第一篇:初中英語語法時態總結
一、名詞復數規則
1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如: book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds 2.以s.x.sh.ch結尾,加-es,如: bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches 3.以“輔音字母+y”結尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如: family-families, strawberry-strawberries
4、以“f或fe”結尾,變f或fe為v, 再加-es,(但有一個特例:roof→roofs)。如: knife-knives leaf-leaves wife-wives thief-thieves wolf-wolves 5.以“o”結尾的單詞,如果有生命,加-es;如果沒有生命,加-s。如:①有生命:potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes mango-mangoes hero-heroes Negro-Negroes ②沒生命:radio-radios piano-pianos photo-photos zoo-zoos 6.不規則名詞的復數變化:
(一)完全不規則:
woman-women policeman-policemen policewoman-policewomen mouse-mice child-children foot-feet tooth-teeth man-men
(二)單數復數詞形相同:
fish-fish sheep-sheep deer-deer people-people Chinese-Chinese Japanese-Japanese 二、一般現在時
【No.1】一般現在時的功能
1.表示事物或人物的特征、狀態。如:The sky is blue.天空是藍色的。
2.表示經常性或習慣性的動作。如:I get up at six every day.我每天六點起床。
3.表示客觀現實。如:The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉。
一般現在時的構成
1.be動詞:主語+be(am,is,are)+其它。如: I am a boy.我是一個男孩。
2.行為動詞:主語+行為動詞(+其它)。如: We study English.我們學習英語。當主語為第三人稱單數(he, she,it)時,要在動詞后加“-s”或“-es”。如:Mary likes Chinese.瑪麗喜歡漢語。
一般現在時的變化
1.be動詞的變化。
否定句:主語+ be + not +其它。如:He is not a worker.他不是工人。
一般疑問句:Be +主語+其它。如:-Are you a student?
-Yes.I am./ No, I'm not.特殊疑問句:疑問詞+一般疑問句。如:Where is my bike?
2.行為動詞的變化。
否定句:主語+ don't(doesn't)+動詞原形(+其它)。如:
I don't like bread.當主語為第三人稱單數時,要用doesn't構成否定句。如:
He doesn't often play.一般疑問句:Do(Does)+主語+動詞原形+其它。如:
Yes, I do./ No, I don't.當主語為第三人稱單數時,要用does構成一般疑問句。如:
-Does she go to work by bike?-Yes, she does./ No, she doesn't.特殊疑問句:疑問詞+一般疑問句。如:How does your father go to work? 動詞+s的變化規則
1.一般情況下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks 2.以s.x.sh.ch.o結尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3.以“輔音字母+y”結尾,變y為i, 再加-es,如:study-studies
三、現在進行時
1.現在進行時表示現在正在進行或發生的動作,也可表示當前一段時間內的活動或現階段正在進行的動作。
2.現在進行時的肯定句基本結構為be+動詞ing.3.現在進行時的否定句在be后加not。
4.現在進行時的一般疑問句把be動詞調到句首。5.現在進行時的特殊疑問的基本結構為: 疑問詞不達意 + be + 主語 + 動詞ing? 但疑問詞當主語時其結構為:
疑問詞不達意 + be + 動詞ing? 動詞加ing的變化規則
1.一般情況下,直接加ing,如:cook-cooking 2.以不發音的e結尾,去e加ing,如:make-making, taste-tasting 3.如果末尾是一個元音字母和一個輔音字母,雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加ing,如:run-running, stop-stopping 四、一般將來時
一、概念:表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態及打算、計劃或準備做某事。句中一般有以下時間狀語:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, the day after tomorrow(后天)等。
二、基本結構:
①be going to + do; ②will+ do.三、否定句:在be動詞(am, is, are)l后加not或情態動詞will后加not成won’t。例如:I’m going to have a picnic this afternoon.→ I’m not going to have a picnic this afternoon.四、一般疑問句: be或will提到句首,some改為any, and改為or,第一二人稱互換。例如:We are going to go on an outing this weekend.→ Are you going to go on an outing this weekend?
五、對劃線部分提問。一般情況,一般將來時的對劃線部分有三種情況。
1.問人。Who 例如:I’m going to New York soon.→Who’s going to New York soon.2.問干什么。What … do.例如: My father is going to watch a race with me this afternoon.→What is your father going to do with you this afternoon.3.問什么時候。When.例如:She’s going to go to bed at nine.→When is she going to bed?
六、同義句:be going to = will I am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天).= I will go swimming tomorrow.五、形容詞和副詞的比較級
一、形容詞的比較級
1、形容詞比較級在句子中的運用:兩個事物或人的比較用比較級,比較級后面一般帶有單詞than。比較級前面可以用more, a little 來修飾表示程度。than后的人稱代詞用主格(口語中可用賓格)。2.形容詞加er的規則: ⑴一般在詞尾加er ; ⑵以字母e 結尾,加r ;
⑶以一個元音字母和一個輔音字母結尾,應雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加er ; ⑷以“輔音字母+y”結尾,先把y變i,再加er。3.不規則形容詞比較級:
good-better, beautiful-more beautiful
二、副詞的比較級
1.形容詞與副詞的區別(有be用形,有形用be;有動用副,有副用動)⑴在句子中形容詞一般處于名詞之前或be動詞之后 ⑵副詞在句子中最常見的是處于實義動詞之后
2.副詞比較級的變化規則基本與形容詞比較級相同(不規則變化:well-better, far-farther)六、一般過去時
1.一般過去時表示過去某個時間發生的動作或存在的狀態,常和表示過去的時間狀語連用。一般過去時也表示過去經常或反復發生的動作感謝。2.Be動詞在一般過去時中的變化:
⑴am 和is在一般過去時中變為was。(was not=wasn’t)⑵are在一般過去時中變為were。(were not=weren’t)
⑶帶有was或were的句子,其否定、疑問的變化和is, am, are一樣,即否定句在was或were后加not,一般疑問句把was或were調到句首。3.句中沒有be動詞的一般過去時的句子
否定句:didn’t +動詞原形,如:Jim didn’t go home yesterday.一般疑問句:在句首加did,句子中的動詞過去式變回原形。如:Did Jim go home yesterday? 特殊疑問句:⑴疑問詞+did+主語+動詞原形?如: What did Jim do yesterday? ⑵疑問詞當主語時:疑問詞+動詞過去式?如:Who went to home yesterday? 動詞過去式變化規則:
1.一般在動詞末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked 2.結尾是e加d,如:taste-tasted 3.末尾只有一個元音字母和一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節,應雙寫末尾的輔音字母,再加-ed,如:stop-stopped 4.以“輔音字母+y”結尾的,變y為i,再加-ed,如:study-studied 5.不規則動詞過去式:
am,is-was, are-were, do-did, see-saw, say-said, give-gave, get-got, go-went, come-came, have-had, eat-ate, take-took, run-ran, sing-sang, put-put, make-made, read-read, write-wrote, draw-drew, drink-drank, fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke, sweep-swept, swim-swam, sit-sat
七、時間介詞要點
1.at
表示時間概念的某一個點。(在某時刻、時間、階段等)。
at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一點鐘(黎明、午夜、中午)
these are our chief tasks at the present stage.這些就是我們現階段的主要任務。
2.on
1)表示具體日期。
they arrived in shanghai on may 他們在五月二十五日到達上海。
注:(1)關于“在周末”的幾種表示法: at(on)the weekend在周末---特指 at(on)weekends在周末---泛指 over the weekend在整個周末 during the weekend在周末期間
(2)在圣誕節,應說“at christmas而不說”on christmas 2)在(剛……)的時候。
on reaching the city he called up his parents.一到城里他就給父母打了一個電話。
3.in
1)表示“時段”、“時期”,在多數情況下可以和dur-ing互換,前者強調對比,后者強調持續。in(during)1988(december,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世紀)
i returned to beijing in the middle of june.我是六月中回北京的。但如果表示“在某項活動的期間”,則只能用during。
during my military service(the trip)在我服役期間(在旅行期間)
2)表示以說話時間為基點的“(若干時間)以后”,常用作將來時態謂語的時間狀語。如這時要表示“(若干時間)內”,常用within。比較:
the meeting will end in 30minutes.(三十分鐘后)會議三十分鐘后結束。can you finish it within 30minutes?(三十分鐘內)你能在三十分鐘之內完成這件事嗎?
但在過去時態中,in可用于表“在若干時間以內”,這時不要誤用during。the job was done during a week.(wrong)
the job was done in a week.(right)這工作在一星期內就完成了。
4.after
表示“在(某具體時間)以后”,注意不要和in的2)意混淆。after supper(8o’clock,the war)晚飯(八點、戰)后比較:he will be back in two hours.他將在兩個小時以后回來。
he returned tohis hometown after the war.戰后他回到了故鄉。
5.for
表示“(動作延續)若干時間”,有時可省略。i stayed in london(for)two days on my way to new york.在去紐約的途中,我在倫敦呆了兩天。
6.since
表示“自(某具體時間)以來”,常用作完成時態謂語的時間狀語。since liberation(1980)自從解放(1980年)以來 they have been close friends since childhood.他們從小就是好朋友。注:
(1)since the war是指“自從戰爭結束以來”,若指“自從戰爭開始以來”,須說“since the beginning of the war”。
(2)不要將since與after混淆。比較:he has worked here since 1965.(指一段時間,強調時間段)自從1965年以來,他一直在這兒工作。he began to work here after 1965.(指一點時間,強調時間點)從1965年以后,他開始在這兒工作。7.by
表示“到……的時候”,其謂語時態的用法:動作動詞常用完成時態;狀態動詞(be)常用一般時態。比較:
by noon,everybody had(will have)arrived there. by noon,everybody were(will be)there.到中午的時候,大家都(將)到那兒了。以上探討了介詞表示時間概念時的用法和比較,上述介詞除表示時間概念外還有其他的用法,英語學習者必須掌握其各種用法,才能靈活運用,提高自己的語言能力。
第二篇:初中英語語法時態總結
初中英語語法動詞時態總結 一、一般現在時
1)經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。時間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如:
I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七點離開家。2)客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實。例如:
The earth moves around the sun.地球繞太陽轉動。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國東部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。
注意:此用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現在時。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。4)現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如: I don't want so much.我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英語寫得不錯,講的可不行。
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now.我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時,用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作,表示言行的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標志,表示正在進行的動作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現在時。二、一般過去時
1)在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。例如:時間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?
2)表示在過去一段時間內,經常性或習慣性的動作。例如:
When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是個孩子的時候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那時,布朗一家無論什么時候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb.to do sth “到……時間了” “該……了”。例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。
It is time that sb.did sth.“時間已遲了” “早該……了”,例如It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。
would(had)rather sb.did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時,作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等,而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去,現已不復存在
。例如:I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現在還活著)Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)
Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義:現在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)注意: 用過去時表示現在,表示委婉語氣。
1)動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎? I wondered if you could help me.能不能幫我一下。2)情態動詞 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎? 11.3 used to / be used to
used to + do:“過去常常”表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態,但如今已不存在。例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful.老媽過去沒那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing:對……已感到習慣,或“習慣于”,to是介詞,后需加名詞或動名詞。例如:
He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫現在已習慣于散步了。典型例題
----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't
答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去,因此應用過去時。三、一般將來時
1)shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。例如:
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎? 2)be going to +不定式,表示將來。
a.主語的意圖,即將做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b.計劃,安排要發生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。
c.有跡象要發生的事。例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那烏云,快要下雨了。
3)be +不定式表將來,按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。4)be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing.他馬上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的時間狀語連用。5)be going to / will 用于條件句時,be going to表將來,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.6)be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或計劃。例如: I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)7)一般現在時表將來
1)下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如:
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明天上午六點開。
When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽車什么時候開?十分鐘后。2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動作正在進行。例如: Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.車來了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.鈴響了。3)在時間或條件句中。例如:
When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me.比爾來后,讓他等我。I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里,就寫信給你。4)在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他們下星期玩得開心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.離開房間前,務必把窗戶關了。8)現在進行時標將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時可以表示將來。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎?
四、現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態,其結果的影響現在還存在;也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成:have(has)+過去分詞。11.10 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1)一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現在完成時為過去發生的,強調過去的事情對現在的影響,強調的是影響。
2)一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用,或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時間狀語。
共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態,動詞一般是延續性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday.(強調看的動作發生過了)
I have seen this film.(強調對現在的影響,電影的內容已經知道了)Why did you get up so early?(強調起床的動作已發生過了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?(強調有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭)
He has been in the League for three years.(在團內的狀態可延續)He has been a League member for three years.(是團員的狀態可持續)
句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時,不能使用現在完成時,要用過去時。
(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.4)用于現在完成時的句型
1)It is the first / second time....that…結構中的從句部分,用現在完成時。例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問這城市。This is the first time(that)I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.2)This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構,that 從句要用現在完成時。例如: This is the best film that I've(ever)seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。典型例題
(1)---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming
答案B.This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現在完成時,故選B。
(2)---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意為曾經或無論何時,反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時。
注意:非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發生的狀態是可以持續的。
(錯)I have received his letter for a month.6(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.5)比較since 和for
Since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續時間長度。例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born.我從出生起就住在這兒了。注意:并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years.(我現在已不在這里工作。)
I have worked here for many years.(現在我仍在這里工作。)注意:用句型轉換的方法,很容易排除非延續動詞在有for/since結構的完成時中的誤用。1)(對)Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(錯)Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然,第二句不對,它應改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.6)since的四種用法
1)since +過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。例如:
I have been here since 1989.1989起,我一直在這兒。2)since +一段時間+ ago。例如:
I have been here since five months ago.我在這兒,已經有五個月了。3)since +從句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后,變化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我們走后,變化可大了。4)It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有兩年了。7)延續性動詞與瞬間動詞 1)用于完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷; 瞬間動詞表示行為的結果,不能與表示段的時間狀語連用。例如:
He has completed the work.他已完成了那項工作。(表結果)
I've known him since then.我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)2)用于till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” 瞬間動詞用于否定句,表示“到……,才……”。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 點才回來。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10點。典型例題
1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet
答案B.首先本題后句強調對現在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。再次,several times告知為反復發生的動作,因此用現在完成時。2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be
答案A.等待的動作由過去開始,持續到現在,應用現在完成時。
五、過去完成時
1)概念:表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。那時以前 那時 現在 2)用法
a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如: She said(that)she had never been to Paris.她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。b.狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中,發生在先,用過去完成時;發生在后,用一般過去時。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達時,小偷們早就跑了。
c.表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示“原本…,未能…”。例如:
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那時我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。
3)過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before.他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了,因為他到達晚會時,大部分客人已經走了。典型例題
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B,were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left
答案D.“把書忘在辦公室”發生在“去取書”這一過去的動作之前,因此“忘了書”這一動作發生在過去的過去,用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點,表示在“同學們正忙于……”這一背景下,when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。
注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我剛打開門,他就打了我。had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如:
He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他剛買了這輛車,轉眼又賣了。4)一般過去時代替過去完成時
1)兩個動作如按順序發生,又不強調先后,或用then,and,but 等連詞時,多用一般過去時。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。)兩個動作相繼發生,可用一般過去時;如第一個動作需要若干時間完成,用過去完成時。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.3)敘述歷史事實,可不用過去完成時,而只用一般過去時。例如: Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.六、將來完成時
1)構成will have done 2)概念
a.狀態完成:表示某事繼續到將來某一時為止一直有的狀態。例如:
They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那時他們結婚將有二十年了。b.動作完成:表示將來某一時或另一個將來的動作之前,已經完成的動作或獲得的經驗。例如:
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.明天此時,你已經到達上海了。
七、現在進行時
1)現在進行時的基本用法:
a.表示現在(指說話人說話時)正在發生的事情。例如: We are waiting for you.我們正在等你。
b.習慣進行:表示長期的或重復性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進行。例如:
Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在寫另一部小說。(說話時并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態。)
c.表示漸變,這樣的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如: The leaves are turning red.葉子在變紅。It's getting warmer and warmer.天越來越熱了。
d.與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態,往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。例如:
You are always changing your mind.你老是改變主意。典型例題
My dictionary ___, I have looked for it everywhere but still___ it.A.has lost, don't find B.is missing, don't find C.has lost, haven't found D.is missing, haven't found.答案D.前句是一個仍在持續的狀態,應用進行時,由于沒有找到,其影響仍然存在,應用完成時,瞬間動詞用于否定式時可用于完成時。2)不用進行時的動詞
1)事實狀態的動詞,如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如:I have two brothers.我有兩兄弟。
This house belongs to my sister.這房子是我姐的。
2)表示心理狀態的動詞,如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如:I need your help.我需要你的幫助。He loves her very much.他愛她很深。
3)瞬間動詞,如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如:
I accept your advice.我接受你的勸告。
4)系動詞,如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。例如:
You seem a little tired.你看上去有點累。
八、過去進行時
1)概念:表示過去某時正在進行的狀態或動作。
2)過去進行時的主要用法是描述一件事發生的背景;一個長動作延續的時候,另一個短動作發生。
3)常用的時間狀語有this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:
My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我兄弟騎車時摔了下來,受了傷。
It was raining when they left the station.他們離開車站時,正下著雨。
When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.我到達山頂時,陽光燦爛。典型例題
1)Mary ___ a dress when she cut her finger.A.made B.is making C.was making D.makes 答案C.割傷手指是已發生的事情,應用過去時。同時,when表時間的同時性,“瑪麗在做衣服時”提供事情發生的背景,因此用過去進行時。
2)As she ___ the newspaper, Granny ___ asleep.A.read;was falling B.was reading; fell C.was reading; was falling D.read;fell
答案B.句中的as = when, while,意為“當……之時”。描述一件事發生的背景時,用過去進行;一個長動作發生的時候,另一個短動作發生。句意為 “在她看報紙時,奶奶睡著了。”句中的 fell(fall的過去時),是系動詞,后跟形容詞,如:fall sick。
動詞時態形式一覽表
第三篇:初中英語語法總結(動詞的時態)
初中英語語法總結(動詞的時態)
11.1 一般現在時的用法
1)經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。
時間狀語: every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。
例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七點
離開家。
2)客觀真理,客觀存在,科學事實。例如:
The earth moves around the sun.地球繞太陽轉動。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中國東部。3)表示格言或警句。例如:
Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。
注意:此用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用
一般現在時。
例:Columbus proved that the earth is round.哥倫布證實了地球是圓的。4)現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性。例如: I don't want so much.我不要那么多。
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英語寫得不錯,講的可不行。
比較:Now I put the sugar in the cup.把糖放入杯子。
I am doing my homework now.我正在做功課。
第一句用一般現在時,用于操作演示或指導說明的示范性動作,表示言行 的瞬間動作。第二句中的now是進行時的標志,表示正在進行的動作的客 觀狀況,所以后句用一般現在時。11.2 一般過去時的用法
1)在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。時間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了? 2)表示在過去一段時間內,經常性或習慣性的動作。
例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是個孩子的時候,常在馬路上踢足球。
Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.那時,布朗一家無論什么時候去,都受到熱烈歡迎。
3)句型:It is time for sb.to do sth “到……時間了” “該……了”。
例如:It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。句型:It is time that sb.did sth.“時間已遲了” “早該……了”,例如: It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。句型:would(had)rather sb.did sth.表示'寧愿某人做某事'。
例如:I'd rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。
4)wish, wonder, think, hope 等用過去時,作試探性的詢問、請求、建議等,而一般過去時表示的動作或狀態都已成為過去,現已不復存在。
例如:I thought you might have some.我以為你想要一些。
比較:Christine was an invalid all her life.(含義:她已不在人間。)Christine has been an invalid all her life.(含義:她現在還活著)Mrs.Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義:達比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。)Mrs.Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.(含義:現在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)注意: 用過去時表示現在,表示委婉語氣。1)動詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如:
Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎? I wondered if you could help me.能不能幫我一下。2)情態動詞 could, would。例如:
Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎?
11.3 used to / be used to used to + do:“過去常常”表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態,但如今已不存在。
例如: Mother used not to be so forgetful.老媽過去沒那么健忘。
Scarf used to take a walk.斯卡夫過去常常散步。
be used to + doing:對……已感到習慣,或“習慣于”,to是介詞,后需加名 詞或動名詞。
例如: He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk.斯卡夫現在已習慣于散步了。
典型例題
----Your phone number again? I ___ quite catch it.----It's 69568442.A.didn't B.couldn't C.don't D.can't 答案A.本句雖沒有明確的時間狀語,但從語意上看出,在聽的時候沒有聽懂這個動作發生在過去,因此應用過去時。
11.4 一般將來時
1)shall用于第一人稱,常被will 所代替。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意見時常用于第二人稱。
例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點回家好嗎?
2)be going to +不定式,表示將來。a.主語的意圖,即將做某事。
例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b.計劃,安排要發生的事。
例如:The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。c.有跡象要發生的事。
例如:Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那烏云,快要下雨了。
3)be +不定式表將來,按計劃或正式安排將發生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我們下星期六討論這份報告。
4)be about to +不定式,意為馬上做某事。
例如: He is about to leave for Beijing.他馬上要去北京。注意:be about to do 不能與tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時的
時間狀語連用。
11.5 be going to / will 用于條件句時,be going to表將來,will表意愿。例如: If you are going to make a journey, you'd better get ready for it as soon as possible.如果你要去旅游,你最好一有可能就做好準備
Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.如果你脫下衣服,我們將在鏡子前幫你穿上新衣服 11.6 be to和be going to
be to 表示客觀安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to 表示主觀的打算或 計劃。例如:
I am to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排)
I'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀安排)11.7 一般現在時表將來
1)下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時 可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。例如: The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火車明天上午六點開。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes.汽車什么時候開?十分鐘后。
2)以here, there等開始的倒裝句,表示動作正在進行。例如: Here comes the bus.= The bus is coming.車來了。There goes the bell.= The bell is ringing.鈴響了。3)在時間或條件句中。例如:
When Bill comes(不是will come), ask him to wait for me.比爾來后,讓他等我。
I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there.我到了那里,就寫信給你。4)在動詞hope, take care that, make sure that等的賓語從句中。例如: I hope they have a nice time next week.我希望他們下星期玩得開心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room.離開房間前,務必把窗戶關了。11.8 用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等現在進行時 可以表示將來。例如:
I'm leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你會在這兒呆到下周嗎? 11.9 現在完成時
現在完成時用來表示之前已發生或完成的動作或狀態,其結果的影響現在還 存在;也可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。其構成:have(has)+過去分詞。
11.10 比較一般過去時與現在完成時
1)一般過去時表示過去某時發生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現 在完成時為過去發生的,強調過去的事情對現在的影響,強調的是影響。
2)一般過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語 連用,或無時間狀語。
一般過去時的時間狀語:yesterday, last week,…ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時間狀語。
現在完成時的時間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時間狀語。共同的時間狀語:this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。
3)現在完成時可表示持續到現在的動作或狀態,動詞一般是延續性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。
一般過去時常用的非持續性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如:
I saw this film yesterday.(強調看的動作發生過了)
I have seen this film.(強調對現在的影響,電影的內容已經知道了)Why did you get up so early?(強調起床的動作已發生過了)
Who hasn't handed in his paper?(強調有卷子未交,疑為不公平競爭)He has been in the League for three years.(在團內的狀態可延續)He has been a League member for three years.(是團員的狀態可持續)注意:句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時,不能使用現在完成時,要用過去時。
(錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.(對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.11.11 用于現在完成時的句型
1)It is the first / second time … that… 結構中的從句部分,用現在 完成時。
例如: It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問這城市。
This is the first time(that)I've heard him sing.這是我第一次聽他唱歌。
注意:It was the third time that the boy had been late.2)This is +形容詞最高級+that…結構,that 從句要用現在完成時。例如: This is the best film that I've(ever)seen.這是我看過的最好的電影。
典型例題
(1)---Do you know our town at all?---No, this is the first time I ___ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 答案B.This is the first time 后面所加從句應為現在完成時,故選B。(2)---Have you ____ been to our town before?---No, it's the first time I ___ here.A.even, come B.even, have come C.ever, come D.ever, have come 答案D.ever意為曾經或無論何時,反意詞為never,此兩詞常用于完成時。注意: 非延續性動詞的否定形式可以與表示延續時間的狀語連用。即動作不發
生的狀態是可以持續的。(錯)I have received his letter for a month.(對)I haven't received his letter for almost a month.11.12 比較since和for Since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續時間長度。
例如: I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在這兒二十多年了。(延續)I have lived here since I was born.我從出生起就住在這兒了。(開始時間)注意:并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years.(我現在已不在這里工作。)I have worked here for many years.(現在我仍在這里工作。)注意:用句型轉換的方法,很容易排除非延續動詞在有for/since結構的完成時中的誤用。
1)(對)Tom has studied Russian for three years.= Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(錯)Harry has got married for six years.= Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然,第二句不對,它應改為 Harry got married six years ago.或 Harry has been married for six years.11.13 since的四種用法
1)since +過去一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。
例如: I have been here since 1989.1989起,我一直在這兒。2)since +一段時間+ ago。
例如: I have been here since five months ago.我在這兒,已經有五個月了。
3)since +從句。例如:
Great changes have taken place since you left.你走后,變化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here.我們走后,變化可大了。
4)It is +一段時間+ since從句。例如:
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student.我考上研究生有兩年了。11.14 延續動詞與瞬間動詞 1)用于完成時的區別
延續動詞表示經驗、經歷; 瞬間動詞表示行為的結果,不能與表示段的時 間狀語連用。例如:
He has completed the work.他已完成了那項工作。(表結果)I've known him since then.我從那時起就認識他了。(表經歷)2)用于till / until從句的差異
延續動詞用于肯定句,表示“做……直到……” 瞬間動詞用于否定句,表示 “到……,才……”。例如:
He didn't come back until ten o'clock.他到10 點才回來。He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10點。典型例題
1.You don't need to describe her.I ___ her several times.A.had met B.have met C.met D.meet 答案B.首先本題后句強調對現在的影響,我知道她的模樣,你不用描述。
再次,several times告知為反復發生的動作,因此用現在完成時。
2.---I'm sorry to keep you waiting.---Oh, not at all.I ___here only a few minutes.A.have been B.had been C.was D.will be 答案A.等待的動作由過去開始,持續到現在,應用現在完成時。11.15 過去完成時 1)概念:表示過去的過去
----|----------|--------|----> 其構成是had +過去分詞構成。那時 以前 那時 現在 2)用法
a.在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。例如: She said(that)she had never been to Paris.她告訴我她曾去過巴黎。b.狀語從句
在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中,發生在先,用過去完成時;發生在后,用一 般過去時。例如:
When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達時,小偷們早就跑了。
c.表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用過去完成時表示“原本…,未能…”。例如: We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.那時我們希望你能來,但是你沒有來。
3)過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as。例如:
He said that he had learned some English before.他說過他以前學過一些英語。
By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。
Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了,因為他到達晚會時,大部分客人已經走了。典型例題 :
The students ___ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she ___ in the office.A.had written, left B,were writing, has left C.had written, had left D.were writing, had left 答案D.“把書忘在辦公室”發生在“去取書”這一過去的動作之前,因此“忘了書”這一動作發生在過去的過去,用過去完成時。句中when表示的是時間的一點,表示在“同學們正忙于……”這一背景下,when所引導的動作發生。因此前一句應用過去進行時。
注意: had hardly… when 還沒等…… 就……。例如:
I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me.我剛打開門,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛…… 就……。例如: He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it.他剛買了這輛車,轉眼又賣了。11.16 用一般過去時代替過去完成時
1)兩個動作如按順序發生,又不強調先后,或用then,and,but 等連詞時,多用一般過去時。例如:
When she saw the mouse,she screamed.她看到老鼠,就叫了起來。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑媽給了我一頂帽子,我把它丟了。2)兩個動作相繼發生,可用一般過去時;如第一個動作需要若干時間完成,用過去完成時。例如:
When I heard the news, I was very excited.我聽到這個消息后,很興奮。3)敘述歷史事實,可不用過去完成時,而只用一般過去時。例如: Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.老師告訴我們,哥倫比亞在1492年發現美州。11.17 將來完成時
第四篇:初中英語語法16種英語時態總結
英語時態
時態是英語中一個重要的語法范疇,它表示不同時間發生的動作或存在的狀態以及動作發生或存在的方式。動作發生的時間可分為現在、過去、將來和過去將來四種形式,動作發生的方式可分為一般、完成、進行和完成進行四種形式。將這時間形式和動作方式結合起來,就構成了以下16種時態形式(以do為例):
現在
現在一般時do 現在完成時have done 現在進行時is doing 現在完成進行時have been doing 過去
過去一般時did 過去完成時had done 過去進行時was doing 過去完成進行時had been doing 將來
將來一般時will do 將來完成時will have done 將來進行時will be doing 將來完成進行時will have been doing 過去將來
過去將來一般時would do 過去將來完成時would have done 過去將來進行時would be doing 過去將來完成進行時would have been doing 注:構成時態的助動詞be(is, am, are), have(has, have), shall, will 等需根據主語的變化來選擇。
在這16種時態中,其中有8種時態是最重要的,也是用得最多的,是初學者必須要掌握的,它們是一般現在時(也稱一般現在時)、一般過去時(也稱一般過去時)、一般將來時(也稱一般將來時)、現在進行時、現在完成時、過去進行時、過去完成時、過去將來一般時(也稱過去將來時),其余的時態相對用得較少。
1、一般現在時
用法:
A)表示現在發生的動作、情況、狀態和特征。
B)習慣用語。
C)經常性、習慣性動作。
例:He always helps others.(他總是幫助別人。)
D)客觀事實和普遍真理。尤其要注意,如果前后文不是一般現在時,則無法保持主句、從句時態一致。
E)表示一個按規定、計劃或安排要發生的動作,(僅限于某些表示“來、去、動、停、開始、結束、繼續”等的動詞)可以與表示未來時間的狀語搭配使用。常見的用法是:飛機、火車、輪船、汽車等定期定點運行的交通方式。
例:The next train leaves at 3 o'clock this afternoon.(下一趟火車今天下午3點開車。)
How often does this shuttle bus run?(這班車多久一趟?)
F)在時間和條件狀語從句里經常用一般現在(有時也用現在完成時)表示將來事情。
例:When you have finished the report, I will have waited for about 3 hours.(等你完成這份報告的時候,我就已經等了將近3個小時了。)
2、現在進行時(be doing)
用法:現在正在進行的動作。
3、現在完成時(have done)
用法:
A)表示動作到現在為止已經完成或剛剛完成。
例:I bought a new house, but I _________ my old one yet, so at the moment I have two houses.A)didn't sell B)sold C)haven't sold D)would sell
答案是C)haven't sold。
B)表示從過去某時刻開始,持續到現在的動作或情況,并且有可能會繼續延續下去。此時經常用延續性動詞。時間狀語常用since加一個過去的時間點,或for 加一段時間,或by加一個現在時間。
例:Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time.A)are to challenge C)have been challenged
B)may be challenged D)are challenging
全句的意思是:“雖然牛頓是個偉大的人物,但他的許多見解直到今天還在受到挑戰,并且被現代科學家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物動詞,在本句中應當是被動語態;其動作延續到今天,所以要用現在完成時態。可見答案是C)have been challenged。A)are to challenge和D)are challenging都是主動語態,不可能是答案。B)may be challenged雖然是被動語態,但意思與全句內容不合,所以不對。
C)表示發生在過去,但對現在仍有影響的動作或情況。通常用點動詞,如:arrive, begin, find, give, lose等。
例:John has broken his left leg.(約翰摔斷了左腿。)
注意事項
A)現在完成時是聯系過去和現在的紐帶。現在完成時和過去時的區別在于:現在完成時強調動作的動態,或受動態的影響,是動態的結果,對現在有影響;過去時只表示過去的某個具體時間里發生的動作,與現在沒有聯系。
例:He worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他曾經在那家醫院工作了8年。這只是講述一個過去的事實,他現在已經不在那家醫院了。)
He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.(他已經在那家醫院里工作了8年。表示他從過去開始工作,一直工作到現在,現在仍在那家醫院工作。)
B)因為含有for加一段時間或since加一個時間點這樣的時間狀語的完成時,有動態和延續性的特點,所以不能使用終端動詞或瞬間動詞。
例:My sister has been married for 5 years.(過去分詞做表語表示狀態,可以延續)
My sister has married.Don't disturb her.(終端動詞)
C)在“this is the first/ second/ third?? time that??”句型里要求用完成時。
例:This is the second time that the products of our company have been shown in the International Exhibition.(這是我公司產品第二次參加國際展覽會。)
D)句型“It is/ has been??since”所使用的兩種時態都正確。
例:It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him.(從我上次見到他以來已經10年了。)
E)在“no sooner than”、“hardly/ scarcely ??when”、“before”、“prior to”等句型中,主句要求完成時。
例:I haven't met that professor prior to today.(以前我從未見過那位教授。)
4、現在完成進行時(have been doing)
用法:表示某一動作開始于過去某一時間,延續或重復地出現至今,或將繼續延續至將來。
例:We have been working on this project for over a month now.(到目前為止,我們一直在處理那個項目,已經花了一個多月時間了。)
注意事項:與現在完成時相比,現在完成進行時更強調:在從過去到現在的時間里,動作或狀態一直持續或一直反復出現。
例:1997年6月四級第45 題
It seems oil ___________ from this pipe for some time.We'll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A)had leaked B)is leaking
C)leaked D)has been leaking
從本題上下文看,這兩個句子的意思是:“看來,這個管道漏油已有一段時間了,我們將不得不拆卸機器排除故障。”第二句表示將要采取的措施。第一句動作發生在第二句之前,并且延續到現在為止仍在繼續。因此,空格中需用現在完成時或現在完成進行時。D)has been leaking是現在完成進行時,因此是本題的答案。有11%的考生誤選了B)is leaking。由于本句有時間狀語for some time,表示謂語動作延續,謂語不能用現在進行時,必須用和完成時有關的時態。有些考生誤選了C)leaked或A)had leaked。是因為他們沒有注意到本題第二句是一般將來時,所以第一句的謂語不能用過去時或過去完成時。
5、一般過去時
用法:
A)表示過去某個時間發生的動作或情況。
B)表示過去習慣性動作。特別是由would/ used to do表達的句型,本身表示的就是過去時。
例:The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.(老人過去常常坐在寧靜的公園里的一條長椅上,看著其他的人,一坐就是數個小時,什么也不干,也不和任何人交談。)
He used to visit his mother once a week.(他以前總是每周看望一次他的母親。)
C)有時可代替一般現在時,表達一種婉轉、客氣、禮貌、商量的語氣。
例:I wanted to ask you if I could borrow your car?(我想向您借車用一用,可以嗎?)
Would you mind my sitting here?(您介意我坐在這里嗎?)
注意事項:
A)注意時間狀語的搭配。一般過去時的時間狀語應該是表示過去某個時間的詞或詞組,如:yesterday, last month, in 1999, two days ago等,絕對不可與recently, in the past 10 years, this month等連用,因為這樣的時間狀語都與現在有關系,應該用現在完成時或一般現在時。
B)used to do的否定形式和疑問形式很特別:你怎么寫都正確。以否定形式為例:used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都對。
Used to do經常與 be used to doing sth/ sth結構進行對比。前者表示“過去常常或過去曾經”,要求加動詞原形;后者表示“習慣于”,要求加名詞或動名詞。
6、過去完成時(had done)
用法:表示在過去的某個時間或動作以前已經發生的動作或已經存在的狀態。就是我們常說的:表示“過去的過去的動作或狀態”。
Until then, his family _________ from him for six months.A)didn't hear C)hasn't heard B)hasn't been hearing D)hadn't heard
全句的意思是:“到那時為止,他家里已經有六個月沒得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出,謂語動詞的動作延續到過去的某一時刻才完成,因此謂語要用過去完成時。答案是D)。其它選項中:A)didn't hear,因為一般過去時只表示過去發生的事情或存在的狀態,所以不能與時間狀語for six months連用。B)hasn't been hearing,現在完成進行時表示過去某時刻繼續到現在或現在還在進行的動作,與題意不符。C)hasn't heard,現在完成時表示從過去某一時刻到現在為止發生的動作。而題中的then只表示過去的某一時刻,不能表示現在時間。
注意事項:“過去的過去”這種邏輯關系常通過上下文體現出來,而不一定受某個時間狀語的限制。
例:There had been someone in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.(剛才有人在我們的房間里,因為我們打開前門進來時,我注意到地板上有一支仍在燃燒的香煙。)
分析:雖然時間狀語是just now,似乎應該使用一般過去時,但是“在房間里”這個狀態是在“開門”和“注意”這兩個過去的動作之前就存在的,所以應該用過去完成時。
7、過去將來時(would/ should do)
用法:表示從過去的某個時間看將要發生的事。
例:I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.(我星期四說我將于第二天拜訪我的朋友。)
注意事項:由于過去將來時是由過去時和將來時組合而成的,所以其注意事項可以參考過去時和將來時的相關注意事項。
8、過去進行時(was/ were doing)
用法:
A)表示在過去一個比較具體的時間正在發生的動作。
例:Mary was listening to light music 10 minutes ago.(10分鐘前,瑪麗正在聽輕音樂。)
B)如果when, while這樣的時間狀語引導詞所引導的主從句之一是一般過去時,則另一個句子常用過去進行時。
例:I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.(你敲前門時我正在洗頭發。)
注意事項:其它與將來時有關的事項請參見下面所講的一般將來時。
9、一般將來時
用法:
A)基本結構是will / shall do。
例:We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.(我們將送給她一個玻璃的手工制品,作為給她的生日禮物。)
B)有些動詞,如:arrive, be close, come, do, done, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等,用于一般進行時,并且通常與一個表示將來時間的時間狀語連用,可以表示將來時。
例:My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.(我媽媽下周將來看我,并會呆到5月。)
C)表示“打算去??,要??”時,可用be going to do。
例:This is just what I am going to say.(這正是我想說的。)
D)表示“即將、正要”時,可用be about to do。強調近期內或馬上要做的事。
例:Don't worry, I am about to make a close examination on you.(別擔心,我馬上就給你做一次仔細的檢查。)
E)“be to do”的5種用法:
a)表示“按計劃、安排即將發生某事或打算做某事”。
例:She is to be seen in the lab on Monday.(星期一你準會在實驗室見到她。)
b)該做或不該做的事情(語氣上接近于should, must, ought to, have to),表示一種命令、規勸性語氣。
例:You are to go to bed and keep quiet, kids.Our guests are arriving in less than 5 minutes.(孩子們,你們必須上床睡覺,不準吵鬧。我們的客人5分鐘之內就要到了。)
c)能或不能發生的事情(接近can, may)
例:How am I to pay such a debt?(我怎么可能還得起這么大的一筆債呢?)
d)不可避免將要發生的事情,后來將要發生的事情。
例:I assure you that the matter _______ as quickly as possible.Have a little patience.A.will be attended B.will be attended to
C.is attended D.is attended to
will be attended to關鍵的一點是:attend表示“處理,解決”時是不及物動詞,必須與to連用。另外,從上下文看,事情顯然尚未解決,所以應該用將來時的被動語態。答案是B。
e)用于條件從句“如果??想,設想”(接近if ??want to,或if ??should)
例:Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage ____________ avoided.A)is to be B)can be C)will be D)has been
答案是A)is to be。全句的意思是:“如果要避免食品短缺,就必須作出更大努力來增加農業產量。”
F)同樣可以表示“正要、將要”的意思的句型是be on the point of doing。
例:The coach is on the point of giving up the game because our team has been scored 7 points.(教練想要放棄這場比賽了,因為對方已經射進了7個球。)
例:1999年6月四級第65題
I was _______ the point of telephoning him when his letter arrived.A)in B)to C)at D)on
答案是D)。on the point of doing 是固定詞組,意思是“正要、打算”。全句的意思是:“當他的信到的時候我正要打電話給他。”
注意事項:
在以if, when, as long as, as soon as, after, before, in case, until, unless等連詞以及具有連詞作用的副詞(immediately, the moment, directly)等引導的狀語從句,一般用現在時代替將來時。強調延續性或動態時,可用完成時。
例:I hope his health will have improved by the time you come back next year.(我希望到明年你回來的時候,他的身體已經好多了。)
10、將來進行時(will be doing)
用法:強調在將來的某個具體時間正在發生的動作或事情。
例:Don't worry, you won't miss her.She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.(別擔心,你不會認不出她的。她到時會穿一件紅色的T恤衫和一條白色的短裙。)
注意事項:由于本時態是由將來時和進行時融合在一起的,所以關于本時態的注意事項,可參考“一般將來時”和“現在進行時”的有關注意事項。
11、將來完成時(will have done)
用法:表示從將來的某一時間開始、延續到另一個將來時間的動作或狀態,或是發生在某個將來時間,但對其后的另一個將來時間有影響的動作或狀態。就好象把現在完成時平移到時間軸的將來時時段一樣。其用法從和過去及現在有關,變成了和將來及將來的將來有關。
例:1997年1月四級第22題
The conference __________ a full week by the time it ends.A)must have lasted B)will have lasted
C)would last D)has lasted
本題考核謂語動詞的時態。全句的意思是:“會議從開始到結束將持續整整一個星期。”句中by the time it ends表示動作要延續到將來某一時刻,因此要用將來完成時。答案是B)will have lasted。如果選A),因為情態動詞must后面接動詞不定式的完成時形式表示對已經發生的事情的一種肯定推測,而本句的時間狀語是by the time it ends而非by the time it ended,所以犯了時態不呼應的錯誤。Would雖可以表示推測或可能性,但would last不能表示延續到將來某一時刻的動作,所以C)would last錯誤。因為D)has lasted是現在完成時,表示到現在為止已經完成的動作,不能表示延續到將來某一時刻的動作,所以也不正確。
注意事項:由于本時態是由將來時和完成時融合在一起的,所以關于本時態的注意事項,可以參考“一般將來時”和“現在完成時”的有關注意事項。
12、將來完成進行時:shall have been doing,will have been doing
例:By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years.(到下個月底為止,這項工程就已經不停地進行了3年了。)(被動語態)
13、過去完成進行時:had been doing
例:The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.(我回到家之前,我10歲大的兒子已經把這個舊鐘表拆卸并重新組裝了好幾回了。)
(此處強調“拆卸”和“組裝”這兩個過去的過去的動作一直在反復進行。)(被動語態)
14、過去將來進行時:should be doing , would be doing
例:The government promised that a new highway would be being built next July.(政府承諾說第二年7月將有一條新的高速公路正在修建。)(此句的時間狀語是具體的將來時間,所以最好用將來進行時。)(此句為被動語態)
15、過去將來完成時:should have done , would have done
例:I believed by the end of that year an advanced version of that software would have been developed, but I was wrong.(我堅信到那年年底為止,那個軟件的新版本將被開發出來。但是我錯了。)
(此句為被動語態)
16、過去將來完成進行時:should have been doing , would have been doing
例:They said that by the end of the following month, the project would have been being worked for 3 years.(他們說到第二個月底為止,這項工程就已經不停地進行了3年了。)
第五篇:初中英語語法練習動詞時態專項訓練..
初中英語語法練習動詞時態專項訓練
一、用所給詞的適當形式填空:
1.He______swimming in the river every day in summer.(go)2.It________you are right.(seem)3.Look, the children______ basketball on the playground.(play)4.He______to the radio when I came in,(listen)5.It is very cold.I think it______.(rain)6.—I need some paper.—I______ some for you.(bring)7.I can’t find my pen.Who______it ?(take)8.He said that he______back in five minutes.(come)9.I didn’t meet him.He______ when I got there.(leave)10.I______my bike, so I have to walk to school.(lose)11.He______down and began to read his newspaper.(sit)12.He is very hungry.He_________ anything for three days.(not eat)13.I______with you if I have time.(go)14.We will go to the cinema if it______fine.(be)15.I will tell her the news when she______to see me next week.(come)16.“ When______you______the car ?” “ In 1998.”(buy)17.We______good friends since we met at school.(be)18.What______you______ at five yesterday afternoon ?(do)19.The bike is nice.How much______it______?(cost)
二、選擇最佳答案填空
()1.We’ll go swimming if the weather______fine tomorrow.A.is B.was C.will be D.is going to be()2.It______five years since he has left for Beijing.A.was B.has been C.is D.is going to be()3.Please don’t leave the office until your friend______back.A.came B.comes C.have come D.will come()4.By the end of last year he______about 1500 English words.A.learns B.learned C.was learning D.had learned()5.Listen!Someone______in the next room.A.cried B.crying C.is crying D.has cried()6.You must tell him the news as soon as you______him.A.see B.sees C.will see D.is seeing()7.He told me that he______to see us the next day.A.comes B.came C.will come D.would come()8.We can’t find him anywhere.Perhaps he______home.A.is going B.went C.has come D.would come()9.The teacher told us that the sun______bigger than the earth.A.is B.was C.has been D.will be
()10.Could you tell me where the railway station______? A.was B.is C.will be D.would be()11.We______to the Great Wall several times.A.go B.were going C.have gone D.have been
()12.It seemed that the old man______for something over there.A.looks B.looked C.was looking D.has looked()13.He was sure that he______his wallet in the office.A.left B.would leave C.had left D.has left()14.You must study hard if you______ want to fail the exam.A.won’t B.don’t C.haven’t D.hadn’t
()15.—I’m afraid you can’t sit here.—Sorry , I______know.A.don’t B.won’t C.can’t D.didn’t
()16.As she______the newspaper , Granny______asleep.A.read , was falling B.fell C.was reading , was falling D.read , fell()17.—Jim is not coming tonight.—But he______!A.promises(許諾)B.promised C.will promise D.had promised()18.—What’s her name? —I______.A.forget B.forgot C.had forgotten D.am forgetting
三、動詞時態能力綜合測試
()1.He often______his clothes on Sundays.A.washing B.washes C.has washed D.wash()2.I’m Chinese.Where______from?
A.do you come B.you are coming C.you come D.are you coming()3.May______to school.A.never walks B.is never walking C.walk never D.never is walking()4.We will start as soon as our teacher______.A.comes B.will come C.come D.is coming()5.How long ago______playing football? A.have you stopped B.had you stopped C.did you stop D.do you stop()6.It______ hard when I left my house.A.is raining B.rains C.was raining D.will rain()7.I think this question______to answer.A.easy B.is easy C.was easy D.will easy()8.Don’t talk so loudly.Your father______.A.sleeps B.is sleeping C.slept D.had slept()9.How many people does the doctor know who______of the disease(疾病)? A.are dying B.is dying C.has died D.dies()10.I______my homework now.A.finish B.finished C.have finished D.had finished
()11.He______for three years.A.has joined B.has been in the army C.joined D.has served the army()12.His grandfather______for thirty years.A.died B.was dead C.has been dead D.has died()13.I______ from my brother for a long time.A.not have heard B.have not heard C.have heard not D.do not hear()14.Maths, one of the most important subjects, ______always interested him.A.has B.have C.are D.is
()15.—Did your brother go to America last year? —______.A.No , he did never go there B.No , he has never gone here C.No , he never was there D.No , he’s never been there()16.He______ that factory since 1958.A.has left B.has worked in C.has gone from D.has come to C.have happened D.are taken place()17.Our teacher______to Beijing three times.A.went B.had gone C.has gone D.has been()18.Last week John______his leg.A.felt and broken B.fell and broke C.feels and breaks D.fallen and broken
()19.Jack______his thick coat because it was snowing.A.puts on B.put on C.takes on D.took on()20.He______the picture on the wall.A.hanged B.hung C.has hanged D.was hanged()21.Next month______twenty five.A.has my sister B.my sister will be C.my sister shall have D.my sister is going to be
()22.You______her again in a few weeks.A.will see B.have seen C.had seen D.have been seen()23.By the end of last term we______English for two years.A.have studied B.have been studied C.would studied D.had studied()24.Mrs Brown______in New York for three years before she went to London.A.lived B.had lived C.has lived D.will live()25.When we arrived , the dinner______.A.already began B.has already begun C.had already begun D.was just begun()26.I will go home for the holiday as soon as I______ my exams.A.will finish B.finish C.finishing D.finished()27.When______, I’ll talk to him.A.does Peter come B.Peter will come C.Peter comes D.can Peter come()28.My sister______to see me.She’ll be here soon.A.comes B.is coming C.had come D.came()29.They said they______our answer the next day.A.had heard B.would hear of C.would hear D.will hear()30.The old man said that light______faster than sound.A.went B.will go C.travels D.will travel 答案:
一、1.goes 2.seems 3.are playing 4.was listening 5.is raining 6.will bring 7.took 8.would come 9.has left 10.lost 11.sat 12.hasn't eaten 13.will go 14.is 15.comes 16.did buy 17.have been 18.were doing 19.does cost
二、1.A 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.C 6.A 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.B 11.D 12.C 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.A
三、1.B 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C 11.B 12.C 13.B 14.D 15.D 16.B 17.D 18.A 19.B 20.A 21.B 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.C 26.B 27.C 28.B 29.C 30.C 中考英語綜合填空題專項訓練01.附詳解
用方框中所給詞的適當形式填空,使短文正確、通順。每詞限填一次。
on,friend,ask,and,have,until,but,cheap,invite,in,mother,beautiful,much,because,put
We are going to have a party in our house this evening.It is my(1)______ birthday,and she has(2)______ my uncles and aunts and some of her(3)______.Mother and I are(4)______ to cook most of the food for the party,and father is getting the drinks.The living-room looks very pretty.Balloons of all colours are hanging from the lights(5)______ we have taken the carpets away(6)______ we are going to dance there after dinner.In the dining-room we have(7)______ out the best plates and glasses and tablecloths,and it all looks(8)______.We are going to have soup,fish,chicken,fruit and cheese.We are going to dance(9)______ midnight,and after that,we will have(10)______ food,because we will be hungry after all that dancing.Last year my mother(11)______ her birthday party in a restaurant,(12)______ it is pleasanter and(13)______ at home.When it is my birthday,I am going to invite my friends and have a party in the garden.I will hang pretty lights(14)______ the trees and we will grill our food in the garden and
6.because.前后又都是句子,且為轉折關系,所以用連詞but.dance(15)______ the grass.「答案與解析」
本文講述的是即將為母親的生日party作準備的事情,以及對去年母親生日party的回顧和對本人生日的設想。
1.mother‘s.從與前后的單詞的搭配來看應填“某人的”,在方框中只有friend’s和mother‘s兩個;由下文的描述,特別是第三段的第一句,可知應填mother’s.2.invited.因為要舉行party,自然就會邀請親朋好友。由前面的has可知要用現在完成時表示已經邀請了,所以用invite的過去分詞invited.3.friends.見上題。
4.asked.由are可知,用ask sb to do sth的被動式,所以用過去分詞。
5.and.兩句之間一定是選連詞,兩句之間是并列關系用and.7.put.首先應判斷用動詞,又從后面的the best plates and glasses等可知應是已經
“擺放”出來,所以用put的過去分詞put.8.beautiful.擺放的是最好的東西,房間看起來自然就是美的。
9.until.表示某種動用一直延續到某個時候用until.10.more.由后文跳餓了,自然就會吃得更多。
11.had.與party搭配用have,因為是去年,所以用一般過去時had.12.but.前后是轉折關系用but.13.cheaper.與形容詞pleasanter并列的也一定是形容詞,且為比較級,在方框中選
出cheap和beautiful,根據常識應是cheaper.14.in.表示在樹上一般用介詞in.注意表示在樹上結的果子時又一般在on了。
15.on.跳舞當然是在草地上,所以用on.中考英語綜合填空題專項訓練02.附詳解 根據短文內容在空格處填入一個適當的單詞,使短文的意思完整,需填單詞的第一個字母已經給出。
1.among.表示最高級的比較范圍,意為“在……中”,一般用of或among,等介詞,此處已有首字母a,所以是among.It is well-known that man is much cleverer than any animal.But which is the cleverest a_______(1)the animals? Some scientists t_______(2)it should be Alex,an African 2.think.根據前面的提問有首字母t可知是think,表示“有的科學家認為最聰明的動物應當是Alex”。
grey parrot.He is unlike any other animal.He can really t_______(3)with people!
When he says “come here”,he really w_______(4)someone to come up to him.“
“Alex is as clever as a c_______(5)of 2 or 3 years old,” says Dr.Pepperberg.“He does not just repeat the s_______(6)he has been taught.He u_______(7)the words!”
Alex can tell about 50 d_______(8)things,name 7 colours and count from 1 to 6.Is the parrot actually thinking in the w_______(9)how man does? Nobody can say.But the q_______(10)is very interesting.答案與解析
本文論述了非洲灰色鸚鵡被一些科學家認為是最聰明的動物。
3.talk.根據下文對他會講會的描述和空格后的with,可知是talk with sb(同……
談話)。
4.wants.根據前面的come here及后文的句式搭配可知是want sb to do sth(想要某人做某事)。
5.child.根據后面的兩叁歲可知是小孩。
6.sounds.由前文的talk和后文的words可知是重復教他講話的聲音。
7.understands.從后文的描述可知,他不但會重復教他的聲音而且還明白其意思。
8.different.根據things是復數及首字母的提示可知是指不同的(different)事物。9.way.根據句意“他的思維方式是否與的思維方式一樣呢?”。搭配:in the way用這種方式。
10.question.上文“Is the parrot…?”提出的是一個問題。
中考英語綜合填空題專項訓練04.附詳解
根據上下文和括號里的漢語提示,在下面的空白處寫出正確的單詞和短語,使短文意思完整。
Perhaps more than any other people,Americans have come to depend on their cars.The family car(1)______(一直是)a common thing(2)______(從……以來)the early twentieth century,and it has changed American life.Many people have moved(3)______(外面)of the large cities to the suburbs.Some Americans spend(4)______(每天兩小時)or more in their cars(5)______(去上班)and home again.Cars have become the(6)______(工具)of transportation for most Americans going shopping,and even going on vacations.Americans(7)______(過去常常)like big cars,and gasoline used to be very inexpensive.Recently,(8)______(然而),the cost of gasoline has increased; smaller
cars have become(9)______(更常見)。Also foreign cars have become very common.Americans have bought(10)______(大量的)Japanese and German cars.They have bought cars from several other countries as well.「答案與解析」
美國多數人都擁有汽車,因此有“車輪上的民族”之稱,本文就是講美國人使用汽
車的一些情況的。
1.has been.句中無動詞,由“是”可知要用be;結合第2題可知要用be的現在完成時態。
2.since.它引出的時間狀語常與現在完成時連用。
3.outside.修飾動詞moved要用副詞outside;另外,短語outside of是“……的外面”。
4.two hours a day.注意表示單位時間的詞“每天(a day)”要放后面。又如:每小時十公里ten kilometers an hour.5.going to work.注意與前面spend的句型搭配:spend…(in)doing sth 花多少時間或金錢做某事。6.means.注意means(工具、方法、手段)這本單詞本身就是以s結尾的,且單復數同形,若作主語要根據句意來確定是單數還是復數。
7.used to.表示過去常常用“used to +動詞原形”。
8.however.注意however是副詞,且后面常有逗號;但是but是連詞其后無逗號。
9.more common.后面省略了than big cars,所以用比較級;common的比較級是在前面加more.10.large numbers of.表示“大量的”還可用a large number of.中考英語綜合填空題專項訓練08.附詳解
閱讀下列短文,在每個空格處填入一個適當的英語單詞,使短文在結構和意義上完整。
School education is very important and useful.Yet no one can _______(1)everything at school and a teacher cannot teach his _______(2)everything they want to know.His _______(3)is to show his students _______(4)to learn.He teaches them how to read
_______(5)how to think.So much more is to be learned outside school by the students _______(6)。
It is always more _______(7)to know how to study _______(8)oneself.It is quite _______(9)to learn something,but it is difficult to use it to solve problems.Great
inventors do not get everything _______(10)school,but they still can ______(11)
many things and change the world a lot.How can the inventors do all of this? _______(12)of the answers is: they_______
(13)how to study.A lot of things are not _______(14)in the classroom.They got a lot _______(14)knowledge by reading outside school.They work hard and never give up all their lives.「答案與解析」
1.learn / study.由后文的at school可知是“學習”。
2.students / pupils.老師教當然是教他的學生。
3.work / job.結合全句的意思可知:老師的工作就是教會學生如何學習。4.how.見上題。
5.and.前后的how to read與how to think顯然是并列關系,所以用and.6.themselves.句意:還有更多的知識要靠學生自己在出校門后自學。
7.important / necessary 句意:知道如何自學往往更重要或更必要。詞組:teach by oneself自學。
8.by.見上題。
9.easy.因but表示前后是轉折關系,后文是difficult,前文應當就是easy.10.at / in / from.句意:發明家們并沒有在學校或從學校學到了一切。
11.invent / do / make 由前面的inventors和后文的“改變世界”可知,他們發明了許多東西。
12.One.從后文的答語和謂語動詞is可知,是其中的一個答案。one of“……中的一個”。
13.know.第7空后有明顯的提示:know how to study.14.taught / learnt / learned.由in the classroom可知是老師“教給”或自己“學到”,注意是被動語態,要用過去分詞。
15.of.固定搭配:a lot of許多。