第一篇：商務英語翻譯資料

1.中國外匯儲備結束12個月連漲 較上月降270億美元

China's foreign exchange reserves ended a 12-month run of gains, down $27 billion from the previous month.中國人民銀行7日公布的最新外匯儲備規模數據顯示，截至2月末，中國外匯儲備規模為31345億美元，較1月末下降270億美元，降幅為0.85%。此前，中國外匯儲備已經連續12個月上漲，從2017年1月末的逾2.99萬億美元，一路升至2018年1月末的3.16萬億美元。

中國國家外匯管理局有關負責人當天就此回答記者提問時表示，2月，中國跨境資金流動和境內外主體交易行為總體平穩，外匯市場供求延續基本平衡格局。國際金融市場波動性上升，匯率及資產價格出現調整，主要非美元貨幣相對美元下跌和資產價格回調等因素共同作用，外匯儲備規模小幅下降。這位負責人稱，當前，中國經濟保持中高速增長，供給側結構性改革扎實推進，經濟運行呈現出增長與質量、結構、效益相得益彰的良好局面。中國跨境資金雙向流動、總體平衡的發展趨勢已初步形成。

According to the latest foreign exchange reserve scale data released by the People's Bank of China on the 7th, as of the end of February, the size of China’s foreign exchange reserves was 3.1345 trillion U.S.dollars, a decrease of 27 billion U.S.dollars from the end of January, a decrease of 0.85%.Earlier, China’s foreign exchange reserves have risen for 12 consecutive months, rising from more than 2.99 trillion US dollars at the end of January 2017 to 3.16 trillion US dollars at the end of January 2018.The person in charge of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the People's Republic of China said the same day when he answered a reporter’s question.In February, China’s cross-border capital flows and domestic and foreign entities’ transactions were generally stable, and the supply and demand in the foreign exchange market continued to be basically balanced.The volatility of the international financial market has risen, and the exchange rate and asset prices have been adjusted.The major non-US dollar currencies have been working against factors such as the decline of the US dollar and the correction of asset prices.The scale of foreign exchange reserves has declined slightly.The person in charge said that at present, China’s economy has maintained a medium-to-high-speed growth, structural reforms on the supply side have been steadily advanced, and economic operations have shown a good situation in which growth, quality, structure, and benefits complement each other.The two-way flow of cross-border capital flows in China and the overall balanced development trend have taken shape.2.Facebook巨量信息被竊引爆信任危機

The theft of vast amounts of information from Facebook has triggered a crisis of confidence

因為涉嫌泄露5000萬用戶信息，美國社交巨頭Facebook突然進入了一個極為危險的境地。

當地時間3月19日，Facebook股價經歷了4年以來的最大下跌，跌幅達6.77%。市值蒸發367億美元。投資者拋售Facebook股票的同時，其他科技巨頭公司的股價也受到影響，谷歌母公司Alphabet下跌3.03%，蘋果和亞馬遜下跌1.53%。當地時間3月17日，美國紐約時報和英國觀察者報（英國衛報的周日版）共同發布了深度報道，曝光Facebook上超過5000萬用戶信息數據被一家名為“劍橋分析”（Cambridge Analytica）的公司泄露，用于在2016年美國總統大選中針對目標受眾推送廣告，從而影響大選結果。

超過5000萬用戶的Facebook信息被第三方公司利用，利用算法向用戶進行“精準營銷”的商業操作，繼而對Facebook用戶施加政治影響。此事在世界范圍內引發了軒然大波。甚至有投資者直言，Facebook創始人扎克伯格缺乏危機應對的能力，他應該下課。

Facebook內部顯然也感受到了暴風雨來臨。Facebook定于當地時間3月20日凌晨召開緊急會議，允許雇員就此事開展提問。

Because allegedly leaking 50 million user information, the US social giant Facebook suddenly entered an extremely dangerous situation.On March 19th, local time, Facebook's share price experienced the largest decline in four years, a drop of 6.77%.The market value evaporated 36.7 billion U.S.dollars.While investors dumped Facebook shares, the share prices of other technology giants were also affected, with Google’s parent company Alphabet falling by 3.03% and Apple and Amazon falling by 1.53%.On March 17, local time, the New York Times and the British Observer(British Guardian's Sunday edition)jointly published in-depth reports, revealing more than 50 million user information data on Facebook by a company called Cambridge Analytica.The leaked company was used to push advertisements for the target audience in the 2016 US presidential election, thereby affecting the results of the election.More than 50 million users' Facebook messages have been used by third-party companies to use algorithms to conduct “precision marketing” business operations and then to exert political influence on Facebook users.The incident caused a worldwide uproar.Some investors have even spoken out about Facebook founder mark Zuckerberg's lack of ability to deal with the crisis, and he should go.The storm is clearly felt inside Facebook, too.Facebook is scheduled to convene an emergency meeting early in the morning on March 20th to allow employees to ask questions on this matter.3.特朗普簽署貿易備忘錄，中方不懼貿易戰

Trump signed the trade memorandum.China is not afraid of trade war

美國總統特朗普當地時間22日中午在白宮簽署針對中國的總統備忘錄，宣布基于“301調查”結果，將對約600億美元進口自中國的商品加征關稅，并對中資投資美國設限等。

中國隨即作出回應。中國駐美大使館發表聲明說，中方不希望打貿易戰，但絕不懼怕貿易戰，有信心、有能力應對任何挑戰。如果美方執意要打，我們將奉陪到底，并采取所有必要措施堅決捍衛自身合法權益。

幾個小時后，中國商務部公布針對美國進口鋼鐵和鋁產品232措施的中止減讓產品清單，擬對約30億美元自美進口商品加征關稅。

US President Trump signed a presidential memorandum against China at noon on the 22nd at local time.He announced that based on the results of the “301 investigation,” he will impose tariffs on about 60 billion U.S.dollars of imports from China, and impose restrictions on Chinese investment in the United States, etc.China immediately responded.The Chinese Embassy in the United States issued a statement saying that China does not want to fight a trade war, but it is not afraid of a trade war and has confidence and ability to respond to any challenge.If the United States insists on fighting, we will follow suit and take all necessary measures to firmly defend our legitimate rights and interests.A few hours later, the Ministry of Commerce of China announced the list of suspension and concession products for the United States importing steel and aluminum products 232 measures, and proposed to impose tariffs on approximately US$3 billion in imports from the United States.4.博鰲亞洲論壇舉行 中國與世界合作共贏

Boao Forum for Asia held, China has a win-win cooperation with the world

博鰲亞洲論壇2018年年會4月8日起開始舉行，中國國家主席習近平將出席論壇年會開幕式并發表重要主旨演講。外媒表示，中國將借此平臺宣布一系列新的改革開放重要舉措，中國的開放之路將帶領該國和世界走向合作共贏。

中國國家主席習近平將在年會開幕式的主旨演講中宣布一系列改革開放新舉措，其中涉及“一帶一路”、自由貿易港以及“中國制造2025”的內容尤其受到關注。這些計劃將促進亞洲的發展，加強國際社會的團結。

今年是中國改革開放40周年，在逆全球化和貿易保護主義抬頭的背景下，中國的開放之路將帶領該國和世界走向合作共贏。中國國家主席習近平的“人類命運共同體”倡議，則是改革開放的“國際版”。

博鰲亞洲論壇的意義在不斷變化和發展。作為一個公開看法、交換意見的平臺，它具有非常重大的意義。

The Boao Forum for Asia 2018 was held starting from April 8, and Chinese President Xi Jinping will attend the opening ceremony of the forum and deliver an important keynote speech.Foreign media indicated that China will use this platform to announce a series of new important measures for reform and opening up.China’s open road will lead the country and the world towards a win-win cooperation.Chinese President Xi Jinping will announce a series of new reforms and opening-up measures in the keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the annual meeting.The contents concerning the “Belt and Road”, free trade ports, and “Made in China 2025” are particularly concerned.These plans will promote the development of Asia and strengthen the unity of the international community.This year marks the 40th anniversary of China’s reform and opening up.Under the background of anti-globalization and trade protectionism, China’s opening up will lead the country and the world toward a win-win cooperation.The Chinese President Xi Jinping’s initiative of the “human destiny community” is an “international version” of reform and opening up.The significance of the Boao Forum for Asia is constantly changing and developing.As a platform for public opinions and exchange of opinions, it is of great significance.5.美國年內加息大概率增至4次

The United States raises the probability of raising interest rates to 4 times during the year

美國白宮21日向國會提交了特朗普政府第一份總統年度經濟報告，報告預計今年美國經濟增速將升至3.1％。與此同時，美聯儲和官員對經濟前景和通脹樂觀情緒也在增加，經濟前景利好令越來越多的市場人士預計美國年內加息增至4次的可能性增加。

由于人口老齡化以及勞動生產率提升緩慢，美聯儲預計美國潛在經濟增長率為1.8％。美國《華爾街日報》今年1月初對經濟學家的調查也顯示，雖然2018年美國經濟增速可能進一步加快至2.7％，但2019年和2020年增速預計將逐步回落至2.2％和2％。這意味著特朗普的經濟政策很難改變金融危機以來美國經濟2％左右的溫和增長趨勢。

根據美聯儲官員們對經濟前景的樂觀情緒，美國經濟學家保羅·阿什沃斯預計，美聯儲今年可能加息四次，并且這一觀點逐漸成為市場主流判斷，后市加息進程將取決于美國國內的通脹水平。

On the 21st, the White House presented to the Congress the Trump administration’s first annual presidential economic report, which is expected to grow to 3.1% this year.At the same time, the Fed and officials’ optimism about the economic outlook and inflation are also increasing.The favorable economic outlook has led more and more market participants to expect the United States to increase its interest rate increase to four times during the year.As the population ages and labor productivity increases slowly, the Fed expects the United States' potential economic growth rate to be 1.8%.A survey of economists conducted by the Wall Street Journal in early January this year also showed that although the US economy may accelerate further to 2.7% in 2018, the growth rate in 2019 and 2020 is expected to gradually fall to 2.2% and 2%.This means that Trump's economic policy is difficult to change the moderate growth of the US economy since the financial crisis around 2%.According to Fed officials' optimism about the economic outlook, US economist Paul Ashworth predicted that the Fed may raise interest rates four times this year, and this view gradually becomes the market's mainstream judgment.The process of interest rate increase in the future market will depend on the United States.The level of inflation.6.外媒稱海南將成中國對外開放新窗口：繁榮或超香港

Foreign media say Hainan will be a new window for China to open up to the outside world: prosperous or ahead of Hong Kong

外媒稱，在中國政府支持下，海南旅游吸引力的日漸增強使其成為中國深化全方位改革開放政策的新窗口。海南將成為環境友好型經濟特區，逐步成為國際旅游消費中心，并將建設自由貿易試驗區和中國特色自由貿易港。

報道稱，海南自由貿易港將對標世界最高開放水平，繁榮程度很可能將超越國際公認較為成功的自由貿易港新加坡、迪拜和中國香港。報道還稱，這是體現中國未來發展戰略的重要決策，因為中國需要改變發展模式，在人民生活水平不斷提高的背景下實現均衡高質量的發展。

在出口、工業和投資起著決定性作用多年后，中國正處于更重視國內消費、服務和技術創新的再平衡的過程中。報道還指出，政府選擇海南作為開放的新窗口是因為它是改革開放40年的一個重要見證。

Foreign media said that with the support of the Chinese government, the increasing attraction of Hainan's tourism has made it a new window for China to deepen its all-round reform and opening up policy.Hainan will become an environmentally friendly special economic zone and gradually become an international tourism consumption center.It will also establish a free trade pilot zone and a free trade port with Chinese characteristics.According to the report, Hainan Free Trade Port will be the highest level of openness in the world, and the degree of prosperity will likely surpass internationally recognized and successful free trade ports Singapore, Dubai and Hong Kong.The report also stated that this is an important decision that reflects China’s future development strategy, because China needs to change its development model and achieve balanced and high-quality development in the context of the continuous improvement of people’s living standards.After years of decisive role in exports, industry, and investment, China is in the process of paying more attention to the rebalancing of domestic consumption, services, and technological innovation.The report also pointed out that the government chose Hainan as a new open window because it is an important testimony to the 40 years of reform and opening up.7.美宣布退出伊核協議，聯合國秘書長回應:深感憂慮

The United States announces its withdrawal from the Iran nuclear agreement.The UN Secretary General responds: Deeply worried

聯合國秘書長古特雷斯8日通過發言人發表聲明，稱對美國當天宣布將退出《聯合全面行動計劃》(JCPOA，即伊核協議)并重啟對伊朗制裁“深感憂慮”。

美國總統特朗普當天下午在白宮宣布，美國將退出伊核協議并將重新對伊朗實施最嚴厲的經濟制裁。他聲稱該協議缺乏遏制伊朗發展核武器及洲際彈道導彈的有效機制。近期，英國、法國、德國領導人曾分別與特朗普進行溝通，勸阻其退出伊核協議。

古特雷斯在聲明中說，自己一直反復申明，伊核協議是核不擴散和外交方面的一項重大成就，并為區域和國際和平與安全作出了貢獻。古特雷斯在聲明中呼吁伊核協議的其他締約方充分遵守各自根據協議作出的承諾，呼吁聯合國所有其他會員國支持伊核協議。

日前，英、法、德三國及中國、俄羅斯分別發表聯合聲明，重申對伊核協議的支持。伊朗總統魯哈尼在8日宣布，伊朗將暫時留在伊核協議中。

U.S.Secretary-General Guterres issued a statement on the 8th through a spokesperson, saying that he is “deeply worried” that the United States has announced that it will withdraw from the “Joint Comprehensive Action Plan”(JCPOA, the Iranian nuclear agreement)and resumed sanctions against Iran.U.S.President Donald trump announced at the White House this afternoon that the United States will pull out of the Iran nuclear deal and re-impose the toughest economic sanctions on Iran.He said the deal lacked an effective mechanism to curb Iran's development of nuclear weapons and intercontinental ballistic missiles.Recently, the leaders of Britain, France and Germany have separately spoken to Mr Trump to dissuade him from withdrawing from the Iran nuclear deal.Guterres said in a statement that he has repeatedly affirmed that the Iranian nuclear agreement is a major achievement in nuclear nonproliferation and diplomacy and has contributed to regional and international peace and security.In the statement, Guterres called on other parties to the Iranian nuclear agreement to fully comply with their respective commitments under the agreement and called on all other UN member states to support the Iran nuclear agreement.Recently, Britain, France, Germany and China and Russia respectively issued a joint statement reiterating their support for the Iran nuclear agreement.Iranian President Rohani announced on the 8th that Iran will temporarily stay in the Iran nuclear agreement.College Admissions: Showing Your Best Side on Social Media

大學招生：在社交媒體上展示你最好的一面

Social media has found its way into almost every part of everyday life.It has even affected college and university admissions.Many colleges and universities in the United States are now using social media to share information with applicants.Applicants' social media posts are affecting admissions decisions

This year, the test preparation company Kaplan released a study on how admissions officials view applicants' social media presence.Almost 400 admissions officials were questioned.About 70 percent said it was fair for them to consider an applicant's social media messages and pictures when making their decisions.Admissions officials do not always get a full picture of the kind of person an applicant is from the traditional application materials.Therefore, many officials view social media as a way of learning more about what an applicant is like beyond just their abilities in the classroom.“If a 20-year-old is reading what you're posting, and a 40-year-old is reading what you're posting, and a 60-year-old is reading what you're posting, and they don't find it offensive, then it's probably...good,” he said.社交媒體幾乎滲透到日常生活的方方面面。它甚至影響了學院和大學的招生。美國許多學院和大學現在都在使用社交媒體與申請者分享信息。申請人在社交媒體上發布的信息正在影響錄取決定

今年，備考公司Kaplan發布了一份關于招生官員如何看待申請者社交媒體的研究報告。近400名招生官員參與了此次研究。約70%的人表示，在做出決定時考慮應聘者的社交媒體信息和照片是公平的。

招生官員并不總是能從傳統的申請材料中全面了解申請人是什么樣的人。因此，許多官員將社交媒體視為一種了解申請者的方式，而不僅僅是了解他們在課堂上的能力。

“如果一個20歲的人在看你寫的東西，一個40歲的人在看你寫的東西，一個60歲的人在看你寫的東西，他們不會覺得這是冒犯，那么這很可能……”好,”他說。

Smartphone Use May Lead to Addiction, Loneliness, Depression

使用智能手機可能會導致上癮、孤獨、抑郁

Nearly 2.4 billion people around the world used a smartphone in 2017.By the end of 2018, more than a third of the global population will be using a smartphone.However, smartphone technology can be a double-edged sword.On the one hand, it sends us unlimited amounts of information.We don't have to wait.Our devices ring, ping, vibrate and light up with the latest news from family, friends and around the world.On the other hand, this immediate access to information may become an addiction.And it may make some people feel lonely, anxious and depressed.The researchers warn that workers in the technology industry know how to manipulate our brains and turn us into addicts.They say that we can train our brains to be less addicted to our phones and computers.They suggest turning off push notifications and other such alerts on our phones.These instant announcements excite the same pathways in our brains that once warned us of dangers in our environment.But instead of warning us of a large predator looking for dinner, we are alerted to a sale on shoes or the fact that a friend from high school is eating a hamburger in Las Vegas.More often than not, our devices share unimportant information as if our lives depended on it.Our brains see the notices the same way.And that is a problem.So, just turn them off.The researchers also suggest taking control of when and where you answer a text or email.You do not need to answer them all.And you certainly don't need to answer them as soon as you get them.2017年，全球有近24億人使用智能手機。到2018年底，全球超過三分之一的人口將使用智能手機。

然而，智能手機技術可能是一把雙刃劍。

一方面，它給我們提供了無限的信息。我們不必等待。我們的設備響著、響著、震動著、點亮著來自家人、朋友和世界各地的最新消息。

另一方面，這種即時獲取信息的方式可能會讓人上癮。這可能會讓一些人感到孤獨、焦慮和沮喪。

研究人員警告說，科技行業的工人知道如何操縱我們的大腦，把我們變成癮君子。他們說我們可以訓練我們的大腦少沉迷于手機和電腦。他們建議關掉手機上的推送通知和其他類似的提醒。這些即時的公告在我們的大腦中激起了同樣的反應，就像曾經警告過我們環境中的危險一樣。但是，我們并沒有被警告說有一個大型食肉動物在找晚餐，而是被提醒說有一個賣鞋的大減價，或者一個高中的朋友正在拉斯維加斯吃漢堡。

通常情況下，我們的設備共享不重要的信息，就好像我們的生活依賴于它一樣。我們的大腦以同樣的方式看待這些注意。這是一個問題。把它們關掉。研究人員還建議控制你何時何地回復短信或電子郵件。你不需要全部回答。你當然不需要一拿到答案就回答。

The Iranian People Deserve Better 伊朗人民理應得到更好的待遇

Secretary of State Mike Pompeo has made clear that new and severe economic sanctions will be imposed on the Iranian regime until it makes a fundamental strategic decision to end its support for terrorism;its aggression in the Middle East;its proliferation of ballistic missiles;its pursuit of nuclear weapons capability, and other malign behaviors.But in outlining the United States' new strategy for Iran after the U.S.withdrawal from the nuclear deal, Secretary Pompeo drew a sharp distinction between the regime and the Iranian people.He deplored the fact that flush with cash and economic relief from the deal, the regime for three years did nothing to relieve the economic hardships of ordinary Iranians;instead it spent vast sums to fuel its march of destruction across the region.He declared that in exchange for the major changes the United States has called for in Tehran's policies, the U.S.is prepared to take actions which will help the Iranian people: “Now is the time for the supreme leader and the Iranian regime to summon the courage to do something historically beneficial for [their] own people, for this ancient and proud nation.As for the United States,” he said, “our eyes are clear as to the nature of this regime, but our ears are open to what may be possible...We are looking for outcomes that benefit the Iranian people, not just the regime.”

國務卿邁克·龐培已經明確表示，將對伊朗政權實施新的和嚴厲的經濟制裁，直到它作出根本的戰略決定，停止對恐怖主義的支持;它在中東的侵略;其彈道導彈的擴散;其追求核武器能力等惡性行為。

但是，在美國退出核協議后，美國對伊朗的新戰略進行了概述，Pompeo國務卿對該政權和伊朗人民進行了明確區分。

他對這筆交易的現金和經濟救濟感到遺憾，三年的政權并沒有緩解普通伊朗人的經濟困難;相反，它花費了大量資金來推動整個地區的毀滅進程。

他宣稱，為了換取美國在德黑蘭政策中所要求的重大變化，美國準備采取行動幫助伊朗人民：“現在是最高領導人和伊朗政權鼓足勇氣的時候了為自己的人民，為這個古老而自豪的國家做一些歷史上有益的事情。至于美國，“他說，”我們的眼睛對這個政權的性質很清楚，但我們的耳朵是可以接受的......我們正在尋找有益于伊朗人民的結果，而不僅僅是政權。”

第二篇：淺談商務英語翻譯

淺談商務英語翻譯

本文圍繞商務英語翻譯的特點、提高商務英語翻譯能力的方法和商務英語翻譯應注意的事項三個主題展開論述，以求在今后的翻譯工作中做到運用自如

1.引言

商務英語是一種包含各種商務活動內容、滿足商業需要的專門用途英語。其內容涉及貿易、金融、法律、廣告等諸多專業，除外貿英語書信、合同等商業公文外，廣告、仿單、經貿文章，相關法律公文等都可列入其中。因此，商務英語的語言現象比較復雜，文字風格也各不相同，翻譯時是很難全憑某些程式，套語或經驗來解決。但是就其重要性而言，商務英語的翻譯在雙方貿易中起著橋梁紐帶的作用，甚至與整個公司的命運緊密聯系在一起，所以我們在翻譯過程中應根據某專業的特點和需要好好斟酌所選用的詞匯。商務英語翻譯的困難在于如何準確而又流暢地翻譯出原語所要真正傳達的信息，而解決這一問題的關鍵是如何在理論上和實踐上加深對翻譯的認識和了解。

馬會娟在《商務英語翻譯教程》（2004）一書中指出：商務英語翻譯教程翻譯是一種思想交流過程，它能使通曉不同語言的人通過了解原文所包含和傳達的信息來交流思想。美國翻譯理論家奈達認為翻譯是“用最貼近而又自然的對等語言再現原語的信息，首先是意義，其次是文體。”也就是說，翻譯要用自然、地道的譯入語把另一種語言所表達的內容以切合原文的文體，準確而完整地重新表達出來。

商務英語翻譯是一種跨文化的語際交流，它要求譯者熟悉多種文化，掌握語言運用技巧，具備熟練的語言知識，從而完成具有一定語用目的的商業文化交流。提高商務英語翻譯技能就應關注商務英語的語言文化關聯，巧妙靈活的達到原語的語言運用目的。在商務英語翻譯工作中應靈活處理因不同文化背景、語言表達習慣等因素造成的交際障礙，根據語境做必要的調整，避免語用失誤，造成交流和理解的困難。雖然奈達的功能對等原則在文化因素翻譯方面有一些負面作用，但是對于商務英語翻譯仍舊具有重大的意義，尤其是在以往歷史上文化因素的翻譯中起到了非常積極的作用。奈達的功能對等原則以交際為目的，以讀者為中心，以目的語文化為歸宿，避免了文化沖突，克服了文化障礙，促進了雙方的文化交流。

2.研究現狀

在國際貿易日益頻繁的今天，很多企業為拓寬自己的市場，放眼國外以提高自己品牌的知名度和經濟效益，因此商務英語翻譯越來越為人們所重視。商務英語翻譯的重要性，可以說，在一定程度上，決定了這個公司在國際上的潛力，就像一所學校的師資力量對于這所學校的發展起著決定性作用一樣。在國內，類似商務英語翻譯的書籍也應運而生，進一步促動了中國對外貿易的進程。尤其在改革開放后，隨著國際貿易的不斷增加，越來越多的專家和學者對商務英語翻譯展開了研究，并撰寫了諸多的論文，如：段夢敏的“現代商務英語翻譯策略”，來東慧的“商務英語翻譯中的跨文化因素”等；此類的教材也應運而生，如馬會娟的《商務英語翻譯教程》；周振邦的《商務英語翻譯》,葉玉龍、王文翰、段云禮合著的《商務英語漢譯教程》等。商務英語翻譯將繼續成為商務英語研討會的主題、各大院校開設的主要課程及各有關學者關注和研究的方向。

3.商務英語翻譯的特點

3.1 準確性

翻譯是把一種語言所表達的內容用另一種語言準確地表達出來。為了使不通曉原語的讀者能夠看得明白，譯文表達應該簡潔明了。最重要的是，翻譯的原則和標準應當忠實和通順。“忠

實”主要是指譯者要準確地表達原作者的意思，并且要表達全面；“通順”是指譯文語言要通順易懂，便于讀者的理解和接受。

例1：

原文：This support can be as detailed as the writing of contracts, for example, looking at shareholder structure or analyzing investment concepts.It can mean up-dating a company’s development concept, help in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution.It also means support in identifying new partners, in opening up international markets or in bringing the company to the point where it can go public or be sold.原譯文：公司提供的支持包括撰寫合同，分析股東結構或投資理念等。這意味著更新一個公司的發展理念，使其經營或招聘機制更趨現代化，改善其市場營銷和銷售策略。此外，這一支持系統還意味著我們能協助客戶在國際市場上找到新的合作伙伴，幫助他們上市和出售。分析：將本譯文與原文相比，可以看出譯文多處翻譯不夠準確，令人費解。比如，原文說的是公司的提供的支持 “as detailed as the writing of contracts”（像撰寫合同一樣具體。）而原譯文則是“包括撰寫合同”；原文“in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution”（改善公司經營管理，使其招聘機制、市場營銷和銷售更趨現代化），而原譯文則成了“使其經營或招聘機制更趨現代化，改善其市場營銷和銷售策略”；原文的“identifying new partners, opening up international markets”（尋找新的合作伙伴，開拓國際市場），在原譯文中卻成了“協助客戶在國際市場上找到新的合作伙伴”！這種似是而非的翻譯，使原文信息大為失真，不僅極有可能誤導讀者，而且可能給公司造成很大的損失。

修改后譯文：我們提供的支持就像撰寫合同一樣具體，如：幫助分析股東結構或投資理念，也就是說幫助更新一個公司的發展理念，改善其經營管理，使其招聘機制、市場營銷和銷售更趨現代化。此外，這一支持還包含為公司尋找新的合作伙伴、開拓國際市場以及他們的上市和出售。

3.2 專業性

各行各業都有其不同的文化背景、特點及要求，并有其特定的專業術語。在翻譯過程中，如果譯者不能吃透其專業特點和掌握其專業術語，翻譯結果則可能大相徑庭。如，due diligence 在商務英語中不應譯為“適當盡職”，而是“盡職調查”；option plan 應為“期權計劃”，而不是“職工購買股票計劃”等。

例2：

原文： Next, the participation agreements are negotiated and – if agreed – they are signed and certified by a lawyer.原譯文：然后，雙方就公司參與企業管理的問題進行磋商，如果達成共識，就會在協議上簽字，并由一名律師公證。

分析：律師是不能公證的，只能見證合同的簽署；公證是公證員的事。

修改后譯文：然后，雙方對提出的協議進行磋商，如果達成共識，雙方在協議上簽字。這一過程由一名律師進行見證。

例3：

原文：After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “Partial shipments and Transshipment allowed”.原譯文：經過仔細核對信用證，茲要求貴方做如下修改：“允許部分轉運和轉船”。分析：將“Partial shipments”譯成“部分轉運”似乎欠妥；行話應是“分批”。

修改后譯文：經仔細核對信用證后，茲要求貴方做如下修改：“允許分批運貨和轉船”。

3.3 文化性

由于東、西方種族、地理環境、宗教信仰等存在的差異，造成了東西方國家大相徑庭的文化體系，商務英語翻譯中也不可避免地受到文化的限制和影響。而我們所要做的就是在翻譯時，選詞要多斟酌，做到慎之又慎，以免造成“文化沖突”，引起不必要的麻煩。

例如：在美國的大商場有“rest room”，譯成中文的“休息室”就會出笑話，因為“rest room”在此指“廁所”，而并非國際機場里所指的“休息室”。

又如：在西方，“十三”被認為是不吉利的數字，這與圣經故事中耶穌被他的第十三個門徒猶大出賣有關。所以，在西方國家，人們通常避免使用“十三”這個數字，正如中國人避免說或用數字“四”一樣，（在中國，“四”與“死”同音）。在中國的傳統文化中，數字“十三”沒有這種文化含義，也就不忌諱使用了。但隨著西方文化的深入影響，近來“十三”這種隱性的含義也被國人所接受。因此，我們在做翻譯中應特別注意類似的問題。否則我們會在無意識間傷害對方或造成誤會。

4.提高商務英語翻譯能力的方法

中國加入WTO后，越來越多的中國企業已不滿足國內市場，他們紛紛跨出國門，走向世界去尋求業務合作。英語作為溝通語言的作用非同小可。外貿談判是一種交際活動，是拓展對外貿易的重要途徑。交際活動則必須通過語言媒介來完成。因此，如何使用語言表達意愿和要求，如何恰當使用語言來表達談判目的，這是商務英語使用者經常探索的問題之一。

4.1 熟悉英語相關專業知識

商務英語的翻譯較普通英語翻譯而言，其范圍更廣，涉及的內容也更多。如果說普通的英語翻譯注重的是文化底蘊，那么商務英語的翻譯則注重的是知識面。因此，我們在學習翻譯理論的同時，應加強商務方面的知識，比如：國際貿易，國際兌匯，會計學，運輸學等方面的知識。同時，還需要我們有比較豐富的法律知識和文化素養。商務英語翻譯的人員對本國和他國經濟領域的法律法規也應該有所了解，因為在商業活動中，一方在必要的時候，需要用合作對象國家的法律來維護自己的權利。在翻譯一些協議或合同時，還需注意到各自的法律責任，以此保證各方的經濟行為是正當的，不會有法律上的風險。近些年來屢次發生的反傾銷斗爭就是實例，因此在商務英語翻譯過程中謹慎為上。

4.2 了解文化差異

上面提到了商務英語翻譯中的文化性原則，為了更好地遵循這個原則，我們就必須了解文化差異，以免引起不必要的文化沖突。每個民族都有著其不同的文化背景，風土人情，而語言作為某種文化的載體，所反映出來的是一個民族的意志與底蘊。翻譯作為一種加強文化交流的手段，更加會涉及到這方面的問題。尤其是在商務英語翻譯中，稍有不慎便會引起重大損失以及尷尬。

比如：“dragon”（龍）這個詞是我們中華民族的象征，是中國的吉祥物，“龍騰虎躍、龍馬精神、龍飛鳳舞、龍吟虎嘯”等成語均體現了龍的精神和氣勢。而在西方國家“dragon”這個詞卻是罪惡的象征。因此在翻譯“韓國，中國臺灣，香港和新加坡亞洲四小龍”的時候，我們不用“Four Asian Dragons”，而用“Four Asian Tigers”。這就是文化差異的典型表現。總而言之，在翻譯中我們必須盡量了解他國的文化與差異，并做出正確的翻譯，以免造成不必要的誤解。

4.3 掌握商務英語語言技巧

目前，語言技巧在商務活動中逐漸被忽略，我們需要進一步去研究。各種語言技巧在商務英語談判中有不同的運用特點，以及語言技巧在外貿談判中的作用，進一步分析外貿談判英語語言特征，從而幫助外貿談判工作者認識到英語語言在商務英語談判中的運用技巧，使他們能靈活運用語言技巧，取得談判成功。了解語言的特征的有助于談判員有效地使用一些技巧,這樣能更確保在談判中取得勝利。有大量的語言技巧值得我們仔細研究，掌握了這些技巧不

僅能促進談判的進程，而且在談判過程中也不會使對方感到尷尬。因此，談判順利地完成，在商務英語談判中談判員就必須注意語言交流及技巧的使用。

4.4 遵循翻譯原則

商務英語的翻譯要求做到準確和專業化，這就要求翻譯者具有相當熟練的英語水平。平時，我們必須廣泛閱讀商務英語的知識，并且注意語言與案例的結合，然后通過分析來掌握商務英語知識點。同時，商務英語翻譯并不像文學英語的翻譯那樣，需要用豐富的詞藻來描繪，它所要做到的就是“精、準”。因此商務英語不需要過多、過詳細地描述某件事情，我們要做到是“精煉而又不失準確”。

綜上所述，我們必須謹遵翻譯的原則，努力把翻譯做到精益求精。

5．商務英語翻譯應注意的事項

5.1 注意細節問題

我們都知道，英漢對譯中的一大特點便是英語重靜態，漢語重動態。在漢語的表達過程中，我們經常運用動詞來描繪，使得句子更加生動。因此，在商務英語翻譯過程中，我們也應該時刻注意這些細節問題。

例4：

原文：An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.譯文：交易增加，要求流通的貨幣量也增加。

分析：英文原文中用了2個“increase”的名詞形式來表達，而在中文翻譯中，則選用了動詞，尊重了漢語的特點。

古人云“一字值千金”。在商務英語中我們必須做到一個“準”字，以免造成“失之毫厘，謬以千里”的結果。標點符號亦是如此，在書寫金額時，要注意小數點（.）與分節號（，）的位置，絕對不能馬虎。在商務英語翻譯的過程中，因為涉及到商業系統的規則與交易利潤，這些細節上的問題需引起我們特別的注意。“細節”決定成敗，這句話很有道理。

5.2 不斷加強實踐能力

正所謂“實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準”，書本上的知識只能代表我們擁有了理論能力，但工作的能力是靠實際的鍛煉得到培養的。如果我們缺乏實戰經驗，在翻譯工作中很可能會上當受騙。例如，在外商草擬的合同草案中，我們不僅要理解其字面意思，更要弄清其潛在含義。當買方要求賣方提供某些與設計或技術有關的資料、數據、公式時，賣方很可能會用合同上的諸如 “The seller shall submit the data concerned to the buyer if possible”(如果可能，賣方將向買方提供有關數據)之類的句子推脫。因為“如果可能（possible）”在很大程度上意味著“不可能（impossible）”。總之，我們必須通過不斷的實踐來豐富自我，鍛煉自我，提高我們的判別能力和工作能力。

結論

商務英語翻譯是一種跨文化的語際交流，它要求譯者熟悉多種文化，掌握語言運用技巧，具備熟練的語言知識，從而完成具有一定語用目的的商業文化交流。提高商務英語翻譯技能就應關注商務英語的語言文化關聯，巧妙靈活的達到原語的語言運用目的。在商務英語翻譯工作中應靈活處理因不同文化背景、語言表達習慣等因素造成的交際障礙，根據語境做必要的調整，避免語用失誤，造成交流和理解的困難。雖然奈達的功能對等原則在文化因素翻譯方面有一些負面作用，但是對于商務英語翻譯仍舊具有重大的意義，尤其是在以往歷史上文化因素的翻譯中起到了非常積極的作用。奈達的功能對等原則以交際為目的，以讀者為中心，以目的語文化為歸宿，避免了文化沖突，克服了文化障礙，促進了雙方的文化交流。

可以這么說，商務英語翻譯不僅關系著個人的命運，而且也關系著公司的前途和國家的形象。

商務英語的重要性決定了我們必須認真對待商務英語翻譯，而認真對待的前提就是遵守翻譯理論中的準確性、專業性、文化性這三個原則，這樣才能力求在翻譯實踐中做到少犯低級錯誤。在此基礎上，我們應多學理論知識，充實自己的頭腦。機會是留給有準備的人的，所以我們必須做到有所準備，這樣才能在翻譯過程中做到游刃有余、左右逢源。當然光靠理論知識是完全不夠的，正如上面提到的“實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準”，我們也必須抓住機遇，多參加企業的商務活動，以加強自己的實踐能力，這樣既可以提高自己的翻譯能力，也可以鍛煉自己的實踐能力。

第三篇：商務英語翻譯

Chinese-English translation

1.只要我們秉承平等與互利的原則，雙方的合作一定會進一步深化。

As long as we keep to the principle of equality and mutual benefit, trade between our two parties is sure to develop further.2.如果一方不執行合同，另一方有權撤銷該合同。

In case one party fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to cancel the contract.3.關于包裝問題，我方將與廠商聯系，要求他們對此加以重視。

As to packing, we will contact our manufacturers and call their attention to the matter.4.堅固的包裝和箱內嚴密的填充可防止木箱受震、開裂。

Solid packing and overall stuffing can prevent the cases from vibration and jarring.5.很遺憾，這是我們的低價。如果你覺得價格不可行，我們只好取消這筆交易。I'm awfully sorry.This is our floor price.If you find it unworkable, we may as well call the deal off.6.請貴方惠寄商品目錄并報價，謝謝。

I shall be glad if you will send me your catalogue together with quotations.7.我們一直在提高我們產品的設計水平，以滿足世界市場的要求。

We are always improving our design and patterns to conform to the world market.8.我們通常采用的付款方式是保兌不可撤銷的信用證。

The terms of payment we usually adopt are confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit.9.由于所訂貨物已備妥待運，請即開信用證，我方一收到信用證，立即裝船。As the goods ordered are ready for shipment, please expedite your L/C, we will effect shipment as soon as it reaches us.10.我們已在中國人民控股公司替上述貨物按4000美元投保了一切險。

We have covered the above shipment with PICC Holding Company against All Risks for $4,000.11.我們只投保水漬險，包括倉對倉條款，有效期為15天。

We cover only WPA including warehouse to warehouse clause valid for 15 days.12.只要在保險責任范圍內，保險公司就應賠償。

The insurance company is responsible for the claim, as far as it is within the scope of coverage.13.貨物如果轉運，我們得多付運費。

In case of transshipment, we have to pay extra transportation charges.14.由于貴方訂貨數量太大，目前無法訂到足夠的艙位，望貴方同意分批裝運。As your order is a large one, we are not in a position to book enough shipping space, so we hope you will agree to partial shipment.15.請填寫這份進口貨物交運單和進口貨物包裝聲明。

Please fill out the Import Cargo Shipping Instructions and the Import Cargo Packing Declaration here.16.由于你方未能及時交貨，我方將向你方提出由此而遭受的全部損失的索賠。We shall lodge a claim for all the losses incurred as a consequence of your failure to ship our order in time.17.我方檢驗證明，貨物受損是由于包裝不當而造成的。因此，我方不得不將此事提交你處解決。

Our investigation shows that improper packing caused damage.Therefore we have to refer this matter to you.18.考慮到我們之間的業務關系，我們準備接受35噸短裝的索賠。

In view of our friendly business relations, we are prepared to meet your claim for the 35 tons shortage in weight.19.這是由香港一個著名實驗室提供的一份檢驗報告，證據絕對可靠。

Here’s a survey report by a well-known lab in Hong Kong, whose testimony is absolutely reliable.20.根據我們的檢驗報告，貨物破損的原因是包裝太差。

According to our survey report, the damage was caused by poor packing.

第四篇：商務英語翻譯

（加黑部分重點掌握，其余部分只做了解。）

1.Please accept our thanks for the trouble you have taken.有勞貴方，不勝感激。

2.We are obliged to thank you for your kind attention in this matter.不勝感激貴方對此事的關照。

3.We tender you our sincere thanks for your generous treatment of us in this affair.對貴方在此事中的慷慨之舉，深表感謝。

4.Allow us to thank you for the kindness extended to us.對貴方之盛情，不勝感謝。

7.We should be grateful for your furnishing us details of your requirements.如承賜示具體要求，不勝感激。

8.It will be greatly appreciated if you will kindly send us your samples.如承惠寄樣品，則不勝感激。

9.We shall appreciate it very much if you will give our bid your favorable consideration.如承優惠考慮報價，不勝感激。

10.We are greatly obliged for your bulk order（大宗訂貨，in bulk 大量的）just received.收到貴方大宗訂貨，不勝感激。

14.We spare no efforts in endeavoring to be of service to you.我方將不遺余力為貴方效勞。

15.We shall be very glad to handle for you at very low commission charges.我方將很愉快與貴方合作，收費低廉。

18.We are always in a position to quote you the most advantageous prices for higher quality merchandise.我們始終能向貴方提供品質最佳的產品，報價最為優惠。

19.This places our dealers in a highly competitive position and also enable them to enjoy a maximum profit.這樣可以使我方經營者具有很強的競爭力，還可獲得最大的利潤。

1.Having had your name and address from the Commercial Counselor's office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in..., we now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations by a start of some Practical transactions.從中華人民共和國駐……大使館商務參贊處獲悉貴公司名稱和地址，現借此機會與貴方通信，意在達成一些實際交易為開端，以建立業務系。

5.We learn from...that your firm specializes in..., and would like to establish business relationship with you.從……獲悉你公司專門經營……，現愿與你公司建立業務關系。

承……的介紹，獲悉你們是……有代表性的進口商之一。

承貴地……銀行通知，你們是……的主要進口商（出口商），并有意與中國進行這些方面的貿易。

8.The...Bank in your city has been kind enough to inform us that you are one of the leading importers(exporters)of...and are interested in trading with China in these lines...據了解，你們是中國……（商品）有潛力的買主，而該商品正屬我們的業務經營范圍。

9.We are given to understand that you are potential buyers of Chinese...,which comes within the frame of our business activities.Autonomous company 具有自主經營權的公司 availability 可銷售能力 Award 裁決、判給 award dinner 頒獎宴會 Back 支持、資助、贊助 Backer 資助人 Backlog 積壓

Back pay 補發工資（常為追補的加薪金額）

Bad debt 壞帳，呆帳，倒賬（無法收回的應收賬款）Bad publicity 負面影響

Baggage allowance 行李重量限額

Bagstuffer 公告傳單，小型宣傳品，通常在街頭散發或在付款臺前塞進顧客購物袋。Balance 余額，平衡

balance of payment 國際收支，簡稱BOP Bancassurance 銀行保險業, 亦作bankassurance Bank charges 銀行手續費

Banking business 金融業，銀行業

Banner towing 條幅廣告

Bar chart 矩形圖，條形圖，直方圖 也稱bar graph or histogram（是以寬度相同的長條，按其長短或高低來表示指標或數值大小的一種圖形。有單式。復式和分段式三種。其中縱軸線稱為vertical axis,橫軸線稱為horizontal axis.）

Bar code（打印在商品上，與電腦系統連接可讀出商品價格和參考數據的）條形碼，條碼 Bar graph 矩形圖，條形圖，直方圖，也稱bar chart 或histogram Base pay 基本工資

base rate 基本利率，基礎利率 Batch 成批的產品

Bear market 熊市(通常指股市、匯市等金融市場價格下跌或疲軟)Benchmark 基價，基準尺度 Beneficiary 受益人

Benefit premium.(基本工資之外的)福利津貼

Benefits package 一攬子福利，福利套餐（指工資以外的福利，如健康保險，住房或股票等等）

best selling author 暢銷書作家 Bill 要求……支付

Billboard 露天大廣告牌 Bill of entry 報關單 Bill of lading 提單

Binding machine 裝訂機

Black Friday（尤指經濟領域內災難性的）黑色星期五，災難性的一天 Black Monday(股市狂跌的)黑色星期一 Blockbuster 大力促銷，生意興隆 Blue chip 1 藍籌股, 績優股

accounts 1 賬目例:The financial director was accused of falsifying the company accounts.accounts 2 會計部門 即 accounts department 例: She works in accounts.ccounts manager 會計部經理 accounts payable 應付賬款例: Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.advance 預付款, 墊款例: I asked for an advance on my salary.advanced orders 預訂貨量例: The development of the game has taken two years but advanced orders are impressive.after-sales warranty 售后保單

against all risks 保全險例：These are goods insured against all risks.agency 代理行，經銷處，公眾服務機構，代理公司，中介公司例：The firm has agencies all over the world.agency recruitment通過職業介紹所招聘例：Recruitment in the UK is divided into agency recruitment, advertising or executive search.agenda 議程例：An agenda is a list of things to discuss at a meeting.agent 1 代理商，代理人例：He is an authorized agent for a large insurance company.airlines 航空公司(多用于航空公司名稱中)例: English Royal Dutch Airlines(均大寫)all-risk policy 全險,綜合險,全險保單例: We have taken out an all-risk policy on the electronic equipment.annual general meeting 股東大會(根據法律規定每年舉行,出席的包括公司成員,股東和董事),簡稱AGM.口語里也稱the yearly shareholders' meeting.例: The financial results will be announced at the annual general meeting.as of 自......起,等于as from 例:I would like to inform you that as of September 6, 2001,the new name for our company will be Sunrise.Certificate of Origin certificate of origin of China showing

中國產地證明書 stating 證明 evidencing specifying 說明 indicating 表明 declaration of 聲明

certificate of Chinese origin

中國產地證明書

Certificate of origin shipment of goods of … origin prohibited 產地證，不允許裝運……的產品

packing list detailing…

詳注……的裝箱單

packing list showing in detail…

注明……細節的裝箱單 weight list 重量單

weight notes 磅碼單（重量單）detailed weight list 明細重量單 parcel post receipt 郵包收

certificate customs invoice on form 59A combined certificate of value and origin for developing countries 適用于發展中國家的包括價值和產地證明書的格式59A海關發票證明書 pure foods certificate 純食品證書

combined certificate of value and Chinese origin

價值和中國產地聯合證明書

loading port and destinaltion

裝運港與目的港 date of shipment 裝船期

partial shipments and transhipment 分運與轉運

partial shipments are（not）permitted

（不）允許分運 partial shipments（are）allowed（prohibited）

準許（不準）分運 without transhipment

不允許轉運

transhipment at Hongkong allowed

允許在香港轉船

partial shipments are permissible，transhipment is allowed except at…

允許分運，除在……外允許轉運

partial/prorate shipments are perimtted

允許分運/按比例裝運 valid in…for negotiation until…

在……議付至……止

draft（s）must be presented to the negotiating（or drawee）bank not later than…

匯票不得遲于……交議付行（受票行）

expiry date for presention of documents…

交單滿期日

draft（s）must be negotiated not later than…

匯票要不遲于……議付

this L/C is valid for negotiation in China（or your port）until 15th，July 1977

本證于1977年7月15日止在中國議付有效

bills of exchange must be negotiated within 15 days from the date of bills of lading but not later than August 8，1977

匯票須在提單日起15天內議付，但不得遲于1977年8月8日.this credit remains valid in China until 23rd May，1977（inclusive）

本證到1977年5月23日為止，包括當日在內在中國有效 expiry date August 15，1977 in country of beneficiary for negotiation

于1977年8月15日在受益人國家議付期滿

expiry date 15th August，1977 in the country of the beneficiary unless otherwise

除非另有規定，（本證）于1977年8月15日受益人國家滿期 draft（s）drawn under this credit must be negotiation in China on or before August 12，1977 after which date this credit expires

憑本證項下開具的匯票要在1977年8月12日或該日以前在中國議付，該日以后本證失效

expiry（expiring）date…

滿期日……（有效期）.…if negotiation on or before…

在……日或該日以前議付

negoation must be on or before the 15th day of shipment

自裝船日起15天或之前議付 this credit shall remain in force until 15th August 197 in China

本證到1977年8月15日為止在中國有效

the credit is available for negotiation or payment abroad until…

本證在國外議付或付款的日期到……為止

the amount and date of negotiation of each draft must be endorsed on reverse hereof by the negotiation bank

每份匯票的議付金額和日期必須由議付行在本證背面簽注

this copy of credit is for your own file，please deliver the attached original to the beneficaries

本證副本供你行存檔，請將隨附之正本遞交給受益人 without you confirmation thereon

（本證）無需你行保兌

documents must be sent by consecutive airmails

單據須分別由連續航次郵寄（注：即不要將兩套或數套單據同一航次寄出）

all original documents are to be forwarded to us by air mail and duplicate documents by sea-mail

全部單據的正本須用航郵，副本用平郵寄交我行

please despatch the first set of documents including three copies of commercial invoices direct to us by registered airmail and the second set by following airmail

請將包括3份商業發票在內的第一套單據用掛號航郵經寄我行，第二套單據在下一次航郵寄出

original documents must be snet by Registered airmail，and duplicate by subsequent airmail

單據的正本須用掛號航郵寄送，副本在下一班航郵寄送 documents must by sent by successive（or succeeding）airmails

單據要由連續航郵寄送

all documents made out in English must be sent to out bank in one lot

用英文繕制的所有單據須一次寄交我行 method of reimbursement 索償辦法

available by your draft at sight payable by us in London on the basis to sight draft on New York

憑你行開具之即期匯票向我行在倫敦的機構索回票款，票款在紐約即期兌付

in reimbursement，please claim from our RMB￥ account held with your banking department Bank of China Head Office Beijing with the amount of your negotiation

償付辦法，請在北京總行我人民幣帳戶中索回你行議付之款項

upon presentation of the documents to us，we shall authorize your head office backing department by airmail to debit the proceeds to our foreign business department account

一俟向我行提交單證，我行將用航郵授權你總行借記我行國外營業部帳戶

after negotiation，you may reimburse yourselves by debiting our RMB￥ account with you，please forward all relative documents in one lot to us by airmail

議付后請借記我行在你行開立的人民幣帳戶，并將全部有關單據用航郵一次寄給我行

all bank charges outside U.K.are for our principals account，but must claimed at the time of presentation of documents

在英國境外發生的所有銀行費用，應由開證人負擔，但須在提交單據是索取

negotiating bank may claim reimbursement by T.T.on the…bank certifying that the credit terms have been complied with

議付行須證明本證條款已旅行，并按電匯條款向……銀行索回貨款 abandonment clause: 委付條款 act of god: 不可抗力 actuary: 保險精算師

all-risks policy:一切險保單 Assignment clause: 轉讓條款 Average: 海損、海損分攤 Average adjuster: 海損理算人

Average clause: 共同海損分擔條款 Certificate of insurance: 保險證明書 Claim: 索賠

Claim assessor: 索賠人 Damage: 損壞賠償金

Damage certificate: 損壞證明書 Damage claim: 損壞索賠 Endorsement: 簽注

Endowment policy: 人壽定期保險單 Faa(free of all average): 全損賠償 Fpa(free of particular average): 單獨海損不賠 Free of average: 全損賠償 Insurance broker: 保險經紀人 Insurance policy: 保險單 Insurance premium: 保險費 Jettison: 投棄

Knock-for-knock agreement: 互撞免賠協議 Liability insurance: 責任保險 Life assured: 人壽保險投保人 Life fund: 人壽保險基金 Loading: 人壽保險附加費 Loss adjuster: 損失理算人 Loss ratio: 賠付率

Marine insurance: 海上運輸保險

Mortality tables: 死亡率表（用于計算保險風險）Motor insurance: 汽車保險

Mutual insurance company: 互助保險公司 No-claims bonus: 無索償獎金 Reinsurance: 再保險；轉保 Renewal: 續保；延期 Renewal premium: 續保費

Salvage value: 殘值；獲救貨物或船舶的價值 Third party insurance: 第三方保險 Time policy: 定期保險單 Unvalued policy: 不定值保單 U/w(underwriter): 承保人

第五篇：商務英語翻譯

Abstract:

This article introduces the services and development of the Internet of Things, and analyzes the driving forces and obstacles behind such development.Looking at application types and the different development stages of the Internet of Things, this article categorizes its services into four types: identity related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services.For the first two types of services, applications and system framework are discussed;for the last two types, development trends are discussed.Services provided by the Internet of Things will gradually be integrated into human life and society;with the development of the Internet of Things, applications will evolve from relatively simple identity-related and information aggregation-related applications, to collaboratively-aware, and finally ubiquitous applications.It will then be possible for the Internet of Things to be fully integrated with Internet and telecommunications networks.摘要：

本文介紹了物聯網的服務和發展和分析這種發展背后的推動力和障礙。尋找在應用程序類型和不同發展階段的物聯網，這篇文章總結為四種類型的服務：身份相關服務，信息聚合服務，協作感知的服務和無處不在服務。對于前兩種類型的服務，對應用程序和系統框架進行了討論，對于最后兩個類型，對發展趨勢進行了討論。物聯網提供的服務將逐步融入人類的生活和社會；隨著互聯網的發展，應用程序會從相對簡單的身份到有關的信息聚合到協作感知相關的應用發展，并最終成為無處不在的應用。然后，它將充分結合互聯網和電信網絡。Development of the Internet of Things

The concept“Internet of Things”was coined by Kevin Ashton of Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in 1999, and is defined as follows: all things are connected to the Internet via sensing devices such as Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)to achieve intelligent

identification and management.Early in 1995, the book The Power to Predict [1] first described application scenarios of the Internet of Things.In recent times, the Internet of Things has developed rapidly and globally due to increasing government and enterprise investment in projects in regions such as the USA, Europe, Japan, and

South Korea.IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative will see an investment of 3 million dollars made in smart grid and digital healthcare projects.The EU has proposed an i2010 policy framework that aims to enhance economic efficiency and promote the development of Information and

Communication Technologies(ICT)through widespread use of these technologies.In Japan, the i-Japan strategy is based on E-Japan and U-Japan.South Korea has also proposed a new project for the Internet of Things.In China, Prime Minister Wen Jiabo presented the concept

of“Experiencing China”in August 2009.Driven by the Chinese Government, the Internet of Things industry has developed rapidly in China.1、互聯網發展的因素

由凱文·阿什頓的美國麻省理工學院（MIT）于1999年提出的“物聯網”的概念，定義如下：所有的東西都連接到互聯網，如射頻識別（RFID）傳感裝置，以實現智能化識別和管理。早在1995年，這本書的動力預測首先介紹了物聯網的應用場景。

在最近幾年，隨著物聯網和全球化的迅速發展，越來越多的政府和企業在美國，歐洲，日本，韓國等地區進行項目的投資。IBM的智慧地球倡議，將在智能電網和數字醫療保健項目中得到3億美元的投資。歐盟已經提出了一個2010年的政策框架，其目的是提高經濟效率和促進通過這些技術的廣泛使用使信息和通信技術（ICT）得到發展。在日本，他的戰略是基于E-日本和U-日本。韓國也提出了關于物聯網的新項目。2009年8月，中國總理溫家寶提出的“體驗中國”的概念。在中國政府的推動下，物聯網產業在中國發展迅速。

1.1 Driving Forces for Development of the Internet of Things

First, the development of the Internet of Things conforms to the trend of using information technologies to better serve society.On the one hand, modern society suffers development bottlenecks in the fields of energy, transport, logistics and financing.On the other, people have direct demands in health, and medical treatment and services.With a general belief that

information technologies make for smarter terminals, wider networks, and better services than other technologies, they are naturally chosen to solve problems encountered in social and economic development as well as to enhance standards of living.Second, the Internet of Things is regarded as a new source of economic growth by many

governments.The Information Superhighway Plan implemented by the Clinton administration brought 10 years of rapid economic development to the USA.Now, the Obama administration has put forward“Smarter Earth,”which probably has relations with the Information Superhighway Plan.In China, the Internet of Things is regarded as the practice of using information technologies to promote industrialization.In regions such as Europe, Japan, and South Korea, government plays an important role in Internet of Things planning.Third, with its businesses reaching saturation point, the telecom industry also regards the Internet of Things as a new breakthrough.In many European countries, mobile phone penetration rate has reached 100%.As a result, person-to-thing and thing-to-thing communication has been placed high on the agenda.The Internet of Things therefore represents a new stage in the development of the telecom industry.1.1 物聯網的發展動力

首先，物聯網的發展，符合在使用信息技術下可以更好地為社會服務的趨勢。一方面，現代社會發展遭受瓶頸，包括能源，運輸，物流和融資等領域。另一方面，人有直接的需求在衛生，醫療和服務方面。智慧型終端將更廣泛的應用于網絡，與其他技術相比，可以更好的服務于信息技術，可以用來解決在社會和經濟發展中遇到的問題和提高人民生活水平。第二，物聯網被許多國家的政府視為一個新的經濟增長源。克林頓政府實施的“信息高速公路計劃購買美國10年來經濟快速發展。現在，奧巴馬政府已提出“智慧地球”，這可能與信息高速公路計劃的關系。在中國，物聯網被視為利用信息技術推動工業化的方法。在歐洲，日本和韓國等地區，政府在物聯網規劃中起著重要的作用。

第三，互聯網業務達到飽和點，電信業也被視為物聯網發展的一個新的突破點。在歐洲許多國家，移動電話普及率已達100％。因此，人對事物和事物對事物通信已被提上議事日程。因此，物聯網的發展代表電信業發展的一個新階段。Services of the Internet of Things

There are a large number of applications that can be included as Internet of Things services, and these can be classified according to different criteria.According to technical features, Internet of Things services can be divided into 4 types: identity-related services[2], information

aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services[3].It is generally agreed that an inevitable trend for the Internet of Things will be its

development from information aggregation to collaborative awareness and ubiquitous

convergence, and that not all services of the Internet of Things will develop to the stage of ubiquitous convergence.Many applications and services only require information aggregation, and are not intended for ubiquitous convergence as the information is closed, confidential, and applicable only to a small group.2聯網服務

物聯網服務包括了大量的應用，而這些應用可以根據不同的標準分類。根據技術特點，就互聯網服務可分為4種類型：[1]身份相關的服務[2]，聚合信息服務，[3]協同感知的服務，和[4]無處不在的服務。

人們普遍認為，一個必然的趨勢物聯網將是其發展的信息聚合協作意識和無處不在的收斂，并非所有的聯網服務將無處不在的融洽。很多應用和服務的發展階段，只需要信息聚合，不用于無處不在收斂的信息是封閉的，保密和適用只有一小群。

2.1 Identity-Related Services

Identity-related services adopt identity technologies such as RFID, two-dimensional code, and barcode.Figure 1 lists some identity-related services.According to the identification mode of the terminal, identity-related services can be divided into two categories: active and passive.They can also be classified by served objects(enterprise or individual): personal applications or enterprise services.The implementation of different applications may vary.Figure 2 illustrates the basic principle of tag-based information acquisition services.The general procedure for such services is as

follows: first, an RFID tag is attached to a thing.Then, a read device accesses the information in the RFID tag(including the identity information of the thing), and makes a request to the name resolution server of the Internet of Things.In this way, it may obtain the Uniform Resource Identifier(URI)of the thing.Finally, the read device obtains further information from the URI.2.1身份有關的服務

身份有關的服務采用身份的技術，如RFID，二維碼和條碼。圖1列出了一些身份有關的服務。

根據終端識別模式，身份有關的服務可分為兩個類別：主動和被動。它們也可以被列為服務對象（企業或個人）：個人申請或企業不同的應用服務。

實施可能會有所不同。圖2顯示了基于標簽的信息獲取服務的基本原則。一般程序這樣的服務如下：首先，RFID標簽連接到一件事。然后，讀取設備的訪問，在RFID標簽的信息（包括身份信息的事情），使得聯網名稱解析服務器的請求。在這種方式，它可以得到的東西的統一資源標識符（URI）。最后，讀取裝置從URI取得進一步的信息。Key Technologies for the Internet of Things

The above discussion shows that implementation of services in the Internet of Things mainly involves the key technologies of sensor, sensor network, sensor network-related communication, communication network, the Internet of Things platform, and integrated technologies.The sensor is used to collect information in the Internet of Things;it is the basic part that senses the real world, and offers services and applications.However, due to the diversity of sensors(there are temperature, pressure, speed, humidity, height, video, image, and location sensors), information interfaces provided by these sensors vary widely.This is the greatest challenge for mass production of Internet of Things terminals.Much research has already been conducted into sensor networks, and a complete set of specifications have been made for the physical layer, link layer, and network layer.But sensor networks have not been put into application on a large scale[6].Typical sensor network-related communication technologies include Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association(IrDA), Wireless

Fidelity(Wi-Fi), ZigBee, RFID, Ultra-Wide Band(UWB), Near Filed Communication(NFC), and WirelessHart.Sensor networks will evolve to next generation IP networks(e.g.IPv6 networks), and sensor terminals will tend to become smarter.The intelligence of a sensor network is mainly reflected in its IP technology, low power consumption, small size, bidirectional transfer of information, and non-manual maintenance.Communication networks provide the data transmission channel for the Internet of Things.Current research into communication networks focuses on how to enhance existing networks to meet the service requirements of the Internet of Things(e.g.low data rate, low mobility).The Internet of Things platform works with terminals as well as exiting networks and systems to provide the capabilities to various applications.In terms of network architecture, a unified service platform that is suitable for applications of multiple industries is required to support cross-sector, unified information services.In particular, when the Internet of Things develops into the collaborative-aware or even ubiquitous service stages, more effective network framework, name address, routing, and communication protocols have to be worked out.3.物聯網的關鍵技術

上述討論表明，在實施物聯網服務時將主要涉及傳感器、傳感器網絡，基于傳感器的溝通交流、網絡溝通、物聯網平臺和綜合技術等關鍵技術。

該傳感器是用來收集在物聯網中的信息，它是實現感知現實世界這一功能的基本組成部分并提供服務和應用。然而，由于傳感器的多樣性（比如溫度，壓力，速度，濕度，高度，視頻，圖像，位置傳感器），這些傳感器的信息接口的千差萬別。這也成為了眾多物聯網終端最大的挑戰。

許多研究已經針對傳感器網絡展開，并完成了一整套物理層，鏈路層和網絡層的規格規范。但傳感器網絡仍尚未投入大規模的應用。典型傳感器網絡相關通訊技術包括藍牙、紅外通訊（IrDA）、無線保真（Wi-Fi的）、ZigBee、RFID、超寬帶（UWB）、近場通信技術（NFC）和WirelessHART的。傳感器網絡將發展為下一代IP網絡（例如IPv6網絡），傳感器終端將會變得更加聰明。傳感器網絡的智能主要體現在它的IP技術、低功耗、體積小、信息雙向傳輸和自動維護上。

通信網絡為物聯網提供了數據的傳輸通道。目前關于通信網絡的研究集中在如何增強現有的網絡以滿足物聯網的服務需求（例如低數據率，低流動性）。

物聯網平臺和終端相兼容，也擁有在脫離網絡和系統的情況下提供的各種應用的能力。在網絡體系架構中，一個統一的適合多個行業應用的服務平臺將需要跨部門，統一的信息服務的支持。特別是當物聯網發展成為協同感知，甚至變成無處不在的服務的階段，將需要制定更有效的網絡框架、姓名、地址、路由。