命令?!薄拔也辉谝馑莵?lái)自灌木、樹,還是草。
? 意譯:“這是布什總統(tǒng)的命令?!薄肮芩裁床际?、布頭,還是布片呢,與我無(wú)關(guān)。
? 三個(gè)人品字式坐下,閑聊了一會(huì)。
? The three men sat facing each other in a triangle way and talking for a while.? 實(shí)際上,直譯和意譯有時(shí)很難區(qū)分,意譯也要受原文的約束,不是完全的“自由”。例如:
? Wasted and withering years 蹉跎歲月
? Just to reap easy-to-reach profit 坐收近水樓臺(tái)之利 譯員的素養(yǎng)(qualification of translators)? Solid foundation of languages ? Wide knowledge ? Strict working attitude ? Knowledge of translation skills and theories ? Strong sense of duty 7.6 中國(guó)翻譯史
中國(guó)翻譯史歷史悠久,約有2000多年的光輝歷史,已經(jīng)形成了自己的體系。共出現(xiàn)了五次翻譯高潮。第一次高潮:佛經(jīng)翻譯。
a.民間私人事業(yè)階段:1)東漢桓帝建和二年(公元148年),譯者為安世高,其人為安息(波斯)人,翻譯了《安般守意經(jīng)》等95部;2)支婁迦讖也來(lái)到中國(guó),他的學(xué)生有個(gè)叫支亮,支亮有個(gè)弟子叫支謙,號(hào)稱“三支”,佛經(jīng)翻譯很有名。月支派還有個(gè)叫竺法護(hù),是個(gè)大翻譯家,翻譯了175部佛經(jīng),對(duì)佛法的流傳貢獻(xiàn)很大。
b.有組織的活動(dòng):苻秦時(shí)代,釋道安主持設(shè)置譯場(chǎng)。期間還來(lái)了個(gè)天竺(印度)人鳩摩羅什,他主張意譯,并提倡翻譯署名。翻譯了《金剛般若波羅密經(jīng)》、《妙法蓮華經(jīng)》等384卷佛經(jīng);真諦,應(yīng)梁武王邀請(qǐng)來(lái)花譯經(jīng)傳教,其《攝大乘論》影響最大。玄奘(唐三藏、高僧)在我國(guó)家喻戶曉,與鳩摩羅什和真諦一起號(hào)稱佛教三大翻譯家,他是“有史以來(lái)翻譯家的第一人,主持新譯,吧佛經(jīng)由梵文翻譯成漢文,還把老子著作的一部分翻譯成梵文,成我我國(guó)歷史上第一個(gè)吧漢文著作向國(guó)外介紹的人,提出:“既須求真,又須喻俗”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。第二次翻譯高潮:科學(xué)翻譯
時(shí)間:明代萬(wàn)歷年間到清代;翻譯家:徐光啟、林紓(林琴南)、嚴(yán)復(fù)(嚴(yán)又陵)等為代表介紹西歐的科學(xué)、文學(xué)、哲學(xué)。徐光啟:與利瑪竇合譯《幾何原本》,《測(cè)量法義》;
林紓:文學(xué)家、文論家、詩(shī)人和畫家,他以口授的方式翻譯了160多部文學(xué)作品,著名的有《巴黎茶花女遺事》(La Dame au Camelias)、《黑奴呼天錄》(Uncle Tom’s Cabin)、塊肉余生述(David Copperfield)、王子復(fù)仇記(Hamlet),他不懂外文,故刪減、遺漏之處甚多;
嚴(yán)復(fù):天演論(Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays)、社會(huì)通詮(A History of Politics)、原富(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations);提出“信、達(dá)、雅”的翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn);
第三次翻譯高潮:五四運(yùn)動(dòng),近代翻譯的分水嶺,翻譯活動(dòng)和規(guī)模和影響超過(guò)了近代任何一個(gè)時(shí)期,有政治目的,翻譯了關(guān)于馬列主義的,西方思想家的和科學(xué)家的著作,推動(dòng)社會(huì)改革和進(jìn)步;
第四次高潮:1946-1956年上半年-我國(guó)翻譯隊(duì)伍初具規(guī)模;1956下半年-1966上半年-我國(guó)翻譯事業(yè)有組織、有計(jì)劃地發(fā)展; 第五次翻譯高潮:1978-至今,我國(guó)翻譯事業(yè)蓬勃發(fā)展。作業(yè)參考譯文:
對(duì)投資者而言,今年初夏泰國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)嚴(yán)重衰退的消息乍看上去似乎有些駭人聽聞,但只要越過(guò)標(biāo)題認(rèn)真了解一下有關(guān)的具體內(nèi)容就會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn),泰國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的陣痛,對(duì)投資者來(lái)說(shuō)意味著巨大的收益。也就是說(shuō),危機(jī)中蘊(yùn)含著巨大的機(jī)遇。姍姍來(lái)遲的經(jīng)濟(jì)改革和基礎(chǔ)經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整肯定會(huì)吸收外來(lái)投資者。
國(guó)際貨幣基金組織(IMF)的經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇計(jì)劃使泰國(guó)必須進(jìn)行必要的改革。金融部門不能繼續(xù)處于失控狀態(tài),經(jīng)濟(jì)也不能再由過(guò)熱的發(fā)展?,F(xiàn)在泰國(guó)正在強(qiáng)有力地控制經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展速度,避免經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)渡增長(zhǎng)。新出臺(tái)的保護(hù)措施意味著未來(lái)幾年經(jīng)濟(jì)將穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)。泰國(guó)正從沉重的教訓(xùn)中總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn),指導(dǎo)今后的發(fā)展。
Summery and assignments: Exercise3 on page 10.第二章: 商務(wù)英語(yǔ)和商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯Business English and its
translation
1.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的界定: ? 商務(wù)英語(yǔ)與普通英語(yǔ)的關(guān)系:A functional variety of common English, one kind of ESP(English for Special Purpose)? 商務(wù)英語(yǔ)范疇: Language knowledge;Communication skills, Professional content;Management skills;Cultural background.-Nick Brieger ? 商務(wù)英語(yǔ): English used in the international business activities such as technology introduction, business advertising, foreign trade, business invitation, foreign labor services contract, business insurance, international investment, international transportation etc.which involve with at least two enterprises or agents from different countries.2.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的文體特點(diǎn)
● 大量使用商務(wù)專業(yè)詞匯(Terms or jargons):商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言形式、詞匯以及內(nèi)容等方面與專業(yè)密切相關(guān),所承載的是商務(wù)理論和商務(wù)實(shí)踐等方面的信息。例如:銀行業(yè):BIS:Bank for international settlement(國(guó)際清算銀行)、D/D: demand draft(即期匯票)、D/P: document against payment(付款交單);運(yùn)輸業(yè):Ex Dock(碼頭交貨)、F.A.S.(Free alongside ship 船邊交貨)、FOB(離岸價(jià))、保險(xiǎn)業(yè):A.P.(Additional premium 附加費(fèi))、W.P.A.(with particular average 水漬險(xiǎn))GSP(generalized system of preferences普惠制)等等。例句:
1)Our terms of payment are by confirmed, irrevocable L/C by draft at sight.我方付款方式是憑保兌的、不可撤消的即期信用證付款。2)As agreed, the terms of payment for the above orders are letter of credit at 60 days’ sight or D/P sight draft.按照協(xié)定,上述訂貨的付款方式是見(jiàn)票60天的信用證,或付款交單的即期匯票。
3)The issuing bank is bound to pay drawings under the credit negotiated by the advising bank.開證行對(duì)通知行議付的信用證負(fù)有付款責(zé)任。● 語(yǔ)言正式、精煉,用詞嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、規(guī)范,詞義準(zhǔn)確 多用 不用
approval approbation prior to /previous to before think cogitate continue keep on/go on discuss have a discussion apply file an application investigate
hold an investigation in the nature of like for the purpose of for on the grounds that since / because with reference/regard to about ● 語(yǔ)句復(fù)雜,句式規(guī)范,文體正式
例1:Three full sets of negotiable, clean on board, original ocean Bill of Lading made out to the order of shipper and blank endorsed, notifying China Nation Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation at the port of destination.全套可轉(zhuǎn)讓清潔已裝船海運(yùn)提單正本三份,以托運(yùn)人指定的人為抬頭,空白背書,通知目的港的中國(guó)外貿(mào)運(yùn)輸公司。
例2: 買方應(yīng)在貨到目的港30天內(nèi)向賣方提交索賠通知,在此期間如賣方未接到買方索賠通知及授權(quán)檢驗(yàn)機(jī)構(gòu)出具的證明材料,則認(rèn)為買方無(wú)索賠要求。
Buyer shall give Seller notice of any claim within 30 days after arrival of goods at the port of destination.Unless such notice, accompanied by proof certified by an authorized surveyor, arrives at the Seller’s office during such 30 days periods, Buyer shall be deemed to have waived any claim.●常使用現(xiàn)在時(shí)、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、祈使句和情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表達(dá)時(shí)效性、客觀性、禮貌性
例1: Unless otherwise stipulated in the L/C, the expression “shipment” used in stipulating an earlier and/or latest shipment date shall be understood to include the expression “l(fā)oading on board”, “dispatch” and “taking in charge”.除非信用證另有規(guī)定,用于規(guī)定最早及/或最遲裝運(yùn)期的“裝運(yùn)”一詞應(yīng)理解為包括“裝船”、“發(fā)運(yùn)” 和“接受監(jiān)管”
例2:Also under separate cover we are sending you some samples and feel confident that when you have examine them you can be certain that the goods are both excellent in quality and very reasonable in price.譯文:此外,另郵寄樣品一些,相信貴公司審視后,可確定這些產(chǎn)品物美價(jià)廉。3.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
? ? 翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):
嚴(yán)復(fù)提出的“信、達(dá)、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)? ? Eugene A.Nida: 功能對(duì)等(functional equivalence)Peter Newmark: 語(yǔ)義翻譯和交際翻譯
張培基:忠實(shí)、通順(faithfulness, smoothness)劉重德:信、達(dá)、切(fidelity, expressiveness, closeness)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn):“忠實(shí)、準(zhǔn)確、統(tǒng)一” —?jiǎng)⒎ü?4.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯要點(diǎn)
1)正確理解文中的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)、背景知識(shí)、句子結(jié)構(gòu)
例1:I read all the anti-trade literature I could get my hands on.Yet throughout it all, not once did I hear a logical, never mind reasonable, case against free trade.我閱讀了所有能夠找到的反自由貿(mào)易的宣傳資料,但從頭至尾,找不出任何合乎邏輯的反自由貿(mào)易實(shí)例,姑且不談它們是否有道理。
分析:literature與“文學(xué)”無(wú)關(guān),而是指小冊(cè)子之類的印刷品,hear不是“聽見(jiàn)”,而是“獲取信息”之意,never mind reasonable不是修飾case,而是插入語(yǔ)。
例2.三來(lái)一補(bǔ)(指來(lái)料、來(lái)圖、來(lái)樣加工和補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易)The “three-plus-one” trading mix(custom manufacturing with materials, designs or samples supplied and compensated trade)2)學(xué)一些商務(wù)知識(shí),熟悉兩種語(yǔ)言對(duì)同一概念的表達(dá)習(xí)慣 escape clause(免責(zé)條款)concessionary loans(優(yōu)惠貸款)consignment(寄售)In a foreign transaction, an open account is a convenient method of payment and may be satisfactory if the buyer is well established, has demonstrated a long and favorable payment record, or has been thoroughly checked for creditworthiness.在對(duì)外貿(mào)易中,記賬賒銷是一種方便的付款方式。如果買方資信優(yōu)良,長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)又有良好的支付記錄,或其信譽(yù)經(jīng)過(guò)徹底核實(shí),那么,采用此種方式可能是令人滿意的。
3)做到譯文準(zhǔn)確、統(tǒng)一
例1:The bank in Ecuador will instruct its agent bank in the United States to establish a letter of credit.Price: RMB 30 per yard, C.I.F.C, 5%, Lagos.Payment: by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days prior to the date of shipment.厄瓜多爾銀行將通知它在美國(guó)的代理銀行開具信用證。價(jià)格為:成本、保險(xiǎn)加運(yùn)費(fèi)到拉格斯,每碼30元人民幣,包括5%的傭金。付款方式為:使用保兌的、不可撤消的即期信用證付款
Assignments and summary: Page 20: Exercise 3(3,5,7,9,10).Teaching reflection: The students feel quite difficult for the translation of business English, for there are so many difficult words that are quite different from their usuall meanings.They need to accumulate more terminology in the process of study.第三章: 英漢翻譯中的詞語(yǔ)翻譯(Diction選詞用字)1.復(fù)習(xí):商務(wù)英語(yǔ)文體的風(fēng)格及其翻譯;
2.簡(jiǎn)介:詞匯選擇在翻譯中的重要性;詞匯的選擇如何理解。Diction(i.e.choice of words)is as important in E-C translation as in C-E translation.As we said, English is as complex and sophisticated a language as Chinese is, and, as is the case with Chinese, a word is capable of being used in five, ten or even more different senses, depending on the different collocations or contexts.3.英漢詞語(yǔ)的對(duì)比
3.1英語(yǔ)詞匯一詞多義的現(xiàn)象頗為普遍,其涵義范圍比較寬,比較豐富多彩,詞義對(duì)上下文的依賴性比較大,獨(dú)立性比較小。-----劉宓慶 3.2英語(yǔ)詞匯孤立的時(shí)候,詞匯的意義是無(wú)法確定的,即是游移不定的,所以說(shuō)詞匯的意義即是其在語(yǔ)言中的運(yùn)用。
(The meaning of a word is its use in language.)Weigenstein 維根斯坦
3.3 現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)詞匯的涵義范圍比較窄,詞義比較精確、固定、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),其伸縮性和對(duì)上下文的依賴性較小,具有較強(qiáng)的獨(dú)立性。沒(méi)有上下文的情況下語(yǔ)義的差別不大。
3.4 英語(yǔ)在現(xiàn)代科技飛速發(fā)展的今天,不斷更新詞匯,詞義范圍越來(lái)越大;而漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言有著悠久的歷史傳統(tǒng),有特殊的民族文化底蘊(yùn)和內(nèi)涵,故漢語(yǔ)的詞義很不容易受外部環(huán)境的影響,并在一定程度上“流于執(zhí)著、凝滯,不易變通”。
3.5 英語(yǔ)詞語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)體分為五種:超正式體,正式體,普通體,非正式體,超非正式體;漢語(yǔ)分為三種:書面體,普通體和口語(yǔ)體。4.詞語(yǔ)翻譯注意事項(xiàng)
4.1 注意常用的字和詞語(yǔ),切忌望文生義。因?yàn)槠湟辉~多義的現(xiàn)象,所以翻譯時(shí)要根據(jù)詞性和上下文來(lái)判斷一個(gè)詞語(yǔ)或字的意義。例如: Run: run作為不及物動(dòng)詞有31個(gè)釋義,作為及物動(dòng)詞有25個(gè)釋義,作為名詞有38個(gè)釋義,作為形容詞有4個(gè)釋義。給我們翻譯帶來(lái)困難的不僅是一詞多義,還有詞語(yǔ)搭配中的虛實(shí)兩用,即一個(gè)詞的原義,或者是實(shí)義以及它的引申義,或者是虛義。例如: Run across: 跑過(guò) 偶然碰見(jiàn) Run away: 跑開 失去控制 Run back over: 跑會(huì) 回顧
Run counter to: 跑離 違反 與?.背道相馳;Run down:跑下 用完;撞到;貶低 Run in: 跑進(jìn) 順便探望; Run into:跑進(jìn) 限于,偶然碰到 Run to seed:變得不修邊幅 Run for: 競(jìng)選 Run aground:擱淺 Run wild: 發(fā)瘋;
Run a sword through sb.: 用刀刺死 漢語(yǔ)也是如此:
上班:go to work;be on duty;上報(bào):appear in the newspaper, to report to a higher authority;上膘: become fat;上場(chǎng):appear on the stage;上當(dāng):be taken in He was badly wounded in the head.他頭部受重傷。You should use your head a bit.你該用一下自己的頭腦。He has a good head for mathmatics.他的數(shù)學(xué)能力很強(qiáng)。Prick with the head of a neele.用針尖挑。4.2 翻譯時(shí)對(duì)不確定的詞義要勤查字典;
4.3 選詞就是找到最好的表達(dá)方法:一般說(shuō)來(lái),詞義的選擇是在一組同義詞或近義詞之間進(jìn)行的。翻譯時(shí)要注意原文與譯文在文體、語(yǔ)域、比喻形象和感情色彩上的對(duì)應(yīng)程度。如:
死:亡,故,卒,誓,崩, 亡故, 身故,物化,謝世,過(guò)世,就世,仙逝,歸西,回老家,玩兒完,粉身碎骨,溘然長(zhǎng)逝,壽終正寢,一命嗚呼等表達(dá)。
Perish, succumb, suffocate, expire, decease, depart, drown, fall, hang, cease respiration, relinquish life, lose one’s life, emit the last breath, cease to exist, come to a violent death, come to naught, meet one’s death, commit suicide, end one’s days, be no more, drop dead, pass away, fade away, check in, check out, burn out, kick in, kick off, go up, cash in, go west 等; 1)go to sleep 長(zhǎng)眠; 2)to be no more 沒(méi)了,不在了; 3)to close one’s eyes 閉眼,合眼; 4)to lay down one’s life: 獻(xiàn)身; 5)to die martyr: 犧牲;6)to expire 逝世; 7)to pass away 與世長(zhǎng)辭,去世 8)to end one’s way 壽終; 9)to go west 歸西 10)to breathe one’s last:咽氣,斷氣;11)to come to a violent death 橫死;死于非命
12)to give up the ghost: 見(jiàn)閻王;13)to kick the bucket 翹辮子,翻白眼; 14)abandon the world 棄世,謝世 15)to pay the debt of nature 了解塵緣 再如: 1)2)3)4)
是我的好友。
以上翻譯不需選詞,但是在比較正規(guī)的書面語(yǔ)體里就不能一味地用“好”來(lái)翻譯good, 應(yīng)根據(jù)上下文來(lái)選用有一定文采的比較正規(guī)的褒義詞。如: 1)
這是一位舉止得體的姑娘。2)
There were all labeled as good It was a girl with good manners.He is a good man.他是個(gè)好人。This is a good book.這是本好書。I wish you good luck.祝你好運(yùn)。She is a good friend of mine.她eggs.這些都被標(biāo)為新鮮的雞蛋。3)
Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends.狗經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為是人們的忠實(shí)朋友。4)
He was told, when complaining that he could not follow Nasser’s movies, that Nasser was a good chess player.有一次,當(dāng)他抱怨納賽爾棋步難以捉摸時(shí),有人對(duì)他說(shuō),納賽爾是個(gè)高明的棋手。5)
He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.我們又一次領(lǐng)受了他那廣博的知識(shí)、豐富的經(jīng)驗(yàn)和無(wú)窮的智慧。6)
In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.在中國(guó)我們每到一個(gè)城市,就逛大街、逛公園、上劇場(chǎng)、下飯館。注意區(qū)別褒義詞和貶義詞。
1)Then Hilter’d black empire would suddeny collapse in rubble, blood, and flame.希特勒的黑暗帝國(guó),頃刻之間就會(huì)在血泊與烈火中崩潰,夷為廢墟。5.翻譯書上例子講解。練習(xí):
1)I have a short memory.2)Liu Hu-lan’s life was short brilliant.3)He complained that the notice was too short.4)Indeed he has a shourt temper.第四章: 英漢翻譯中的增詞法與減詞法
1.復(fù)習(xí)英漢翻譯“詞匯的選擇”;
Be careful about the “polysemy” phenomena;Be mindful of “collocation” in Chinese;Making distinction between “derogatory” terms and “commendatory” terms;Pay attention to the style, register, and rhetorics of the language;2.介紹新課內(nèi)容增詞法和減詞法的翻譯(Amplification and Omission);
Usually a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work.This is the principle not to be violated in translation.However, it does not follow that a translator should refrain from supplying or reducing the necessary words to make his version both accurate and in keeping with the usage of the language translated into.Both amplification and omission are often employed in E-C and C-E translation.3.增詞法理解:1)就是在原文的基礎(chǔ)上添加必要的單詞、詞組、分句或完整句,從而使得譯文在語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)言形式上符合譯文習(xí)慣和在文化背景、詞語(yǔ)聯(lián)想方面與原文一致,即譯文和原文在內(nèi)容、形式和精神三方面都對(duì)等起來(lái)。--馮慶華
2)指翻譯時(shí)按照意義(或修辭)和句法的需要,增加一些詞來(lái)更忠實(shí)、通順地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容。4.增詞法的理?yè)?jù):
1)為了語(yǔ)法上的需要(英語(yǔ)的復(fù)數(shù)形式,時(shí)態(tài)等);例如:
例1:The English language is in very good shape.It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.英語(yǔ)目前的情況很好,它正按照它那不易為人發(fā)現(xiàn)的方式在起著變化,而不是像一只樹上掉下來(lái)的李子那樣在逐漸腐爛。
例2:I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.原來(lái)我譯文這不過(guò)是一種親熱的表示,但是現(xiàn)在看來(lái),這是為了聞一聞羊羔的味道,來(lái)斷定是不是自己生的。(增加時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))
例3.I have not been satisfied with my efforts to date and I have been constantly searching for some sort of organized and systematic contribution wihich I could make to bridging the gaps between the Eastern and Western worlds.我對(duì)到目前為止所做的努力并不滿意,我一直在尋求能夠有組織地、系統(tǒng)地寫點(diǎn)東西,以彌合東西方世界之間的溝壑。(增加時(shí)間狀語(yǔ))例4:Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection()weakness, thrift()avarice.勇敢過(guò)度即成蠻勇,感情過(guò)度即成溺愛(ài),節(jié)儉過(guò)度即成貪婪。(增加省略的成分)
2)為了表達(dá)的清晰和自然;常增加動(dòng)詞、形容詞、名詞、副詞、量詞、語(yǔ)氣詞、范疇詞、概括性的詞和承上啟下的詞。
例1:the financing of the sale often involves bills of exchange and documentary credits 商品買賣的貨款收付情況體現(xiàn)在匯票或跟單信用證中。
例2:After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.在觀看足球比賽之后,他有一個(gè)重要的會(huì)議去參加。(增加動(dòng)詞)例3:Basically, the theory proposed, among other things, that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light;就其基本內(nèi)容而言,這一學(xué)說(shuō)提出的論點(diǎn)包括:光速是宇宙中最快的速度;(增加修飾語(yǔ),以示強(qiáng)調(diào))
例4:Not to educate him(the child)is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance.如果我們部隊(duì)兒童進(jìn)行教育的話,那就要使兒童淪入世世代代的愚昧狀態(tài)。(增加名詞)
例5:Sino-British links have multiplied – political, commercial, educational, cultural, defensce, science and technology.中英兩國(guó)在政治、商務(wù)、教育、文化、國(guó)防和科技等方面的聯(lián)系成倍地增加了。(增加概括詞)
例6:Old age is like a palne flying through a storm.Once you are aboard, there’s nothing you can do.老年就像一架在暴風(fēng)雨中穿行的飛機(jī),一旦你上去了,一切都將無(wú)能為力。(增加量詞)3)
識(shí)或文化知識(shí)而增詞。
例1:Le Monde, the B.B.C., the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote Heikal at length.法國(guó)的《世界報(bào)》、英國(guó)廣播公司、美國(guó)《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》以及整個(gè)阿
為了溝通不同的文化:增加背景知拉伯世界,都經(jīng)常大量引用??柕脑?。(增加背景知識(shí))例2:The blond boy quickly corossed himself.那個(gè)金發(fā)小男孩立刻在胸前劃十字,祈求上帝保佑。(增加文化知識(shí))
例3:This greatest scientist was born in New England.這位偉大的科學(xué)家出生在美國(guó)東北部的新英格蘭。(增加背景知識(shí))例4:三個(gè)臭皮匠,勝過(guò)諸葛亮。
The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses Zhuge Liang the master mind.(增加文化內(nèi)涵)練習(xí):
1.They have done for the State far more than we have.(句法省略的詞匯)2.We recognize-and share-China’s resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks to establish global or regional hegemony.3.We in Britain have every reason to wish for better relations with the states of Eastern Europe.And we do sincerely want them.(使用代詞避免重復(fù))4.Those werethe words that were to make the world blossol for me, “l(fā)ike Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.英漢翻譯中的減詞法
1.復(fù)習(xí)增譯法主要內(nèi)容。2.介紹本節(jié)課內(nèi)容。
3.減詞法(omission):As noted in the last class, because of the difference in syntax and usage between Chinese and English the metods of “amplification” and “omission” are called for, depending on the real meaning of the original and the usage of the language to be translated into.4.減詞法依據(jù):與英語(yǔ)相比,漢語(yǔ)中代詞(尤其是人稱代詞)和連接詞(尤其是并列連接詞“和”)使用得很少,能省略的代詞和連接詞一般不在句子里出現(xiàn)。此外,英語(yǔ)中有冠詞,漢語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有。因此,在英譯漢時(shí)應(yīng)避免在句子里過(guò)多地使用代詞和連接詞,否則譯文就會(huì)顯得不自然、不流暢,這時(shí)就要采用減詞法翻譯。5.減詞法使用的場(chǎng)合 1)冠詞的省略。例如:
That veteran scientist says, ‘Remote sensing of the earth form man-made satellites seems to have an extremely pomising future.’
譯文:那位老科學(xué)家說(shuō),‘從人造衛(wèi)星上對(duì)地球進(jìn)行遙感勘測(cè),其前途看來(lái)是不可限量的。2)物主代詞的省略(omission of possessive pronoun)
例如:He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.譯文:他把雙手放進(jìn)口袋里,然后聳了聳肩膀。3)省略關(guān)系代詞(omission of relative pronouns)。
例如:Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist.譯文:不承認(rèn)這個(gè)事實(shí),就不是唯物主義者。
“We have seven days in a week,” said the teacher to the pupils.老師對(duì)小學(xué)生說(shuō):“一個(gè)星期有七天?!?4)結(jié)構(gòu)詞的省略。(omission of structural words)例如:The transfer of administrative personnel in that colony was so frequent as to create a kaleidoscopic effect.在那個(gè)殖民地,行政官員調(diào)換頻繁,就像走馬丁似的。5)系動(dòng)詞的省略(omission of linking verbs)。
例如:It was hot and humid yesterday.昨天的天氣又熱又潮濕。These developoing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.這些發(fā)展中國(guó)家,土地遼闊,人口眾多,資源豐富。6)比較標(biāo)志詞的省略(omission of signs of compoarsion)。First, there are quite a few English expressions wihich, though of a “comparative degree” in form, stand for a specific concept or state of affairs;and this kind of “comparative degree” is usually not to be expressed in the Chinese version.e.g.higher education高等教育;younger generation年輕的一代;better students優(yōu)秀學(xué)生;weaker states弱國(guó), etc.例如:Jiangsu Province is smaller in area, but denser in population, than Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.譯文:江蘇省面積比新疆維吾爾自治區(qū)小,人口卻比新疆稠密。6.解釋書上例子。
1.The retailers perform many functions.First, he may provide a convenient location.Also, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells.Third, the retailer aids in promoting the product, often through displays and advertising.Fourth, the retailer may finance the customer by extending credit.Further, the retailer performs storage function in his outlet, by having goods available.練習(xí):
1.He is not well today, but he still comes to class.他今天身體不好,但(他)還是來(lái)上課了。2.It is better to do well than to say well.說(shuō)得好不如做得好。
3.The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.陽(yáng)光燦爛,晴空萬(wàn)里。
4.In September 1939, the Second World War broke out.(在)1939年9月,第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)。5.這架電視機(jī)真是價(jià)廉物美。
This television is really cheap(in price)and fine(in quality).第五章:英漢翻譯中的重復(fù)翻譯法
1.教學(xué)目標(biāo)
● 英漢語(yǔ)重復(fù)的目的; ● 英漢語(yǔ)重復(fù)的缺點(diǎn); ● 英語(yǔ)避免重復(fù)的方法; ● 漢語(yǔ)重復(fù)表達(dá)的特點(diǎn); ● 英漢重復(fù)翻譯技巧。2.教學(xué)重點(diǎn)
● 英語(yǔ)避免重復(fù)的方法; ● 漢語(yǔ)重復(fù)表達(dá)的特點(diǎn); ● 英漢重復(fù)翻譯技巧。3.教學(xué)難點(diǎn)
● 兩種語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)比較及翻譯技巧的掌握。4.教學(xué)特點(diǎn) ● 理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合 5.教學(xué)方法
●講授法,示例法,課堂討論對(duì)比法,交際法。6.教學(xué)設(shè)施
● 多媒體(PPT), 黑板 7.教學(xué)步驟:
7.1 復(fù)習(xí)翻譯的減詞法:
Q1:Why is omission necessary for the English-Chinese translation?(語(yǔ)言對(duì)比)Q2:How many cases should be used the translation skill of omission? What are they? 7.2 英漢語(yǔ)重復(fù)表達(dá)的目的:
1)表達(dá)強(qiáng)調(diào)語(yǔ)勢(shì);2)表達(dá)生動(dòng)活潑;3)表達(dá)明確。7.3 英漢語(yǔ)重復(fù)的缺點(diǎn):重復(fù)使得表達(dá)啰嗦,單調(diào)乏味。
7.4 英語(yǔ)避免重復(fù)的方法:英語(yǔ)中盡量采用替代、省略或變換方法來(lái)避免無(wú)意圖的重復(fù),這樣不僅能使行文簡(jiǎn)潔、有力,而且符合英語(yǔ)民族的語(yǔ)言心理習(xí)慣。替代(substitution)有名詞性替代、動(dòng)詞性替代、分句性替代。省略有名詞性省略、動(dòng)詞性省略、分句性省略、句法的省略、情景的省略等。變換主要指利用同義詞、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)和句式變化等來(lái)避免重復(fù)。
7.4.1 指代法:使用代詞(人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞以及用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞)來(lái)避免重復(fù)。
例如:The U.S.infantryman, while requiring far too luxurious logistical support, put up a nice fight in France;he was fresh, well-fed, and unscarred by battle.譯文:雖然美國(guó)步兵部隊(duì)需要的后勤供給過(guò)于奢侈,但在法國(guó)的一仗卻打得十分漂亮。他們精神飽滿,營(yíng)養(yǎng)充足,戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)沒(méi)有給他們留下任何創(chuàng)傷。書上例子。
7.4.2 換詞法:使用范疇詞、同義詞或準(zhǔn)同義詞來(lái)避免重復(fù)。例1:John’s bought himself a new Ford.He practically lives in the car.約翰給自己買了一部新的福特牌汽車,他幾乎就住在這部汽車?yán)?。?:I don’t know where to stay when I arrive in New York.I have never been to that place.我不知道到了紐約要住在哪里,我從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)那個(gè)地方。
例3:The monkey’s most extraordinary feat was learning to operate a tractor.By the age of nine, the animal had learned to solo on the vehicle.這只猴子最了不起的技能是學(xué)會(huì)駕駛拖拉機(jī)。到了九歲的時(shí)候,這只猴子已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)單獨(dú)表演駕駛拖拉機(jī)了。書上例子。
7.4.3 替代法:使用替代詞語(yǔ)或替代句型來(lái)避免重復(fù)。
1)名詞性替代(nominal substitution):用代詞或某些名詞來(lái)取代名詞(詞組),如第三人稱代詞、指示代詞(this, that, thiese, those)、關(guān)系代詞(who,whom,whose, that, which)、連接代詞(who, whom, whose, what, which)、不定代詞(all, wach, every, both, either, neither, one/ones, none, little, few, several, many, much, other, some, any, no)以及名詞(enough, half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter)等。
例1:A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.化學(xué)變化是改變粒子結(jié)構(gòu)、形成新物質(zhì)的一種變化。
例2: He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.他討厭失敗,他一生中曾戰(zhàn)勝失敗,超越失敗,并且藐視別人的失敗。2)動(dòng)詞性替代:用替代詞來(lái)取代動(dòng)詞或詞組。主要類型見(jiàn)書上。例1:The Americans are reducing their defence expenditure this year.I wonder if the Russians will do too.美國(guó)人今年已在削減國(guó)防開支,我懷疑俄國(guó)人也會(huì)這樣做。例2: You don’t want to lag behind.Neither does she.你不愿意落后,她也不愿意落后。
例3:Mary speaks Chinese, and that very well.瑪麗會(huì)講漢語(yǔ),而且講得很好。
3)分句性替代(clausal substitution):用替代詞so 或not來(lái)取代充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的that 從句,用if so 或if not 來(lái)取代條件從句,用as來(lái)取代分句的一部分。例1:People believe that the American team will win the football game.Peter thinks so, but I believe not.人們認(rèn)為美國(guó)隊(duì)將贏得這場(chǎng)足球比賽,彼得也是這樣認(rèn)為的,我卻認(rèn)為并非如此。
例2:The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation;it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind.And that was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments.中國(guó)人從來(lái)就是一個(gè)偉大的勇敢的勤勞的民族,只是在近代落伍了。這種落伍,完全是被外國(guó)帝國(guó)主義和本國(guó)反動(dòng)政府所壓迫和剝削的結(jié)果。
7.4.4.省略法:刪去句中相同的詞語(yǔ)來(lái)避免重復(fù)。
例1:A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s.說(shuō)一個(gè)人自私自利,并非因?yàn)樗粓D自己的利益,而是因?yàn)樗活權(quán)徣说睦妗?/p>
例2:One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a flavor from a description: a sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an odor inhaled.人不能只從講解中學(xué)會(huì)發(fā)音,也不能光靠看說(shuō)明而真正體會(huì)出某種滋味來(lái):聲音必須耳聞,顏色必須目見(jiàn),滋味必須口嘗,氣味必須吸入。7.4.5 保留介詞法:即保留同一個(gè)介詞以回避名詞、動(dòng)詞或形容詞的重復(fù)。例子:見(jiàn)書上。
7.4.6 緊縮法:就是將語(yǔ)句中兩個(gè)或幾個(gè)相關(guān)聯(lián)的成分合成在一起,以避免一些詞語(yǔ)的重復(fù),使文字變得簡(jiǎn)潔緊湊。
例1:He was particularly interested in the articles on and by Lu Xun.他特別喜歡評(píng)論魯迅的文章,也特別喜歡魯迅寫的文章。見(jiàn)書。
7.5 漢語(yǔ)重復(fù)表達(dá)特點(diǎn):與英語(yǔ)不同,重復(fù)是漢語(yǔ)的一個(gè)特點(diǎn),表現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)音上的需要,語(yǔ)法的需要和修辭上的需要。漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)傾向與其語(yǔ)音文字的特點(diǎn)有密切的關(guān)系。漢字屬于音節(jié)文字,一個(gè)漢字代表一個(gè)音節(jié),音節(jié)分為聲。韻、調(diào)單個(gè)部分,元音在音節(jié)中處于主要的地位,配上不同聲調(diào)的升降抑揚(yáng),使得漢語(yǔ)具有鏗鏘動(dòng)聽的音樂(lè)美。現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)中雙音節(jié)占優(yōu)勢(shì),講究詞語(yǔ)的偶數(shù)音節(jié)的組合,讀起來(lái)順口,給人整齊、勻稱而又平穩(wěn)、舒暢的感覺(jué)。7.5.1 重疊(reduplication): 名詞重疊:AA: 人人 天天 事事 年年 聲聲 字字 道道 家家
AABB: 男男女女 世世代代 風(fēng)風(fēng)雨雨 溝溝洼洼 日日夜夜 數(shù)量詞重疊、動(dòng)詞重疊、形容詞重疊、附加式重疊(毛毛雨 月月紅)、偏正并列式、動(dòng)賓并列式、主謂并列式等。7.5.2 重復(fù)(repetition):在修辭上稱為反復(fù)。例1:我為人人,人人為我。One for all and all for one.例2: 大處著眼,小處著手。
Keep the general goal in sight while taking hold of the daily tasks.7.6 英漢翻譯中的重復(fù)翻譯技巧:通過(guò)比較,我們可以看出兩種語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn),在以上這些場(chǎng)合盡量使用重復(fù)的方法來(lái)翻譯英語(yǔ)。
例1:Most notably, China has avoided the large output declines and severe macroeconomic instability that have tended to characterize the transition experiences in central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.最值得注意的是,中國(guó)避免了生產(chǎn)的大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的嚴(yán)重不穩(wěn)定性,生產(chǎn)的大滑坡和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的嚴(yán)重不穩(wěn)定性曾經(jīng)是中、東歐以及前蘇聯(lián)經(jīng)濟(jì)過(guò)渡時(shí)期的特點(diǎn)。7.7 句子翻譯練習(xí):
1)Happy families also had their own troubles.幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的煩惱。
2)Work with, and not against , nature.要順應(yīng)自然工作,不要違反自然工作。
3)Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings – this is all the work of science.收集事實(shí)并加以論證,提出理論并加以檢驗(yàn),以及歸納整理研究成果這就是科學(xué)工作的全部?jī)?nèi)容。Do exercise on page 53.-
第二篇:淺談商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯
淺談商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯
本文圍繞商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的特點(diǎn)、提高商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯能力的方法和商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)三個(gè)主題展開論述,以求在今后的翻譯工作中做到運(yùn)用自如
1.引言
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)是一種包含各種商務(wù)活動(dòng)內(nèi)容、滿足商業(yè)需要的專門用途英語(yǔ)。其內(nèi)容涉及貿(mào)易、金融、法律、廣告等諸多專業(yè),除外貿(mào)英語(yǔ)書信、合同等商業(yè)公文外,廣告、仿單、經(jīng)貿(mào)文章,相關(guān)法律公文等都可列入其中。因此,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象比較復(fù)雜,文字風(fēng)格也各不相同,翻譯時(shí)是很難全憑某些程式,套語(yǔ)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)解決。但是就其重要性而言,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯在雙方貿(mào)易中起著橋梁紐帶的作用,甚至與整個(gè)公司的命運(yùn)緊密聯(lián)系在一起,所以我們?cè)诜g過(guò)程中應(yīng)根據(jù)某專業(yè)的特點(diǎn)和需要好好斟酌所選用的詞匯。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的困難在于如何準(zhǔn)確而又流暢地翻譯出原語(yǔ)所要真正傳達(dá)的信息,而解決這一問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵是如何在理論上和實(shí)踐上加深對(duì)翻譯的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解。
馬會(huì)娟在《商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯教程》(2004)一書中指出:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯教程翻譯是一種思想交流過(guò)程,它能使通曉不同語(yǔ)言的人通過(guò)了解原文所包含和傳達(dá)的信息來(lái)交流思想。美國(guó)翻譯理論家奈達(dá)認(rèn)為翻譯是“用最貼近而又自然的對(duì)等語(yǔ)言再現(xiàn)原語(yǔ)的信息,首先是意義,其次是文體?!币簿褪钦f(shuō),翻譯要用自然、地道的譯入語(yǔ)把另一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容以切合原文的文體,準(zhǔn)確而完整地重新表達(dá)出來(lái)。
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯是一種跨文化的語(yǔ)際交流,它要求譯者熟悉多種文化,掌握語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用技巧,具備熟練的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),從而完成具有一定語(yǔ)用目的的商業(yè)文化交流。提高商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯技能就應(yīng)關(guān)注商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言文化關(guān)聯(lián),巧妙靈活的達(dá)到原語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用目的。在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯工作中應(yīng)靈活處理因不同文化背景、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣等因素造成的交際障礙,根據(jù)語(yǔ)境做必要的調(diào)整,避免語(yǔ)用失誤,造成交流和理解的困難。雖然奈達(dá)的功能對(duì)等原則在文化因素翻譯方面有一些負(fù)面作用,但是對(duì)于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯仍舊具有重大的意義,尤其是在以往歷史上文化因素的翻譯中起到了非常積極的作用。奈達(dá)的功能對(duì)等原則以交際為目的,以讀者為中心,以目的語(yǔ)文化為歸宿,避免了文化沖突,克服了文化障礙,促進(jìn)了雙方的文化交流。
2.研究現(xiàn)狀
在國(guó)際貿(mào)易日益頻繁的今天,很多企業(yè)為拓寬自己的市場(chǎng),放眼國(guó)外以提高自己品牌的知名度和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益,因此商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯越來(lái)越為人們所重視。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的重要性,可以說(shuō),在一定程度上,決定了這個(gè)公司在國(guó)際上的潛力,就像一所學(xué)校的師資力量對(duì)于這所學(xué)校的發(fā)展起著決定性作用一樣。在國(guó)內(nèi),類似商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的書籍也應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,進(jìn)一步促動(dòng)了中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易的進(jìn)程。尤其在改革開放后,隨著國(guó)際貿(mào)易的不斷增加,越來(lái)越多的專家和學(xué)者對(duì)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯展開了研究,并撰寫了諸多的論文,如:段夢(mèng)敏的“現(xiàn)代商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯策略”,來(lái)東慧的“商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的跨文化因素”等;此類的教材也應(yīng)運(yùn)而生,如馬會(huì)娟的《商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯教程》;周振邦的《商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯》,葉玉龍、王文翰、段云禮合著的《商務(wù)英語(yǔ)漢譯教程》等。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯將繼續(xù)成為商務(wù)英語(yǔ)研討會(huì)的主題、各大院校開設(shè)的主要課程及各有關(guān)學(xué)者關(guān)注和研究的方向。
3.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的特點(diǎn)
3.1 準(zhǔn)確性
翻譯是把一種語(yǔ)言所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容用另一種語(yǔ)言準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)出來(lái)。為了使不通曉原語(yǔ)的讀者能夠看得明白,譯文表達(dá)應(yīng)該簡(jiǎn)潔明了。最重要的是,翻譯的原則和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)當(dāng)忠實(shí)和通順?!爸?/p>
實(shí)”主要是指譯者要準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)原作者的意思,并且要表達(dá)全面;“通順”是指譯文語(yǔ)言要通順易懂,便于讀者的理解和接受。
例1:
原文:This support can be as detailed as the writing of contracts, for example, looking at shareholder structure or analyzing investment concepts.It can mean up-dating a company’s development concept, help in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution.It also means support in identifying new partners, in opening up international markets or in bringing the company to the point where it can go public or be sold.原譯文:公司提供的支持包括撰寫合同,分析股東結(jié)構(gòu)或投資理念等。這意味著更新一個(gè)公司的發(fā)展理念,使其經(jīng)營(yíng)或招聘機(jī)制更趨現(xiàn)代化,改善其市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷和銷售策略。此外,這一支持系統(tǒng)還意味著我們能協(xié)助客戶在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上找到新的合作伙伴,幫助他們上市和出售。分析:將本譯文與原文相比,可以看出譯文多處翻譯不夠準(zhǔn)確,令人費(fèi)解。比如,原文說(shuō)的是公司的提供的支持 “as detailed as the writing of contracts”(像撰寫合同一樣具體。)而原譯文則是“包括撰寫合同”;原文“in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution”(改善公司經(jīng)營(yíng)管理,使其招聘機(jī)制、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷和銷售更趨現(xiàn)代化),而原譯文則成了“使其經(jīng)營(yíng)或招聘機(jī)制更趨現(xiàn)代化,改善其市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷和銷售策略”;原文的“identifying new partners, opening up international markets”(尋找新的合作伙伴,開拓國(guó)際市場(chǎng)),在原譯文中卻成了“協(xié)助客戶在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上找到新的合作伙伴”!這種似是而非的翻譯,使原文信息大為失真,不僅極有可能誤導(dǎo)讀者,而且可能給公司造成很大的損失。
修改后譯文:我們提供的支持就像撰寫合同一樣具體,如:幫助分析股東結(jié)構(gòu)或投資理念,也就是說(shuō)幫助更新一個(gè)公司的發(fā)展理念,改善其經(jīng)營(yíng)管理,使其招聘機(jī)制、市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷和銷售更趨現(xiàn)代化。此外,這一支持還包含為公司尋找新的合作伙伴、開拓國(guó)際市場(chǎng)以及他們的上市和出售。
3.2 專業(yè)性
各行各業(yè)都有其不同的文化背景、特點(diǎn)及要求,并有其特定的專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。在翻譯過(guò)程中,如果譯者不能吃透其專業(yè)特點(diǎn)和掌握其專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ),翻譯結(jié)果則可能大相徑庭。如,due diligence 在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中不應(yīng)譯為“適當(dāng)盡職”,而是“盡職調(diào)查”;option plan 應(yīng)為“期權(quán)計(jì)劃”,而不是“職工購(gòu)買股票計(jì)劃”等。
例2:
原文: Next, the participation agreements are negotiated and – if agreed – they are signed and certified by a lawyer.原譯文:然后,雙方就公司參與企業(yè)管理的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行磋商,如果達(dá)成共識(shí),就會(huì)在協(xié)議上簽字,并由一名律師公證。
分析:律師是不能公證的,只能見(jiàn)證合同的簽署;公證是公證員的事。
修改后譯文:然后,雙方對(duì)提出的協(xié)議進(jìn)行磋商,如果達(dá)成共識(shí),雙方在協(xié)議上簽字。這一過(guò)程由一名律師進(jìn)行見(jiàn)證。
例3:
原文:After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “Partial shipments and Transshipment allowed”.原譯文:經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)核對(duì)信用證,茲要求貴方做如下修改:“允許部分轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)和轉(zhuǎn)船”。分析:將“Partial shipments”譯成“部分轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)”似乎欠妥;行話應(yīng)是“分批”。
修改后譯文:經(jīng)仔細(xì)核對(duì)信用證后,茲要求貴方做如下修改:“允許分批運(yùn)貨和轉(zhuǎn)船”。
3.3 文化性
由于東、西方種族、地理環(huán)境、宗教信仰等存在的差異,造成了東西方國(guó)家大相徑庭的文化體系,商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中也不可避免地受到文化的限制和影響。而我們所要做的就是在翻譯時(shí),選詞要多斟酌,做到慎之又慎,以免造成“文化沖突”,引起不必要的麻煩。
例如:在美國(guó)的大商場(chǎng)有“rest room”,譯成中文的“休息室”就會(huì)出笑話,因?yàn)椤皉est room”在此指“廁所”,而并非國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)里所指的“休息室”。
又如:在西方,“十三”被認(rèn)為是不吉利的數(shù)字,這與圣經(jīng)故事中耶穌被他的第十三個(gè)門徒猶大出賣有關(guān)。所以,在西方國(guó)家,人們通常避免使用“十三”這個(gè)數(shù)字,正如中國(guó)人避免說(shuō)或用數(shù)字“四”一樣,(在中國(guó),“四”與“死”同音)。在中國(guó)的傳統(tǒng)文化中,數(shù)字“十三”沒(méi)有這種文化含義,也就不忌諱使用了。但隨著西方文化的深入影響,近來(lái)“十三”這種隱性的含義也被國(guó)人所接受。因此,我們?cè)谧龇g中應(yīng)特別注意類似的問(wèn)題。否則我們會(huì)在無(wú)意識(shí)間傷害對(duì)方或造成誤會(huì)。
4.提高商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯能力的方法
中國(guó)加入WTO后,越來(lái)越多的中國(guó)企業(yè)已不滿足國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng),他們紛紛跨出國(guó)門,走向世界去尋求業(yè)務(wù)合作。英語(yǔ)作為溝通語(yǔ)言的作用非同小可。外貿(mào)談判是一種交際活動(dòng),是拓展對(duì)外貿(mào)易的重要途徑。交際活動(dòng)則必須通過(guò)語(yǔ)言媒介來(lái)完成。因此,如何使用語(yǔ)言表達(dá)意愿和要求,如何恰當(dāng)使用語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)談判目的,這是商務(wù)英語(yǔ)使用者經(jīng)常探索的問(wèn)題之一。
4.1 熟悉英語(yǔ)相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯較普通英語(yǔ)翻譯而言,其范圍更廣,涉及的內(nèi)容也更多。如果說(shuō)普通的英語(yǔ)翻譯注重的是文化底蘊(yùn),那么商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯則注重的是知識(shí)面。因此,我們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)翻譯理論的同時(shí),應(yīng)加強(qiáng)商務(wù)方面的知識(shí),比如:國(guó)際貿(mào)易,國(guó)際兌匯,會(huì)計(jì)學(xué),運(yùn)輸學(xué)等方面的知識(shí)。同時(shí),還需要我們有比較豐富的法律知識(shí)和文化素養(yǎng)。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的人員對(duì)本國(guó)和他國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域的法律法規(guī)也應(yīng)該有所了解,因?yàn)樵谏虡I(yè)活動(dòng)中,一方在必要的時(shí)候,需要用合作對(duì)象國(guó)家的法律來(lái)維護(hù)自己的權(quán)利。在翻譯一些協(xié)議或合同時(shí),還需注意到各自的法律責(zé)任,以此保證各方的經(jīng)濟(jì)行為是正當(dāng)?shù)模粫?huì)有法律上的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。近些年來(lái)屢次發(fā)生的反傾銷斗爭(zhēng)就是實(shí)例,因此在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯過(guò)程中謹(jǐn)慎為上。
4.2 了解文化差異
上面提到了商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中的文化性原則,為了更好地遵循這個(gè)原則,我們就必須了解文化差異,以免引起不必要的文化沖突。每個(gè)民族都有著其不同的文化背景,風(fēng)土人情,而語(yǔ)言作為某種文化的載體,所反映出來(lái)的是一個(gè)民族的意志與底蘊(yùn)。翻譯作為一種加強(qiáng)文化交流的手段,更加會(huì)涉及到這方面的問(wèn)題。尤其是在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯中,稍有不慎便會(huì)引起重大損失以及尷尬。
比如:“dragon”(龍)這個(gè)詞是我們中華民族的象征,是中國(guó)的吉祥物,“龍騰虎躍、龍馬精神、龍飛鳳舞、龍吟虎嘯”等成語(yǔ)均體現(xiàn)了龍的精神和氣勢(shì)。而在西方國(guó)家“dragon”這個(gè)詞卻是罪惡的象征。因此在翻譯“韓國(guó),中國(guó)臺(tái)灣,香港和新加坡亞洲四小龍”的時(shí)候,我們不用“Four Asian Dragons”,而用“Four Asian Tigers”。這就是文化差異的典型表現(xiàn)??偠灾?,在翻譯中我們必須盡量了解他國(guó)的文化與差異,并做出正確的翻譯,以免造成不必要的誤解。
4.3 掌握商務(wù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言技巧
目前,語(yǔ)言技巧在商務(wù)活動(dòng)中逐漸被忽略,我們需要進(jìn)一步去研究。各種語(yǔ)言技巧在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)談判中有不同的運(yùn)用特點(diǎn),以及語(yǔ)言技巧在外貿(mào)談判中的作用,進(jìn)一步分析外貿(mào)談判英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言特征,從而幫助外貿(mào)談判工作者認(rèn)識(shí)到英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)談判中的運(yùn)用技巧,使他們能靈活運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言技巧,取得談判成功。了解語(yǔ)言的特征的有助于談判員有效地使用一些技巧,這樣能更確保在談判中取得勝利。有大量的語(yǔ)言技巧值得我們仔細(xì)研究,掌握了這些技巧不
僅能促進(jìn)談判的進(jìn)程,而且在談判過(guò)程中也不會(huì)使對(duì)方感到尷尬。因此,談判順利地完成,在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)談判中談判員就必須注意語(yǔ)言交流及技巧的使用。
4.4 遵循翻譯原則
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯要求做到準(zhǔn)確和專業(yè)化,這就要求翻譯者具有相當(dāng)熟練的英語(yǔ)水平。平時(shí),我們必須廣泛閱讀商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的知識(shí),并且注意語(yǔ)言與案例的結(jié)合,然后通過(guò)分析來(lái)掌握商務(wù)英語(yǔ)知識(shí)點(diǎn)。同時(shí),商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯并不像文學(xué)英語(yǔ)的翻譯那樣,需要用豐富的詞藻來(lái)描繪,它所要做到的就是“精、準(zhǔn)”。因此商務(wù)英語(yǔ)不需要過(guò)多、過(guò)詳細(xì)地描述某件事情,我們要做到是“精煉而又不失準(zhǔn)確”。
綜上所述,我們必須謹(jǐn)遵翻譯的原則,努力把翻譯做到精益求精。
5.商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)
5.1 注意細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題
我們都知道,英漢對(duì)譯中的一大特點(diǎn)便是英語(yǔ)重靜態(tài),漢語(yǔ)重動(dòng)態(tài)。在漢語(yǔ)的表達(dá)過(guò)程中,我們經(jīng)常運(yùn)用動(dòng)詞來(lái)描繪,使得句子更加生動(dòng)。因此,在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯過(guò)程中,我們也應(yīng)該時(shí)刻注意這些細(xì)節(jié)問(wèn)題。
例4:
原文:An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.譯文:交易增加,要求流通的貨幣量也增加。
分析:英文原文中用了2個(gè)“increase”的名詞形式來(lái)表達(dá),而在中文翻譯中,則選用了動(dòng)詞,尊重了漢語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)。
古人云“一字值千金”。在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中我們必須做到一個(gè)“準(zhǔn)”字,以免造成“失之毫厘,謬以千里”的結(jié)果。標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)亦是如此,在書寫金額時(shí),要注意小數(shù)點(diǎn)(.)與分節(jié)號(hào)(,)的位置,絕對(duì)不能馬虎。在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的過(guò)程中,因?yàn)樯婕暗缴虡I(yè)系統(tǒng)的規(guī)則與交易利潤(rùn),這些細(xì)節(jié)上的問(wèn)題需引起我們特別的注意。“細(xì)節(jié)”決定成敗,這句話很有道理。
5.2 不斷加強(qiáng)實(shí)踐能力
正所謂“實(shí)踐是檢驗(yàn)真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,書本上的知識(shí)只能代表我們擁有了理論能力,但工作的能力是靠實(shí)際的鍛煉得到培養(yǎng)的。如果我們?nèi)狈?shí)戰(zhàn)經(jīng)驗(yàn),在翻譯工作中很可能會(huì)上當(dāng)受騙。例如,在外商草擬的合同草案中,我們不僅要理解其字面意思,更要弄清其潛在含義。當(dāng)買方要求賣方提供某些與設(shè)計(jì)或技術(shù)有關(guān)的資料、數(shù)據(jù)、公式時(shí),賣方很可能會(huì)用合同上的諸如 “The seller shall submit the data concerned to the buyer if possible”(如果可能,賣方將向買方提供有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù))之類的句子推脫。因?yàn)椤叭绻赡埽╬ossible)”在很大程度上意味著“不可能(impossible)”??傊覀儽仨毻ㄟ^(guò)不斷的實(shí)踐來(lái)豐富自我,鍛煉自我,提高我們的判別能力和工作能力。
結(jié)論
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯是一種跨文化的語(yǔ)際交流,它要求譯者熟悉多種文化,掌握語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用技巧,具備熟練的語(yǔ)言知識(shí),從而完成具有一定語(yǔ)用目的的商業(yè)文化交流。提高商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯技能就應(yīng)關(guān)注商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言文化關(guān)聯(lián),巧妙靈活的達(dá)到原語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用目的。在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯工作中應(yīng)靈活處理因不同文化背景、語(yǔ)言表達(dá)習(xí)慣等因素造成的交際障礙,根據(jù)語(yǔ)境做必要的調(diào)整,避免語(yǔ)用失誤,造成交流和理解的困難。雖然奈達(dá)的功能對(duì)等原則在文化因素翻譯方面有一些負(fù)面作用,但是對(duì)于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯仍舊具有重大的意義,尤其是在以往歷史上文化因素的翻譯中起到了非常積極的作用。奈達(dá)的功能對(duì)等原則以交際為目的,以讀者為中心,以目的語(yǔ)文化為歸宿,避免了文化沖突,克服了文化障礙,促進(jìn)了雙方的文化交流。
可以這么說(shuō),商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯不僅關(guān)系著個(gè)人的命運(yùn),而且也關(guān)系著公司的前途和國(guó)家的形象。
商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的重要性決定了我們必須認(rèn)真對(duì)待商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯,而認(rèn)真對(duì)待的前提就是遵守翻譯理論中的準(zhǔn)確性、專業(yè)性、文化性這三個(gè)原則,這樣才能力求在翻譯實(shí)踐中做到少犯低級(jí)錯(cuò)誤。在此基礎(chǔ)上,我們應(yīng)多學(xué)理論知識(shí),充實(shí)自己的頭腦。機(jī)會(huì)是留給有準(zhǔn)備的人的,所以我們必須做到有所準(zhǔn)備,這樣才能在翻譯過(guò)程中做到游刃有余、左右逢源。當(dāng)然光靠理論知識(shí)是完全不夠的,正如上面提到的“實(shí)踐是檢驗(yàn)真理的唯一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”,我們也必須抓住機(jī)遇,多參加企業(yè)的商務(wù)活動(dòng),以加強(qiáng)自己的實(shí)踐能力,這樣既可以提高自己的翻譯能力,也可以鍛煉自己的實(shí)踐能力。
第三篇:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯
Chinese-English translation
1.只要我們秉承平等與互利的原則,雙方的合作一定會(huì)進(jìn)一步深化。
As long as we keep to the principle of equality and mutual benefit, trade between our two parties is sure to develop further.2.如果一方不執(zhí)行合同,另一方有權(quán)撤銷該合同。
In case one party fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to cancel the contract.3.關(guān)于包裝問(wèn)題,我方將與廠商聯(lián)系,要求他們對(duì)此加以重視。
As to packing, we will contact our manufacturers and call their attention to the matter.4.堅(jiān)固的包裝和箱內(nèi)嚴(yán)密的填充可防止木箱受震、開裂。
Solid packing and overall stuffing can prevent the cases from vibration and jarring.5.很遺憾,這是我們的低價(jià)。如果你覺(jué)得價(jià)格不可行,我們只好取消這筆交易。I'm awfully sorry.This is our floor price.If you find it unworkable, we may as well call the deal off.6.請(qǐng)貴方惠寄商品目錄并報(bào)價(jià),謝謝。
I shall be glad if you will send me your catalogue together with quotations.7.我們一直在提高我們產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)水平,以滿足世界市場(chǎng)的要求。
We are always improving our design and patterns to conform to the world market.8.我們通常采用的付款方式是保兌不可撤銷的信用證。
The terms of payment we usually adopt are confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit.9.由于所訂貨物已備妥待運(yùn),請(qǐng)即開信用證,我方一收到信用證,立即裝船。As the goods ordered are ready for shipment, please expedite your L/C, we will effect shipment as soon as it reaches us.10.我們已在中國(guó)人民控股公司替上述貨物按4000美元投保了一切險(xiǎn)。
We have covered the above shipment with PICC Holding Company against All Risks for $4,000.11.我們只投保水漬險(xiǎn),包括倉(cāng)對(duì)倉(cāng)條款,有效期為15天。
We cover only WPA including warehouse to warehouse clause valid for 15 days.12.只要在保險(xiǎn)責(zé)任范圍內(nèi),保險(xiǎn)公司就應(yīng)賠償。
The insurance company is responsible for the claim, as far as it is within the scope of coverage.13.貨物如果轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),我們得多付運(yùn)費(fèi)。
In case of transshipment, we have to pay extra transportation charges.14.由于貴方訂貨數(shù)量太大,目前無(wú)法訂到足夠的艙位,望貴方同意分批裝運(yùn)。As your order is a large one, we are not in a position to book enough shipping space, so we hope you will agree to partial shipment.15.請(qǐng)?zhí)顚戇@份進(jìn)口貨物交運(yùn)單和進(jìn)口貨物包裝聲明。
Please fill out the Import Cargo Shipping Instructions and the Import Cargo Packing Declaration here.16.由于你方未能及時(shí)交貨,我方將向你方提出由此而遭受的全部損失的索賠。We shall lodge a claim for all the losses incurred as a consequence of your failure to ship our order in time.17.我方檢驗(yàn)證明,貨物受損是由于包裝不當(dāng)而造成的。因此,我方不得不將此事提交你處解決。
Our investigation shows that improper packing caused damage.Therefore we have to refer this matter to you.18.考慮到我們之間的業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系,我們準(zhǔn)備接受35噸短裝的索賠。
In view of our friendly business relations, we are prepared to meet your claim for the 35 tons shortage in weight.19.這是由香港一個(gè)著名實(shí)驗(yàn)室提供的一份檢驗(yàn)報(bào)告,證據(jù)絕對(duì)可靠。
Here’s a survey report by a well-known lab in Hong Kong, whose testimony is absolutely reliable.20.根據(jù)我們的檢驗(yàn)報(bào)告,貨物破損的原因是包裝太差。
According to our survey report, the damage was caused by poor packing.
第四篇:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯
(加黑部分重點(diǎn)掌握,其余部分只做了解。)
1.Please accept our thanks for the trouble you have taken.有勞貴方,不勝感激。
2.We are obliged to thank you for your kind attention in this matter.不勝感激貴方對(duì)此事的關(guān)照。
3.We tender you our sincere thanks for your generous treatment of us in this affair.對(duì)貴方在此事中的慷慨之舉,深表感謝。
4.Allow us to thank you for the kindness extended to us.對(duì)貴方之盛情,不勝感謝。
7.We should be grateful for your furnishing us details of your requirements.如承賜示具體要求,不勝感激。
8.It will be greatly appreciated if you will kindly send us your samples.如承惠寄樣品,則不勝感激。
9.We shall appreciate it very much if you will give our bid your favorable consideration.如承優(yōu)惠考慮報(bào)價(jià),不勝感激。
10.We are greatly obliged for your bulk order(大宗訂貨,in bulk 大量的)just received.收到貴方大宗訂貨,不勝感激。
14.We spare no efforts in endeavoring to be of service to you.我方將不遺余力為貴方效勞。
15.We shall be very glad to handle for you at very low commission charges.我方將很愉快與貴方合作,收費(fèi)低廉。
18.We are always in a position to quote you the most advantageous prices for higher quality merchandise.我們始終能向貴方提供品質(zhì)最佳的產(chǎn)品,報(bào)價(jià)最為優(yōu)惠。
19.This places our dealers in a highly competitive position and also enable them to enjoy a maximum profit.這樣可以使我方經(jīng)營(yíng)者具有很強(qiáng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力,還可獲得最大的利潤(rùn)。
1.Having had your name and address from the Commercial Counselor's office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in..., we now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations by a start of some Practical transactions.從中華人民共和國(guó)駐……大使館商務(wù)參贊處獲悉貴公司名稱和地址,現(xiàn)借此機(jī)會(huì)與貴方通信,意在達(dá)成一些實(shí)際交易為開端,以建立業(yè)務(wù)系。
5.We learn from...that your firm specializes in..., and would like to establish business relationship with you.從……獲悉你公司專門經(jīng)營(yíng)……,現(xiàn)愿與你公司建立業(yè)務(wù)關(guān)系。
承……的介紹,獲悉你們是……有代表性的進(jìn)口商之一。
承貴地……銀行通知,你們是……的主要進(jìn)口商(出口商),并有意與中國(guó)進(jìn)行這些方面的貿(mào)易。
8.The...Bank in your city has been kind enough to inform us that you are one of the leading importers(exporters)of...and are interested in trading with China in these lines...據(jù)了解,你們是中國(guó)……(商品)有潛力的買主,而該商品正屬我們的業(yè)務(wù)經(jīng)營(yíng)范圍。
9.We are given to understand that you are potential buyers of Chinese...,which comes within the frame of our business activities.Autonomous company 具有自主經(jīng)營(yíng)權(quán)的公司 availability 可銷售能力 Award 裁決、判給 award dinner 頒獎(jiǎng)宴會(huì) Back 支持、資助、贊助 Backer 資助人 Backlog 積壓
Back pay 補(bǔ)發(fā)工資(常為追補(bǔ)的加薪金額)
Bad debt 壞帳,呆帳,倒賬(無(wú)法收回的應(yīng)收賬款)Bad publicity 負(fù)面影響
Baggage allowance 行李重量限額
Bagstuffer 公告?zhèn)鲉危⌒托麄髌?,通常在街頭散發(fā)或在付款臺(tái)前塞進(jìn)顧客購(gòu)物袋。Balance 余額,平衡
balance of payment 國(guó)際收支,簡(jiǎn)稱BOP Bancassurance 銀行保險(xiǎn)業(yè), 亦作bankassurance Bank charges 銀行手續(xù)費(fèi)
Banking business 金融業(yè),銀行業(yè)
Banner towing 條幅廣告
Bar chart 矩形圖,條形圖,直方圖 也稱bar graph or histogram(是以寬度相同的長(zhǎng)條,按其長(zhǎng)短或高低來(lái)表示指標(biāo)或數(shù)值大小的一種圖形。有單式。復(fù)式和分段式三種。其中縱軸線稱為vertical axis,橫軸線稱為horizontal axis.)
Bar code(打印在商品上,與電腦系統(tǒng)連接可讀出商品價(jià)格和參考數(shù)據(jù)的)條形碼,條碼 Bar graph 矩形圖,條形圖,直方圖,也稱bar chart 或histogram Base pay 基本工資
base rate 基本利率,基礎(chǔ)利率 Batch 成批的產(chǎn)品
Bear market 熊市(通常指股市、匯市等金融市場(chǎng)價(jià)格下跌或疲軟)Benchmark 基價(jià),基準(zhǔn)尺度 Beneficiary 受益人
Benefit premium.(基本工資之外的)福利津貼
Benefits package 一攬子福利,福利套餐(指工資以外的福利,如健康保險(xiǎn),住房或股票等等)
best selling author 暢銷書作家 Bill 要求……支付
Billboard 露天大廣告牌 Bill of entry 報(bào)關(guān)單 Bill of lading 提單
Binding machine 裝訂機(jī)
Black Friday(尤指經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域內(nèi)災(zāi)難性的)黑色星期五,災(zāi)難性的一天 Black Monday(股市狂跌的)黑色星期一 Blockbuster 大力促銷,生意興隆 Blue chip 1 藍(lán)籌股, 績(jī)優(yōu)股
accounts 1 賬目例:The financial director was accused of falsifying the company accounts.accounts 2 會(huì)計(jì)部門 即 accounts department 例: She works in accounts.ccounts manager 會(huì)計(jì)部經(jīng)理 accounts payable 應(yīng)付賬款例: Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.advance 預(yù)付款, 墊款例: I asked for an advance on my salary.advanced orders 預(yù)訂貨量例: The development of the game has taken two years but advanced orders are impressive.after-sales warranty 售后保單
against all risks 保全險(xiǎn)例:These are goods insured against all risks.agency 代理行,經(jīng)銷處,公眾服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu),代理公司,中介公司例:The firm has agencies all over the world.agency recruitment通過(guò)職業(yè)介紹所招聘例:Recruitment in the UK is divided into agency recruitment, advertising or executive search.agenda 議程例:An agenda is a list of things to discuss at a meeting.agent 1 代理商,代理人例:He is an authorized agent for a large insurance company.airlines 航空公司(多用于航空公司名稱中)例: English Royal Dutch Airlines(均大寫)all-risk policy 全險(xiǎn),綜合險(xiǎn),全險(xiǎn)保單例: We have taken out an all-risk policy on the electronic equipment.annual general meeting 股東大會(huì)(根據(jù)法律規(guī)定每年舉行,出席的包括公司成員,股東和董事),簡(jiǎn)稱AGM.口語(yǔ)里也稱the yearly shareholders' meeting.例: The financial results will be announced at the annual general meeting.as of 自......起,等于as from 例:I would like to inform you that as of September 6, 2001,the new name for our company will be Sunrise.Certificate of Origin certificate of origin of China showing
中國(guó)產(chǎn)地證明書 stating 證明 evidencing specifying 說(shuō)明 indicating 表明 declaration of 聲明
certificate of Chinese origin
中國(guó)產(chǎn)地證明書
Certificate of origin shipment of goods of … origin prohibited 產(chǎn)地證,不允許裝運(yùn)……的產(chǎn)品
packing list detailing…
詳注……的裝箱單
packing list showing in detail…
注明……細(xì)節(jié)的裝箱單 weight list 重量單
weight notes 磅碼單(重量單)detailed weight list 明細(xì)重量單 parcel post receipt 郵包收
certificate customs invoice on form 59A combined certificate of value and origin for developing countries 適用于發(fā)展中國(guó)家的包括價(jià)值和產(chǎn)地證明書的格式59A海關(guān)發(fā)票證明書 pure foods certificate 純食品證書
combined certificate of value and Chinese origin
價(jià)值和中國(guó)產(chǎn)地聯(lián)合證明書
loading port and destinaltion
裝運(yùn)港與目的港 date of shipment 裝船期
partial shipments and transhipment 分運(yùn)與轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)
partial shipments are(not)permitted
(不)允許分運(yùn) partial shipments(are)allowed(prohibited)
準(zhǔn)許(不準(zhǔn))分運(yùn) without transhipment
不允許轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)
transhipment at Hongkong allowed
允許在香港轉(zhuǎn)船
partial shipments are permissible,transhipment is allowed except at…
允許分運(yùn),除在……外允許轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)
partial/prorate shipments are perimtted
允許分運(yùn)/按比例裝運(yùn) valid in…for negotiation until…
在……議付至……止
draft(s)must be presented to the negotiating(or drawee)bank not later than…
匯票不得遲于……交議付行(受票行)
expiry date for presention of documents…
交單滿期日
draft(s)must be negotiated not later than…
匯票要不遲于……議付
this L/C is valid for negotiation in China(or your port)until 15th,July 1977
本證于1977年7月15日止在中國(guó)議付有效
bills of exchange must be negotiated within 15 days from the date of bills of lading but not later than August 8,1977
匯票須在提單日起15天內(nèi)議付,但不得遲于1977年8月8日.this credit remains valid in China until 23rd May,1977(inclusive)
本證到1977年5月23日為止,包括當(dāng)日在內(nèi)在中國(guó)有效 expiry date August 15,1977 in country of beneficiary for negotiation
于1977年8月15日在受益人國(guó)家議付期滿
expiry date 15th August,1977 in the country of the beneficiary unless otherwise
除非另有規(guī)定,(本證)于1977年8月15日受益人國(guó)家滿期 draft(s)drawn under this credit must be negotiation in China on or before August 12,1977 after which date this credit expires
憑本證項(xiàng)下開具的匯票要在1977年8月12日或該日以前在中國(guó)議付,該日以后本證失效
expiry(expiring)date…
滿期日……(有效期).…if negotiation on or before…
在……日或該日以前議付
negoation must be on or before the 15th day of shipment
自裝船日起15天或之前議付 this credit shall remain in force until 15th August 197 in China
本證到1977年8月15日為止在中國(guó)有效
the credit is available for negotiation or payment abroad until…
本證在國(guó)外議付或付款的日期到……為止
the amount and date of negotiation of each draft must be endorsed on reverse hereof by the negotiation bank
每份匯票的議付金額和日期必須由議付行在本證背面簽注
this copy of credit is for your own file,please deliver the attached original to the beneficaries
本證副本供你行存檔,請(qǐng)將隨附之正本遞交給受益人 without you confirmation thereon
(本證)無(wú)需你行保兌
documents must be sent by consecutive airmails
單據(jù)須分別由連續(xù)航次郵寄(注:即不要將兩套或數(shù)套單據(jù)同一航次寄出)
all original documents are to be forwarded to us by air mail and duplicate documents by sea-mail
全部單據(jù)的正本須用航郵,副本用平郵寄交我行
please despatch the first set of documents including three copies of commercial invoices direct to us by registered airmail and the second set by following airmail
請(qǐng)將包括3份商業(yè)發(fā)票在內(nèi)的第一套單據(jù)用掛號(hào)航郵經(jīng)寄我行,第二套單據(jù)在下一次航郵寄出
original documents must be snet by Registered airmail,and duplicate by subsequent airmail
單據(jù)的正本須用掛號(hào)航郵寄送,副本在下一班航郵寄送 documents must by sent by successive(or succeeding)airmails
單據(jù)要由連續(xù)航郵寄送
all documents made out in English must be sent to out bank in one lot
用英文繕制的所有單據(jù)須一次寄交我行 method of reimbursement 索償辦法
available by your draft at sight payable by us in London on the basis to sight draft on New York
憑你行開具之即期匯票向我行在倫敦的機(jī)構(gòu)索回票款,票款在紐約即期兌付
in reimbursement,please claim from our RMB¥ account held with your banking department Bank of China Head Office Beijing with the amount of your negotiation
償付辦法,請(qǐng)?jiān)诒本┛傂形胰嗣駧艓糁兴骰啬阈凶h付之款項(xiàng)
upon presentation of the documents to us,we shall authorize your head office backing department by airmail to debit the proceeds to our foreign business department account
一俟向我行提交單證,我行將用航郵授權(quán)你總行借記我行國(guó)外營(yíng)業(yè)部帳戶
after negotiation,you may reimburse yourselves by debiting our RMB¥ account with you,please forward all relative documents in one lot to us by airmail
議付后請(qǐng)借記我行在你行開立的人民幣帳戶,并將全部有關(guān)單據(jù)用航郵一次寄給我行
all bank charges outside U.K.are for our principals account,but must claimed at the time of presentation of documents
在英國(guó)境外發(fā)生的所有銀行費(fèi)用,應(yīng)由開證人負(fù)擔(dān),但須在提交單據(jù)是索取
negotiating bank may claim reimbursement by T.T.on the…bank certifying that the credit terms have been complied with
議付行須證明本證條款已旅行,并按電匯條款向……銀行索回貨款 abandonment clause: 委付條款 act of god: 不可抗力 actuary: 保險(xiǎn)精算師
all-risks policy:一切險(xiǎn)保單 Assignment clause: 轉(zhuǎn)讓條款 Average: 海損、海損分?jǐn)?Average adjuster: 海損理算人
Average clause: 共同海損分擔(dān)條款 Certificate of insurance: 保險(xiǎn)證明書 Claim: 索賠
Claim assessor: 索賠人 Damage: 損壞賠償金
Damage certificate: 損壞證明書 Damage claim: 損壞索賠 Endorsement: 簽注
Endowment policy: 人壽定期保險(xiǎn)單 Faa(free of all average): 全損賠償 Fpa(free of particular average): 單獨(dú)海損不賠 Free of average: 全損賠償 Insurance broker: 保險(xiǎn)經(jīng)紀(jì)人 Insurance policy: 保險(xiǎn)單 Insurance premium: 保險(xiǎn)費(fèi) Jettison: 投棄
Knock-for-knock agreement: 互撞免賠協(xié)議 Liability insurance: 責(zé)任保險(xiǎn) Life assured: 人壽保險(xiǎn)投保人 Life fund: 人壽保險(xiǎn)基金 Loading: 人壽保險(xiǎn)附加費(fèi) Loss adjuster: 損失理算人 Loss ratio: 賠付率
Marine insurance: 海上運(yùn)輸保險(xiǎn)
Mortality tables: 死亡率表(用于計(jì)算保險(xiǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn))Motor insurance: 汽車保險(xiǎn)
Mutual insurance company: 互助保險(xiǎn)公司 No-claims bonus: 無(wú)索償獎(jiǎng)金 Reinsurance: 再保險(xiǎn);轉(zhuǎn)保 Renewal: 續(xù)保;延期 Renewal premium: 續(xù)保費(fèi)
Salvage value: 殘值;獲救貨物或船舶的價(jià)值 Third party insurance: 第三方保險(xiǎn) Time policy: 定期保險(xiǎn)單 Unvalued policy: 不定值保單 U/w(underwriter): 承保人
第五篇:商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯
Abstract:
This article introduces the services and development of the Internet of Things, and analyzes the driving forces and obstacles behind such development.Looking at application types and the different development stages of the Internet of Things, this article categorizes its services into four types: identity related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services.For the first two types of services, applications and system framework are discussed;for the last two types, development trends are discussed.Services provided by the Internet of Things will gradually be integrated into human life and society;with the development of the Internet of Things, applications will evolve from relatively simple identity-related and information aggregation-related applications, to collaboratively-aware, and finally ubiquitous applications.It will then be possible for the Internet of Things to be fully integrated with Internet and telecommunications networks.摘要:
本文介紹了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的服務(wù)和發(fā)展和分析這種發(fā)展背后的推動(dòng)力和障礙。尋找在應(yīng)用程序類型和不同發(fā)展階段的物聯(lián)網(wǎng),這篇文章總結(jié)為四種類型的服務(wù):身份相關(guān)服務(wù),信息聚合服務(wù),協(xié)作感知的服務(wù)和無(wú)處不在服務(wù)。對(duì)于前兩種類型的服務(wù),對(duì)應(yīng)用程序和系統(tǒng)框架進(jìn)行了討論,對(duì)于最后兩個(gè)類型,對(duì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行了討論。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供的服務(wù)將逐步融入人類的生活和社會(huì);隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展,應(yīng)用程序會(huì)從相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的身份到有關(guān)的信息聚合到協(xié)作感知相關(guān)的應(yīng)用發(fā)展,并最終成為無(wú)處不在的應(yīng)用。然后,它將充分結(jié)合互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。Development of the Internet of Things
The concept“Internet of Things”was coined by Kevin Ashton of Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in 1999, and is defined as follows: all things are connected to the Internet via sensing devices such as Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)to achieve intelligent
identification and management.Early in 1995, the book The Power to Predict [1] first described application scenarios of the Internet of Things.In recent times, the Internet of Things has developed rapidly and globally due to increasing government and enterprise investment in projects in regions such as the USA, Europe, Japan, and
South Korea.IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative will see an investment of 3 million dollars made in smart grid and digital healthcare projects.The EU has proposed an i2010 policy framework that aims to enhance economic efficiency and promote the development of Information and
Communication Technologies(ICT)through widespread use of these technologies.In Japan, the i-Japan strategy is based on E-Japan and U-Japan.South Korea has also proposed a new project for the Internet of Things.In China, Prime Minister Wen Jiabo presented the concept
of“Experiencing China”in August 2009.Driven by the Chinese Government, the Internet of Things industry has developed rapidly in China.1、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展的因素
由凱文·阿什頓的美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院(MIT)于1999年提出的“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”的概念,定義如下:所有的東西都連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng),如射頻識(shí)別(RFID)傳感裝置,以實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化識(shí)別和管理。早在1995年,這本書的動(dòng)力預(yù)測(cè)首先介紹了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景。
在最近幾年,隨著物聯(lián)網(wǎng)和全球化的迅速發(fā)展,越來(lái)越多的政府和企業(yè)在美國(guó),歐洲,日本,韓國(guó)等地區(qū)進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目的投資。IBM的智慧地球倡議,將在智能電網(wǎng)和數(shù)字醫(yī)療保健項(xiàng)目中得到3億美元的投資。歐盟已經(jīng)提出了一個(gè)2010年的政策框架,其目的是提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率和促進(jìn)通過(guò)這些技術(shù)的廣泛使用使信息和通信技術(shù)(ICT)得到發(fā)展。在日本,他的戰(zhàn)略是基于E-日本和U-日本。韓國(guó)也提出了關(guān)于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的新項(xiàng)目。2009年8月,中國(guó)總理溫家寶提出的“體驗(yàn)中國(guó)”的概念。在中國(guó)政府的推動(dòng)下,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)在中國(guó)發(fā)展迅速。
1.1 Driving Forces for Development of the Internet of Things
First, the development of the Internet of Things conforms to the trend of using information technologies to better serve society.On the one hand, modern society suffers development bottlenecks in the fields of energy, transport, logistics and financing.On the other, people have direct demands in health, and medical treatment and services.With a general belief that
information technologies make for smarter terminals, wider networks, and better services than other technologies, they are naturally chosen to solve problems encountered in social and economic development as well as to enhance standards of living.Second, the Internet of Things is regarded as a new source of economic growth by many
governments.The Information Superhighway Plan implemented by the Clinton administration brought 10 years of rapid economic development to the USA.Now, the Obama administration has put forward“Smarter Earth,”which probably has relations with the Information Superhighway Plan.In China, the Internet of Things is regarded as the practice of using information technologies to promote industrialization.In regions such as Europe, Japan, and South Korea, government plays an important role in Internet of Things planning.Third, with its businesses reaching saturation point, the telecom industry also regards the Internet of Things as a new breakthrough.In many European countries, mobile phone penetration rate has reached 100%.As a result, person-to-thing and thing-to-thing communication has been placed high on the agenda.The Internet of Things therefore represents a new stage in the development of the telecom industry.1.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展動(dòng)力
首先,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展,符合在使用信息技術(shù)下可以更好地為社會(huì)服務(wù)的趨勢(shì)。一方面,現(xiàn)代社會(huì)發(fā)展遭受瓶頸,包括能源,運(yùn)輸,物流和融資等領(lǐng)域。另一方面,人有直接的需求在衛(wèi)生,醫(yī)療和服務(wù)方面。智慧型終端將更廣泛的應(yīng)用于網(wǎng)絡(luò),與其他技術(shù)相比,可以更好的服務(wù)于信息技術(shù),可以用來(lái)解決在社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中遇到的問(wèn)題和提高人民生活水平。第二,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)被許多國(guó)家的政府視為一個(gè)新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)源??肆诸D政府實(shí)施的“信息高速公路計(jì)劃購(gòu)買美國(guó)10年來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展。現(xiàn)在,奧巴馬政府已提出“智慧地球”,這可能與信息高速公路計(jì)劃的關(guān)系。在中國(guó),物聯(lián)網(wǎng)被視為利用信息技術(shù)推動(dòng)工業(yè)化的方法。在歐洲,日本和韓國(guó)等地區(qū),政府在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)規(guī)劃中起著重要的作用。
第三,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)業(yè)務(wù)達(dá)到飽和點(diǎn),電信業(yè)也被視為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展的一個(gè)新的突破點(diǎn)。在歐洲許多國(guó)家,移動(dòng)電話普及率已達(dá)100%。因此,人對(duì)事物和事物對(duì)事物通信已被提上議事日程。因此,物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展代表電信業(yè)發(fā)展的一個(gè)新階段。Services of the Internet of Things
There are a large number of applications that can be included as Internet of Things services, and these can be classified according to different criteria.According to technical features, Internet of Things services can be divided into 4 types: identity-related services[2], information
aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services[3].It is generally agreed that an inevitable trend for the Internet of Things will be its
development from information aggregation to collaborative awareness and ubiquitous
convergence, and that not all services of the Internet of Things will develop to the stage of ubiquitous convergence.Many applications and services only require information aggregation, and are not intended for ubiquitous convergence as the information is closed, confidential, and applicable only to a small group.2聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)
物聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)包括了大量的應(yīng)用,而這些應(yīng)用可以根據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類。根據(jù)技術(shù)特點(diǎn),就互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)可分為4種類型:[1]身份相關(guān)的服務(wù)[2],聚合信息服務(wù),[3]協(xié)同感知的服務(wù),和[4]無(wú)處不在的服務(wù)。
人們普遍認(rèn)為,一個(gè)必然的趨勢(shì)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)將是其發(fā)展的信息聚合協(xié)作意識(shí)和無(wú)處不在的收斂,并非所有的聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)將無(wú)處不在的融洽。很多應(yīng)用和服務(wù)的發(fā)展階段,只需要信息聚合,不用于無(wú)處不在收斂的信息是封閉的,保密和適用只有一小群。
2.1 Identity-Related Services
Identity-related services adopt identity technologies such as RFID, two-dimensional code, and barcode.Figure 1 lists some identity-related services.According to the identification mode of the terminal, identity-related services can be divided into two categories: active and passive.They can also be classified by served objects(enterprise or individual): personal applications or enterprise services.The implementation of different applications may vary.Figure 2 illustrates the basic principle of tag-based information acquisition services.The general procedure for such services is as
follows: first, an RFID tag is attached to a thing.Then, a read device accesses the information in the RFID tag(including the identity information of the thing), and makes a request to the name resolution server of the Internet of Things.In this way, it may obtain the Uniform Resource Identifier(URI)of the thing.Finally, the read device obtains further information from the URI.2.1身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)
身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)采用身份的技術(shù),如RFID,二維碼和條碼。圖1列出了一些身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)。
根據(jù)終端識(shí)別模式,身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)可分為兩個(gè)類別:主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)。它們也可以被列為服務(wù)對(duì)象(企業(yè)或個(gè)人):個(gè)人申請(qǐng)或企業(yè)不同的應(yīng)用服務(wù)。
實(shí)施可能會(huì)有所不同。圖2顯示了基于標(biāo)簽的信息獲取服務(wù)的基本原則。一般程序這樣的服務(wù)如下:首先,RFID標(biāo)簽連接到一件事。然后,讀取設(shè)備的訪問(wèn),在RFID標(biāo)簽的信息(包括身份信息的事情),使得聯(lián)網(wǎng)名稱解析服務(wù)器的請(qǐng)求。在這種方式,它可以得到的東西的統(tǒng)一資源標(biāo)識(shí)符(URI)。最后,讀取裝置從URI取得進(jìn)一步的信息。Key Technologies for the Internet of Things
The above discussion shows that implementation of services in the Internet of Things mainly involves the key technologies of sensor, sensor network, sensor network-related communication, communication network, the Internet of Things platform, and integrated technologies.The sensor is used to collect information in the Internet of Things;it is the basic part that senses the real world, and offers services and applications.However, due to the diversity of sensors(there are temperature, pressure, speed, humidity, height, video, image, and location sensors), information interfaces provided by these sensors vary widely.This is the greatest challenge for mass production of Internet of Things terminals.Much research has already been conducted into sensor networks, and a complete set of specifications have been made for the physical layer, link layer, and network layer.But sensor networks have not been put into application on a large scale[6].Typical sensor network-related communication technologies include Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association(IrDA), Wireless
Fidelity(Wi-Fi), ZigBee, RFID, Ultra-Wide Band(UWB), Near Filed Communication(NFC), and WirelessHart.Sensor networks will evolve to next generation IP networks(e.g.IPv6 networks), and sensor terminals will tend to become smarter.The intelligence of a sensor network is mainly reflected in its IP technology, low power consumption, small size, bidirectional transfer of information, and non-manual maintenance.Communication networks provide the data transmission channel for the Internet of Things.Current research into communication networks focuses on how to enhance existing networks to meet the service requirements of the Internet of Things(e.g.low data rate, low mobility).The Internet of Things platform works with terminals as well as exiting networks and systems to provide the capabilities to various applications.In terms of network architecture, a unified service platform that is suitable for applications of multiple industries is required to support cross-sector, unified information services.In particular, when the Internet of Things develops into the collaborative-aware or even ubiquitous service stages, more effective network framework, name address, routing, and communication protocols have to be worked out.3.物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)
上述討論表明,在實(shí)施物聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)時(shí)將主要涉及傳感器、傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò),基于傳感器的溝通交流、網(wǎng)絡(luò)溝通、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺(tái)和綜合技術(shù)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。
該傳感器是用來(lái)收集在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中的信息,它是實(shí)現(xiàn)感知現(xiàn)實(shí)世界這一功能的基本組成部分并提供服務(wù)和應(yīng)用。然而,由于傳感器的多樣性(比如溫度,壓力,速度,濕度,高度,視頻,圖像,位置傳感器),這些傳感器的信息接口的千差萬(wàn)別。這也成為了眾多物聯(lián)網(wǎng)終端最大的挑戰(zhàn)。
許多研究已經(jīng)針對(duì)傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)展開,并完成了一整套物理層,鏈路層和網(wǎng)絡(luò)層的規(guī)格規(guī)范。但傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)仍尚未投入大規(guī)模的應(yīng)用。典型傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)通訊技術(shù)包括藍(lán)牙、紅外通訊(IrDA)、無(wú)線保真(Wi-Fi的)、ZigBee、RFID、超寬帶(UWB)、近場(chǎng)通信技術(shù)(NFC)和WirelessHART的。傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)將發(fā)展為下一代IP網(wǎng)絡(luò)(例如IPv6網(wǎng)絡(luò)),傳感器終端將會(huì)變得更加聰明。傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的智能主要體現(xiàn)在它的IP技術(shù)、低功耗、體積小、信息雙向傳輸和自動(dòng)維護(hù)上。
通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供了數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸通道。目前關(guān)于通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的研究集中在如何增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)以滿足物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的服務(wù)需求(例如低數(shù)據(jù)率,低流動(dòng)性)。
物聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺(tái)和終端相兼容,也擁有在脫離網(wǎng)絡(luò)和系統(tǒng)的情況下提供的各種應(yīng)用的能力。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系架構(gòu)中,一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的適合多個(gè)行業(yè)應(yīng)用的服務(wù)平臺(tái)將需要跨部門,統(tǒng)一的信息服務(wù)的支持。特別是當(dāng)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展成為協(xié)同感知,甚至變成無(wú)處不在的服務(wù)的階段,將需要制定更有效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)框架、姓名、地址、路由。