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2013高考英語語法時(shí)態(tài)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

時(shí)間:2019-05-12 23:43:49下載本文作者:會(huì)員上傳
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第一篇:2013高考英語語法時(shí)態(tài)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

2013高考英語語法時(shí)態(tài)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

2013年高考英語語法時(shí)態(tài)復(fù)習(xí)教學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)

一 教學(xué)目標(biāo):學(xué)生掌握近年來高考英語語法動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的命題特點(diǎn),及應(yīng)考策略。

二教學(xué)重點(diǎn): 學(xué)生掌握動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)的命題特點(diǎn),考查要點(diǎn)。三教學(xué)難點(diǎn):學(xué)生通過歷年的高考真題掌握應(yīng)考策略。四教學(xué)步驟:

Step1: 用一則英語笑話導(dǎo)入復(fù)習(xí)的內(nèi)容--動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

Who Is the Laziest? Father: Well, Tom, I asked your teacher today, and now I want to ask you a question.Who is the laziest person in your class? Tom:

I don't know, Father.Father: Oh, yes, you do!Think!When the other boys and

girls are reading and writing, who sits in class and only

watches how the other people work? Tom: Our teacher, father.Step2: 命題特點(diǎn):

動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)是歷年高考英語測(cè)試的重中之重,每年試題一般不低于兩道。命題思路有三種:

1.是直接給出標(biāo)志性時(shí)間狀語,考生能根據(jù)其作出選擇; 2.是給出時(shí)間狀語,但所給時(shí)間狀語有較強(qiáng)的干擾性,考生不能直接根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語作出選擇,而需要結(jié)合語境進(jìn)行判斷;

3.是沒有任何時(shí)間狀語,需要借助于上下文語境,才能作出正確判斷。Step3:應(yīng)考策略:

1.高考命題中往往不會(huì)涉及單一的時(shí)態(tài),而是更多地側(cè)重于時(shí)態(tài)的交叉使用和時(shí)態(tài)干擾。

2.考生答題時(shí)要認(rèn)真研讀題干,尋找盡可能多的“時(shí)間參照信息”,尤其是句中其他動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài),以及修飾動(dòng)詞的狀語信息等等。3.利用上下語境推測(cè)時(shí)態(tài) Step4:實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練

1.My parents ______ in Hong Kong.They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.A.live

B.lived

C.were living

D.will live(A)考點(diǎn)1 :一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的考查

1.基本概念:一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示一個(gè)習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作。常與表示習(xí)慣的副詞always, every time, now and then, often, seldom, sometimes, usually 等連用近幾年,對(duì)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的考查常用過去時(shí)態(tài)或現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)對(duì)考生進(jìn)行干擾。2.---Bob has gone to California.---Oh, can you tell me when he ______?(2011北京高考)

A.has left

B.left

C.is leaving

D.would leave(B)考點(diǎn)2:對(duì)一般過去時(shí)的考查 一般過去時(shí)表示在過去某時(shí)某刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),它常與表過去的時(shí)間狀語連用,如yesterday, last year, last night, the other day, just now, then, two days ago, in 2012, at that time等。但是一般過去時(shí)也經(jīng)常用在沒有說明過去的時(shí)間狀語的句子中,這是高考的命題方向。

3.— What’s the terrible noise?

— The neighbors ____ for a party(2004年北京卷)A.have prepared

B.are preparing

C.prepare

D.will prepare

(B)考點(diǎn)3.對(duì)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的考查:由上下文語境表示時(shí)間。4.—You were out when I dropped in at your house.—Oh, I ____ for a friend from England at the airport.(2004年福建卷)

A.was waiting

B.had waited

C.am waiting

D.have waited

(A)考點(diǎn)4.對(duì)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的考查

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)放在when, while, as 等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句中考查。如果主句謂語和從句謂語都發(fā)生在過去 2012年遼寧卷)

5.Jack is a great talker.It's high time he ____something instead of just talking.A.will do

B.has done C.do

D.did

(D)考點(diǎn)5.特殊句型結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí)態(tài)的考查

It is high time that...從句常用should do或動(dòng)詞過去時(shí) 其它特殊句型結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí)態(tài)

1.It /That/this is the first time +that 從句 2.主句+ since +從句

3.hardly/scarcely?when;

no sooner?than? 4.be about to do...when...1.It is the first time that we have seen a film in the cinema.2.It was the first time that we had seen a film in the cinema.3.Tom hasn’t phoned since she went to Berlin..Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down.5.I was about to leave when he came.Step5: 高考題點(diǎn)擊

(2010.安徽)1.—Were you surprised by the ending of the film?

----No, I _____ the book, so I already knew the story.A.was reading

B.had read C.am reading

D.have read

(B)(2011.江蘇高考)2.--Tommy is planning to buy a car.--I Know.By next month, he _____ enough for a used one.A.saves

B.saved C.will save

D.will have saved

(D)(2010.重慶高考)3.The book has been translated into thirty languages since it ____ on the market in 1973.A.had come

B.has come C.came

D.comes(C)(2011.湖南高考)4.---Joan, what _____ in your hand?----Look!It’s a birthday gift for my grandma.A.Had you held

B.are you holding C.do you hold

D.will you hold

(B)Step6: 課后作業(yè):Please do the exercise on page 7.(2013年高考英語語法專題復(fù)習(xí)資料)板書設(shè)計(jì):

It is(has been)+ 一段時(shí)間 + since從句

This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成時(shí) This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成時(shí)

This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting …

+ that 從句 + 完成時(shí)

第二篇:英語語法—?jiǎng)釉~時(shí)態(tài)(推薦)

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)

英語語法中的時(shí)態(tài)(tense)是一種動(dòng)詞形式,不同的時(shí)態(tài)用以表示不同的時(shí)間與方式。動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是表示行為、動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)在各種時(shí)間條件下的動(dòng)詞形式。因此,當(dāng)我們說時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)的時(shí)候,指的是相應(yīng)時(shí)態(tài)下的動(dòng)詞形式。

所謂“時(shí)”就是行為發(fā)生的時(shí)段或狀態(tài)存在的時(shí)段,即:“現(xiàn)在、進(jìn)行、過去、將來”四種;所謂“態(tài)”就是行為或狀態(tài)發(fā)生時(shí)所呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),有一般狀態(tài)、進(jìn)行狀態(tài)、完成狀態(tài)和完成進(jìn)行狀態(tài)四種。由時(shí)態(tài)結(jié)合,便形成下列十六種時(shí)態(tài): 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),一般過去時(shí),一般將來時(shí),一般過去將來時(shí); 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí),將來進(jìn)行時(shí),過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí); 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),過去完成時(shí),將來完成時(shí),過去將來完成時(shí);

現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí),將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí),過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí). 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

1.概念:表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的情況、有規(guī)律出現(xiàn)的情況、總是發(fā)生的事和事實(shí)真理。2.時(shí)間狀語:Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week(day, year, month?),once a week(day, year, month?),on Sundays(on Mondays ?).3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + do/does +其他;(如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),動(dòng)詞上要改為第三人稱單數(shù)形式)。

4.否定形式:主語 + am/is/are + not + 其他(此時(shí)態(tài)的謂語動(dòng)詞若為行為動(dòng)詞,則在其前加don't,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用doesn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞)。5.一般疑問句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首;用助動(dòng)詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數(shù),則用does,同時(shí),還原行為動(dòng)詞。6.例句:(1)It seldom snows here.這里很少下雪。

(2)He is always ready to help others.他總是樂于幫助別人。(3)Action speaks louder than words.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。一般過去時(shí)

1.概念:過去某個(gè)時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);過去習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作、行為。

2.時(shí)間狀語:ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month?),in 1989,just now, at the age of 5,one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + 動(dòng)詞的過去式或be的過去式+名詞。

4.否定形式:主語 + was/were + not + 其他(在行為動(dòng)詞前加didn't,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞)。5.一般疑問句:was或were放于句首;用助動(dòng)詞do的過去式did 提問,同時(shí)還原行為動(dòng)詞。6.例句:(1)She often came to help us in those days.那些天她經(jīng)常來幫助我們。(2)I didn't know you were so busy.我不知道你是這么忙。一般將來時(shí)

1.概念:表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、打算、計(jì)劃或準(zhǔn)備做某事。

2.標(biāo)志:Tomorrow, soon, in a few minutes,,the day after tomorrow, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):(1)主語 + am/is/are + going to + do sth(2)主語 + will/shall + do + do sth 4.否定句:在系動(dòng)詞is/am/are或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞will/shall后加not 5.一般疑問句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。{首字母大寫} 6.例句:They are going to have a competition with us in studies.他們將有一場(chǎng)比賽和我們一起研究。

It is going to rain.天要下雨了。一般過去將來時(shí)

1.概念:立足于過去某一時(shí)刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中。2.時(shí)間狀語:The next day(morning , year?),the following month(week?),etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + was/were + going to + do + 其它;主語 + would/should + do +其它 4.否定形式:主語 + was/were + not + going to + do;主語 + would/should + not + do.5.一般疑問句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。6.例句:(1)He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他說他第二天要去北京。(2)I asked who was going there.我問,誰要去那里。現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念:表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作及行為。2.時(shí)間狀語:Now, at this time, days, etc.look, listen 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+ be + doing + 其它

4.否定形式:主語 + be + not +doing + 其它 5.一般疑問句:把be動(dòng)詞放于句首。

6.例句:How are you feeling today? 你今天感覺如何? He is doing well in his lessons.在課上他表現(xiàn)得很好。過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念:表示過去某段時(shí)間或某一時(shí)刻正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行的行為或動(dòng)作。

2.時(shí)間狀語:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導(dǎo)的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語等。

3.基本結(jié)構(gòu)主語+was/were +doing +其它

4.否定形式:主語+was/were + not +doing+其它 5.一般疑問句:把was或were放于句首。(第一個(gè)字母大寫)

6.例句:At that time she was working in a PLA unit.那段時(shí)間她在人民解放軍部隊(duì)工作。When he came in, I was reading a newspaper.他進(jìn)來時(shí),我正在讀報(bào)紙。將來進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念:表示將來某一時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,或表示要在將來某一時(shí)間開始,并繼續(xù)下去的動(dòng)作。常用來表示詢問、請(qǐng)求等。

2.時(shí)間狀語:Soon, tomorrow, this evening,on Sunday, by this time,in two days, tomorrow evening 3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + shall/will + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞 + 其它

4.否定形式:主語 + shall/will + not + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞 + 其它

5.例句:This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema.下一天的這個(gè)時(shí)間,他們正坐在電影院。

He won’t be coming to the party.他不去參加聚會(huì)了。過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí) 1.概念:表示就過去某一時(shí)間而言,將來某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,主要用于賓語從句中,尤其多用于間接引語中。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):should/would + be + 現(xiàn)在分詞

3.例句:They said they would be coming.他們說了他們將要來。

He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.他說他不能來因?yàn)橐_會(huì)。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1.概念:過去發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果,或從過去已經(jīng)開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。2.時(shí)間狀語:yet, already ,just, never, ever, so far, by now, since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn),for + 時(shí)間段,recently, lately, in the past few years, etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + have/has + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它

4.否定形式:主語 + have/has + not + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它 5.一般疑問句:have或has放句首。

6.例句:I've written an article.我已經(jīng)寫了一篇論文。

The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years.在過去的幾年,農(nóng)村發(fā)生了巨大的變化。過去完成時(shí)

1.概念:以過去某個(gè)時(shí)間為標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在此以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或行為,或在過去某動(dòng)作之前完成的行為,即“過去的過去”。

2.時(shí)間狀語:Before, by the end of last year(term, month?),etc.3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + had + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它

4.否定形式:主語 + had + not +p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它 5.一般疑問句:had放于句首。

6.例句:As soon as we got to the station, the train had left.當(dāng)我們到車站的時(shí)候,火車已經(jīng)開走了。

By the end of last month, we had reviewed four books.到上個(gè)月底,我們已經(jīng)復(fù)習(xí)了四本書。基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + had + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它 ①肯定句:主語 + had + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它

②否定句:主語 + had + not + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它 ③一般疑問句:Had +主語 + p.p(過去分詞)+其它 ④特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞 + 一般疑問句 將來完成時(shí)

1.概念:在將來某一時(shí)刻之前開始的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。

2.時(shí)間狀語:by the time of;by the end of + 時(shí)間短語(將來);by the time + 從句(將來)3.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + be going to/will/shall + have + p.p(過去分詞)+ 其它 4例句:By the time you get back, great changes will have taken place in this area.到你回來的時(shí)候,就將發(fā)生巨大的變化。過去將來完成時(shí)

1.概念:表示在過去某一時(shí)間對(duì)將來某一時(shí)刻以前所會(huì)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常用在虛擬語氣中,表示與過去的事實(shí)相反。

2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):should/would have done sth.3.例句:I thought you'd have left by this time.我想這會(huì)兒你已經(jīng)走了。

He told them he would have finished it by 8 o'clock.他告訴他們他會(huì)在8點(diǎn)以前干完。現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念:表示從過去某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作。這一動(dòng)作可能剛剛開始,也可能仍在繼續(xù),并可能延續(xù)到將來。

2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + have/has + been + doing + 其它 3.時(shí)間狀語:since + 時(shí)間點(diǎn),for + 時(shí)間段等。

4.例子:I have been sitting here for an hour.我已經(jīng)在這里坐了一個(gè)小時(shí)。

The children have been watching TV since six o'clock.從6點(diǎn)起,孩子們一直看電視。過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念:表示某個(gè)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)刻,還未完成,一直持續(xù)到之后的當(dāng)前才結(jié)束。

2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語 + had + been + doing + 其它

3.例子:She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考試之前一直患重感冒。

Had they been expecting the news for some time? 他們期待這個(gè)消息有一段時(shí)間了吧? 4.特殊含義:①尚未完成:He had been writing the novel.他已經(jīng)在寫小說了。(他沒寫完)②企圖:He had been studying the meaning of this proverb.他曾經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)過這個(gè)諺語。(他曾努力學(xué)習(xí)過它)③未得結(jié)果:We had been studying what our enemy had said.我們一直致力于敵人所說的。(但是我們沒有理解)

④最近情況:He had been quarrelling with his wife.他和他的妻子吵了一場(chǎng)架。(最近)⑤反復(fù)動(dòng)作:He had been asking me the same question.他一直問我相同的問題。(屢次)⑥情緒:What had he been doing?他做了什么 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念:表示動(dòng)作從某一時(shí)間開始一直延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)間。是否繼續(xù)下去,要視上下文而定。

2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):shall/will have been doing 3.例子:I shall have been working here in this factory for twenty years by the end of the year.到今年年底,我將在這個(gè)工廠工作20年了。

If we don't hurry up the store will have been closing before we get there.咱們?nèi)绮豢煲稽c(diǎn)兒,等我們到了那兒,店門就會(huì)關(guān)了。過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

1.概念:表示從過去某時(shí)看至未來某時(shí)以前會(huì)一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。2.基本結(jié)構(gòu):should/would + have + been +現(xiàn)在分詞

3.例子:He told me that by the end of the year he would have been living there for thirty years.他告訴我,到年底時(shí),他就在那住了30年了。

第三篇:2012年8月最新整理英語語法時(shí)態(tài)匯總

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

【1】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的意義

1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態(tài)。例:The sky is blue.天空是藍(lán)色的。2.表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。

例:I get up at six every day.我天天六點(diǎn)起床。3.表示客觀現(xiàn)實(shí)。

例:The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

【2】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu) 1.含be動(dòng)詞的句子 主語 +be(am,is,are)+其它。例: I am a girl.我是一個(gè)女孩。

2.含行為動(dòng)詞的句子————行為動(dòng)詞:表示具體動(dòng)作的詞如eat drink run make等 主語 +行為動(dòng)詞+(其它)。

例:We study English.我們學(xué)習(xí)英語。

*當(dāng)主語為第三人稱單數(shù)(he, she,it,具體人名或者單個(gè)物體)時(shí),要在動(dòng)詞后加“-s”或“-es”或變y為i+es。如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。

*“我”用am“你”用are

I am

you are

it/she/he is Is分給“它”“他”“她” 【3】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變否定句

1.含be動(dòng)詞的變化。

主語+ be(is、am、are)not +其它

例:He is not a worker.他不是工人。2.不含be動(dòng)詞的變化

主語+ don't(doesn't)+動(dòng)詞原形+(其它)(do not=don’t

does not=doesn’t)

例:I don't like bread.【4】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變一般疑問句及其回答 1.含be動(dòng)詞的變化。Be+主語+其它。

例:I am a student.我是一名學(xué)生。——Are you a student? 你是一名學(xué)生嗎?Yes I am./

No I am not.例:He is a student.他是一名學(xué)生。——Is he a student?他是一名學(xué)生嗎?Yes he is./

No he is not.2.含行為動(dòng)詞的變化。

Do(Does)+主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其它。

例:Do you often play football?

Yes, I do./ No, I don't.Does she go to work by bike?

Yes, she does./ No, she doesn't.【5】一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)變特殊疑問句

特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句。例:Where

is my bike?

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

【1】 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義

1、表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行或發(fā)生的動(dòng)作

2、表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的活動(dòng)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作 【2】現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的肯定句基本結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定句:

主語+be+動(dòng)詞ing 例:He is playing basketball.否定句:

主語+be not+動(dòng)詞ing 例:He is not playing basketball.一般疑問句:

把be動(dòng)詞提到句首

例:Is he playing basketball.特殊疑問句:

疑問詞+be +主語+動(dòng)詞ing 例:Where is he playing basketball? 疑問詞當(dāng)主語時(shí):

疑問詞+be+動(dòng)詞ing 例:Who is playing basketball?

一般過去時(shí)

【1】一般過去時(shí)的意義

1. 一般過去時(shí)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),常和表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用

2. 一般過去時(shí)也表示過去經(jīng)常或反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作 【2】 一般過去時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定句:

①含be動(dòng)詞 主語+was/were+其他

例:It was Sunday yesterday.②不含be動(dòng)詞 主語+動(dòng)詞過去式+其他

例:He went to school yesterday.否定句:

① 含be動(dòng)詞

例:It was not Sunday yesterday.②不含be動(dòng)詞

主語+did+not+動(dòng)詞原形+其他

例:He did not go to school yesterday.疑問句:

①含be動(dòng)詞——將was/were提前到句首 Was/were+主語+其他?

例:Was it Sunday yesterday? ② 不含be動(dòng)詞

Did+主語+動(dòng)詞原形+其他? Did he go to school yesterday?

一般將來時(shí)

【1】意義

1.表示將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài) 2.打算、計(jì)劃或預(yù)備做某事 【2】結(jié)構(gòu)

肯定句

1.主語+be going to do+其他

例:I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.2.主語+will do+其他

例:I will go swimming tomorrow.否定句

1.主語+be not going to do+其他

例:I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.2.主語+will not do+其他

例:I will not go swimming tomorrow.疑問句

1.Be+主語+ going to do+其他?

例:Are you going to have a picnic this afternoon?

2.Will+主語+do+其他? 例:Will you go swimming tomorrow?

第四篇:初中英語語法時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié)

初中英語語法動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)總結(jié) 一、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

1)經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常與表示頻度的時(shí)間狀語連用。時(shí)間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:

I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。2)客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)。例如:

The earth moves around the sun.地球繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國東部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:

Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái) ?/p>

注意:此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4)現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如: I don't want so much.我不要那么多。

Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英語寫得不錯(cuò),講的可不行。

比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now.我正在做功課。

第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。二、一般過去時(shí)

1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如:時(shí)間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?

2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如:

When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球。

Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那時(shí),布朗一家無論什么時(shí)候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。

3)句型:It is time for sb.to do sth “到……時(shí)間了” “該……了”。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。

It is time that sb.did sth.“時(shí)間已遲了” “早該……了”,例如It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。

would(had)rather sb.did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。

4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等,而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在

。例如:I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。

比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現(xiàn)在還活著)Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義:達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)

Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義:現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)注意: 用過去時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣。

1)動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎? I wondered if you could help me.能不能幫我一下。2)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 could, would。例如:

Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎? 11.3 used to / be used to

used to + do:“過去常常”表示過去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful.老媽過去沒那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫過去常常散步。

be used to + doing:對(duì)……已感到習(xí)慣,或“習(xí)慣于”,to是介詞,后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。例如:

He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫現(xiàn)在已習(xí)慣于散步了。典型例題

----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't

答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時(shí)間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時(shí)候沒有聽懂這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,因此應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。三、一般將來時(shí)

1)shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。例如:

Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?

Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎? 2)be going to +不定式,表示將來。

a.主語的意圖,即將做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?

b.計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。

c.有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那烏云,快要下雨了。

3)be +不定式表將來,按計(jì)劃或正式安排將發(fā)生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報(bào)告。4)be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing.他馬上要去北京。

注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。5)be going to / will 用于條件句時(shí),be going to表將來,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6)be to和be going to

be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或計(jì)劃。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)7)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來

1)下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時(shí)間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如:

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明天上午六點(diǎn)開。

When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽車什么時(shí)候開?十分鐘后。2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。例如: Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.車來了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.鈴響了。3)在時(shí)間或條件句中。例如:

When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me.比爾來后,讓他等我。I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里,就寫信給你。4)在動(dòng)詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他們下星期玩得開心。

Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.離開房間前,務(wù)必把窗戶關(guān)了。8)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)標(biāo)將來

下列動(dòng)詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可以表示將來。例如:

I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你會(huì)在這兒呆到下周嗎?

四、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)用來表示之前已發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在;也可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。其構(gòu)成:have(has)+過去分詞。11.10 比較一般過去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作;現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。

2)一般過去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用,或無時(shí)間狀語。

一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語。

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。

共同的時(shí)間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。

3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。

一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:

I saw this film yesterday.(強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過了)

I have seen this film.(強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了)Why did you get up so early?(強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過了)

Who hasn't handed in his paper?(強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交,疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng))

He has been in the League for three years.(在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù))He has been a League member for three years.(是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù))

句子中如有過去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時(shí),不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),要用過去時(shí)。

(錯(cuò))Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(對(duì))Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.4)用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型

1)It is the first / second time....that…結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問這城市。This is the first time(that)I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。

注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.2)This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that…結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如: This is the best film that I've(ever)seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。典型例題

(1)---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming

答案B.This is the first time 后面所加從句應(yīng)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),故選B。

(2)---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意為曾經(jīng)或無論何時(shí),反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時(shí)。

注意:非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞的否定形式可以與表示延續(xù)時(shí)間的狀語連用。即動(dòng)作不發(fā)生的狀態(tài)是可以持續(xù)的。

(錯(cuò))I have received his letter for a month.6(對(duì))I haven't received his letter for almost a month.5)比較since 和for

Since 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born.我從出生起就住在這兒了。注意:并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

I worked here for more than twenty years.(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。)

I have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)注意:用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。1)(對(duì))Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(錯(cuò))Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然,第二句不對(duì),它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.6)since的四種用法

1)since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:

I have been here since 1989.1989起,我一直在這兒。2)since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如:

I have been here since five months ago.我在這兒,已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。3)since +從句。例如:

Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后,變化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我們走后,變化可大了。4)It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如:

It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有兩年了。7)延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞與瞬間動(dòng)詞 1)用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷; 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能與表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如:

He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。(表結(jié)果)

I've known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)2)用于till / until從句的差異

延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”。例如:

He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。典型例題

1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet

答案B.首先本題后句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several times告知為反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,因此用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be

答案A.等待的動(dòng)作由過去開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。

五、過去完成時(shí)

1)概念:表示過去的過去

----|----------|--------|----> 其構(gòu)成是had +過去分詞構(gòu)成。那時(shí)以前 那時(shí) 現(xiàn)在 2)用法

a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句。例如: She said(that)she had never been to Paris.她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。b.狀語從句

在過去不同時(shí)間發(fā)生的兩個(gè)動(dòng)作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時(shí);發(fā)生在后,用一般過去時(shí)。例如:

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達(dá)時(shí),小偷們?cè)缇团芰恕?/p>

c.表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時(shí)表示“原本…,未能…”。例如:

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那時(shí)我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。

3)過去完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:

He said that he had learned some English before.他說過他以前學(xué)過一些英語。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。

Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了,因?yàn)樗竭_(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí),大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。典型例題

The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B,were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left

答案D.“把書忘在辦公室”發(fā)生在“去取書”這一過去的動(dòng)作之前,因此“忘了書”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去,用過去完成時(shí)。句中when表示的是時(shí)間的一點(diǎn),表示在“同學(xué)們正忙于……”這一背景下,when所引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)作發(fā)生。因此前一句應(yīng)用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如:

I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我剛打開門,他就打了我。had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如:

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他剛買了這輛車,轉(zhuǎn)眼又賣了。4)一般過去時(shí)代替過去完成時(shí)

1)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生,又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后,或用then,and,but 等連詞時(shí),多用一般過去時(shí)。例如:

When she saw the mouse,she screamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。)兩個(gè)動(dòng)作相繼發(fā)生,可用一般過去時(shí);如第一個(gè)動(dòng)作需要若干時(shí)間完成,用過去完成時(shí)。例如:

When I heard the news, I was very excited.3)敘述歷史事實(shí),可不用過去完成時(shí),而只用一般過去時(shí)。例如: Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.六、將來完成時(shí)

1)構(gòu)成will have done 2)概念

a.狀態(tài)完成:表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如:

They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了。b.動(dòng)作完成:表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如:

You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此時(shí),你已經(jīng)到達(dá)上海了。

七、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)

1)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法:

a.表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you.我們正在等你。

b.習(xí)慣進(jìn)行:表示長期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如:

Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在寫另一部小說。(說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)

c.表示漸變,這樣的動(dòng)詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如: The leaves are turning red.葉子在變紅。It's getting warmer and warmer.天越來越熱了。

d.與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或持續(xù)存在的狀態(tài),往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如:

You are always changing your mind.你老是改變主意。典型例題

My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.A.has lost, don't find B.is missing, don't find C.has lost, haven't found D.is missing, haven't found.答案D.前句是一個(gè)仍在持續(xù)的狀態(tài),應(yīng)用進(jìn)行時(shí),由于沒有找到,其影響仍然存在,應(yīng)用完成時(shí),瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定式時(shí)可用于完成時(shí)。2)不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞

1)事實(shí)狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers.我有兩兄弟。

This house belongs to my sister.這房子是我姐的。

2)表示心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help.我需要你的幫助。He loves her very much.他愛她很深。

3)瞬間動(dòng)詞,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:

I accept your advice.我接受你的勸告。

4)系動(dòng)詞,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:

You seem a little tired.你看上去有點(diǎn)累。

八、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)

1)概念:表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)或動(dòng)作。

2)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的主要用法是描述一件事發(fā)生的背景;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作延續(xù)的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。

3)常用的時(shí)間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:

My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟騎車時(shí)摔了下來,受了傷。

It was raining when they left the station.他們離開車站時(shí),正下著雨。

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到達(dá)山頂時(shí),陽光燦爛。典型例題

1)Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes 答案C.割傷手指是已發(fā)生的事情,應(yīng)用過去時(shí)。同時(shí),when表時(shí)間的同時(shí)性,“瑪麗在做衣服時(shí)”提供事情發(fā)生的背景,因此用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

2)As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.A.read;was falling B.was reading; fell C.was reading; was falling D.read;fell

答案B.句中的as = when, while,意為“當(dāng)……之時(shí)”。描述一件事發(fā)生的背景時(shí),用過去進(jìn)行;一個(gè)長動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)候,另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生。句意為 “在她看報(bào)紙時(shí),奶奶睡著了。”句中的 fell(fall的過去時(shí)),是系動(dòng)詞,后跟形容詞,如:fall sick。

動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)形式一覽表

第五篇:英語語法16種時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)典總結(jié)

英語語法16種時(shí)態(tài)經(jīng)典總結(jié)

1.一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

用 法:A)表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作、情況、狀態(tài)和特征。

B)習(xí)慣用語。

C)經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。

例:He always helps others.(他總是幫助別人。)

D)客觀事實(shí)和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),則無法保持 主句、從句時(shí)態(tài)一致。

E)表示一個(gè)按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,(僅限于某些表示“來、去、動(dòng)、停、開始、結(jié)束、繼續(xù)”等的動(dòng)詞)可以與表示未來時(shí)間的狀語搭配使用。常見的用法是:飛機(jī)、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點(diǎn)運(yùn)行的交通方式。

例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.(下一趟火車今天下午3點(diǎn)開車。)

How often does this shuttle bus run?(這班車多久一趟?)

F)在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句里經(jīng)常用一般現(xiàn)在(有時(shí)也用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))表示將來事 情。

例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成這份報(bào)告的時(shí)候,我就已經(jīng)等了將近3個(gè)小時(shí)了。)

2.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(be doing)

用法:現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。

3.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have done)

用 法:A)表示動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成或剛剛完成。

例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A)didn't sell B)sold C)haven't sold D)would sell

答案是C)haven't sold。

B)表示從過去某時(shí)刻開始,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或情況,并且有可能會(huì)繼續(xù)延續(xù)下去。此時(shí)經(jīng)常用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。時(shí)間狀語常用since加一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn),或for 加一段時(shí)間,或by加一個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。

例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A)are to challenge C)have been challenged

B)may be challenged D)are challenging

全句的意思是:“雖然牛頓是個(gè)偉大的人物,但他的許多見解直到今天還在受到挑戰(zhàn),并且被現(xiàn)代科學(xué)家的工作所修 正。”challenge是及物動(dòng)詞,在本句中應(yīng)當(dāng)是被動(dòng)語態(tài);其動(dòng)作延續(xù)到今天,所以要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。可見答案是C)have been challenged。A)are to challenge和D)are challenging都是主動(dòng)語態(tài),不可能是答案。B)may be challenged雖然是被動(dòng)語態(tài),但意思與全句內(nèi)容不合,所以不對(duì)。

C)表示發(fā)生在過去,但對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響的動(dòng)作或情況。通常用點(diǎn)動(dòng)詞,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。

例:John has broken his left leg.(約翰摔斷了左腿。)

注意事項(xiàng)

A)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)是聯(lián)系過去和現(xiàn)在的紐帶。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和過去時(shí)的區(qū)別在于:現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的動(dòng)態(tài),或受動(dòng)態(tài)的影響,是動(dòng)態(tài)的結(jié)果,對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響;過去時(shí)只表 示過去的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間里發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,與現(xiàn)在沒有聯(lián)系。

例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院工作了8年。這只是講述一個(gè)過去的事實(shí),他現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那家醫(yī)院了。)

He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已經(jīng)在那家醫(yī)院里工作了8年。表示他從過去開始工作,一直工作到現(xiàn)在,現(xiàn)在仍在那家醫(yī)院工作。)

B)因?yàn)楹衒or加一段時(shí)間或since加一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)這樣的時(shí)間狀語的完成時(shí),有動(dòng)態(tài)和延續(xù)性的特點(diǎn),所以不能使用終端動(dòng)詞或瞬間動(dòng)詞。

例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(過去分詞做表語表示狀態(tài),可以延續(xù))

My sister has married.Don't disturb her.(終端動(dòng)詞)

C)在“this is the first/ second/ third…… time that……”句型里要求用完成時(shí)。

例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(這是我公司產(chǎn)品第二次參加國際展覽會(huì)。)

D)句型“It is/ has been……since”所使用的兩種時(shí)態(tài)都正確。

例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(從我上次見到他以來已經(jīng)10年了。)

E)在“no sooner than”、“hardly/ scarcely ……when”、“before”、“prior to”等句型中,主句要求完成時(shí)。

例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我從未見過那位教授。)

4.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(have been doing)

用 法:表示某一動(dòng)作開始于過去某一時(shí)間,延續(xù)或重復(fù)地出現(xiàn)至今,或?qū)⒗^續(xù)延續(xù)至將來。

例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前為止,我們一直在處理那個(gè)項(xiàng)目,已經(jīng)花了一個(gè)多月時(shí)間了。)

注意事項(xiàng):與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)相比,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào):在從過去到現(xiàn)在的時(shí) 間里,動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)一直持續(xù)或一直反復(fù)出現(xiàn)。

例:1997年6月四級(jí)第45 題

It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time.We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A)had leaked B)is leaking

C)leaked D)has been leaking

從本題上下文看,這兩個(gè)句子的意思是:“看來,這個(gè)管道漏油已有一段時(shí)間了,我們將不得不拆卸機(jī)器排除故障。”第二句表示將要采取的措 施。第一句動(dòng)作發(fā)生在第二句之前,并且延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在為止仍在繼續(xù)。因此,空格中需用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。D)has been leaking是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí),因此是本題的答案。有11%的考生誤選了B)is leaking。由于本句有時(shí)間狀語for some time,表示謂語動(dòng)作延續(xù),謂語不能用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),必須用和完成時(shí)有關(guān)的時(shí)態(tài)。有些考生誤選了C)leaked或A)had leaked。是因?yàn)樗麄儧]有注意到本題第二句是一般將來時(shí),所以第一句的謂語不能用過去時(shí)或過去完成時(shí)。

5.一般過去時(shí)

用法:A)表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。

B)表示過去習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。特別是由would/ used to do表達(dá)的句型,本身表示的 就是過去時(shí)。

例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人過去常常坐在寧靜的公園里的一條長椅上,看著其他的人,一坐就是數(shù)個(gè)小時(shí),什么也不干,也不和任何人交談。)

He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。)

C)有時(shí)可代替一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),表達(dá)一種婉轉(zhuǎn)、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。

例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借車用一用,可以嗎?)

Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在這里嗎?)

注意事項(xiàng):

A)注意時(shí)間狀語的搭配。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語應(yīng)該是表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間的詞或詞組,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,絕對(duì)不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用,因?yàn)檫@樣的時(shí)間狀語都與現(xiàn)在有關(guān)系,應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

B)used to do的否定形式和疑問形式很特別:你怎么寫都正確。以否定形式為例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都對(duì)。

Used to do經(jīng)常與 be used to doing sth/ sth結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。前者表示“過去常常或過去曾經(jīng)”,要求加動(dòng)詞原形;后者表示“習(xí)慣于”,要求加名詞或動(dòng)名詞。

6.過去完成時(shí)(had done)

用 法:表示在過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間或動(dòng)作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或已經(jīng)存在的狀態(tài)。就是我們常說的:表示“過去的過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)”。

Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.A)didn't hear C)hasn't heard B)hasn't been hearing D)hadn't heard

全句的意思是:“到那時(shí)為止,他家里已經(jīng)有六個(gè)月沒得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出,謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作延續(xù)到過去的某一時(shí)刻才完成,因此謂語 要用過去完成時(shí)。答案是D)。其它選項(xiàng)中:A)didn't hear,因?yàn)橐话氵^去時(shí)只表示過去發(fā)生的事情或存在的狀態(tài),所以不能與時(shí)間狀語for six months連用。B)hasn't been hearing,現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)刻繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,與題意不符。C)hasn't heard,現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)刻到現(xiàn)在為止發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。而題中的then只表示過去的某一時(shí)刻,不能表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間。

注意事項(xiàng):“過去的過 去”這種邏輯關(guān)系常通過上下文體現(xiàn)出來,而不一定受某個(gè)時(shí)間狀語的限制。

例:There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(剛才有人在我們的房間里,因?yàn)槲覀兇蜷_前門進(jìn)來時(shí),我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃燒的香煙。)

分析:雖然時(shí)間狀語是just now,似乎應(yīng)該使用一般過去時(shí),但是“在房間里”這個(gè)狀態(tài)是在“開門”和“注意”這兩個(gè)過去的動(dòng)作之前就存在的,所以應(yīng)該用過去完成時(shí)。

7.過去將來時(shí)(would/ should do)

用 法:表示從過去的某個(gè)時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的事。

例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四說我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友。)

注意事項(xiàng):由于過去將來時(shí)是由過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)組合而成的,所以其注意事項(xiàng)可以參考過去時(shí)和將來時(shí)的 相關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。

8.過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/ were doing)

用 法:A)表示在過去一個(gè)比較具體的時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。

例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分鐘前,瑪麗正在聽輕音樂。)

B)如果when, while這樣的時(shí)間狀語引導(dǎo)詞所引導(dǎo)的主從句之一是一般過去時(shí),則另一個(gè)句子常用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。

例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前門時(shí)我正在洗頭發(fā)。)

注意事項(xiàng):其它與將來時(shí)有關(guān)的事項(xiàng)請(qǐng)參見下面所講的一般將來時(shí)。

9.一般將來時(shí)

用法:

A)基本結(jié)構(gòu)是will / shall do。

例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我們將送給她一個(gè)玻璃的手工制品,作為給她的生日禮物。)

B)有些動(dòng)詞,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般進(jìn)行時(shí),并且通常與一個(gè)表示將來時(shí)間的時(shí)間狀語連用,可以表示將來時(shí)。

例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我媽媽下周將來看我,并會(huì)呆到5月。)

C)表示“打算去……,要……”時(shí),可用be going to do。

例:This is just what I am going to say.(這正是我想說的。)

D)表示“即將、正要”時(shí),可用be about to do。強(qiáng)調(diào)近期內(nèi)或馬上要做的事。

例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(別擔(dān)心,我馬上就給你做一次仔細(xì)的檢查。)

E)“be to do”的5種用法:

a)表示“按計(jì)劃、安排即將發(fā)生某事或打算做某事”。

例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你準(zhǔn)會(huì)在實(shí)驗(yàn)室見到她。)

b)該做或不該做的事情(語氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一種命令、規(guī)勸性語氣。

例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids.Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子們,你們必須 上床睡覺,不準(zhǔn)吵鬧。我們的客人5分鐘之內(nèi)就要到了。)

c)能或不能發(fā)生的事情(接近c(diǎn)an, may)

例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能還得起這么大的一筆債呢?)

d)不可避免將要發(fā)生的事情,后來將要發(fā)生的事情。

例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible.Have a little patience.A.will be attended B.will be attended to

C.is attended D.is attended to

will be attended to關(guān)鍵的一點(diǎn)是:attend表示“處理,解決”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞,必須與to連用。另外,從上下文看,事情顯然尚未解決,所以應(yīng)該用將來時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài)。答案是B。

e)用于條件從句“如果……想,設(shè)想”(接近if ……want to,或if ……should)

例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.A)is to be B)can be C)will be D)has been

答案是A)is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必須作出更大努力來增加農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)量。”

F)同樣可以表示“正要、將要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。

例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教練想要放棄這場(chǎng)比賽了,因?yàn)閷?duì)方已經(jīng)射進(jìn)了7個(gè)球。)

例:1999年6月四級(jí)第65題

I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A)in B)to C)at D)on

答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定詞組,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“當(dāng)他的信到的時(shí)候我正要打電話給他。”

注意事項(xiàng):

在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等連詞以及具有連詞作用的副詞(immediately, the moment, directly)等引導(dǎo)的狀語從句,一般用現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)。強(qiáng)調(diào)延續(xù)性或動(dòng)態(tài)時(shí),可用完成時(shí)。

例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回來的時(shí)候,他的身體已經(jīng)好多了。)

10.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)(will be doing)

用法:強(qiáng)調(diào)在將來的某個(gè)具體時(shí)間正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情。

例:Don't worry, you won't miss her.She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(別擔(dān)心,你不會(huì)認(rèn)不出她的。她到時(shí)會(huì)穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。)

注意事項(xiàng):由于本時(shí)態(tài)是由將來時(shí)和進(jìn)行時(shí)融合在一起的,所以關(guān)于本時(shí)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng),可參考“一般將來時(shí)”和“現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)”的有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。

11.將來完成時(shí)(will have done)

用法:表示從將來的某一時(shí)間開始、延續(xù)到另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),或是發(fā)生在某個(gè)將來時(shí)間,但對(duì)其后的另一個(gè)將來時(shí)間有影響的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。就好象把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)平移到時(shí)間軸的將來時(shí)時(shí)段一樣。其用法從和過去及現(xiàn)在有關(guān),變成了和將來及將來的將來有關(guān)。

例:1997年1月四級(jí)第22題一個(gè)讓你臉紅的微信:se7982,臉紅也得加額!

The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.A)must have lasted B)will have lasted

C)would last D)has lasted

本題考核謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)。全句的意思是:“會(huì)議從開始到結(jié)束將持續(xù)整整一個(gè)星期。”句中by the time it ends表示動(dòng)作要延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻,因此要用將來完成時(shí)。答案是B)will have lasted。如果選A),因?yàn)榍閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞must后面接動(dòng)詞不定式的完成時(shí)形式表示對(duì)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的事情的一種肯定推測(cè),而本句的時(shí)間狀語是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了時(shí)態(tài)不呼應(yīng)的錯(cuò)誤。Would雖可以表示推測(cè)或可能性,但would last不能表示延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作,所以C)would last錯(cuò)誤。因?yàn)镈)has lasted是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí),表示到現(xiàn)在為止已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作,不能表示延續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)刻的動(dòng)作,所以也不正確。

注意事項(xiàng):由于本時(shí)態(tài)是由將來時(shí)和完成時(shí)融合在一起的,所以關(guān)于本時(shí)態(tài)的注意事項(xiàng),可以參考“一般將來時(shí)”和“現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)”的有關(guān)注意事項(xiàng)。

12)將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):shall have been doing,will have been doing 例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.(到下個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了。)(被動(dòng)語態(tài))

13)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí):had been doing

例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10歲大的兒子已經(jīng)把這個(gè)舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。)(此處強(qiáng)調(diào)“拆卸”和“組裝”這兩個(gè)過去的過去的動(dòng)作一直在反復(fù)進(jìn)行。)(被動(dòng)語態(tài))

14)過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí):should be doing , would be doing

例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承諾說第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的時(shí)間狀語是具體的將來時(shí)間,所以最好用將來進(jìn)行時(shí)。)(此句為被動(dòng)語態(tài))

15)過去將來完成時(shí):should have done , would have done

例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我堅(jiān)信到那年年底為止,那個(gè)軟件的新版本將被開發(fā)出來。但是我錯(cuò)了。)(此句為被動(dòng)語態(tài))

16)過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí):should have been doing , would have been doing

例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.(他們說到第二個(gè)月底為止,這項(xiàng)工程就已經(jīng)不停地進(jìn)行了3年了

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