第一篇：初中英語語法知識(shí)總結(jié)

英語作文常用諺語、俗語

1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.說謊者即使講真話也沒人相信。

2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解，自欺欺人。

3、All rivers run into sea.海納百川。

4、All roads lead to Rome.條條大路通羅馬。

5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只會(huì)用功不玩耍，聰明孩子也變傻。

6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善終。

7、Actions speak louder than words.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。

8、A faithful friend is hard to find.知音難覓。

9、A friend in need is a friend indeed.患難見真情。

10、A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友難，失朋友易。

11、A good beginning is half done.良好的開端是成功的一半。

12、A good beginning makes a good ending.善始者善終。

13、A good book is a good friend.好書如摯友。

14、A good medicine tastes bitter.良藥苦口。

15、A mother's love never changes.母愛永恒。

16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一蘋果，不用請(qǐng)醫(yī)生。

17、A single flower does not make a spring.一花獨(dú)放不是春，百花齊放春滿園。

18、A year's plan starts with spring.一年之計(jì)在于春。

19、A young idler, an old beggar.少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。

20、Better late than never.不怕慢，單怕站。

21、By reading we enrich the mind.讀書使人充實(shí)，22、Care and diligence bring luck.謹(jǐn)慎和勤奮才能抓住機(jī)遇。

23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是走向成功的第一步。

24、Custom is a second nature.習(xí)慣是后天養(yǎng)成的。

25、Custom makes all things easy.有個(gè)好習(xí)慣，事事皆不難。

26、Doing is better than saying.與其掛在嘴上，不如落實(shí)在行動(dòng)上。

27、Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而廢。

28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日畢。

29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻煩。

30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起身體好。

31、Easier said than done.說得容易，做得難。

32、Easy come, easy go.來也匆匆，去也匆匆。

33、Eat to live, but not live to eat.人吃飯是為了活著，但活著不是為了吃飯。

34、Every man has his faults.金無足赤，人無完人。

35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune.自己的命運(yùn)自己掌握。

36、Every minute counts.分秒必爭。

37、Each coin has two sides.38、Fact speak louder than words.事實(shí)勝于雄辯。

39、Failure is the mother of success.失敗是成功之母。

40、God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助。

41、Health is better than wealth.健康勝過財(cái)富。

42、Honesty is the best policy.做人誠信為本。

43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.抱最好的愿望，做最壞的打算。

44、It is never too old to learn.活到老，學(xué)到老。

45、Knowledge is power.知識(shí)就是力量

46、Like mother, like daughter.有其母必有其女。

47、No pain，no gain.（不勞無獲。）

48、You never know till you have tried.不嘗試，不知曉。

49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壯不努力，老大徒傷悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奮是成功之母。

51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy

and wise.早睡早起，使人健康

52、Experience is the best teacher.經(jīng)驗(yàn)是最好的教師。

53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set、富裕和聰穎。

54、Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成。

55、Practice makes perfect ．（熟能生巧。）

56、Pride goes before a fall．（驕傲必?cái)　＃?/p>

Superstar and I It’s common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors.However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart.He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianist—Chopin.When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around.What’s more, I can feel his strong love for music.Rome wasn’t built in one day.He achieved the great success through huge effort.I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and I Her name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder.She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart.Although she’s not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me.The song ’I dreamed a dream’ that she sang touched everyone’s heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it.She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up.She is like a sunshine that gives me hope.Where there is a will, there is a way.答：下面是初中英語語法總結(jié)，你可參考學(xué)習(xí)，或許有不全面的地方，歡迎你有不懂的問題再具體提問。另外，我個(gè)人認(rèn)為猜題對(duì)于提高考試成績沒有多大作用和意義，并不可取，建議你進(jìn)行全面復(fù)習(xí)，打下扎實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)，以不變應(yīng)萬變。順祝復(fù)習(xí)順利!

語法總復(fù)習(xí)

第一節(jié)

名詞與代詞

名詞可分為專有名詞和普通名詞兩類。而普通名詞又可分為個(gè)體名詞、集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞。其中，個(gè)體名詞和集體名詞為可數(shù)名詞，而物質(zhì)名詞和抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞。名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成通常是在其后加—s；但以-s，-x，-ch，-sh和大部分以o結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es；以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾的名詞把“y”變成 “i”，再加-es。有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成是不規(guī)則的，有其特殊形式。有些名詞在不同的情況下，屬不同的名詞詞類，因此有時(shí)為可數(shù)，有時(shí)則為不可數(shù)：

名詞的格可分為主格(作主語)，賓格(作賓語)和所有格(表示所有關(guān)系)。代詞可分為人稱代詞，物主代詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不定代詞，指示代詞，關(guān)系代詞，連接代詞和疑問代詞等九類。

名詞的用法

可數(shù)名詞除非前面有冠詞或表示單數(shù)的限定詞，否則要用其復(fù)數(shù)形式，例如： If a person disobeys the order，he will be punished severely． The teacher firstly divided his students into four groups．

The reference book can be used to answer questions，to solve problems or to obtain information on a particular topic．

These courses are especially designed for senior students．

有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)構(gòu)成是不規(guī)則的，如：child-children，foot-feet。goose-geese, mouse-mice, man-men, ox-oxen, tooth-teeth，woman-women等。例如： Every fall geese f1y over the house．

The dentist told him that several teeth of his need to be filled． Mrs.Smith has three children，and Tonny is the youngest one． I think we've got mice in the kitchen．

有些名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式是一樣的，如：Chinese，Japanese，Burmese(緬甸)，Spanish(西班牙)，Lebanese(黎巴嫩)，Portuguese(葡萄牙)，Swiss(瑞士)．sheep，deer，swine(豬)，fish，carp(鯉魚)，salmon(鮭)，means，series，species，aircraft，spacecraft等。例如： The best fish are near the bottom．

When they got to the New World，Spanish constructed their houses with Moorish architectural features．

I saw a white sheep running down the road．

Judging by his language，he must be a Japanese．

在表示一類事物時(shí)，介詞of后的名詞要用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： Beethoven is of the greatest musicians in the world．

The Animal Art Festival is being held at Shanghai zoo, which is one of the most welcome festivals in the city.As one of the countries that bear responsibility for the incident, German Chancellor Schroeder holds that the organization should apologize to Chinese government unconditionally.She is one of the three martyrs who were killed in NATO's bombing on the Chinese Embassy in Yugoslavia.大多數(shù)集體名詞可作單數(shù)，也可作復(fù)數(shù)，如：army，audience，class，committee，crew(全體船員，乘務(wù)員)，crowd，faculty，family, government group orchestra，public，team，union等。但有些雖然是單數(shù)形式，卻用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：cattle（牡畜）mankind(人類)，militia(民兵)，people，police，poultry(家畜)，staff(全體職員)等。例如：

The president said the Chinese Gowrnment is paying close attention to developments in this matter, and continues to reserve the right to take future action.The cattle, were grazing on the meadow near the farm.The audience were amused by his humorous stories.My family is far away from the school.有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式，而且也只用作復(fù)數(shù)，如：clothes，glasses，spectacles，pants，arms(武器)，belongings(所有物)，customs(海關(guān))，goods(貨物)，suburbs(郊區(qū))，papers(文件)等；而有些名詞形式為復(fù)數(shù)，卻用作單數(shù)，如：electronics(電子學(xué))，mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))，optics(光學(xué))，politics，statistics(統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué))等。例如： The shorts he wears are made of leather.Linguistics is a difficult subject to study.He used to study electronics which isn’t his favorite suject． I love to live in the suburbs that are conclusive．

有些名詞一般情況下以單數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)，表示總體。但如果表示若干、多次或幾種時(shí)，則要用其復(fù)數(shù)。這類詞有：hair，fruit，pollution，rain，difficulty，success，wind，failure，favour等。例如：

The barber had been cutting human hair for two years before he came to Los Angeles． Mother bought oranges，bananas and other fruits.These caves collapse easily in heavyrains, and great winds． He’s having financial difficulties．

有些名詞一般只有單數(shù)形式，它們通常是表示物質(zhì)和抽象概念的不可數(shù)名詞，像：advice，baggage，bread，corn，clothing，equipment，education，fun，furniture，food，fruit，garbage，grass，happiness，homework，housework，humanity，information，knowledge，landscape，1aughter，machinery，mankind，merchandise，money，music，nonsense，nature，population，progress，scenery，smoke，sweat，strength，traffic，thunder，ink，jewellery，damage，mail，work，soap，sugar，gold，chalk，cloth，anger，applause，cake，chocolate，poverty等。例如：

I must seek the advice of a specialist in the matter of the transfer of property rights． Headache is the most common disease of human.I really get a lot of fun from reading in leisure time.The population of Shanghai is very big.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)的含義不同，使用時(shí)要根據(jù)上下文的意思進(jìn)行選擇。這類詞包括：communication(通訊)—communications(通訊系統(tǒng)，通訊工具)，cloth(布)--clothes(衣服)，content(內(nèi)容)--contents(目錄)，convenience(便利)--conveniences(便利設(shè)備), humanity(人類)--humanities(人文科學(xué))，necessity(需要)-necessities(必需品)，wood(木材)-woods(樹林)，pain(疼痛)—pains(辛勞)，ruin(毀滅)-ruins(廢墟，遺跡)，sand(沙子)--sands(沙灘)，work(工作)--works(工廠，著作)等。例如：

“Hometown” is one of Lu Xun’s most famous works．

The insurance company paid $98，700 in damages for the accident． My child enjoys playing on the sands． No pains，no gains． 有些名詞只有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：fundamentals(基本原則), goods(貨物), means(方法),shorts(短褲)，sweets(歡樂), valuables(貴重物品)等。

The fundamentals are made to guarantee the social stability Don’t take any valuables there for the sake of safety.The goods were purchased from him aren’t expensive.I think our problem can be solved by means of negotiation.名詞做定語時(shí)，不能用作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：

Please check your examination paper carefully after finishing。

The China's Central Television Station supplies weather report everyday，You'd better inform my family members before leaving for Beijing． The United States and Germany are two member states of NATO.復(fù)合名詞的復(fù)數(shù)只把其中所包含的主體名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：looker(s)--on，runner(s)-up，son(s)-in-law，editor(s)-in-chief，passer(s)-by，grand-child(ren)，armyman(armymen)，room-number(s)，shoe lace(s)，dinner plate(s)，blood type(s)等。如果沒有主體名詞，就在最后一個(gè)詞上加復(fù)數(shù)詞尾。如：go-between(s)，drawback(s)等。注意以man，woman構(gòu)成的復(fù)合名詞，全部變成復(fù)數(shù)。如：man-servant—men-servants, woman-soldier—women-soldiers。例如： Would you bring me some dinner plates? We had a wonderful talk with some women-soldiers．

Don’t regard yourselves as passers-by under such circumstances． We are of different blood types．

名詞的所有格一般在詞尾加 ’s，已有復(fù)數(shù)詞尾-s的，只加’。例如： We must work hard to fulfil the country’s plans． The school is within a stone’s throw． Nearby are her relatives’ houses． Could you tell me the Smiths’s addres? 名詞所有格有時(shí)還可以和of構(gòu)成短語，有以下兩種情況：

1)它所修飾的詞前面有一個(gè)表示數(shù)量的詞，如：a，two，several，some，any，no，few等。

2)它所修飾的詞前面有+個(gè)指示代詞，使句子表示某種情緒。例如： Several students of Lao Yang’s acted in the play． We saw a play Guo Moro's.At birth，the head of a baby is extremely large in relation to the rest of the body。I have some records of NaYing's.2．代詞的用法

1)人稱代詞有主格人稱代詞，在句中充當(dāng)主語：I，you，he，she，it, we，you，they和賓格人稱代詞，在句中充當(dāng)賓語：me，you，him，her，it, us，you；them。例如： We haven't seen each other for a long time since he went abroad． Let you and me have an appointment for the next weekend.Have you got any idea about this issue? Tell us whatever you've heard.2)物主代詞可在句中作定語，有指人的：my，our，your，his，her和their；有指物的:it，his或her(指國家或輪船)。名詞性物主代詞作表語、主語、賓語，與of連用可作定語：yours，ours，theirs，mine，her，his，its。例如： Tonny is an old friend of mine．

My dormitory is next to yours，and Mary's is on the third floor． Titanic sank with her several thousand passengers． Next time it's on my treat．

3)反身代詞亦稱自身代詞，可作賓語、表語，作主語或賓語的同位語，還與某些動(dòng)詞連用，與介詞連用構(gòu)成成語。有：myself，yourself，himself，herself，itself，ourselves，yourselves，themselves。例如：

These children are too young to take care of themselves． Don't worry，he will be himself again soon．

Although Uncle George is a bad-tempered man，I think he is a kind man in himself． You should be responsible for yourself．

4)相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系，有：each other(兩者之間)和one another(多者之間)。例如： I met Miss Scott this morning，and we greeted each other． We should learn from one another and make progress together，5)指示代詞在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語和定語，有：this，that，these，those。Such也是指示代詞，可作定語、主語和表語，修飾可數(shù)名詞時(shí)要與a連用。例如：

Nowadays TV programs are much more colorful than those Of the past．

The money spent on entertainment，according to some authorities，has exceeded that spent on public health．

I want to know this：are you talking about the accident I encountered yesterday? His future is closely bound with that of the company。

You shouldn't trust on such a person who never keeps his promise． 6)疑問代詞有who，whom，whose，what which。who可作主語和表語；whom作賓語，whose，what，which可作主語、表語、賓語和定語，其中作主語時(shí)，要看所代表的人或物是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，如果不清楚，則動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)。Who will see to this matter? Whom have you chosen to be responsible for the work? It is hard to decide whose is better.What’s on your schedule?

Which university did he enter at last? 7)關(guān)系代詞有who，whom，whose，that，which。which代表事物，that代表人或物；在非限制性定語從句中，不能用that，而用who(m)代表人，用which代表物，或代表主句所說的全部內(nèi)容。在帶有a11，something，nothing，anything，much等的句子中不能用which，而用that。例如：

Our football team was defeated again，which shows our players need much more effort． The factory now has over 1,000 workers，half of whom are women． He promised to tell us all that he knew．

Whose turn to make presentation is bcyond me.8)連接代詞有：what，who，whonl，whose，which，用來連接主語從句、賓語從句和表浯從句。Whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever為復(fù)合代詞。例如： I didn't know what to do at that very moment．

The government sell public houses to whoever provides enough amount Of money． Whomever I worry about is none of your business． Take whichever you like，please．

第二節(jié)形容詞與副詞

形容詞和副詞在語法結(jié)構(gòu)上都有比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)，它們的構(gòu)成方法基本上一樣，都與音節(jié)多少有關(guān)，有些形容詞和副詞有特殊的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式。二者基本分為同級(jí)比較、比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)三種形式。

1．形容詞與副詞的用法

形容詞中有詞形相近的，也有詞義相近的，應(yīng)注意區(qū)別。如：

1)behind(在后的)---hind(后部的)，considerate(周到的，體貼的)---considerable(應(yīng)考慮的)，eminent(聞名的)--imminent(緊迫的)，gracious(親切的)---graceful(優(yōu)雅的)，like(有生命的)---alive(活的)，industrious(勤勞的)--industrial(工業(yè)的)，like(同樣的)---alike(同樣的，僅作表語)，opposite(相對(duì)的)---opposing(反對(duì)的)，perspective(透視的)---respective(各自的)，sensitive(傷感的)---sensible(明顯的)，etc。例如：

We did enjoy your staying in Beijing，and Mrs.Yan is really considerate． Professor Li has many world-famous inventions，and he is respectable to us．

As any one knows that we use our front teeth for biting and our hind teeth for chewing． It’s a considerable success for him．

2)elemental(初步的)--fundamental(基本的)，eligible(合格的)--capable(能干的)，flexible(靈活的)--changeable(可改變的)，initial(最初的)--preliminary(初步的，預(yù)備的)，slack(松弛的)--lazy(懶惰的)，valueless(無價(jià)值的)--priceless(無價(jià)的)，vivid(生動(dòng)的)一living(活的)，etc．。例如：

Henry’s speech was so vivid that his audience applauded againand again，It is easier to adapt to new situations if one has a flexible attitude． We have finished the preliminary exam．

Your suggestion is priceless，and 1 will consider carefully． 3)有些詞尾為-ly的并非副詞，而是形容詞，如：lovdy，likdy，deadly，earthly(現(xiàn)世的)，leisurdy(空閑的)，weekly，yearly，manly(丈夫氣概的)，brotherly，friendly等。例如： What a lovely girl Jenny is．She is always ready to help others． China Daily is of course a daily newspaper but not a weekly one． He is a very friendly young man．

As he didn't have anyexperience，he was likely to have problems．

以下情況形容詞常用于后置：1)形容詞短語，即形容詞+副詞，介詞短語或不定式。2)一些表語性形容詞要后置，如：present，available，involved，concerned，etc,。3)形容詞修飾不定代詞something，anything，everything時(shí)要后置。例如： There was something nice about my feeling that she knew a11．

For this reason，as well as the additional cost involved，flow force compensation is generally not desirable．

I came across another question hard to answer then． I wondered if there was a room available．

副詞的位置為：修飾哪個(gè)詞就放在哪個(gè)詞前面；放在系動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后，行為動(dòng)詞和分詞之前。例如：

I had only five-dollar bill with me when l boarded the townward train． The old law were instituted to protect the long neglected rights of children.I can hardly believe that he is the murderer．

Although he has advantages，it is still too early to say that he is sure to win． 2．比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)的基本形式和用法

形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成為：單音節(jié)詞一般在詞尾加-er和-est。如果以-e結(jié)尾，僅加-r和-st；如末尾僅有一個(gè)輔音字母，須雙寫詞尾冉加-er和-est；如果以y結(jié)尾的，把y變i，加-er，-est；多音節(jié)單詞和雙音節(jié)詞(其中包括由分詞和分詞演變而來的形容詞，如：known，worn，wounded，shocking，striking，interesting，ect, 則在其前加more和most；有些形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)是不規(guī)則的，如：good(well)-better-best，bad(ill)-worse-worst，many(much)-more-most，little-less-least，far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)。有些形容詞沒 有比較級(jí)形式，如：absolute，chief，entire，eternal，excellent，fatal，final，foremost，inevitable，infinite，main，naked，perfect，possible，primary，right，sufficient，supreme，universal，utter，vital，whole，wooden，etc，例如： Mary is the best student in the class．

Further negotiation will be conducted next month． The food we have is sufficient.Needless to say，he is stronger than his opponent．

一般副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)與形容詞一樣，單音節(jié)的以在詞尾加-er和-est構(gòu)成，多音節(jié)的以加more和most的方法構(gòu)成；有些比較特殊，如：well—better-best，badly-worse-worst，much-more-most，little-less-least。以-ly結(jié)尾的副詞，在其前面加more，most, 例如： Tonny runs most quickly than any other students in the class．

Which do you like best，Thorn Birds，Gone With the Wind Or Great Expectation? I prefer less sugar in the milk．

She gets more income every month than her husband．

形容詞和副詞的原級(jí)比較由“as+形容詞或副詞(或后跟名詞或短語)+as”構(gòu)成，“as?as’’前可加not，just，almost，nearly，quite，twice，several times等詞修飾。否定式中not后面的as可改為so。例如：

Running for fifteen minutes will burn as many calories as walking for thirty minutes． Henan province is several times as large as Shanghai． Jimmy has as nervous a ways peaking as his father． Getting rid of a bad habit isn't so simple as taking it up． 形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)形式為：“形容詞(副詞)比較級(jí)+than+?”，應(yīng)注意than前后相比較的人或物要一致。比較級(jí)前可以跟even，much，still等副詞修飾比較級(jí)，表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。例如： Mother worried much more about my younger brother than she did about me． Sound travels faster through water than throughI air．

The economic development in South China is faster than that in North China． My books are much more than Li Ping's． 形容詞和副詞的最高級(jí)的形式分別為：“the+形容詞最高級(jí)十名詞+范圍表達(dá)”和“副詞最高級(jí)+名詞+范圍表達(dá)”，副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)不需要加the。例如：

Our foreign exchange reserve didn't decline despite the worst flood in sixty years． I finisbed the work more successfully than he had expected．

應(yīng)注意以下表達(dá)式的含義：the same?as(和??一樣)，no less than(不少于)，not less than(只有)，had better(最好)，less than(不到)，more or less(或多或少)，other than(除了)，rather than(而不是)，the more?the more/less(越??就越??)例如：

I am sure that the amount of money used in repaying a loan would have the same value as the amount of money borrowed．

You had better finisll your homework today for the teacher will collect it tomorrow．

We have received ten dozen of personal computers which are less than the amount we ordered． The visltors to the exhibition were not less than three hundred，which disappointed them very much．

第三節(jié)

從句

從句分為定語從句，狀語從句和名詞從句三大類。定語從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，修飾主句的某個(gè)成分。狀語從句分為時(shí)間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語從句。名詞從句包括主語、賓語、表語和同位語從句及there be句型。1．定語從句

限定性定語從句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在從句中作主語或賓語。that作賓語時(shí)常可省略，which則不能，而且其后的“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞’’中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語時(shí)，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能省。例如： The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 1830．

The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn．

代表a11，anything，something，nothing，much等詞時(shí)，用that而不用which，that作賓語可省略。例如：

I care anything that has something to do with it．

You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him．

That is the last time we met each other．

I came across the woman you told me about yesterday．

who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來修飾人，分別作從句的主語和賓語。where是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地點(diǎn)的定語從句，而when用來表示時(shí)間。whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語。例如: Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production．

The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg．

The next morning, when she came down to breakfast , Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great discovery．

The visiting professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my department．

在下列情況，限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞可以省略：1)當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語或表語；或它們?cè)趶木渲凶鹘樵~的賓語，而該介詞又在句末時(shí)；2)當(dāng)先行詞是that，all，only，everything，something，nothing等代詞時(shí)，或先行詞前有一個(gè)最高級(jí)形容詞修飾時(shí)；3)當(dāng)先行詞前有only，any，all，first，no，last等修飾時(shí)，或先行詞就是time，moment，way(anyway)，direction，distance等名詞時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞即可省略。例如：

The delegation we had been waiting for finally arrived． I met the woman you told me about． She gave me all she could afford．

With TV we can see things happen almost at the exact moment they are happening．

非限定性定語從句，其作用為：對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步的說明，它與主句用逗號(hào)隔開。此類從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語從句中，which可代表前面的整個(gè)句子；代表人時(shí)只能用who，whom，而不能用that；as也可用作關(guān)系代詞。例如: The telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell．

The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home President Franklin D．Roosevelt，who died there on April 12，1945．

Living in a damp house for a long time is harmful to one’s health，which is known to everyone． 2．狀語從句

狀語從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語從句(主要由when，whenever，after，before，a5，slnce，once，assoonas，Until，while等連詞引導(dǎo))，結(jié)果狀語從句(由so?that和such?that連接)，讓步狀語從句(由though，although, no matter，even if, however，whatever等詞引導(dǎo))，原因狀語從句(由as，because，since和for引導(dǎo))，條件狀語從句(由if, whether，as long as，provided that等詞引導(dǎo))，地點(diǎn)狀語從句(由where引導(dǎo))，行為方式狀語從句(由as引導(dǎo))。有時(shí)條件狀語從句中，主句不可以用將來時(shí)，而用一般時(shí)代替。例如： The small greenish flowers of the elm tree appear in the Spring, long before the leaves grow.QiongYao's novels used to be so popular that her books appeared on best-seller lists.Gas balloon is less safe than hot balloon because it may catch fire.Uniform acceleration(同樣的加速)occurs if the rate of change remains the same over successive equal intervals of time．

Thousands of Chinese college students went to the US Consulate Shanghai，where they protested NATO's bombing at China's Embassy in Yugoslavia.狀語從句中的 “主語+be”可以省略，前提是：從句主語和主句主語一致，且從句謂語“be”省略后的結(jié)構(gòu)為“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞／過去分詞介詞短語／形容詞／名詞短語”。)例如： When well fitted, glasses can correct most sight defects in healthy eyes． If necessary，I would like to see you in your office.Although seriously wounded，he never complained． 3．名詞從句

名詞從句包括主語從句、賓語從句，其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。主語從句

主語從句常出現(xiàn)在it is+名詞、形容詞、分詞+主語從句”的形式中。例如：

It is reported that Taiwanese pop singer Meng Tingwei will hold a solo concert in Shanghai someday this month．

It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline． It usually happened that I was late because of traffic jams.主語從句還可用when，where，how，why，whether等連接副詞，和who，whom，whose，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever等連接代詞來引起。例如： How to arrange the meeting is not your task．

Whose candidate will win the election is the question both political parties are asking． When I leave is my own decision.Whoever will go to the party won't change my mind of staying at home． 2)賓語從句

賓語從句可由that, 疑問代詞或副詞how，why和where等引出。例如：To postpone the conference until next month indicated that they were unprepared． Nearly a11 the staff agreed with what I said．

Everyone worried about her because no one was aware of where she had gone． Could you offer more details except that it happened at night? 由what，whether，how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可用在介詞后，而由that引導(dǎo)的從句只跟but，besides，except，in, save之后。例如: I can hardly believe in what they have done.He doesn’t know my phone number except that the city code is 021.一些表語性的形容詞，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished, certain，confident, disappointed, glad, pleased, proud, sad, shocked, sure, surprised, worried, ect.做表語時(shí)，后面可跟由that, how等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句。例如：

I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures． He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination． She was surprised how simple his problem is．

We are all pleased that he will be able to pass the final examination.3)表語從句

表語從句對(duì)主語的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語從句用that引起，that起連接作用，不能省略。b表語從句也可用連接詞how，when，where，why，what引起。由because引起的表語從句通常只用在“this／that／it is because” 結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如： A logarithm(對(duì)數(shù))is what is known in algebra exponent(代數(shù)的指數(shù))． One thing I admire most about them is that they are hospitable． She works too hard；That is why she is exhausted．

I must point out that where you intend to build a super-market is where the elderly do exercise every day． 4)同位語從句

同位語從句是由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上同一層次語言單位組成的結(jié)構(gòu)，其中前項(xiàng)與后項(xiàng)所指相同，句法功能相同。同位語從句由that引導(dǎo)，也可由whether，how，why，where, when等來引導(dǎo)。例如：

She ignored the teacher's instruction that she must study hard．

The question whether or not I should help him in such a case troubled me greatly．

第四節(jié)

動(dòng)詞不定式

1．不定式的基本形式與結(jié)構(gòu)

動(dòng)詞不定式指通常由to加上動(dòng)詞原形(如to write)所構(gòu)成的一種非限定性動(dòng)詞形式，但在有些情況下to可以省略。動(dòng)詞不定式有進(jìn)行體和完成體(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被動(dòng)態(tài)(如to be written)，所有的主動(dòng)詞，不論是及物動(dòng)詞還是不及物動(dòng)詞，也不論是動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞還是狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，都有不定式形式。助動(dòng)詞除be和have外, 沒有不定式形式。動(dòng)詞不定式在語法功能上可作主語、賓語、表語、定語和狀語。2．不定式的用法 1)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作主語

Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago．

To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge．

在上述情況下，如果不定式較長，顯得頭重腳輕，則可由代詞讓作形式主語(形式主語it不可由that或this等其他代詞代替)，而將不定式放到后面。如：

It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago．

John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time．

不定式結(jié)構(gòu)所表示的動(dòng)作是誰做的，即不定式的邏輯主語，通常可以通過for sb.to do sth.結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：

It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review． It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.在某些形容詞(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind, naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表語時(shí)，不定式后可以加of來引導(dǎo)出其邏輯主語： It is very kind of you to tell me the truth． It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing． 2)不定式作賓語

不定式作賓語有兩種：一種是及物動(dòng)詞后直接跟帶to的不定式, 另一種是“及物動(dòng)詞+疑問詞+帶to的不定式。及物動(dòng)詞+帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu): 只能跟動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞，常見的有: afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, believe, care，claim，decide demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, offer, pretend, promise, prepare, refuse, seek, swear, undertake，want, wish等。He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.動(dòng)詞+疑問代(副)詞+不定式：

這類動(dòng)詞常見的有advise, decide, find out, forget, inquire, know, learn, see, regard, remember, teach, tell, understand, wonder等。常見的疑問代(副)詞有: what, when, where, which, how, whether等。

He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.I will show you how to deal with it.有時(shí)，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。這可以用這一結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)：動(dòng)詞(如find, think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容詞+不定式。

She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.3)不定式做表語

一種情況為主語是不定式(表示條件)；表語也是不定式(表示結(jié)果)： To see is to believe.To work means to earn a living．

另一種情況為主語是以aim，duty，hope, idea，job, plan，problem, purpose，thing，wish等名詞為中心的短語，或以what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句，不定式表語對(duì)主語起補(bǔ)充說明作用： His aim is to study abroad in the near future．

The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price． What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience． 4)不定式作定語

不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作名詞詞組修飾語主要有三種類型：

第一種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯賓語。例如： There was really nothing to fear．

He gave me an interesting book to read．

如果不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，后面就得加相應(yīng)的介詞。例如： Mary needs a friend to play with． That girl has nothing to worry about． They have a strict teacher to listen to．

Although the film had been on for ten minutes, I still was not able to find a chair to sit on． 第二種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的邏輯主語；例如： Have you got a key to unlock the door? The action to be taken is correct．

There is nothing to be gained by pretending．

第三種，被修飾的名詞詞組是不定式的同位結(jié)構(gòu)。這類名詞通常是表示企圖、努力、傾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意義的名詞：ability, attempt, effort, impulse, inclination,wish等。例如： Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her． I have no wishto quarrel withyou．

Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary.5)不定式作狀語

不定式結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語通常都能轉(zhuǎn)換為限制性狀語從句。例如作原因狀語： They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area．

They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area． He was lucky to arrive before dark．

He was lucky because he arrived before dark． 作目的狀語：

She raised her voice to be heared better．

She raised her voice so that she could heard better． We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam．

We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam． 作結(jié)果狀語：

The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians．

The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians． He got to the station only to be told the train had gone． He got to the station and was told that the train had gone． 不帶to的不定式的使用 動(dòng)詞不定式通常帶to，但在有些搭配中不帶to，在另一些搭配中可帶to可不帶to。歸納起來，以下情況下使用不帶to不定式：

1)在can／could, /may／might，will／would，shall／should，must, need，dare等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。

2)在表示感覺意義的動(dòng)詞，如see，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞，如have，let，make等后，動(dòng)詞不定式不帶to。例如： I often heard him say that he would study hard． I must have him see his own mistakes．

但是，當(dāng)這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，后面的不帶to不定式一般轉(zhuǎn)換為帶to不定式。例如：

He was often heard to say that he would study hard．

After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions． 3)在動(dòng)詞help之后可用不帶to的不定式，也可用帶to的不定式。例如： Help the old lady(to)carry the heavy box.4)在had better，would rather，may／might as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后，動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to。例如：

Unless you feel to ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight． She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.5)在make do，make believe，let drop，1et fall，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式。例如： They let go of the rope．他們松開了繩子。

John let fly a torrent of abuse at me．約翰朝我痛罵了一頓。I've heard tell of him．我聽說過他。

Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students．由于生源不足,一些教職員工被解雇了。6)在介詞but，except之后，如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式，其后不定式一般不帶to，反之則必須帶to，表示“不得不，只能”。例如： He will do anything except work on the farm．

There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender．

The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in． I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining． 下面一些短語是固定搭配，不帶to：

can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如： I can not but admire his courage.如果上述句中有do，to省略：

I did nothing but watch TV last night． 如果是下面一個(gè)固定搭配，就帶to： I have no choice but to give up my idea.7)緊跟在why或why not之后的動(dòng)詞不定式總是不帶to。但是，緊跟在who，what，which，whether等連接詞后的不定式帶to。例如： Why stand up if you can sit down? Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning? You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science． 4．不定式的完成式和進(jìn)行式 1)構(gòu)成

完成式：to+ have done 進(jìn)行式：to+ be doing 2)用法

完成式：如果不定式所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生在主要謂語動(dòng)作之前，那么不定式就要用其完成式。

進(jìn)行式：如果主要謂語動(dòng)作(情況)發(fā)生時(shí)，不定式所表示的動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生，那么不定式就要用其進(jìn)行式。例如：

She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline． The Vikings are believed to have discovered America．

When you called me last night, I happened to be working on the computer． 5．不定式的被動(dòng)形式

當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式要用被動(dòng)形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：

For twelve years, Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca's name to be mentioned and his work to be published．

The snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain． 6．不定式的否定形式

否定形式是在不定式的標(biāo)志to前加not。例如： I decided not to ask him again．

Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are out．

第五節(jié) 動(dòng)名詞 1．動(dòng)名詞的形式: 動(dòng)名詞是由動(dòng)詞原形+ing構(gòu)成(如writing)，有完成時(shí)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)(如having written，being written)。

2．動(dòng)名詞的用法

動(dòng)名詞通常在句中作主語和賓語。1)動(dòng)名詞作主語

Going to the college is the little boy's dream．

Keeping studying hard will make you pass the exam． 2)動(dòng)名詞作賓語

有些動(dòng)詞后面只能帶動(dòng)名詞作賓語，不能帶不定式作賓語。此類動(dòng)詞常見的有：admit，acknowledge，anticipate，appreciate，avoid，consider，contemplate，defer，delay，deny，detest，dislike，ensure，enjoy，escape，excuse，evade，facilitate，fancy，favour，finish，forbid，imagine，include，keep，mind, miss，postpone，practise，resent，resist，risk，suggest，quit，worth等。例如：

John was considering buying a new car.I hope you didn’t contemplate coming with us on this trip． The witness denied having seen the accused man． I would appreciate your keeping it a secret．

3)某些短語后面只能接動(dòng)名詞，不能接不定式。

此類短語常見的有：be(get)used to, be accustomed to, be dedicated to, be devoted to，be busy，be committed to，be suject to，cannot help，cannot resist，cannot stand，confess to，feel like，give up，have trouble(in), have difficulty(in)，have a good／hard time(in)，have fun(in)，have an objection to，it is no good／use，keep on，insist on，look forward to，object to，pay attention to，put off，resort to，succeed in等。例如： I cannot stand getting up early in the morning．

I have no difficulty(in)reaching the top of the mountain.There is no use staying on． I cannot resist(his)bargaining．

Although punctual himself，the professor was quite used to students’being late for his lecture.4)動(dòng)詞或短語后面也可以接動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)形式。用主動(dòng)形式還是被動(dòng)形式，要根據(jù)句子的意思而定。例如:

Carlos just missed being caught．

That person wore dark glasses to avoid being recognized．

I object to being treated like a child． 3．另一類動(dòng)詞后面可以帶動(dòng)名詞做賓語，也可以帶不定式作賓語。這類動(dòng)詞又可以分為兩種： 1)帶動(dòng)名詞作賓語與帶不定式作賓語而意義無多大區(qū)別的動(dòng)詞

a)在begin，cannot bear，cease，continue，dread，like，love，neglect，omit，prefer，propose等動(dòng)詞之后，如表一般的行為，用動(dòng)名詞作賓語為多；如表示特定的或具體的動(dòng)作，則用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語為多。例如：

I don’t like swimming.I don’t like to swim this afternoon．

John prefers doing it his way.John prefers to go outing tomorrow.b)在begin, start等動(dòng)詞之后，如表示有意的動(dòng)作，用動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)為多；如表示無意的動(dòng)作，用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)為多。例如：

After some hesitation，he began speaking out his own opinion． It has already begun to rain．

c)在attempt，intend，plan等動(dòng)詞之后，用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與用動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)意義相同，但以用不定式較為常見。例如：

He intended to buy a new car．

He intended travelling abroad next summer.d)在encourage，permit，allow，recommend，advise，authorise等動(dòng)詞之后，一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語，或者用不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語。即：

encourage／permit／allow／recommend／advise／authorise+doing，或encourage／permit／allow／recommend／advise／authorise+somebody+to do。例如： He advised going out for a walk．

He advised us to go out for a walk．

e)在agree，decide等動(dòng)詞之后，可以直接跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，但如果跟動(dòng)名詞，則動(dòng)詞后必須加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。例如：

He agreed to do me a favor．= He agreed on doing me a favor． In the end the manager decided to double the advertising budget．= In the end the manager decided on doubling the advertising budget．

f)在need，want，require, deserve等動(dòng)詞之后，可以用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，這相當(dāng)于用不定式的被動(dòng)形式。例如：

The house needs repairing.= The house needs to be repaired.The disabled deserve respecting.= The disabled deserve to be respected． 2)帶動(dòng)名詞作賓語與帶不定式作賓語而意義不同的動(dòng)詞

a)動(dòng)詞remember，forget后可以跟不定式或動(dòng)名詞，但意義有明顯區(qū)別：跟動(dòng)名詞，其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“記得”或“忘記”的動(dòng)作之前；跟不定式，其動(dòng)作發(fā)生在“記得”或“忘記”的動(dòng)作之后。試比較：

I remember posting this letter．我記得這封信已經(jīng)寄出了。

I remember to post this letter in the afternoon.我記得下午要將這封信寄走。b)動(dòng)詞regret后可以跟不定式或動(dòng)名詞，但意義有明顯區(qū)別： regret doing：為做過的事感到抱歉 regret to do：為即將要做的事感到抱歉

試比較：I regret to say that I can not go with you after school．

I regret having criticized you seriously in class． c)動(dòng)詞try，mean，can not help，used to后跟不定式還是動(dòng)名詞，取決于這些動(dòng)詞本身的含義。例如：

You should try to answer the questions by yourself．(try to do：設(shè)法或努力去做)We try using this new method．(try doing：試著做某事)I meant to go to the exhibition but I forgot．(mean to do：is算做某事)Success means working very，very hard．(mean doing：意味著做某事)I can't help apologizing．(can not help doing：忍不住做某事)I can't help to apologize for him.(can not help to do：不能幫助做某事)Mr．Smith used to jog in the morning，but now he has stopped．(used to do：過去經(jīng)常或總是干某事)Inland canals are used to ship farm and factory goods to nearby towns．(be used to do：被用來干某事)I am not used to getting up early in the morning．(be／get used to doing：

習(xí)慣于干某事)d)動(dòng)詞stop，continue，go on，leaveoff之后，通常用動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語；如果用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，則不是賓語而是目的狀語，相當(dāng)于in order to。試比較： They stopped working．他們停止工作(來做其他事)。They stopped to work。他們停止(做其他事)來工作。

The students went on reciting the text．學(xué)生們繼續(xù)背誦課文。

The students went on to recite the text．學(xué)生們停下其他事，繼續(xù)背誦課文。She let off doing the housework．她停止做家務(wù)(去干其他事)。She let off to do the housework．她停止(干其他事)來做家務(wù)。動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語問題

動(dòng)名詞，顧名思義，具有名詞的特點(diǎn)，即可以加物主代詞和名詞的屬格來表示其邏輯(這時(shí)動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語與句子主語不一致)。如果動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語就是句子主語，不用加物主代詞或名詞的屬格。例如：

The watchman reported finding the door open．= The watchman reported that he had found the door open．

此處，finding的主語與主句主語一致，都是the watchman，所以finding前不加物主代詞。I appreciated very much your helping me through the tough period.此處，helping的主語是you，而主句的主語是I，兩者不一致，所以helping前的物主代詞your不能省略。

一般說來，能帶動(dòng)名詞作賓語的動(dòng)詞都可以根據(jù)語義意圖在動(dòng)名詞之前加上或略去主語。但有些動(dòng)詞，如excuse，forgive，pardon等，其后的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)總是帶有邏輯主語。這些邏輯主語通常由名詞或代詞賓格表示，也可由名詞屬格或形容詞性物主代詞表示。I do mind people smoking in public places．(名詞賓格作邏輯主語)We don't understand him needing so much money．(代詞賓格作邏輯主語)I will never forgive his betraying me by breaking his promise．(物主代詞作邏輯主語)Mary excused the boy’s upsetting the ink．(名詞屬格作邏輯主語)

第六節(jié)分詞

1．分詞的形式

這里所講的分詞包括-ing分詞和-ed分詞，即傳統(tǒng)意義上的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。現(xiàn)在分詞由動(dòng)詞原形+-ing構(gòu)成(如listening)；過去分詞通常由動(dòng)詞原形+-ed構(gòu)成(如listened)，但也有不規(guī)則形式(如go-gone)。現(xiàn)代英語的絕大多數(shù)都是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，不規(guī)則的只是少數(shù)。2．分詞的基本用法

分詞在句中通常可以用作表語、定語、補(bǔ)語和狀語。下面按照現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法分別作介紹。

現(xiàn)在分詞的基本用法：

現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)的意義；表示一般性的或正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作；在表現(xiàn)形式上有“一般式”和“完成式”與“主動(dòng)式”和“被動(dòng)式”之分，1)作表語

現(xiàn)在分詞作表語通常表示主語所具有的特征。例如： This story is quite interesting．

The journey without you will be boring． 2)作定語

現(xiàn)在分詞可以單獨(dú)作定語，也可以構(gòu)成合成詞作定語，但在更多情況下是分詞短語作定語，包括限定性和非限定性(用逗號(hào)與其他部分分開)，在意義上相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。現(xiàn)在分詞作定語通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義。例如：

The man following was obviously in a hurry．(現(xiàn)在分詞單獨(dú)作定語)They acted just like a conquering army．(現(xiàn)在分詞單獨(dú)作定語)Do you know the man standing over there by the door?(分詞短語作限定性定語)Last night，we caught a thief stealing John’s bike．(分詞短語作限定性定語)The name Nebraske comes from the Oto Indian word “ebrathka”，meaning flat water．(分詞短語作非限定性定語)3)作賓語補(bǔ)足語 a．表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，如hear，feel，find，listen to，look at，watch，notice，observe，smell，see等詞的賓語可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如： I noticed him slipping away before the end of the meeting． I can smell turkey roasting，and it's making me hungry．

b．表示“致使”等意義的動(dòng)詞，如catch，get，have，keep，leave，set等詞的賓語可以用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如：

What I saw just now set me thinking of my childhood in the countryside． Please don't keep the machine running while you are away． 4)作狀語

現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表示主語在進(jìn)行一動(dòng)作的同時(shí)所進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作，它對(duì)謂語動(dòng)詞起修飾或陪襯的作用。這時(shí)要注意現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語在時(shí)態(tài)和意義上的統(tǒng)一。例如： Rushing out of the room，he was knocked down by a car．(作時(shí)間狀語)= When he rushed out of the room，he was knocked down by a car． Working harder，you will pass the entrance exam.(作條件狀語)= If you work harder，you will pass the entrance exam． She sat at a window，reading a book．(作伴隨狀語)=She sat at a window and read a book．

Having won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars．(作原因狀語)= Because he had won the championship，he was awarded a million dollars． Even if taking a taxi，I will still be late for the meeting．(作讓步狀語)= Even if take a taxi，I will still be late for the meeting．

The road is under construction，thus causing the delay．

(作結(jié)果狀語)= The road is under construction，and thus caused the delay.注意，當(dāng)現(xiàn)在分詞作讓步狀語時(shí)，一般放在句首，常常由although，though，even if, unless等連詞引入；作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，一般放在句末，前面可以加so，thus，hence，thereby等副詞。過去分詞的基本用法：

與現(xiàn)在分詞不同，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)的意義，表示已經(jīng)完成和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作。在表現(xiàn)形式上，只有一種形式。1)作表語

過去分詞作表語表示主浯所處的狀態(tài)。用作表浯的過去分詞大多來自及物動(dòng)詞；不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞能作表語的只限于少數(shù)表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)詞，如go，come，assemble等，它們用在連系動(dòng)詞之后，表示完成意義，無被動(dòng)意義。例如： The man looked quite disappointed． He is greatly discouraged by her refusal． His hair is nearly all gone.已經(jīng)形容詞化了的過去分詞大多可作表語，常見的有：accomplished，amazed，amused，astonished，broken，closed，completed，complicatcd，confused，crowded，devoted，disappointed，discouraged，drunk，excited，frightened，hurt，interested，lost，satisfied，surprised, worried等。做定語

a)前置定語的過去分詞通常來自及物動(dòng)詞，帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義。例如： We like skating in the frozen lake in the winter．

= We like skating in the lake which has been frozen in the winter． How many finished products have you got up to now? = How many products that have been finished have you got up to now? 來自不及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置定語，能作這樣用的僅限以下幾個(gè)詞，這時(shí)僅表示完成意義，不表示被動(dòng)意義： a retired worker = a worker who has retired

an escaped prisoner = a prisoner who has escaped a faded／withered flower = a flower that has faded the risen sun = the sun that has just risen a returned student = a student who has returned vanished treasure = treasure that has vanished b)用作后置定語的過去分詞通常也來自及物動(dòng)詞，表示被動(dòng)意義和完成意義。這時(shí)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語從句。例如：

Things seen are better than things heard．

= Things which are seen are better than things which are heard． The lobster broiled over charcoal was delicious．

= The lobster which was broiled over charcoal was delicious.做賓語補(bǔ)足語

a)see, hear, feel，find，think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞可以帶過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如：

Tom found himself involved in an awkward situation． I saw Tom dressed like a beggar in the street．

Everybody thought the match lost until the last minute.d)make, get, have, keep 等表示“致使”意義的動(dòng)詞可以帶過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如： I have my clothes washed everyday.Don't get your schedule changed；stay with us in the class． He’s trying to make himself understood.Please keep us informed of the latest price．

c)like，want，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意義的動(dòng)詞可以帶過去分詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。例如：

We don't like such topics(to be)discussed in class． I wish this problem(to be)solved this week． 4)作狀語

用作狀語的過去分詞通常來自及物動(dòng)詞。過去分詞用作狀語時(shí)，修飾主句的謂語動(dòng)詞，意義上相當(dāng)于狀語從句，表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等。過去分詞作狀語，前邊往往可以加when, while, if，as if, though。一般說來，這種結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語必須與主句的主語一致。例如：

Whenever praised，she blushes．(作時(shí)間狀語)= Whenever she is praised，she blushes．

United，we stand；divided，we fall．(作條件狀語)= If we are united，we stand；If we are divided，we fall． Written in great haste，this book is full of errors．(作原因狀語)= Because this book is written in great haste，it is full of errors．

Mary was reading a love story，completely lost to the romantic life．(作伴隨狀浯)= Mary was reading a love story，and was completely lost to the romantic life.Although born in Germany，John lives and works in U.S.A.(作讓步狀語)= Although John was born in Germany，he lives and works in U.S.A.3．分詞的完成式及被動(dòng)式

前面提到過，過去分詞只有一種形式，所以這里所講的完成式及被動(dòng)式均指現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式及被動(dòng)式。

如果現(xiàn)在分詞表示的是一般性動(dòng)作，不表明動(dòng)作的先后或與謂語動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，這時(shí)要用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般形式。例如：

Living in the downtown，we found a lot of amusements． 如果現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作先于句子謂語發(fā)生，就要用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式“(not)having+過去分詞”。例如：

Having heard from my father，I was relieved．

Not having received any letter from my family，I was worried．

如果現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語是現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，則要用現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)形式，包括其一般形式“(not)being+過去分詞”和其完成形式“(not)having been+過去分詞”。例如： Upon being questioned，he denied having robbed the bank．

The new method，having been widely used abroad，can increase the working efficiency.4．分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)

如果過去分詞或現(xiàn)在分詞帶有與句子主語不同的主語，這就構(gòu)成了獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，也叫獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或垂懸結(jié)構(gòu)，通常在句中起狀語叢句的作用，表示原因、時(shí)間、條件、方式或伴隨狀況。例如：

The holidays being over，they began to get down to do their work again．(原因狀語)= As the holiday was over，they began to get down to do their work again． All things considered，her paper is of greater value than yours．(條件狀語)= All things are considered，her paper is of greater value than yours． His homework done，Johan went out to play.(時(shí)間狀語)= After his homework had been done，Johan went out to play．

The girl was smiling sweetly，her long hair flowing in the breeze．(伴隨狀語)當(dāng)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)表示伴隨狀況時(shí)，可變?yōu)橛蓋ith引導(dǎo)的介詞詞組, 而表示否定意義的類似結(jié)構(gòu)便可由without引導(dǎo)。例如上例可變?yōu)椋?/p>

The girl was smiling sweetly with her long hair flowing in the breeze． Without anyone noticing，I slipped out of the room．

獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)的位置比較靈活，它可以置于句首、句中或句末。另外，獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中用作主語的名詞之前的限定詞有時(shí)可以省略。例如：

The manager sat quietly in his office，(his)eyes closed．

He stood in the doorway，(his)wet cloak dripping water on the rug，and waited for some sign of recognition．

第七節(jié)

前后呼應(yīng) 主謂一致的基本原則

主謂一致有以下三條原則：

1)語法一致原則，即在語法形式上取得一致。例如，主語是單數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞也采取單數(shù)形式；主語是復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：The students are very young．This picture looks beautiful．

2)意義一致原則，即從意義著眼處理一致關(guān)系。例如，主語形式雖是單數(shù)但意義是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞也采取復(fù)數(shù)形式；而有些主語形式雖是復(fù)數(shù)但意義上看作單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞也采取單數(shù)形式。

The people in that country are fighting for independence． The crowd deeply respect their leader．

Three years in a strange land seems a long time．

3)就近原則，即謂語動(dòng)詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語。例如： Neither he nor I am going to see the film tonight because we are busy． 2．主謂一致的用法

根據(jù)以上三條原則，主謂一致有如下用法： 1)下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式

a．表示時(shí)間、重量、長度、價(jià)值的名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)形式。例如： Two hundred miles is a long distance． Ten dollars is a high price for that book． b．由anyone，anything，anybody，no one，nothing，everyone，everybody，everything，someone，somebody，each，either，neither等不定代詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)形式。例如： Someone is knocking at the door．

Anything is better than going to the movie tonight．

c．由“a series of，a kind of，a portion of +名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如： A series of debates is scheduled to be held next week．

d．由“many a，more than one +單數(shù)名詞”作主語，盡管意義上表示復(fù)數(shù)，但謂語動(dòng)詞仍采用單數(shù)形式。例如：

Many a person in these circumstances has hoped for a long break． There is more than one answer to your question． e．“名詞+and+名詞”作主語，表示同一人、同一概念或事物時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如：

A writer and educator is giving a lecture now．(這個(gè)人既是作家又是教育家)f．“either(neither)+ of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞(或代詞)”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： If either of you takes a vacation now，we will not be able to finish the work． Neither of them wants to come．

g．在each?and each?，every?and every?等結(jié)構(gòu)之后，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： Each man and each woman has the right to vote．

h．動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞或分句作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如： What I want to say is none of your business． Listening to the classical music is enjoyable．

i．以-ics結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞指一門學(xué)科時(shí)，如politics(政治學(xué))，mathematics(數(shù)學(xué))，statistics(統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué))，acoustics(聲學(xué))，linguistics(語言學(xué))等，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： Mathematics is what he majors in． 2)下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后的名詞。

a．由“a11，none，no，most，half，the last，the rest，the remainder+of+名詞”等不定代詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式由of后名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如： None of the food is wasted．

None of the students were absent． The rest of the lecture was dull．

The rest of the bikes were on sale yesterday．

b．由“l(fā)ots of，heaps of，loads Of，scads of +名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式由of后名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如：

Lots of work is to be done this week.Lots of people are going to swim this afternoon． There is loads of milk on the farm．

There are loads of big red apples on the ground． There is heaps of fun．

c．由“分?jǐn)?shù)或百分?jǐn)?shù)十of +名詞或代詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式取決于of后名詞或代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

Three-quarters of the area is cultivated.Ninety percent of the students have passed the exam．

3)下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式根據(jù)意義而定。

a．由“the+形容詞” 這種結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，根據(jù)意義一致的原則決定謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。如果表示一類人(如the rich，the poor，the blind，the deaf，the sick，the young，the old)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；如果表示個(gè)人或抽象概念，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： The blind are taught trades in special schools．

(表示一類人)The good in him overweighs the bad．

(表示抽象概念)The departed was a good friend of his．

(表示個(gè)人)b．family，crowd，committee，class，audience，group，government，team，public，majority，minority等集合名詞作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)根據(jù)意義而定。例如： The family like to listen to the music．(the family指這家人，用作復(fù)數(shù))The family is small．(the family指這個(gè)家庭，用作單數(shù))The committee has considered your proposal．(the committee指委員會(huì)，用作單數(shù))The committee were arguing for an hour before they gave their votes．

(the committee指委員會(huì)的委員們，用作復(fù)數(shù))下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞一般單復(fù)數(shù)均可。

a.以數(shù)詞為名詞詞組中心詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞一般單復(fù)數(shù)均可。例如： Five and six make／makes eleven． Seven times ten are seventy．

但是：Twenty from thirty leaves ten．

Six sevens are forty-two.b．由”one in／out of +名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)均可。例如： One in ten were／was present．

下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。

由and或both?and連接兩個(gè)單數(shù)形式的名詞詞組作主語時(shí)，一般謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：

A girl and a boy want to go． Both rice and wheat are grown in that country．

6)下列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式視具體情況而定。

a．由as well as，together with，besides, like，along with，with but，except，accompanied by，rather than，including連接兩個(gè)名詞作主語，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)由連接詞前的名詞而定。例如： The president of the college，together with the deans，is planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations．

The young mother with her two children is coming now．

The plant manager，like many technicians，is experienced in designing new products． b．“名詞+of+名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式跟of前的名詞一致。例如： The picture of the children brings back many memories of my past experiences． The effects of cigarette smoking have been proved to be extremely harmful．

c．由not only?but also，either?or，neither?nor或or連接的并列主語，通常根據(jù)就近一致原則，謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式由最接近它的名詞詞組的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定。例如： He or you have taken my pen．

Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it． One or two days are enough to visit the city.d．there be句型中的謂語動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)形式一般取決于其后的真正主語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： There is a garden in front of the house． There are two things I'd like to say here． 7)關(guān)于幾對(duì)容易混淆詞組的一致用法

a．由“this／that kind／type of +名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；而由”these／those kind／type of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如： This kind of apples is highly priced． Those kind(s)of tests are good．

b．由“a number of，a total of，an average of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式；由“the number of，the total of，the average of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。例如： A number of students are waiting for the bus．

The number of the students in this university is increasing yearly.c．one of，the(only)one of的一致用法

This is one of the books that have been recommended．

This is the(only)one of the books that has been recommended． 3．前后呼應(yīng)的用法 1)當(dāng)everyone，everybody，no one，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody，everything，anything，something，nothing等用作主語時(shí)，其相應(yīng)的代詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如： If anybody calls，tell him that I'm out． Something strange happened，didn't it? Every passenger has to carry his own luggage．

2)人稱代詞與名詞的呼應(yīng)：人稱代詞I(me)，he(him)，she(her)，it(it)都是代替前面的單數(shù)名詞，而they(them)，we(us)則是代替復(fù)數(shù)名詞的，you既可以代表單數(shù)，也可以代表復(fù)數(shù)。但表示泛指的時(shí)候，用he或one來表示。例如：

If a young person enters a classical music field only for money，he is in the wrong profession． The leaves of the red maple are highly poisonous to horses and when ingested can kill them within fifteen hours。

3)物主代詞與名詞的呼應(yīng)：my，our，his，her，its，their要與代替的名詞在數(shù)上一致。例如： The welfare department，as well as the other social services，will have its budget cut． Delphins are warm-blooded；that is，their body temperature always stays about the same，regardless of the surroundings．

4)反身代詞與其所代成分間的呼應(yīng)。

Many primitive people believed that by eating an animal they could get some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves.Everybody clings to this illusion about himself． I have just been out to get myself a cup of tea． 5)指示代詞與所代名詞間的呼應(yīng)：this和that指代單數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，these和those指代復(fù)數(shù)名詞(those還可以用作先行詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句，表示“那些人”)。例如： She invited all those who had been her former colleagues．

The amount of the pressure caused by the weight of a column of fluid is determined by the height of this column．

6)much和much of后接不可數(shù)名詞，而many和many of后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)。例如： There is not much coal left．

A great many of the houses were knocked down by the earthquake． 7)表示量的詞后面有的接可數(shù)名詞，有的接不可數(shù)名詞。接可數(shù)名詞的有：a number of，a range of，a series of十復(fù)數(shù)名詞；接不可數(shù)名詞的有：a great deal of，an amount of十不可數(shù)名詞；既可接可數(shù)又可接不可數(shù)名詞的有：a lot of，a variety of。例如： The government attached a great deal of importance to education． Quite a number of women applied for this job． The college library has a variety of books． An apple is a variety of fruit．

A wide range of disorders can affect the human muscular system．

第八節(jié)．反意疑問句 1.反意疑問句的形式

反意疑問句一般有以下四種形式： 肯定陳述句+否定反意疑問。例如： This pencil is red，isn't it?

否定陳述句+肯定反意疑問。例如： This pencil isn't red，is it?

肯定陳述句+肯定反意疑問。例如：

This pencil is red，is it? 否定陳述句+否定反意疑問。例如： This pencil isn't red，isn't it? 前兩種形式是主要的，后兩種不常見。

2.反意疑問句的用法

1)當(dāng)陳述部分是there be句型時(shí)，反意疑問部分的主語用there。例如： There aren’t a lot of flowers in the garden in winter，are there?

There existed different opinions on this issue，didn’t there?

2)當(dāng)陳述部分是以不定代詞one作主語時(shí)，反意疑問部分的主語在正式場(chǎng)合用one，在非正式場(chǎng)合用you。例如：

One cannot succeed at this，can one?

One cannot succeed at this，can you? 3)當(dāng)陳述部分是I’m?結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問部分一般用aren't I。例如： I am a student，aren’t I? 4)當(dāng)陳述部分是一個(gè)帶有that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問部分一般根據(jù)主句的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞而定。例如：

You told me(that)I had passed the exam，didn’t you? He says that everybody in our class will attend the meeting，doesn’t he? 但是，當(dāng)陳述部分的主句是I think，I suppose，I believe等結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問部分則往往由that從句中的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞決定，并且要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。例如： I believe(that)it is going to rain，isn’t it?

I don't think(that)he will come，will he? 5)當(dāng)陳述部分的謂語動(dòng)詞是have時(shí)，反意疑問部分要根據(jù)have的意義及形式而定。

a．當(dāng)have表示“所有”含義時(shí)，反意疑問可以用have形式，也可以用do形式。例如： He has a book in his hand，hasn't he? He has a book in his hand，doesn’t he? b．當(dāng)陳述部分的動(dòng)詞是have的否定形式時(shí)，反意疑問部分是用have形式還是用do形式，取決于陳述部分的動(dòng)詞形式。例如： You haven't a car，have you? You don't have any money with you，do you? c．當(dāng)have不表示“所有”含義而表示其他含義時(shí)，反意疑問句則必須用do的形式。例如： We had a good time in the vacation，didn’t we? He has his breakfast at seven everyday，doesn’t he? You have to get up early tomorrow，don’t you? 6)當(dāng)陳述部分帶有never，nothing，nowhere，seldom，hardly，rarely，few，little等否定詞或半否定詞時(shí)，反意疑問部分的動(dòng)詞用肯定形式。例如：

The summit meeting never took place，did it? You can hardly believe what he said，can you? There is little ink in the bottle，is there? Few people know this place，do they? 當(dāng)陳述部分的謂語動(dòng)詞是帶有un-，in-，im-，dis-等否定前綴的動(dòng)詞，則仍然把陳述部分看作肯定句，那么反意疑問部分用否定形式。例如：

He is impolite to the teacher，isn’t he? He distrusted anybody around him，didn’t he? 當(dāng)陳述部分帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞ought to時(shí)，反意疑問部分在英式英語中用ought to形式，在美式英語中用should形式。例如：

You ought to see the new picture，shouldn’t you? Teachers ought to be honoured，oughtn’t they? 8)當(dāng)陳述部分帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞used to時(shí)，反意疑問部分可以用used to形式，也可以用did形式。例如：

She used to live abroad，usedn’t she? There used to be a news stand in the corner of the street，didn’t there? 當(dāng)陳述部分帶有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must時(shí)，反意疑問部分需視must的含義而定。a．當(dāng)must表示“命令或強(qiáng)制”時(shí)，反意疑問部分用mustn't。例如： You must do it by yourself，mustn’t you? b．當(dāng)must表示“有必要”時(shí)，反意疑問部分用needn't。例如： You must see him tonight，needn’t you? c．當(dāng)must表示“一定”或“想必”等推測(cè)意義時(shí)，反意疑問部分不用mustn't，而要根據(jù)must后的動(dòng)詞形式而定。例如： He must be crazy to do so，isn’t he? She must have been there for a long time，hasn’t she? They must have stayed at home last night，didn’t they? 10)當(dāng)陳述部分帶有need時(shí)，反意疑問部分需視need的含義而定。如果need用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則反意疑問部分用need形式；如果need用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，表示“需要”，則反意疑問部分用do形式。例如：

You needn't go there，need you? She needs to go there，doesn’t she? Plants need sun to grow，don’t they? 11)當(dāng)陳述部分帶有I'd better或I’d rather時(shí)，反意疑問部分用hadn't或wouldn't。例如 ： You'd better finish the task before tomorrow，hadn’t you? He’d rather stay with us，wouldn't he? 12)當(dāng)陳述部分是祈使句時(shí)，反意疑問部分一般用will you，won't you，would you。例如： Don't be too late，will you? Close the door，won’t you? Come here，will you?

Open your books，would you? 12)陳述部分是以Let’s開頭的祈使句時(shí)，反意疑問部分用shall we；若是以Let us開頭的祈使句，反意疑問部分則用will you。例如： Let’s have a party tonight，shall we? Let us have a look at your pictures，will you? 注意, 如果祈使句是否定形式，那么反意疑問句只能用will you。例如： Don't forget to bring your notebooks here tomorrow，will you?

第九節(jié)

強(qiáng)調(diào)句

這里講的強(qiáng)調(diào)句主要是以it為引導(dǎo)詞的分裂句。它的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是：It+be的一定形式+被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+ that-／who-分句(只有當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分是句子的人稱主語時(shí)，連接詞才可以用who，此時(shí)也可以用that：其余情況下只能用that)。通過這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以強(qiáng)調(diào)除謂語動(dòng)詞外的大多數(shù)句子成分。例如：

It was Mary that／who needed the cash． It was the cash that Mary needed．

It was from Henry that John bought the car． It was the car that John bought from Henry．

此結(jié)構(gòu)可以強(qiáng)調(diào)多種多樣的狀語成分，例如強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、方式狀語，也可以強(qiáng)調(diào)由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語分句，但不可以強(qiáng)調(diào)由since／as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語分句，也不可以強(qiáng)調(diào)由although和whereas引導(dǎo)的從屬或并列分句。例如：

It was before liberation that our people suffered from the imperialist aggression． It is in Iran that the family members participate in the wedding preparations． It was because he'd never had the opportunity that John hadn't learned to drive．

如果要強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞，通常采用另一種句型：主語通常是由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性分句；分句的主動(dòng)詞通常是do的一定形式；主語補(bǔ)語通常是不定式結(jié)構(gòu)，可帶to，也可不帶to。例如： The pupils elected him monitor of the class。強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語動(dòng)詞elected，變?yōu)椋?/p>

What the pupils did was elect／to elect him monitor of the class．

第十節(jié)

虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣是說話人為表示一種假設(shè)的情況或一種主觀的愿望，即認(rèn)為動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)并非事實(shí)或主觀設(shè)想時(shí)所用的語氣。

虛擬語氣的形式與用法：

1．有一類虛擬語氣的形式稱為be型虛擬式，即不管主語是什么人稱，動(dòng)詞一律用原形(或should+動(dòng)詞原形)。

以下幾種情況必須用be型虛擬式：

1)一些表示命令，要求，決定，建議等概念的動(dòng)詞后由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句中，必須用be型虛擬式。這類動(dòng)詞有：ask(要求)，advise(建議)，command(命令)，decide(決定)，demand(命令)，insist(堅(jiān)持)，move(提議)，order(命令)，propose(提議)，recommend(建議)，request(要求)，require(要求)，suggest(建議)，urge(極力主張)。例如： We strongly suggest that he(should)be told about it earlier． The doctor insisted that his patient take it easy for three months． I require that they come by ten．

I recommended that each competitor receive $100． The judge ordered that the witness tell the truth．

2)一些表示主張、要求、命令、愿望、建議等概念后的主語從句中，必須用be型虛擬式。此類詞主要有：

It is necessary, essential(重要的)，advisable(應(yīng)該的)，appropriate(合適的)，desirable(值得的)，fitting(合適的)，important(重要的), imperative(必須的)，obligatory(必須的)，proper(適當(dāng)?shù)?，strange(奇怪的)，urgent(緊要的)，vital(極重要的)that?；

It is(was, has been)suggested(decided，desired，ordered，proposed，requested)that? 例如： It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed．

It is important that everybody have his health checked yearly． I think it advisable that he leave soon.It is decided that you be the first one to do the experiment．

3)一些表示主張、要求、命令等概念的名詞后面由that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句中，通常用be型虛擬式。這類詞主要有：advice，command，importance，idea，insistence，motion(提議)，necessity，order，plan，proposal(建議)，recommendation(建議)，request，requirement, resolution(決議)，suggestion，understanding(協(xié)議)。例如：

My suggestion is that he be sent to help this group．

4)在lest，for fear that或in case表示“生怕，以防萬一，免得”引導(dǎo)的從句中，從句常常用should。例如：

He studied day and night，lest he should fail in the test．

We dare not play jokes on him for fear that he should become angry． Be quiet in case you should wake the baby．

5)某些表示祝愿、詛咒、禁止等的語句中用be型虛擬式。例如： God bless you!God damn you!Long live Chairman Mao!Heaven forbid!2．下列兩種句型，從句總是用一般過去式表示虛擬語氣。

1)It is(high)time that(該做??，必須做??)，叢句用一般過去時(shí)。例如： It is time that he went to bed now．

It is high time that this wrong spending was checked．

2)would rather, would sooner, had rather這些表示“寧愿”的短語后面的從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)使用一般過去時(shí)表示虛擬語氣。例如：

Don't come today．1 would rather you came tomorrow． He had rather his children didn’t make so much noise． I would sooner we had dinner now．

3．If引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句的虛擬語氣用法 If引導(dǎo)的從句的虛擬語氣主要有三種結(jié)構(gòu)：

1)與現(xiàn)在情況相反：主句謂語用“would／could／might +動(dòng)詞原形”，從句謂浯用“動(dòng)詞的一般過去式”(be的過去式一律用were)。例如： If I had time，I would go with you．

If I were you，I might refuse the engagement．

2)與過去情況相反：主句謂語用“would／could + havedone'’，從句渭語用“動(dòng)詞的過去完成式”。例如：

If I hadn’t lost my way，I would have caught the last train． They would have arrived earlier if there had been no storm．

3)與將來情況相反：主句謂語用”would／could／might +動(dòng)詞原形”，從句謂語用"were to／should+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如：

If you were to see Mary，what would you tell her? If I were to do it，I would do it in a different way． If it should rain tomorrow，I would stay at home． 4)省略if的虛擬語氣句。

虛擬條件從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是were，should，had等詞時(shí)，可以省略連詞if, 但必須將were，should，had等詞移至主浯前形成句子倒裝。例如：

Had he been given some information about it, he could have answered the question． Were you to get up earlier，you wouldn’t be late． 4．Wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣用法

動(dòng)詞wish后跟由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句(that經(jīng)常被省略)要用虛擬浯氣表示一種不可實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。

1)賓語從句用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反。例如： I wish I had enough time to finish my homework today．

My brother is in Europe on vacation，but I wish he were here with me． 2)賓浯從句用過去完成時(shí)表示與過去事實(shí)相反。例如： I wish 1 had gone to the movies with you last night． I wish Professor Lee had taught me this equation． 3)賓語從句用“would/could +動(dòng)詞原型”表示一種愿望或要求。例如：I wish that you would come next time．

She wishes that you could stay here longer．

5．由as if／as though引導(dǎo)的狀語從句表示方式時(shí)，意思是“好像”，這時(shí)從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)用虛擬語氣。

1)狀語從句用過去式(be用were的形式)表示與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反。例如： He treats me as if I were a stranger．

2)狀語從句用過去完成式表示與過去的事實(shí)相反。例如：

He talked as if he had been to Australia.6.介詞或介詞短語表示虛擬：有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示出來，而是通過一個(gè)介詞或介詞短語來表示，或通過上下文表示出來。如but for，but that，with，without，otherwise，on condition(that)，in case of，supposing，on the understanding that等表示讓步假設(shè)。例如： If I hadn’t got your help，I wouldn't have found my present job． = Without your help，I wouldn't have found my present job． = But for your help，1 wouldn't have found my present job．

= But that you helped me，I wouldn't have found my present job．

7.錯(cuò)綜虛擬條件句：一般來說，主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞形式應(yīng)前后呼應(yīng)。但是有時(shí)主句和從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間不一致，謂語動(dòng)詞的形式應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的調(diào)整，如：從句用過去虛擬語氣，主句用現(xiàn)在虛擬語氣(通常可以根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語而定)。

Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public，our company would not be so thriving as it is．

If Paul had receivd six more votes in the last election，he would be our chairman now． If you had studied the problem carefully yesterday，you would not find any difficulty now.8．此外，還有省略了結(jié)果主句的虛擬語氣if only結(jié)構(gòu)，一般表示愿望。if only從句中的時(shí)態(tài)有三種：V+ed；be用were；情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用could／would／might+v。例如： If only he saw me now!要是他現(xiàn)在能看到我那該多好!If only she had not been married!要是她沒有結(jié)過婚就好了!If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into

第十一節(jié)、倒

裝

倒裝(inversion)是一種語法手段，用以表示一定句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要和強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分的需要。英語的最基本的結(jié)構(gòu)是主、謂結(jié)構(gòu)，倒裝就是將這種比較固定的詞序加以顛倒。倒裝有兩種。將主語和謂語完全顛倒過來，叫做完全倒裝(complete inversion)。如： How goes the time? Then began a bitter war between the two countries.于是兩國之間開始了惡戰(zhàn)。只將助動(dòng)詞(包括情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)移至主語之前，叫做部分倒裝。如： At no time was the entrance left unguarded．

Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here．我們難得像在這里這么舒服。句子結(jié)構(gòu)需要的倒裝。為了句子結(jié)構(gòu)的需要而進(jìn)行倒裝的情況有下列幾種。1)疑問句。如：

Are you from here? Who was that? 2)祝愿句。如： Long live peace!May you succeed!So be it．就這樣吧。3)某些感嘆句。如：

There goes the bell．打鈴了。Here comes the bus!Judith，how lovely are you![注]由副詞there和here引導(dǎo)的倒裝感嘆句不可用人稱代詞，如不可說 Here comes he.而須說Here he comes。4)There+be結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

There lived an old peasant in that house．

There seems to be some misunderstanding about the matter． 5)其直接引語位于句首的陳述句。如： “It’s too late，” said Millian．

“ This is the house where Shakespeare was born，”said George．

6)地點(diǎn)狀語位于句首、主語為名詞而謂語為不及物動(dòng)詞的陳述句。如： From the window came sound of music． 7)某些條件從句。如： Had I the time, I would go．

Were you in my position，you would do the same． She’ll be sixteen come May．到5月她就16歲了。

All right，if stay you must，go and sit down properly over there． 好吧，如你必須留下，那你就在那里坐好。8)某些讓步從句。如：

Look as I would up and down，I could see no human being．我盡管望上望下，還是看不到一個(gè)人。

Toil as he would，he might fall，and go down and be destroyed!他盡管苦干，還是可能失敗、沉淪而被毀滅!Change your mind as you will，you will gain no additional support．你即使改變主意，也不會(huì)再得到援助。

9)代詞so，neither，nor等副詞置于句首時(shí)，全句常需倒裝。如： If you can do it，so can I． If you don't go，neither shall I.I don't know，nor do I care．

10)Never，seldom，little，nor，hardly，scarcely，no sooner，not only等表否定的副詞或連詞位于句首時(shí)，全句需要倒裝。如：

Never in my life have I seen such a thing． Seldom have we felt as comfortable as here． No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill.Scarcely had he arrived when they asked him to leave again．他剛一到來，他們就又請(qǐng)他離去。Not only did he hear it，but he saw it as well．

11)only位于句首并后跟狀語時(shí)，全句需要倒裝。如： Only then did he understand.只有那時(shí)，他才明白。由only引導(dǎo)的從句位于句首時(shí)，主語亦應(yīng)倒裝。如：

Only when she came home did he learn the news．只有當(dāng)她回家時(shí)他才知道這消息。12)主語部分較長需要后置時(shí)，全句需要倒裝。如： They erect a bronze tablet on which is carved“The Yellow River Source”.他們立了一面銅牌，上面寫著“黃河之源”。(on which…是倒裝結(jié)構(gòu))To this class belongs the most astonishing work that the author accomplished． 屬于這一類的有作者所完成的一部最驚人的著作。

Sitting at her desk in deep concentration was my sister Flora．She looked as though she had spend a sleepless night．我妹妹弗洛拉伏案沉思，好像一夜未睡似的。(后一句意義上相等于從句)13)為了上下文的銜接，全句需要倒裝。如： “Now，I have no opinion of that policy．” “我可對(duì)這項(xiàng)政策沒有好感。” “I sure have，”came a sarcastic gravelly growl from the admiral．“我當(dāng)然有啰，”這是發(fā)自海軍將軍的譏諷而粗啞的咆哮聲。(用came．．．a(chǎn)dmiral倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)是為了和上文相銜接)The girl who loves him so deeply finds herself unable to forgive his mistake．Around this point develops the sketch，which is humorous and full of a strong local flavor．那個(gè)鐘愛他的姑娘覺得她不能饒恕他的錯(cuò)誤。圍繞這一點(diǎn)就寫成了這一短劇，它不但幽默，而且充滿了濃郁的地方風(fēng)味。(第二句倒裝。顯然由于句首around this point與上文銜接的緣故)強(qiáng)調(diào)需要的倒裝

這是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)某一句子成分而進(jìn)行的倒裝。這種倒裝大致有下列幾種。1)謂語置于句首。

a)謂語動(dòng)詞置于句首。如：

I’m going back to Washington to fight for it, believe you me．我要回到華盛頓為此而斗爭，你相信我吧。(強(qiáng)調(diào)believe)At last he finds himself in a garden，full of beautiful flowers of strange forms，and watered by streams of crystal in which are swimming marvellous fish with scales of rubies and gold．他終于發(fā)現(xiàn)自己來到一個(gè)花園，這里到處是奇異的花卉，還有那清澈的溪水，里面游著珍貴的具有紅玉般和金黃色的魚鱗的魚。(這里將謂語are swimming前置也是由于主語較長之故)有時(shí)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為主要?jiǎng)釉~+主語+助動(dòng)詞。如： Go I can't．我不能去。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~go)Yield he would not．屈服他是不干的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~yield)有時(shí)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為主要?jiǎng)釉~+賓語+主語+助動(dòng)詞，其主要?jiǎng)釉~ 往往是重復(fù)前文中的動(dòng)詞。如：

They have promised to finish the work and finish it they will．他們保證完成這項(xiàng)工作，而且他們一定會(huì)完成的。(強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~finish)Save him she could not；but she avenged him in the most terrible fashion afterwards．她不能救他，但后來她以最可怕的方式為他報(bào)了仇。

(此句中的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)強(qiáng)調(diào)主要?jiǎng)釉~save，其上文雖無save一詞，但有與其類似的動(dòng)詞)有時(shí)倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為助動(dòng)詞+主語+(主要?jiǎng)釉~)，如：

John was taken completely by surprise by the news, as was Susan．這消息完全出乎約翰的意料，也完全出乎蘇珊的意料。

(as后的助動(dòng)詞was置于主語之前，是為強(qiáng)調(diào)主語；省去了主要?jiǎng)釉~)They looked upon him as a trusted friend，as did many others he had deceived． 他們和他所欺騙的許多人一樣，也把他看作可以信賴的朋友。(替代詞did置于主語之前以強(qiáng)調(diào)主語，省去了主要?jiǎng)釉~)b)過去分詞置于句首。如：

Also discussed was a revenue-raising proposal to hike the sales tax…

也討論了增加銷售稅的提高稅收建議??(這里倒裝是由于主語較長)Also said to be under consideration is a performance in Beijing．據(jù)說也考慮在北京上演。(這里過去分詞與also連用，全句強(qiáng)調(diào)主語performance，倒裝亦與上下文銜接有關(guān))c)現(xiàn)在分詞+be十主語。如： Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water．地球表面上許多地方都布滿了水。Facing the lake was a little inn with its pillared veranda．湖的對(duì)面是一個(gè)柱廊的小旅店。這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)多半已變成詞序固定的句型。在新聞文體中，現(xiàn) 在進(jìn)行時(shí)的現(xiàn)在分詞亦可進(jìn)行倒裝。如：

Throwing the hammer is champion William Anderson，who is a hard-working shepherd in the Highlands of Scotland．正在擲鏈球的是冠軍威廉·安德森，他是蘇格蘭高地上的一位勤勞的牧民。(這里自然是強(qiáng)調(diào)現(xiàn)在分詞throwing，但倒裝亦與主語較長有關(guān))d)引述動(dòng)詞+主語+直接引語。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常用于新聞體。如： Declared rosecutor Roy Amlot：“It was one of the most callous acts of all time．”檢察官羅伊·阿默朗特宣稱：“這是最最淡漠無情的行為之一。” Said he：“We confront great evils and we need great solutions.” 他說道：

“我們面對(duì)著重大的邪惡，我們需要重大的決策。” 2)表語置于句首。

a)形容詞+連系動(dòng)詞+主語。如：

Present at the meeting were Professor Smith，Professor Brown，Sir Hugh and many other celebrities．到會(huì)的有史密斯教授、勃朗教授、休爵士以及許多其他知名人士。(這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)已經(jīng)定型)Far be it from me to condemn him in any way．我決不會(huì)以任何方式譴責(zé)他。(這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)亦已成定型)b)過去分詞十連系動(dòng)詞+主語。如: Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people．他們能夠?qū)χ袊嗣駷樗麨榈娜兆右蝗ゲ粡?fù)返了。(強(qiáng)調(diào)過去分詞gone，同時(shí)也是由于主語較長)c)介詞短語十be+主語。如：

Among the goods are Christmas trees，flowers，candles，turkeys and toys．貨品中有圣誕樹、花卉、蠟燭、火雞和玩具。(這種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)已成定型)Amid the gaseous pollutants they inhale are carbon monoxide，sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide，hydrochloric acid，ammonia and hydrocarbons．在他們所呼吸的污染氣體中有一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、鹽酸、氨和碳?xì)浠衔铩?此種倒裝亦已定型)d)不定式+be+主語。如：

First to unfold were the two 14-foot-wide drogue chutes，which criented the craft and continued slowing it．首先要打開的是那兩個(gè)14英尺寬的拖靶斜槽，這兩個(gè)東西使飛機(jī)定向，并繼續(xù)使之減速。

3)賓語置于句首。如： “Yes，”said the youth shortly．“是的，”那個(gè)小伙子簡短地說道。Someone once said Australia is a country born to alcoholism．A man would pay $5 to get drunk and $8 to get home，goes the jest.有人說過，澳大利亞是生性嗜酒的國家。有一個(gè)笑話說，那里的人會(huì)花5元錢喝醉后，再花8元錢回家。4)狀語置于句首。

a)某些副詞+倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Just then a along came Tom．就在這時(shí)，湯姆來了。

Just then in walked Isabella with a radiant face．正值此時(shí)刻，伊莎貝拉容光煥發(fā)地走了進(jìn)來。[注]短語動(dòng)詞的小品詞一般不可前置，如不可說Up cracked the soldier。又，上述例句中如用人稱代詞則不可倒裝，如必須說，In she walked。

Then did I throw myself into a chair，exhausted．這時(shí)我累得一下就坐在椅子上了。Only in this way can we learn English．只有這樣才能學(xué)會(huì)英語。[注]副詞only后接非狀語時(shí)則不可倒裝。

So bright was the moon that the flowers bright as by day．皓月當(dāng)空，花朵就像白天那樣鮮艷。Crack goes the whip．啪的一聲鞭子響了。b)介詞短語十倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

By his side sat his faithful dog．在他的旁邊蹲著他的忠實(shí)的狗。(介詞短語表地點(diǎn))Many a time as a boy have I climbed that hill．我在童年時(shí)期曾多次爬過那座山。(介詞短語表時(shí)間)Up the valleys，down the valleys go they，saying，“Here is a place to build a breast—work；here can you pitch a fort．．．”他們沿著山谷走上走下，說著，“這里是筑胸墻的地方，這里可以修一堡壘??”(介詞短語表方向)With it was mingled far-away cheering．遠(yuǎn)處的歡呼聲與此融在一起。(介詞短語表伴隨)c)表示否定的詞語十倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Nor once did he talk to me． 他一次也沒有和我談過。

Never did he speak about his own merits．他從不講他自己的功績。

Seldom has a devoted teacher been so splendidly rewarded．一位忠誠的教師很少受到如此好的報(bào)答。

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining．他一到家，她就抱怨起來。

Little did I think that we were talking together for the last time．我沒有想到我們這次談話竟成訣別。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again．他剛到家就又走了。

Not only did they present a musical performance，but they also gave a brief introduction to the history of Western brass instruments．他們不但做了音樂表演，而且簡短地介紹了西方銅管樂器的歷史。

[注]但不是所有以not開頭的句子都必須倒裝，如下面的句子即可不倒裝： Not a soul was to be seen．一個(gè)人也看不見。Not that I know of．就我所知不是這樣。

effect as soon as possible．要是委員會(huì)通過這些規(guī)定并盡快實(shí)施就好了!

有的同學(xué)總是抱怨時(shí)間緊，根本沒時(shí)間寫作文。其實(shí)“寫”的形式很多，不一定就寫作文才提高寫作能力。比如寫下你一天中發(fā)生的一些重要的事情，或當(dāng)天學(xué)了某一個(gè)詞組，你可以創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)語境恰如其份地用上這個(gè)詞。這樣即可幫你記住這個(gè)詞的用法，又可以鍛煉你的寫作能力，比如學(xué)“wish”一詞時(shí)，可寫一小段如下：

The teacher often asks us what we want to be in the future.My good friend Tom wishes to be a soldier.However,I'm different.I wish I were a teacher in the future.But my mother wishes me to be a doctor.口語是需要技巧的。光靠大膽自信還不夠。關(guān)鍵是系統(tǒng)的方法。我是英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)的，英語八級(jí)，現(xiàn)在當(dāng)翻譯，在大學(xué)時(shí)去英語角，上課發(fā)言等都不管用，一度非常苦惱。后來發(fā)現(xiàn)口語練習(xí)需要系統(tǒng)的方法。建議你按照我的方法做。

買個(gè)口語軟件，口語寶或者右腦王都不錯(cuò)。

1語音階段，照軟件的內(nèi)容練，一天倆小時(shí)，最多一個(gè)月，語音可以過關(guān)。無論你的基礎(chǔ)怎么樣。切記一定要仔細(xì)認(rèn)真模仿糾正模仿在模仿。

2篇章階段，根據(jù)軟件上的資料，句子，語音，語調(diào)，斷句，停頓，高低，節(jié)奏，長短等等，越細(xì)越好，模仿，對(duì)比，模仿，糾正，再模仿。不求量只求質(zhì)。同樣一個(gè)月，明顯可以提高。3電影階段，看英語電影。每句話聽五遍以上，看看能聽懂幾個(gè)單詞。在看漢語五遍，看看能聽懂幾個(gè)詞組，再看英語五遍以上。然后倒過來從英語字幕到漢語字幕到無字幕，五遍以上。冰河世紀(jì)這部影片夠你看兩個(gè)月，五分鐘的影片可以看兩小時(shí)以上。4與人交流。現(xiàn)在開始舍棄軟件，自信大膽的與中國人，別管對(duì)錯(cuò)，把自己想說的說出來。與老外更好。記住耐心模仿，細(xì)心比較，持之以恒，反反復(fù)復(fù)，1,2個(gè)月以后你的口語一定很棒。

你是外企的白領(lǐng)要經(jīng)常的說英語哦，這個(gè)很正常的哦，如果你要學(xué)英語口語的話，那么對(duì)如何學(xué)習(xí)英語口語我有一些經(jīng)驗(yàn)了。我建議你可以跟我一樣報(bào)個(gè)電話英語培訓(xùn)啊。現(xiàn)在的電話英語還很很好了，電話英語，只通過聲音傳遞內(nèi)容上課，所以要求學(xué)生要有更高的注意力，因此對(duì)提高聽力有很大的幫助，同時(shí)在聽他人說話的同時(shí)，自己也要開口說話，這種學(xué)習(xí)方式被認(rèn)為是鍛煉聽力和口語的最佳方法，還有，電話英語最大的優(yōu)勢(shì)就是將上課內(nèi)容全程錄音可以供課后復(fù)習(xí)。而且時(shí)間安排可以在你的工作空余時(shí)間來學(xué)習(xí)英語口語哦，如何學(xué)習(xí)英語口語的必備條件—語言環(huán)境。口語是交流、是聽和說。學(xué)習(xí)任何一種語言，首先要聽懂，然后才學(xué)說話。口語不可以自學(xué)。學(xué)習(xí)英語口語必須進(jìn)入英文語言環(huán)境。每天聽的都是英文，也必須講英文。中國學(xué)生為什么不會(huì)講英文？因?yàn)橹袊挠⑽睦蠋煷蟛糠植恢v英文，用中文上英文課。學(xué)生在英文課上不講英文，大部分還是講中文。1 如何學(xué)好英語口語--學(xué)習(xí)英文口語最好是英文母語老師—即外教。英文為母語的老師，從小生活在英文的環(huán)境里。知道各種生活場(chǎng)景、生活內(nèi)容的英文用語，并且他們的發(fā)音純正，只有他們才可以教好口語。就像外國人要學(xué)中文，一定要請(qǐng)中國的老師。所有這里我向你推薦恩京電話英語培訓(xùn)學(xué)校，真是不錯(cuò)的，外教通過電話一對(duì)一教授日常口語，商務(wù)口語，雅思口語.面試英語，外貿(mào)口語,青少年英語等，每天回到家，晚上可以學(xué)10-20分鐘，而且時(shí)間，外教都可以任選，均有指定教材，外教都是很有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的老師，報(bào)名后每位學(xué)員在網(wǎng)站上都有專屬學(xué)習(xí)地盤，每晚上課時(shí)外教會(huì)就你的問題當(dāng)時(shí)提出糾正，上課后會(huì)在學(xué)員的學(xué)習(xí)地盤中留下當(dāng)晚學(xué)習(xí)的詳細(xì)評(píng)語和學(xué)員的進(jìn)步情況分析，及第二天晚上上課討論的建議。最重要的是，網(wǎng)站上有學(xué)員每晚學(xué)習(xí)的錄音，學(xué)員可下載收聽對(duì)照自己的學(xué)習(xí)；費(fèi)用也特別實(shí)惠，我一個(gè)普通打工族就可以接受。隨時(shí)隨地和外教說英語，不錯(cuò)！2 學(xué)習(xí)英文還必須了解英文為主的西方文化。學(xué)習(xí)口語必須知道在什么場(chǎng)合，說什么話？怎么樣說話是有禮貌的？什么是外國人忌諱的？就如同中文，從小父母就會(huì)教我們?cè)谑裁磮?chǎng)合要說你好、對(duì)不起。看見老人、叔叔、阿姨應(yīng)當(dāng)怎樣稱呼？在客人面前該問什么問題？不該說什么話？等等。因?yàn)槲覀兊难哉Z得體可以給別人留下良好的印象，不至于造成誤會(huì)。3 學(xué)習(xí)口語必須大量地聽說練習(xí)。我們從小中文是怎么學(xué)會(huì)的？是每天起床后就不斷地聽不斷地說。每天至少12個(gè)小時(shí)在中文聽說語言環(huán)境里。其他語言的學(xué)習(xí)也是同樣的道理。不斷地聽，不斷地說，隨時(shí)糾正。學(xué)生只要在與外國人或?qū)W生之間講英文，就是在學(xué)習(xí)。

我有啊，奉獻(xiàn)給你一些啦，快快學(xué)習(xí)吧：

Do you have some time tomorrow? 明天有空吧? Yes, I do.有啊。

How about having lunch with me? 一起吃頓中飯?jiān)鯓樱?Good idea.好主意。

If you're free, how about lunch? 有空的話一起吃頓中飯如何？ When did you have in mind? 你想什么時(shí)候呢？ I was thinking about Thursday? 我看星期四怎樣？ That will be fine with me.沒問題。

I'm calling to see if you would like to have lunch tomorrow.我打電話給你，是想知道明天一起吃頓中飯?jiān)鯓樱?I'm sorry, but this week isn't very convenient for me.對(duì)不起，這個(gè)星期我都不方便。

Perhaps we van make it later.那么，也許改天吧。That would be better.好啊。

I'm calling to confirm our luncheon appointment.我打電話來，是想確定一下我們約好吃飯的事。

It's tomorrow at twelve o'clock, right? 是明天12點(diǎn)吧？ Yes, that's right.是的，沒錯(cuò)。I'll be there.我會(huì)去的。

I'm sorry, but I have to cancel out luncheon appointment.真抱歉，不過我不得不取消我們午餐的約會(huì)。I'm sorry to hear that.真遺憾。

I have pressing business to attend to.我有緊急的事情要處理。

No problem.we'll make it later in the month.沒關(guān)系，這個(gè)月改天再說吧。

一、多“說”。

自己多創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)與英語教師多講英語，見了同學(xué)，尤其是和好朋友在一起時(shí)盡量用英語去問候，談心情……這時(shí)候你需隨身攜帶一個(gè)英漢互譯小詞典，遇到生詞時(shí)查一下這些生詞，也不用刻意去記，用的多了，這個(gè)單詞自然而然就會(huì)記住。千萬別把學(xué)英語當(dāng)成負(fù)擔(dān)，始終把它當(dāng)成一件有趣的事情去做。

或許你有機(jī)會(huì)碰上外國人，你應(yīng)大膽地上去跟他打招呼，和他談天氣、談風(fēng)景、談學(xué)校……只是別問及他的年紀(jì)，婚史等私人問題。盡量用一些你學(xué)過的詞匯，句子去和他談天說地。不久你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)與老外聊天要比你與中國人談?dòng)⒄Z容易的多。因?yàn)樗湍憬徽剷r(shí)會(huì)用許多簡單詞匯，而且不太看重說法，你只要發(fā)音準(zhǔn)確，準(zhǔn)能順利地交流下去。只是你必須要有信心，敢于表達(dá)自己的思想。

如果沒有合適的伙伴也沒關(guān)系，你可以拿過一本書或其它什么東西做假想對(duì)象，對(duì)它談你一天的所見所聞，談你的快樂，你的悲傷等等，長此堅(jiān)持下去你的口語肯定會(huì)有較大的提高。

第二篇：初中英語語法總結(jié)

第一講

1(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官動(dòng)詞)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump（比較級(jí) and 比較級(jí)）表示越來越怎么樣 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）agree with sb 贊成某人

all kinds of 各種各樣 a kind of 一樣

all over the world = the whole world 整個(gè) 世界 along with同……一道，伴隨…… eg : the students planted trees along with their teachers 學(xué)生同老師們一起種樹 As soon as 一怎么樣就怎么樣 as you can see 你是知道的

ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的東西）eg : ask you for my book

ask sb for sth 向某人什么

ask sb to do sth 詢問某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事

at the age of 在……歲時(shí) eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen

at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的開始 at the end of +地點(diǎn)/+時(shí)間 最后；盡頭；末尾 eg : At the end of the day

at this time of year 在每年的這個(gè)時(shí)候

初中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)（2）be /feel confident of sth /that clause +從句 感覺/對(duì)什么有信心，自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test be + doing 表：1 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 2 將來時(shí) be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能夠…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing be able to do sth 能夠干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do(of sth 恐懼，害怕…… eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog be allowed to do 被允許做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允許看電視 I should be allowed to watch TV 我應(yīng)該被允許看電視 be angry with sb 生某人的氣 eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 為什么而生某人的氣 25 be as…原級(jí)…as 和什么一樣 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一樣高 be ashamed to 不好意思… 27 be away from 遠(yuǎn)離 28 be away from 從……離開 be bad for 對(duì)什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太陽下看書對(duì)你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于

初中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)（3）B．情感型使動(dòng)詞：

情感型使動(dòng)詞表示客觀事物使人產(chǎn)生情感上的變化，可以分為下列概念：（1）驚訝（surprise）；（2）高興（delight）；（3）惱怒（irritation）；（4）煩擾（trouble）；（5）興趣（interest）；（6）激動(dòng)（excitement）；（7）迷惑（bewilderment）；（8）堅(jiān)信（conviction）；（9）恐嚇（fright）；（10）厭倦（tiredness）和（ll）憤怒（anger）。這類動(dòng)詞用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，要注意前置詞的用法。分述如下：（1）驚訝：

表示“驚訝”概念的情感型使動(dòng)詞，主要有surprise，astonish，astound，amaze，startle，stun，dumbfound，shock等，例如： 78）a．The taste surprised him，it was not as he'd imagined． b．The taste made him surprised，it was not as he'd imagined． c．He was surprised by the taste，it was not as he'd imagined．（這味道使他大出意外，那完全不是他原先想的那樣。）79）a．The news astonished everybody． b．The news made everybody astonished． c．Everybody was astonished at the news．（這個(gè)消息使大家感到驚奇。）

80）a．Sherlock Holmes astounded Dr Watson with his accurate analysis．

b．Sherlock Holmes made Dr Watson astounded with his accurate analysis．

c．Dr Watson was astounded by Sherlock Holmes with his accurate analysis．

（夏洛克·福爾摩斯精確的分析使華生醫(yī)生感到驚奇。）81）a．Their performance amazed me． b．I was amazed at／by their performance．（他們的演出使我驚奇。）

82）a．The explosion startled me out of my sleep． b．I was startled out of my sleep by the explosion．（爆炸聲使我從睡夢(mèng)中驚醒。）

83）a．The unfairness of their judgment stunned me． b．I was stunned by the unfairness of their judgment．（他們判決的不公正使我為之震驚。）

84）a．The strange news completely dumb-founded me． b．I was completely dumbfounded at／by the strange news．（這個(gè)奇怪的消息完全把我驚呆了。）

85）a．The news of her death greatly shocked me． b．I was greatly shocked at the news of her death．（她的死訊使我大為震驚。）初中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)（4）B．情感型使動(dòng)詞：(2)

（2）高興：

表示“高興”概念的情感型使動(dòng)詞，主要有delight，please，statisfy，amuse等，例如： 86）a．Her singing delighted us． b．Her singing made us delighted． c．We were delighted at her singing．（她的歌聲使我們歡樂。）87）a．His work pleased me． b．His work made me pleased． c．I was pleased with his work．（他的工作使我高興。）

88）a．The result completely satisfied most of the people． b．Most of the people were completely satisfied with the result．（這個(gè)結(jié)果使大多數(shù)人完全滿意。）

89）a．The old man's jokes amused the children． b．The children were amused at／by the old man's jokes．（老人講的笑話逗得孩子們都笑起來。）（3）惱怒：

表示“惱怒”概念的情感型使動(dòng)詞，主要有annoy，irritate，vex，displease等，例如：

90）a． What he said annoyed me． b．What be said made me annoyed． c．I was annoyed by what he said．（他的話使我惱怒。）91）a． His delay irritated us． b．His delay made us irritated． c．We were irritated by his delay．（他的拖延激怒了我們。）

92）a．The boy's bad behaviour vexed his mother． b．The boy's mother was vexed by his bad behaviour．（這男孩子的惡劣行為使他母親生氣。）93）a．Her levity displeased him． b． He was displeased at／with her levity．（她的輕浮使他感到不快。）

初中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)（5）

be interested in 對(duì)某方面感興趣

be late for = come late to 遲到 eg: Be late for class 上課遲到

be like 像…… eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的氣

be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不見原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后還看得見原材料)52 be not sure 表不確定 53 be on a visit to 參觀

be popular with sb 受某人歡迎 55 be quiet 安靜

be short for 是…的縮寫 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床

be sorry to do sth / be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 很遺憾做…/ 對(duì)某人感到抱歉

be sorry to hear that 很遺憾聽到…

be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 很抱歉打擾某人

初中英語語法復(fù)習(xí)（6）

be strict in doing sth 嚴(yán)于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noles

be strict with sb 對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 這些學(xué)生對(duì)自己不嚴(yán)格 63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面對(duì)某人嚴(yán)格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表確定 66 be sure of doing sth 對(duì)做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well

be sure of sth 對(duì)做某事有信心 eg: I'm sure of my head(my teacher 我相信我的大腦（老師）

be sure that sth 對(duì)做某事有信心 eg: I'm suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通過考試

be sure to do sth一定會(huì)做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我們一定會(huì)通過這次考試 We are sure to learn English well 我們一定能學(xué)好英語

be terrified of + 名/動(dòng)doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一樣

be used to doing sth習(xí)慣做某事 eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸習(xí)慣早He is used to sleeping in class 他習(xí)慣上課睡覺

be worth doing 值得做什么

be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 叢句

第二講

（一）形容詞，副詞比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成。

（二）比較級(jí)用法：

1.同級(jí)比較時(shí)（a=b），用“as +形容詞，副詞原級(jí)+as”，表

示??和??一樣

This newspaper is as expensive as that one.Today is as cold as yesterday.They have as many things to do as we do.2.如果a=b,用not as/so ?as , 表示。。不及。。

Your bag is not as/so big as his.There is not as/so much rain this year as last year.It is not as/so cold in Nanjing as in Beijing.3.兩個(gè)人或事物進(jìn)行比較，a>b 或a

（1）比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)，表示越來越。。The weather is getting warmer and warmer.I believe our country will become stronger and stronger.（2）the+比較級(jí)??，the +比較級(jí)??表示越??就越?? The more you read and listen to English, the fewer you make

mistakes.The harder you work , the better you get.6.表示倍數(shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)的比較級(jí)與程度副詞一樣，要把倍數(shù)，百分?jǐn)?shù)和分?jǐn)?shù)放到比較 級(jí)前。The road is one third longer than that one.He is 6 years older than you.（三）形容詞，副詞的最高級(jí)：

1.三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上的人或事物進(jìn)行比較用最高級(jí)。其結(jié)構(gòu)是：

the+最高級(jí)+范圍 Peter is the cleverest boy in our class.Which is the most interesting movie you have seen? Who is the youngest of all the teachers in your school? 2.形容詞的最高級(jí)前表示‘第幾’，用the+序數(shù)詞+形容詞的最高級(jí)+名詞

Mike was the second tallest basketball player in our school.3.形容詞的最高級(jí)前有物主代詞時(shí)，不再加the He showed me his best stamp collection.（四）重點(diǎn)詞匯：

1.You can move from one news site to other sites with similar

information.similar to sb./sth.We have very similar interests.Gold is similar in color to brass.2.On average, I look at news websites twice as often as TV

programs.On average, there are about 10 classes in Grade 1 every year.3.However, some news channels are on TV all day and so, in this way, they are the same as Internet websites.the same as 表示和??一樣，相當(dāng)于as?as This book is the same as that one.These pens are not the same as the others.4.Websites sometimes have short videos but often these are too

large to open.She is too exc ited to speak.You are too young to go to school.5.at any time

This is a 24-hour fast food restaurant.You can go there at any

time.You can call me at any time.6.at certain times The news is on TV only at certain times, so it is not as recent as

the Internet news.7.instead of

Could I have chicken instead of pork?

（五）課文寫作框架：

Paragraph1 General introduction Let’s compare two types of

news.Paragraph2 Advantages of TV news 1.See and hear real people.2.The pictures and sound are better.3.Someone has already chosen the most important news.Paragraph3 Disadvantages of TV news 1.TV news is not as

recent as the Internet news.2.TV news programs have ads.Paragraph 4 Advantages of the Internet news 1.You can see

them at any time.2.The news is updated all the time.3.It’s easy to find similar information.4.You can comment or join in a discussion.Paragraph 5 Disadvantages of the Internet news 1.The Internet news is not as personal as TV news.2.The sound and video are not good.3.There are ads on websites.Paragraph 6 Conclusion It’s hard to say which one is better.［課堂練習(xí)］ I、選擇填空

1.My schoolbag is larger than________.A.she B.her C.hers D.hers’

2.He's much ________ today, but she is even ________.A.well, worse B.well, better C.better, ill D.better, worse 3.My aunt is very _______, but my uncle is much ________.A.strong, strongest B.strong, stronger C.stronger, stronger D.strong, strong 4.We have ________ rain this year than last year.A.plenty B.much C.plenty of D.more 5.He always makes his radio as _______ as possible.A.louder B.loudly C.loud D.aloud 6.We are glad to see that Shanghai is developing _____ these years than before.A.quickly

B.less quickly

C.more quickly

D.quicker 7.Hello, Mr.Green!I want to see you right now.Can you come as

_____ as possible?

A.quick

B.soon

C.late

D.can 8.A: Jane, it’s time to go to school.Get up and have breakfast.B: But I am not feeling _____.I don’t feel like eating anything.A.bad

B.good

C.well 9.It’s ____ to teach a man fishing than to give him fish.A.more B.better

C.good

D.best 10.Bill jumped _____ than any other player in the sports meeting.A.tall

B.taller

C.high

D.higher

II.用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。

1.Where do you get the news about what _________(happen)now in the world? 2.You mustn’t read it.It is a ______________(person)letter.3.Can you find the ____________ between news on TV and news

on the Internet?(different)4.You can join in a ____________ on many new sites.(discuss)5.The newspaper is _____________ as expensive as that one.(two)6.He draws even ______________ than his father.(well)7.This text is far _____________________.(interesting)8.News Today does not cover as _______________ as News Time.(much)

III.用所給形容詞或副詞的適當(dāng)形式填空

1.Which runs________(fast), a cheetah or a kangaroo? 2.Mr.Zhang speaks ________(clear)of all the teachers.3.They did _________(bad)on the test th an the other students.4.Who is ________(good)at playing chess, you or your brother? 5.Who did ________(well)in the competition? 6.After the accident he drove __________(careful)than before.7.She talks ________________(quickly)than her sister.8.Liu Mei sings_________________(beautiful)in our class.9.________(hard)you study, __________(high)mark you will get.10.The day is getting_____ and ____(short).11.He got a cold yesterday and he feels even _____________ today.(bad)

第三篇：初中英語語法總結(jié)

1(see、hear、notice、find、feel、listen to、look at(感官動(dòng)詞)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2（比較級(jí) and 比較級(jí)）表示越來越怎么樣 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易）4 agree with sb 贊成某人 all kinds of 各種各樣 a kind of 一樣 all over the world = the whole world 整個(gè) 世界 7 along with同……一道，伴隨……

eg : I will go along with you我將和你一起去

the students planted trees along with their teachers 學(xué)生同老師們一起種樹 8 As soon as 一怎么樣就怎么樣 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助 向…要…（直接接想要的東西）eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 ask sb to do sth 詢問某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……歲時(shí)

eg：I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的開始 15 at the end of +地點(diǎn)/+時(shí)間 最后；盡頭；末尾 eg : At the end of the day at this time of year 在每年的這個(gè)時(shí)候 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +從句 感覺/對(duì)什么有信心，自信

eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表：1 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 2 將來時(shí) 19 be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能夠…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能夠干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do(of sth 恐懼，害怕…… eg : I'm afraid to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允許做什么

eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允許看電視 I should be allowed to watch TV 我應(yīng)該被允許看電視23 be angry with sb 生某人的氣 eg : Don't be angry with me be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 為什么而生某人的氣 25 be as…原級(jí)…as 和什么一樣

eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一樣高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 遠(yuǎn)離 28 be away from 從……離開 29 be bad for 對(duì)什么有害

eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太陽下看書對(duì)你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于

be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 當(dāng)心；小心

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be different from…… 和什么不一樣 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 對(duì)某人友好 36 be from = come from 來自

eg ：He is from Beijing He comes from Beijing Is he from Beijing ? Does he come from Beijing ? 37 be full of 裝滿……的 be filled with 充滿

eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/從句

be going to + v(原）將來時(shí)

be good at(+doing)= do well in 在某方面善長, 善于…… 41 be good for 對(duì)什么有好處

eg : Reading aloud is good for your English 42 be happy to do 很高興做某事 43 be helpful to sb 對(duì)某人有好處

eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大聲朗讀對(duì)你有好處

Exercising is helpful to your body 鍛煉對(duì)你的身體有好處 44 be in good health 身體健康 45 be in trouble 處于困難中

eg : She is in trouble They are in trouble 46 be interested in 對(duì)某方面感興趣 47 be late for = come late to 遲到 eg: Be late for class 上課遲到 48 be like 像……

eg : I'm like my mother 49 be mad at 生某人的氣

be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不見原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后還看得見原材料)52 be not sure 表不確定 53 be on a visit to 參觀 54 be popular with sb 受某人歡迎 55 be quiet 安靜

be short for 表**的縮寫 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰 57 be sick in bed 生病在床

be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you 59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you 61 be strict in doing sth 嚴(yán)于做某事 eg : He's strict in obeying noels 62 be strict with sb 對(duì)某人要求嚴(yán)格

eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 這些學(xué)生對(duì)自己不嚴(yán)格

be strict with sb in sth 某方面對(duì)某人嚴(yán)格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么 65 be sure 表確定

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be sure of doing sth 對(duì)做某事有信心

eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well 67 be sure of sth 對(duì)做某事有信心

eg: I'm sure of my head(my teacher 我相信我的大腦（老師）68 be sure that sth 對(duì)做某事有信心

eg: I'm sure that he can pass the test 我相信他能通過考試

be sure to do sth一定會(huì)做某事

eg: We are sure to pass the test 我們一定會(huì)通過這次考試 We are sure to learn English well 我們一定能學(xué)好英語 70 be terrified of + 名/動(dòng)doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事 72 be the same as … 和什么一樣 73 be used to doing sth習(xí)慣做某事

eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸習(xí)慣早 He is used to sleeping in class 他習(xí)慣上課睡覺 74 be worth doing 值得做什么

be(feel)afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 叢句 76 because+句子 because of +短語

eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache 77 begin to do = start to do 開始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么開始什么

eg : Let's begin the game with the song I begin to go home 78 between…and… 兩者之間

borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb(lend sb sth 借給……什么東西

eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me(he lent me a pen 80 both = the same(as)= not different(from)表相同 81 bother 打擾 bother sb to do sth eg : I'm sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station 我十分道歉打擾你，但是你能告訴我怎么去車站

the problem has been bothering me for weeks 這個(gè)問題困擾了我?guī)讉€(gè)周了 He's bothering me to lend him money 82 by the end of 到……為止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old Wang 84 care 關(guān)心 eg : Don't you care about this country's future ?你為什么不關(guān)心國家的未來 85 catch up with sb 趕上某人

chat with sb 和某人閑談 take sb to + 地點(diǎn) 帶某人去某地 87 come in 進(jìn)88 come over to 過來 89 come up with 提出

eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一個(gè)好辦法嗎？ 90 communicate with sb 和某人交流 91 consider + doing 考慮做什么

eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 為什么不考慮去瀘州？

dance to 隨著……跳舞

eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜歡隨著音樂跳舞

decide to do sth 決定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的調(diào)查

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do better in 在……方面做得更好 96 do wrong 做錯(cuò)

Don't forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don't mind +doing /從句 /名詞 不要介意…… 99 each +名（單）每一個(gè)…

eg : Each student has many books 每一個(gè)學(xué)生都有一些書 100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜歡 102 escape from 從……逃跑

eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人從監(jiān)獄里逃跑出來 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事

fall down 摔下來 fall off 從哪摔下來 105 fall in love with sb /sth 愛上什么 106 far from 離某地遠(yuǎn)

eg: The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 發(fā)現(xiàn)做某事怎么樣 108 find sb/sth +adj 發(fā)現(xiàn)什么怎么樣

eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing（名詞）110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 適合某人

forget to do 沒有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了

eg: Don't forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 從某某到某某

eg: From me for her 113 get /have sth down 做完，被（別人）做…

eg: I have my hair cut 我理了發(fā)(頭發(fā)被剪了）

Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 湯母把他的壞牙拔掉了（被牙醫(yī)拔掉了）

get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 與某人相處得好 116 get along with sb = get on with sb 與某人相處 117 get ready for = be ready for為什么而準(zhǔn)備

eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 給某人麻119 get sb to do sth 120 get…from… 從某處得到某物 121 give a talk 做報(bào)告

eg: He is give a tall 122 give sth to sb give sb sth 給某人某物 123 go fish 釣魚 go swimming 游泳

go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 繼續(xù)做這件事 125 go out away from go out of 126 go to school 上學(xué)（用于專業(yè)的）go to the school 去學(xué)校（不一定是上學(xué)）127 good way to 好方法

hate to do 討厭沒做過的事 hate doing 討厭做過的事

have a party for sb 舉辦誰的晚會(huì) 130 have a talk 聽報(bào)告 談一談 131 have been doing 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)

eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since 132 have been to …(地方）……去過某過地方 have gone to …（地方）去了某地還沒回來

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have fun +doing 玩得高興 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做

eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作業(yè)要做 I have nothing to do 我沒什么事情做

have to do sth 必須做某事

have trouble(problem)(in)doing sth 做什么事情有麻煩 137 have…time +doing

have…(時(shí)間)…off 放……假

eg: I have month off 我請(qǐng)一個(gè)月得假 139 hear sb +do/doing 聽見某人做某事/正在做某事 140 help a lot 很大用處

help sb with sth one's sth 幫助某人某事（某方面）help sb(to)do sth 幫助某人做某事 142 hope to do sth 希望做某事

How about(+doing)= What about(+doing)144 how do you like = what do you think of 你對(duì)什么的看法 145 if : 是否＝wether eg: I don't know if(wether)I should go to the party 我不知道我是否應(yīng)該去參加晚會(huì)

He don't know if(wether)we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我們明天早上是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)

if :如果，假如（全部接一般時(shí)態(tài)）＋條件語態(tài)從句

eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去瀘州

If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他們要改變計(jì)劃，他們會(huì)讓我知道的 I'll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足夠的錢，我就要去英國

in one's opinion = sb think 某人認(rèn)為 148 in some ways 在某些方面 149 in the end = finally(adv)最后

in the north of… 什么在什么的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 東）151 in the sun 在太陽下 152 increase 增加

eg : They've increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他們把石油價(jià)增加了3% the population has increased from 12 million ten years ago to 18 million now 153 instead of +（名）代替

eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要蘋果，而不要梨子 I like English instead of math 我喜歡英語而不喜歡數(shù)學(xué)

154 introduce sb to sb 介紹某人給某人 introduce oneself 自我介紹 155 invite sb to do sth 邀請(qǐng)某人做某事

156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少時(shí)間

eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook 157 It's +adj +for sb to do sth 對(duì)某人來說做某事怎么樣 158 It's +adj +to do 做某事怎么樣

159 It's +adj for sb 對(duì)于某人來說怎么樣 It's +adj of sb 對(duì)某人來說太怎么樣

160 It's +adj(for sb)to do（對(duì)某人來說）做某事怎么樣 It's +adj of sb to do sth 對(duì)某人來說做某事太怎么樣

eg : It's nice of you to help me with my English 161 It's a good idea for sb to do sth 對(duì)…… 來說是個(gè)好主意 162 It's important to sb 對(duì)某人來說很重要 eg: It's important to me 163 It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了該去做某事的時(shí)間

eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 該去上課了 164 join = take part in 參加

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165 just now 剛才

166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介詞短語 讓什么保持什么樣？ 167 keep out 不讓 …… 進(jìn)入 168 keep sb adj 讓……保持……

eg: I want to keep my mother happy keep healthy 保持健康 169 key to +名詞 表示：某物的鑰匙或某題的答案 170 key to… anser to … key 可以是答題或鑰匙 171 laugh at… 取笑……

eg : Don't langh at others We langhed at the joke 172 learn by oneslfe 自學(xué) 173 learn from sb 向某人學(xué)習(xí)

eg: We should learn from Lei Feng 174 learn to do sth 學(xué)做某事 175 let sb do sth 讓某人做某事 176 Let sb down 讓某人失望

eg ： We shouldn't let our farents down 我們不應(yīng)該讓我們的父母失望 177 live from :離某地遠(yuǎn)

178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方 居住在某地

eg: I live in LuZhou She lives at XuanTan 179 look after = take care of 照顧 照看 180 lose one's way 誰 迷 路

eg : Lose your way 你迷路

181 make a decision to do sth 決定做某事 182 make friends with sb 和誰成為朋友

eg : I want to make friends with you 183 make it early 把時(shí)間定的早一點(diǎn)

184 make on exhibition of oneself 讓某人出洋相 185 make sb /n +n 使什么成為什么

eg : I made her my step moller I made you my wife 186 make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么樣

eg : You must made your bed clean 187 make sb /sth adj 使某人/某物怎么樣 188 make sb do sth 讓某人做某事

eg : I made him write 我以前讓他寫

189 make up be made up of(被動(dòng)語態(tài)）由……組成 190 make…difference to…

191 mind sb to do mind one's doing 介意……做什么 192 most +名 most of +代

193 much too +形容詞 194 must be 一定 195 need +名詞

196 need sb do sth 需要某人做某事 197 need to do(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞）need do(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞）198 no /neithr of hate to do no /neithr of hate doing 199 no +名詞

200 not anymore = no more 再也不……

eg: He didn't cry any more He cried no more 他再也不哭

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201 not…(形、副）at all

eg: He's not tall at all she doesn't junp far at all 202 not…at all 一點(diǎn)都不 203 not…either 表否定，也不

eg : I don't japanse either I don't have sister, either 我也沒有姐姐

204 not…until 直到……才……

eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back The child didn't stop crying until I give her sugar 205 offer / provide sb with sth 給某人提供

206 offer sb sth(offer sth to sb 提供什么東西給某人

eg : I offer you water(I offer water to you 我給你提供水 207 on one's way to… 在誰去那的路上

208 on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面 209 on the phone = over the phone 用電話交談 210 on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí) in time 及時(shí)

211 one day ＝some day ＝someday 一天，有一天 212 one of +可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式 213 one to another 一個(gè)到另一個(gè) 214 over and over agin 一遍又一遍的

eg : He cleaned the floor over and over agin 215 part-time job 兼職工作 fall-time job 全職工作 216 pay for… 付……錢 pay the bill 開錢，付錢 217 please +do 218 please help yourself 219 pleased with sb 220 pool into = pore into 221 practice +doing 練習(xí)做某事

222 prefer sth to sth 相對(duì)……更喜歡……

eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化學(xué)中，我更喜歡物理 prefer doing to sth 更喜歡去做…不愿意去做…

eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving 他更喜歡騎自行車，不開小車 prefer to do sth rather than do sth 寧愿做…也不愿

eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one 我叔叔更喜歡買新的車，也不去修舊車 prefer sb not to do sth 更愿意…

eg: I prefer her not to come 我不喜歡她不來 223 pretend to do sth 裝著去做什么 pretend that 從句

eg : The two cheats pretended to be working very hard 這兩個(gè)騙子裝著努力工作

He pretended that he did not know the answer 他裝著不知道答案 224 rather…than 寧可……也不……

eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯當(dāng)醫(yī)生，也不當(dāng)老師 He likes dogs rather than cats 他喜歡狗，不喜歡貓 225 regard…as 把……當(dāng)作……

eg: Please give my best regards to your family 請(qǐng)帶我向你的家人我最好的問候 I regard you as my friend 我把你當(dāng)作我的朋友 He shows little regard for others 他不愛關(guān)心別人

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226 remind sb about sth 提醒某人什么事 remind sb to do sth 提醒某人做某事

eg : he reminds me about cooking(he reminds me to cook 他提醒我做飯 227 remind sb of sth 使某人想起什么

eg : the pictures remind me of my school days 這照片使我想起了我的學(xué)校 the words that(which)the teacher talked to remind me of my mother 228 return sth to sb 還什么東西給某人 229 say to oneself 對(duì)自己說 230 say to sb 對(duì)某人說

231 sb spend some money on sth 花了多少錢在某事上 232 sb spend sometime with sb 花了多少時(shí)間陪誰 233 sb spend sometime(in)doing sth 花了多少時(shí)間做某事 234 sb with sb +is sb and sb +are 235 see sb do 看見某人做過某事 see sb doing 看見某人正在做某事 236 seem to do/be +adj 顯得怎么樣

eg: You seem to be tired You seem to be happy 237 send +sb sth 送給某人某物 238 send…to…把什么寄到哪里去？ 239 shock 使……震驚

eg: Oh, It's only you!You give me a shock 啊，是你呀！嚇我一跳 240 show sb sth 向某人展示某物

eg: I show her the book.241 show sb sth = show sth to sb 拿什么東西給某人看

eg: Show me your pen Show your pen to me 242 show sth to sb 向某人展示某物

eg: I show the book to her.243 some…others… 一些……另一些……

244 start…with… 從……開始 begin…with… 從……開始 245 stay away from 遠(yuǎn)離……

eg : We're told to stay away from the animals whe visiting the zoo 當(dāng)我們參觀zoo 時(shí)，我們要遠(yuǎn)離動(dòng)物 If you want to lose weight you'd better stay auay from the sweet food 徒工你想減肥，你最好遠(yuǎn)離甜食 246 stop doing 停下正在做的事

247 stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事 248 stop sb(from)doing 阻止某人做某事 249 stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事 250 such +名 這樣，這種 251 suit sb 適合某人

252 surprise sb 使某人驚奇 to one's surprise 令某人驚奇 253 take classes 上課 254 take sb to 把某人帶去

eg : I take you to the hospital

255 take walks = take a walk ＝ go for a walk 散步 256 ①talk to 對(duì)誰說 eg : I talk to you ② talk with 和誰說eg : I talk with him ③ talk of 談到 eg : we talked of you ④ talk about 談?wù)撽P(guān)于……

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257 talk with sb 和某人說話 258 teach sb sth 教某人做某事 259 tell sb do sth 告訴某人做某事

260 tell sb sth tell sb that 叢句 tell sb not to do sth tell a story 261 tell sb sth 告訴某人某事

262 tell sb to do sth 告訴某人做什么 tell sb not to do sth 告訴某人不要做什么 263 tell…from… 264 thank you for +doing 265 the same +名詞(doing)+as……

266 the same…(名)…as as…(adj adv)…as 相同

267 the way to do sth ＝ the way of doing st做某方面 的方法the way to +地方 去哪的路

eg :Do you know the way to learn English Do you know the way of learning English 268 the way to…（地點(diǎn)）到哪的

269 too…to… 太怎樣而不能……adj +enough to 足夠…能… so…that +叢句

eg: He is too young to go to school = He is so young that he can't go to school He is old enough to go to school ＝ He is so old that he can go to school 270 transalte ……into…… 把什么翻譯成什么

eg : Trasalte English into chinese 271 travel with sb和某人去旅游

272 try one's best to do sth盡某人最大的努力去做某事

eg: I will try my best to learn English well 273 try to do sth 想干什么，但沒成功 try doing sth 想干什么，已經(jīng)做過了

eg ：He tried to climb 他想爬上去，但沒成功 He tried climbing 他想爬上去，已經(jīng)做過了274 try…試衣服 have a try 試一下 275 turn down 開小 ←→ turn up 開大

276 turn off 關(guān)上 ←→ turn on 打開 open 拆開 277 upside down 倒著 278 visit to… 參觀某個(gè)地方 279 wait for sb 等某人

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第四篇：初中英語語法總結(jié)

Summary of

Grammar

1.賓語從句：1.主句若是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句根據(jù)實(shí)際情況用適當(dāng)時(shí)態(tài)。He says(that)he will have a walk soon.The teacherasks who is the cleverest in the school.I． want to know who came here late this morning.2.主句若是一般過去時(shí)，從句也要用過去時(shí)。

He wondered if I would come.She told me that her son had got well.She said that she liked watching TV.We thought Jim was wrong.3.無論主句是何時(shí)態(tài)，從句若表客觀真理，要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

Mr.Li said the moon is smaller than the earth.4賓語從句無論有何引導(dǎo)詞，都要用陳述句語序。

Could you tell me when you will get back to Wuhan?（不是will you）

Do you know which sweater she is wearing?(不是is she)2.狀語從句：1主句若是一般將來時(shí)、祈使句或含不表過去的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等，則if(如果), unless(除非)，when(當(dāng)?的時(shí)候), as soon as(一?就?)，before, after, until, till, as(當(dāng)?的時(shí)候)所引導(dǎo)的狀語從句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

You may take a rest when you finish doing your work.I will call you up if I leave for Shanghai next week.Wait for your brother at the bus station until he arrives.2而主句若是一般過去時(shí)，從句也要用過去時(shí)，如：

I would give the money to the charity if I had a million dollars.When he got to the park, his classmates had left.My son ran towards me as soon as he saw me on the street.3.定語從句：關(guān)系代詞who只指人，which只指物。that既可指人又可指物。whose 后必須跟有名詞，既指人，也可指物。關(guān)系詞作主語時(shí)，不可省略，作賓語時(shí)可省略。whom只指人，只作賓語。關(guān)系副詞where指“在那里”，when指“在那時(shí)”。

She is a girl who/that is beauti l and kind-hearted.She is a girl(who/whom/that)I know very well.That boy whosehair is very long is my brother.(所屬)

The girl whois tall is my sister./ I own a bike whoseprice is high.I bought a watch(which/that)I paid 100 yuan for.（指物）

I prefer a place which/thatis clean and quiet.I prefer a place whereI can live a quiet life.（在這兒）

I shall never forget the day whena boy helped me find my dog.4.wish和hope:1wish可接to do sth./sb to do sth./that從句.I wish to spend my summer holiday in Qingdao.I wish youto join my flowers smell beauti l.The sweets taste sweet.The silk feels soft.I felt tired.這些動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)。The sweets are tasted sweet.是錯(cuò)誤的。

注意：如果加介詞like, 則后不可接形容詞，而接名詞或代詞：

He looks like his mother.That sounds like a good idea.It smells like a flower.It tastes like salt.8.find和think部分用法: + 賓語 + 賓語補(bǔ)足語。(代替賓從)

賓補(bǔ)有以下情況：1.名詞短語，John found his son a clever boy.2.形容詞短語，Mrs.Smith thinks her husband kind of lazy.3.有時(shí)賓補(bǔ)后可接帶to不定式，I found it hard to fool the girl.9.would like/want/feel like: 1 would like，和want類似：◇都可接名詞短語：I would like/ want another three desks.◇都可接帶to 不定式：I would like/ want to go out for a walk.◇都可接sb,然后再跟帶to 不定式: I would like you to give me a hand.2 feel like: ◇后也可接名詞短語：Do you feel like some tea? ◇后若接動(dòng)詞，須用動(dòng)詞ing形式：Do you feel like having a walk? I don’t feel like drinking tea.【feel like常用于疑問句或否定句中。】

10.詞序易錯(cuò)的短語：1 形容詞修飾不定代詞或不定副詞，形容詞在后面。Is there anything delicious in the fridge?

Nothing serious.There is something wrong with the computer.I want to go somewhere warm.else修飾疑問詞和不定代詞、不定副詞，也放在后面。

What else can you see in the picture? Who else is in the room?

Do you have anything else to say? Where else can you see it? enough修飾形容詞和副詞，enough 放在后面。

This sweater is cheap enough.Nemo is old enough to work.He ran fast enough to catch up with the dog.11.對(duì)“評(píng)價(jià)”、“天氣”的提問之區(qū)別：1What do you think of ??=

How do you like ?? “你對(duì)?怎么看？”(How??句中有l(wèi)ike，是動(dòng)詞。)2What’s the weather like in?? = How is the weather in??“?的天氣什么樣?”(What??句中有l(wèi)ike，是介詞“像”。)

12.take, cost, pay, spend區(qū)別： It + take + sb + some time + to do sth.It took us half an hour to cut down the tree.物+cost+sb+錢: The bag cost me thirty yuan.(cost, cost, cost)

若cost后無sb, 則譯作“價(jià)錢是”：The bag costs 30 Yuan.人+ pay +sb + 錢+ for sth: I paid the seller 200 Yuan for the bike.(pay, paid, paid).(pay后所加內(nèi)容可視具體情況取舍。)人 + spend + 時(shí)間/ 錢 + on sth /(in)doing sth.The girl spent two hours(in)searching the Internet.The girl always spends much money on her clothes.spend 有時(shí)可指“度過”：spend holiday/ weekends/ winter 13.雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)：pass/ give/ teach/ offer/ lend/ send/ sell/ call/ show/buy/

ask/ tell/ build等可加雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。即后接sb + sth.其中pass, give, offer, lend, send, sell, show等可接sth + to sb.buy, build等可接sth + for sb.另外，若sth是代詞時(shí)，不用雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。Please pass it to me.14.部分詞作連詞與介詞：（連詞接句子，介詞接名詞或代詞）

Keep care l when you are listening to the teacher.（連詞）

Keep care l when listening to the teacher.（介詞）

類似的，while, than, before, after, as, since, until等。

如：I’ll wait until I hear from her.（連詞）

I’ll wait until next Friday.（介詞）

那個(gè)叫做彼得的男孩是我的朋友。劃線部分起修飾作用，下同。

He’s eating fried chicken.他在吃炸雞。There is no time left.I have read a novel writtenby Lu Xun.我讀了一部魯迅寫的小說。

He lives in a house builttwenty years ago.2.動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞：表示正進(jìn)行或功能，常作定語。

the ing boy, a running bus, the rising sun, a bus running on the road, the boy ing in the corner(正進(jìn)行)

a sitting room, the sleeping car, the bathing suit(功能)16.動(dòng)詞ed與動(dòng)詞ing作形容詞用法之二：和心理感受有關(guān)，但ed修飾人，ing常修飾物。I felt surprised at his words.How exciting the film is!/ I want to go to a place which is relaxing.17.動(dòng)詞ing和帶to不定式作主語：

To be a teacher is my dream.Working hard brings you success.Taking care of our environment is very important.To plant trees makes me happy.（謂語用單數(shù)）

Reading books gives you knowledge.(謂語用單數(shù))

Listening and writing are both difficult.(謂語用復(fù)數(shù))18.later / after / ago /before: 1later“?時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu)：時(shí)間段+later

常用于一般過去時(shí)。They went to Beijing five days later.(later單獨(dú)在句尾，常用于將來時(shí)：I’ll see you later.)

2after“?時(shí)間后”結(jié)構(gòu)：after+時(shí)間段，常用于一般過去時(shí)，和1相同。They went to Beijing after five days.(after也可加句子：I’ll send you an e-mail after I get home.He found out the information after he had searched the Internet for thirty minutes.)

3ago“?時(shí)間前”結(jié)構(gòu)：時(shí)間段+ago, 用于一般過去時(shí)。The Greens moved to Shanghai four weeks ago.(since +時(shí)間段+ago，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí))

4before 單獨(dú)放在句尾，常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：“以前”

I have been to London before.He has seen the film before.(若是時(shí)間段+before, 則常用過去完成時(shí)，譯為“?時(shí)間前”：

I had seen the film two weeks before.We had found out the answer to the problem an hour before.)19.四季

20.月份

21.星期 22.“也”：either, 用于否定句的末尾。also, 通常挨著動(dòng)詞，少用于句尾。too, 通常在句尾，前常有逗號(hào)。as well, 只用于句尾。注意：后三個(gè)詞都不用于否定句

23.帶to不定式用法之一：帶to不定式有邏輯賓語在前時(shí)，to后動(dòng)詞用及物動(dòng)詞，不及物時(shí)需加介詞。The apples are too tall for the boy to reach./The zoo is not a good place for animals to live in.24.(a)little /(a)few: 1few，little“幾乎沒有；少”否定詞。few加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù), little加不可數(shù)名詞。2a few“一些”肯定詞，加可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù);a little“一些；一點(diǎn)”也是肯定詞，加不可數(shù)名詞。3另外，在too, very, so等詞后用few, little;在only, just, still等詞后用a few, a little.而quite a few/ a little譯為“很多”

25.及物動(dòng)詞+副詞：put on/off/away/up/down/out;break off/down;

turn on/off/up/down;get back;use up;give away/out/up/back;try out/on;ring/call up;let down;clean up/out;set up;think up;hand in/out;fix up;work out;;dress up;pick up;help out;

keep off/out/down cut down;write down;wake up(叫醒);

take off/away;sell out;look up/over;eat up;throw away/off

賓語是名詞時(shí)，可放在中間或后邊，是代詞時(shí)只放在中間。26.as??as用法：1和?一樣? His room is as big as mine.He runs as fast as I /me.2as?as possible/sb can “盡可能?”

We went there as soon as possible.我們盡可能快地去了那兒。Listen to the teacher as carefully you can.3有些短語有幾個(gè)意思：as soon as 和?一樣快；一?就?；as much as和?一樣多；多達(dá)；as long as和?一樣長；長達(dá)；只要；as well as和?一樣好；和?一樣；as far as遠(yuǎn)達(dá)；就?來說；

27.prefer用法：prefer sth/doing sth to sth/doing sth比起?更喜歡?

prefer to do sth rather than do sth寧愿?也不愿?

prefer to do sth / prefer doing sth 更喜歡做某事 28.some-, any-, every-用法：1some-“某～，一些～”，用于肯定的陳述句中。I have something to tell you.Maybe somebody has taken it.若用于疑問句中表示期待對(duì)方肯定的回答或表示請(qǐng)求或建議.Why not ask somebody to help you? Shall we give him something to eat? What about some milk? Could you please lend me some chairs? 2any-, 在疑問句中仍譯為“某～，一些～”Do you have anything to say？Is anybody in the house？在肯定句和否定句中譯為“任何～”You may put the box anywhere in the room.He is taller than any other student in the class.We don’t have anything to eat this morning.3every-“每～”，強(qiáng)調(diào)所有，既包括此也包括彼。Is everybody here？-No，Tom and Lucy have asked for leave.The glass was broken, and the water went everywhere.29.動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和形式：八個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)(am/is/are + v.ing)、一般將來時(shí)(will/shall/be going to+動(dòng)詞原形)、一般過去時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)(was/were +v.ing)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)(have/has + v.過去分詞)、過去完成時(shí)(had + v.過去分詞)、過去將來時(shí)(would + v.原形)六個(gè)形式：原形；過去式；過去分詞；第三人稱單數(shù)(加s/es)；現(xiàn)在分詞(v.ing)；帶to不定式。

30.if/whether區(qū)別：if 如果(引導(dǎo)條件狀從)/ 是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)

whether無論(引導(dǎo)讓步狀從)/ 是否(引導(dǎo)賓從)

都譯為“是否”時(shí)，whether可接or not, 也可接帶to不定式。

if 則不可。另外，if可接any-單詞，常不接some-單詞。

If you have any water, please give me some.31.因?yàn)椋篵ecause, 常是對(duì)why的回答，語氣最強(qiáng)。

since, 位置：Since?，?.Since it’s already late, I must go now.for, 位置：?，for?.語氣最弱。I drove carefully, for it’s snowing.as有時(shí)也指“因?yàn)椤保梅ɑ緹o限制。32.表推測(cè)：must, may, might, can, could, can’t

must“一定”，可能性最大，常用于肯定句。

There is the door bell, it must be Tom.may / might“也許”一般用于肯定句，may比might可能性大。

She is coming to us.She might be our new teacher.can / could“可能”could比can語氣更委婉。但can多用于否定。

You could be right, but I don’t think you are.The light in the office is off.The teacher can’t be there now.33.so與such區(qū)別：so是副詞，后跟形容詞/副詞，so tall/slowly?

such是形容詞，后跟名詞短語。such bad weather / good news?;

such a beautiful girl / an important lesson / a heavy stone?;

such kind boys / new desks / friendly people / amazing movies?;

若名詞前形容詞是many, much, few, little時(shí)，不用such, 而用so.so many flowers / much rain / few friends / little water?

也常有“so / such ?that?”句型，譯為“如此?以致于?”。34.so的另兩個(gè)用法：1so + be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語，“?也”

上下文所指不是同一個(gè)人或物。The twins are working, so am I.I will stay up tonight, and so will Peter.以及對(duì)話形式：A: I woke up late this morning.B: So did I.so + 主語 + be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞，“的確?是”上下文所指是同一個(gè)人或物。A: We have lunch at school.B: So you do.又如：A: Bruce can work out the problem.B: So he can.35.neither/nor用法之一：neither/nor+ be/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+主語

“?也不”上文是否定句。She didn’t get well, nor did her brother.或?qū)υ捫问剑篈: Jim hasn’t had breakfast.B: Neither have I.36.keep, make, get,have用法：

1keep + sb/sth doing sth “讓?一直做?” I’m sorry for keeping you waiting so long.keep + doing sth “堅(jiān)持做某事”

2make + sb/sth do sth讓?做某事I’ll try to make you understand what I mean.I feel sorry that I have made him wait for long.3get + sb/sth to do sth.讓?做某事。He got Peter to buy him a pen.4have + 賓語+ 動(dòng)詞原形 /ing /過去分詞

Have him do it, please.讓他做它吧。We had the machine working.我讓那臺(tái)機(jī)器一直工作著。We had the machine repaired.我們讓人修理了那臺(tái)機(jī)器（讓那臺(tái)機(jī)器被修理了）。

5也都可接形容詞：keep safe/busy, keep the door closed/open, make us happy, get the door closed, have everything ready.37.used短語：used to + 動(dòng)原，“過去常常”He used to smoke.be used to 譯為“被用來?”，后接動(dòng)原。It is used to cut things.be used to 譯為“習(xí)慣于?”，后接動(dòng)詞ing或名詞/代詞.如：He’s used to working late./ We are all used to following others.be used for + 目的（名詞或動(dòng)詞ing）如：

English is used for business./Knives are used for cutting things.38.through/past/across: 都可作介詞，“穿過”前常有位移動(dòng)詞。

He climbed through the window and saw what he could take away.He went past me without saying any words.He swam across the river.【through,內(nèi)部;past,旁邊;across,表面。】

位移動(dòng)詞+ past 相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞pass;位移動(dòng)詞+across相當(dāng)于cross.39.the number of / a number of: 前者“?的數(shù)量”；后者“許多的”

都跟可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。前者作主語，謂語用單數(shù)；后者作主語，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。The number of the trees is two thousand.用單數(shù)is.A number of trees have been cut down.用復(fù)數(shù)have.40.延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：How long，since，for，(以上見84）until/till等所在肯定句中的主句謂語要用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。

How long may I keep this novel? I’ve lived here since 2002.Let’s wait until he comes back..但否定句中可用短暫性動(dòng)詞：

I haven’t seen you for a long time.41.all/each/both/none/either/neither:

1All boys/All of the boys are from China.all 接可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)，謂語也用復(fù)數(shù)。All of the water is polluted.若接不可數(shù)，謂語用單數(shù)。

2Each boy/Each of the boys has a different bag.each接名詞單數(shù)或接of + 限定詞+復(fù)數(shù)，后謂語都用單數(shù)。

3Both of the twins are clever.后面謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。

4None of the students has/have been there before.none +of +限定詞+復(fù)數(shù), 謂語用單、復(fù)數(shù)都可。另見88

5-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?

-Either day is OK./ Either of the days is OK.謂語用單數(shù)。

6-When shall we meet, Saturday or Sunday?

-Sorry, I have to look after my mother these two days.That is, neither time is OK./ neither of the days is OK.謂語用單數(shù)。

all/each/none分別指三者或更多中的“都”/ “每一個(gè)”/“沒有一個(gè)”。both/either/neither兩者中“都”/“任何一個(gè)”/“沒有一個(gè)” 42.計(jì)量表達(dá)法：數(shù)量+單位+形容詞。

The building is twenty meters tall./ The street is forty meters wide.The fish is five kilos heavy./ This baby is only six months old.若計(jì)量表達(dá)的后面跟有名詞，則要用連字符，單位不用復(fù)數(shù)。

They dug an eight-meter-deep hole./.I bought a 10-kilo-heavy fish.It’s a piece of 2-meter-thick ice./ They built a 50-meter-wide street.It’s a two-month holiday.(此處計(jì)量中的形容詞long可省略。)43.Must I / May I / Need I ?? 用法：1Must I ??我必須?嗎？

A: Must I finish the work? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.2May I ??我可以?嗎？A: May I go out for a walk now?

B: Yes, you can./ No, you mustn’t/can’t.3Need I??我有必要?嗎？

A: Need I clean the house? B: Yes, you must./ No, you needn’t.44.hundred/thousand/million/billion: 前有具體數(shù)字，不加s及of.否則加s, 加of.如：thousands of trees;many millions of people.nine hundred people, ten thousand students等。但前若有several,后常不加s和of：several million pounds 45.反意疑問句(QT)部分用法:1something, nothing, anything, everything作主語，QT主語用it.Something is wrong, isn’t it? / Nothing is difficult, is it? 2I think Lucy can do well in the exam, can’t she? I don’t think he will come here on time, will he?

QT要結(jié)合think后的從句而定。

3祈使句的QT一般用will you? 而Let’s ?用shall we?

Get up now, will you? Don’t be noisy, will you?

Be quiet, will you? Please don’t talk, will you?

Let us do it now, will you? Let’s do it now, shall we?

4There be句型，QT主語用there.There is a man working in the field, isn’tthere?

There used to be a meeting on Friday, didn’tthere?

There won’t be a movie in the theatre, willthere? 46.put on, wear, dress, in: 1put on,“穿上”后接物。表行為，是短暫動(dòng)詞。You should put on your coat when you leave.2wear,“穿，穿著”后接物，表狀態(tài)，是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。He always wears the yellow sweater in winter./I like wearing beautiful clothes.3dress, “給?穿衣”后接人。You can dress yourself, baby.Lucy is dressing her little brother now.be dressed in后常接具有某種特征的衣物。

The lady is dressed in a white skirt / white.可直接加表顏色的詞。

4in, “穿著”后接具有某種特征的衣物，表狀態(tài)，是介詞，不可作謂語，可作狀語。The woman in a white skirt is my teacher.Do you know the girl in a red coat? I’ve seen the boy in yellow.47.虛擬語氣部分用法：在非真實(shí)條件句中要用虛擬語氣，即if 從句中用一般過去時(shí)，而主句動(dòng)詞用would/should+動(dòng)詞原形，表示與現(xiàn)在相反的主觀設(shè)想，也可以表示在說話人看來實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性很小的情況。（注意：虛擬語氣中的be動(dòng)詞都要用were.）

If there were no air, people would die.(與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反)

If I got rich, I would travel around the world.(可能性很小)48.other/others/the other/the others/another:

1如果不特定指出哪一個(gè)，是泛指，“另一個(gè)”要用another, 后加可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)。If you are still thirsty, you may have another cup of tea.（沒特定指出哪一杯茶，是泛指。cup是單數(shù)。）

another也可+數(shù)字+可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)：The meeting will last another two hours./ We need another six desks.2如果只有兩個(gè)或只有兩部分，就給出了范圍，其中另一個(gè)或另一部分是特指(other前有the.)，有如下用法：

第一種，所說內(nèi)容只有兩個(gè)：

Mrs.Green has two sons, one is interested in math, the other(one / son)is good at science.【只有兩個(gè)，用the other, 不加s, 后面名詞可省略。】 又如：This pair of shoes is strange.One is blue, yet the other is green.這雙鞋子很怪，一只藍(lán)色，而另一只綠色。

第二種，只有兩部分：此種情況下the other后接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，或不接名詞而只在the other后加s.Two fifths of the students in our class are boys, the other students are girls / the others are girls.Two children went, but the others stayed.（其他孩子都留下了。）

3如果沒有顯示出只有兩部分，未給出范圍，則是泛指，不加the.Lei Feng liked helping other people / others.Have you any other questions?

Alice didn’t like that dress, so she asked to see some others.4other的另一用法：用比較級(jí)的形式，體現(xiàn)最高級(jí)的含義。

He is taller than any other boy in his class.(劃線中boy用單數(shù))=

He is taller than all the other boys in his class.(劃線中boy用復(fù)數(shù))

他比班里任何男孩都高（他是班里男孩中最高的）。

49.how long/how often/how soon/how far: 1how long 是對(duì)長度或時(shí)間段提問。How long is the river?-It’s 5,000 kilometers long.How long have you lived there?-For five months./ Since 2002.2how often是對(duì)頻率提問，如：never, sometimes, often, usually, always, once a week, twice a day, three times a year, every day等。

How often do you watch TV?-Every two days./ Twice a week.【若只有次數(shù)，則用how many times 提問：

How many times do you watch TV a week?-Twice./ only once.】

3how soon 是對(duì)“in + 時(shí)間段”提問：

How soon will you return to Beijing?-In a week./ In two days.4how far是對(duì)時(shí)間段’s + walk/ride/drive或計(jì)量表達(dá)提問。

-How far is it from your home to the school?

-Five minutes’ walk./An hour’s ride./Thirteen minutes’ drive.或者說：It’s about 20 kilometers(far)away.（問和回答不同。）50.分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)：二分之一: half a/an 或a half.如：

half an hour= a half hour半小時(shí) It’s half past seven.(省略冠詞)

以下情況中，分子(基數(shù)詞)若超過一，分母(序數(shù)詞)需加s：

三分之一: a /one third 三分之二: two thirds

四分之一: a/one fourth 或a/one quarter

四分之三: three fourths或three quarters.五分之一: a/one fifth 五分之二: two fifths 其它類推。

若分?jǐn)?shù)所在of短語作主語，謂語依of后的名詞而定：

Two fifths of the students are on time.(指名詞復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，謂用復(fù))Two fifths of the land is polluted.（指不可數(shù)時(shí)，謂用單）

51.到達(dá)：1get to + 地點(diǎn) get to Shanghai/London/ China

接地點(diǎn)副詞時(shí)，不帶to.get there/home/here.2arrive in+大地點(diǎn)(Beijing/Zhengzhou)，arrive at+小地點(diǎn)(school/hospital)，arrive只作不及物動(dòng)詞。所以也可單獨(dú)用：Please ring me up when you arrive.reach只作及物動(dòng)詞，后直接加地點(diǎn)：reach Beijing/England

但常不說reach home/there/here.52.感嘆句：What + 名詞短語+主語+謂語！

What lazy boys(they are)!What hard work!What good news!

What a good idea!What bad weather(it is)!What a pity!

How +形容詞 / 副詞+ 主語+ 謂語！

How hard the work is!How fast he runs!How rude you are!

How carefully they are listening!How bad the weather is!

53.because/ instead / out等與加of的區(qū)別：

1because 后接句子，because of 接名詞或代詞。

He didn’t come because he was ill./ because of his illness.2instead是副詞，單獨(dú)在句尾。instead of 還要接名詞或代詞。

We didn’t have rice, we had noodles instead./ instead of it.3out 副詞，可單獨(dú)用，但若接地點(diǎn)，先加of.（也可作介詞，“向?外”，可不加of.一般不要求掌握。)

He went out early.或He went out of the house early.54.too much, too many與much too:

much too“過于”，加形容詞或副詞原級(jí)。much too big/slowly等。

too much“太多的”，加不可數(shù)名詞。too much work/rain等。

too many“太多的”，加可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)。too many books/people等。55.alone / lonely: 1alone,“獨(dú)自一人；單獨(dú)”不含感情色彩。

可當(dāng)形容詞，但只在系動(dòng)詞后作表語：Jack is alone.杰克是單身。

The old woman is alone in the house.那位老婦一個(gè)人在屋里。

可當(dāng)副詞，修飾動(dòng)詞：She lives alone.她獨(dú)居。

Can you move the stone alone? 你能獨(dú)自搬動(dòng)那塊兒石頭嗎？

Dick is walking on the beach alone.狄克獨(dú)自在海灘漫步。

（注意：不可說very alone.但可說very much alone.是特例）

2lonely, “孤獨(dú)的；寂寞的”帶有傷感色彩。只當(dāng)形容詞。

可在系動(dòng)詞后作表語：The old man is lonely.這位老人是孤獨(dú)的。

He has many relatives, but he feels lonely.他有很多親戚，但感到孤獨(dú)。（lonely 和心理感受有關(guān)，而alone和心理感受無關(guān)。）

也可在名詞前作定語：a lonely person一位孤獨(dú)的人

a lonely village一個(gè)偏僻的村莊（alone不可作定語）56.belong to與be: This suit belongs to me /Lucy /my brother.(人)

This suit is mine /Lucy’s /my brother’s /hers.（某物是某人的）

57.by常見用法：1“通過”I study English by memorizing grammar.You can know it by looking it up in a dictionary.He travels by bike.2“截止到”Will you finish the task by tomorrow?

The train had left by the time he got there.3“被”This novel was written by Lu Xun.4“經(jīng)過”He passed by me without noticing me.5“在??旁邊”Sit by me.They are playing by the river.58.部分用in的短語：in English, in a good way, in a hurry，in pen / ink(見105), in the day(見92), in different sizes，in different shapes, in a difficult situation，in good health，in a red coat / in red(見46), in style, in the open air(露天場(chǎng)所)59.比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)部分要點(diǎn)：1不規(guī)則形式或易錯(cuò)形式：

much/many→more→most bad/badly/ill→worse→worst

far→farther/further→farthest/furthest little→less→least

few→fewer→fewest old→older/elder→oldest/eldest

以ly結(jié)尾的形容詞常把-ly換成-lier/-liest.2常見比較級(jí)/最高級(jí)句型：He runs faster than me.(有than)

He did better than any other student in the school.(參照48)

Tom is the cleverest boy in his class.(某個(gè)范圍內(nèi))

He is the taller of the two(boys).(兩者，此句型中加the)

He is the tallest of the three(boys).(三者)

Which is better, tea or milk?(兩者選擇)

Which is the best, tea, milk or water?(三者選擇)

It’s the second longest river in China.（序數(shù)詞后用最高級(jí)。）

3“越來越?”比較級(jí)+and +比較級(jí)

He cried harder and harder.She is getting taller and taller.類似：bigger and bigger / happier and happier / fatter and fatter

/ stronger and stronger / richer and richer / worse and worse?

另一種情況：more and more beautiful / slowly / carefully /?

4“越?, 越?”“the+比較級(jí)”分別置于兩句的開頭，倒裝。

The more difficult English is, the harder you should study.The younger we are, the more energy we have.The more you eat, the fatter you will get.5“越來越多的?”more and more +名詞

More and more people are getting richer and richer.We need more and more desks / paper / trees / water ?.6“?得多”much + 形容詞/副詞比較級(jí)

This room is much bigger than that one.類似：much taller/fatter/younger/heavier/faster/earlier/better?

以及：much more careful/difficult/tiring/similar/mysterious?

7“另外的?(個(gè))?”結(jié)構(gòu)：數(shù)量+ more + 名詞

one more towel, three more suits, many more tiles，much more ttruth, some more meat, a lot more wood，a little more experience, once more = one more time = again.這種結(jié)構(gòu)有時(shí)也可用another + 數(shù)字 + 名詞替代：

five more trees = another five trees(記住詞的位置)60.talk, tell, say, speak: 1talk只作不及物動(dòng)詞。

Don’t talk in class.Shall we talk about our English study?

He is talking with his teacher.May I talk to you?

(talk with/to sb talk about sth)

2tell只作及物動(dòng)詞,“告訴；講”。常接雙賓結(jié)構(gòu)。

Mr.Li told us an interesting story.Who told you the news?

3say必須接有內(nèi)容。Please say it in English.He said nothing.“I disagree with you.” said Tom.What will you say?

say 若接sb, 則需先加to: I must say sorry to you.“I overslept this morning.” he said to me.4speak“說話”不及物動(dòng)詞。He spoke too fast for me to follow.接人時(shí)先加介詞to.May I speak to Mr.Smith?

可表說話的能力。The baby can speak now.There is something wrong with his throat, he can’t speak.“演講，發(fā)言”Who will speak in the meeting? “說”可作及物 動(dòng)詞。

61。sometimes/some times/sometime/some time:

sometimes: “有時(shí)”=at times.He is imes late for school.some times: “幾次”I have been to Nanjing some times.sometime: “某一時(shí)刻”I bought it sometime last spring.We’ll meet again sometime next week.some time: “一段時(shí)間”We have to stay here for some time.62.need 的用法：1need可當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（和can等用法類似，但need只用于疑問句或否定句中）：Need I go now?(need 在一般疑問句的開頭)I needn’t tell you the answer.(否定句中直接在need后加not)【當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，need無時(shí)態(tài)變化。】

2need 可當(dāng)行為動(dòng)詞（和want 等用法類似）：

He needs a bike.(后可直接加名詞)

I need to go over my lessons.(后接帶to不定式)

Do you need to have a rest?（一般疑問句中do, does, did在句首）

We don’t need to wait for her coming.(否定句中do,does,did提前)

【注：need 后接表被動(dòng)的內(nèi)容時(shí)，可表達(dá)為：

The TV needs to be repaired.= The TV needs repairing.】 63.do with 與deal with: 都譯為“處理，對(duì)付，安排，應(yīng)付”

What have you done with the milk? 用what提問。

How shall we deal with this problem? 用how提問。

下面兩句由此而來：Could you tell me what to do with the milk? Could you tell me how to deal with this problem? 64.就近原則：常見的有：Either you or Lucyis wrong.There is a dog and two cats in the yard.(there be句型)

Not only you but(also)Iam strict in the work.Neither you nor Lucy has seen the film before.65.主謂一致：One/Neither of you is right.（單數(shù)謂語）

Tom, with his friends, has gone.(主語是Tom, 單數(shù)謂語)

This pair of shoes looks beautiful.（主語是pair, 單數(shù)謂語）

The shoes look beautiful.（主語無pair, 復(fù)數(shù)謂語）

Every boy and every girl has a chance to do it.（單數(shù)謂語）

The old need to be looked after carefully.The young are energetic.(the 加形容詞表一類人，謂語用復(fù)數(shù))

Mr.and Mrs Green are from America.指格林夫婦(復(fù)數(shù)謂語)

The teacher and writer is an able man.指教師兼作家, 一個(gè)人，單數(shù)謂語。

Both you and I are excited about the news.（復(fù)數(shù)謂語）

the number of與a number of參見39.（分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)見50）

66.quite/such/really用法之一：如果出現(xiàn)不定冠詞時(shí)，常放在后面。

It’s quite an easy question.He is quite a clever boy.It’s such an important lesson.(另見33)Lily is really a lazy girl.67.部分用what 提問的句型：

What size do you want? What will you do with the problem?

What’s the population of China? What day is it today?

What’s the date today? What’s the price of this one? 68.there be部分用法：1There is only a student taking notes now.There is no need to open the box.There are 20 trees to be planted.2常有以下結(jié)構(gòu): there may/will/must/is going to/used to/?be.?

3there be中不可再出現(xiàn)have/has/had(有)的詞。另一用法見45。

69.常見表否定的詞或短語:no, not, hardly, few, little, neither, nor, nothing, nobody, none, nowhere等.有些有時(shí)在某些句型中也相當(dāng)于否定，如without, too?to?

without anything, too tired to go any further

但前綴如dis--, un--, in--或后綴如--less,并不表否定。

70.常見后接動(dòng)詞原形的詞或短語: why not / had better / please /would you please / let / make / 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，等等。

【注意否定形式：had better/ would you please/ let直接加not + 動(dòng)原；而please加don’t+動(dòng)原】

71.常見后接動(dòng)詞ing的詞或短語：finish /enjoy /practice /give up /

end up /put off /consider /keep /feel like /prefer?to?/can’t help /

be busy /be worth /take turns /miss(錯(cuò)過)/spend /have fun /介詞等。

72.常見后接帶to不定式的詞或短語：want /hope /wish /allow /encourage /ask /tell /pretend /decide /plan/invite /urge/ advise/warn/ seem /in order(為了)/疑問詞，等等。另外，it作形式主語，后也常有帶to不定式。【否定：以上大多詞 + not + to do sth】 73.被動(dòng)語態(tài)(be +v.過去分詞)用法：I did it.→It was done.雙賓:He told us a story.→We were told a story.→A story was told to us.She passed me a pen.→I was passed a pen.→A pen was passed to me.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞:We can make a plan.→A plan can be made.進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài):Tom is writing a letter.→A letter is being written by Tom.完成時(shí)態(tài)：I have finished the work.→The work has been finished.74.名詞或所屬格作定語：1強(qiáng)調(diào)性別時(shí)a man doctor / two men doctors ； a woman teacher / six women teachers 被修飾詞是單數(shù)時(shí)，性別也用單數(shù)；被修飾詞是復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)，性別也用復(fù)數(shù)。

2a girl actor / four girl actors a boy player / two boy players

a bus station / some bus stations 復(fù)數(shù)只變被修飾的詞。

3a boys’ team / a gentlemen’s holiday / the Teachers’ Day /

the Children’s Day “復(fù)數(shù) + ’s ”作定語，譯為“?的?”

4Father’s Day / Mother’s Day 此處“單數(shù) + ’s ”作定語。

（附：and連接的名詞所屬格：Lucy’s and Ann’s fathers are workers.分別是兩個(gè)人的爸爸，所以應(yīng)分別加“’s”

Lucy and Ann’s father is very interesting.兩個(gè)人共有的爸爸，所以在兩人后只加一個(gè)“’s”。）

75.win與beat區(qū)別：win后加物：I’m sure Jim will win the match.We won the first place in the sports meeting.而beat后加的是人：I’m afraid they will beat us.I hope we can beat the boys’ team.(男子隊(duì)，相當(dāng)于人。)76.it/that/one的部分用法：1it 指上文的某個(gè)事物，和上文是同一個(gè)。This book is very useful.I will take good care of it.it也可指上文所說的事：My son has lost himself in the computer games.I’m worried about it.2that與上文所說是同一類，但不是同一個(gè)，常指不可數(shù)名詞。

The food in China is quite different from that in America.The weather of Hainan is better than that of Gansu.that也可指上文所說的事：A: I had an accident and broke my legs.B: I’m sorry to hear that.3one 指代上文所說的某類可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，但不是同一個(gè)物。This sweater is too expensive, do you have another one?(也指毛衣，但不是上文那個(gè))77.at/by the end of, in the end 的區(qū)別：

1at the end of +時(shí)間點(diǎn)或地點(diǎn)，“在?的盡頭，在?的末尾”

They will have a sports meeting at the end of March.(加時(shí)間)

He put some books at the end of the bed.(加地點(diǎn))

2by the end of +時(shí)間點(diǎn)，“截止到?末”

若接過去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)，常用過去完成時(shí)：They had planted six thousand trees by the end of last month.若接將來的時(shí)間，常用一般將來時(shí)：We shall finish the work by the end of next month.3in the end “最后”，后不加of 短語：They wanted to find a place to rest in, in the end, they saw a village.78.have gone to/have been to/have been in: 1have gone to+地點(diǎn)“已去了?（還未回來）”-I can’t find those children, where are they?

-They have gone to the farm.(去了農(nóng)場(chǎng)，不在這兒)

2have been to+地點(diǎn)“去過?（原來去過，現(xiàn)在已回）”句尾常接次數(shù)或多個(gè)地點(diǎn)或before，或句中常有ever, never等。

She has been to Qingdao three times.I have been to two big cities.Have you been to Dalian before? I have never/ever been to Dalian.I have never been there before.(此短語省略了to)

3have been in+地點(diǎn)，“已在?（多久了）”句尾常接for+時(shí)間段，或since +時(shí)間點(diǎn)/一般過去時(shí)的句子。

Peter has been in China for a long time.I’ve been here for 2 hours/since 2 hours ago.(此短語省略了in)79.all/whole用法：all(of)the land / all(of)the class / all(of)the students?【all 在定冠詞the 前】 the whole school / the whole country / the whole area?【whole 在定冠詞the 后】 80.a bit / a little區(qū)別：都可作副詞，后直接加形容詞和副詞。

I’m a bit / a little hungry.She feels a bit / a little tired.也可作代詞或形容詞，后接名詞時(shí)有所不同：

I have only a little drink.She ate a little bread and went out.(a little 直接加名詞)而下文：I have only a bit of drink.She ate a bit of bread and went out.(a bit 先加of再加名詞)81.“擅長”與“不擅長”;“對(duì)?有利”與“對(duì)?有害”：

“擅長”：be good at / do well in

“不擅長”：be bad in / be poor in / be weak in / do badly in

“對(duì)?有利”：be good for “對(duì)?有害”：be bad for 82.表數(shù)量的詞和短語的部分用法：1none / all / some / most / plenty of / a lot of(lots of)后既可接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)，也可接不可數(shù)名詞。2many /(a)few / a number of / several只接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)。3much /(a)little / a bit of只接不可數(shù)名詞。

83.易用錯(cuò)的副詞：1really可修飾動(dòng)詞、副詞和形容詞，常在它們前面。I really love reading.I really miss you.(修飾動(dòng)詞)

Tom speaks really quickly.湯姆說得非常快。（修飾副詞）

It’s really kind of you.你真好。(修飾形容詞)

2very much常修飾動(dòng)詞want, miss, hate, love, like, dislike, enjoy, take after(長得像?), move(使?感動(dòng)), excite(使?激動(dòng))等等。常在句尾。Jack wants to go there very much.杰克很想去那兒。

I hate reciting the words very much.我很討厭背單詞。

He enjoyed the film very much.他很喜歡這部電影。

He takes after his mother very much.他長得很像他媽媽。

(very much 不可修飾形容詞和副詞：I’m happy very much.He is lucky very much.都是錯(cuò)誤的。)

3very修飾形容詞和副詞，放在它們前面：

She is very kind.I am very happy.Peter speaks very slowly.(very不可修飾動(dòng)詞：I very like English.He very misses you.等類似結(jié)構(gòu)都是錯(cuò)誤的。)84.常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的詞或短語：for（后加時(shí)間段，句中謂語用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）；since（后加時(shí)間點(diǎn)或一般過去時(shí)的句子，主句謂語用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）；How long（對(duì)時(shí)間段或for與since引導(dǎo)的內(nèi)容提問，句中謂語也用延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞）in/all one’s life（在某人一生）；in/during the past/last+時(shí)間段(在最近的?時(shí)間內(nèi))；so far（到目前為止）；yet（用于句尾，用在疑問句或否定句中）；already(用于句中或句尾，用在肯定的陳述句中)；ever；never；just；before(單獨(dú)用在句子末尾，常用此時(shí)態(tài)。但若時(shí)間段加before, 常用過去完成時(shí))以及recently等.85.形容詞與副詞區(qū)別：1形容詞修飾名詞，作定語（劃線部分）：

She is a kind girl.What bad weather!I bought a new bike.形容詞可在系動(dòng)詞后，作表語(劃線部分)：

The girl is kind.His face turned red.It tastes sweet.2副詞(劃線部分)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞，也可修飾整個(gè)句子。

He ran quickly.Please speak loudly.Tim lives alone.修飾動(dòng)詞

She is very angry.He felt too tired.I’m so lucky.修飾形容詞

He got up quite early.She did it very well.修飾副詞

Unluckily, I failed the English exam.修飾整個(gè)句子 86.everyday與every day: everyday是形容詞，后接名詞，“日常的”。He is practicing everyday English.every day是副詞，作時(shí)間狀語，“每天”。We speak English every day.87.everyone與every one: 1everyone“每個(gè)人；大家；所有人”，只指人。后不接of短語。Everyone is here except Tom.2every one“每一個(gè)”既可指人，也可指物。后要接of短語。Every one of us has a dictionary.Every one of the trees is tall.88.none與no one: 1no one“沒有一人”只指人,后不接of短語。

No one has been to Beihai Park.No one told us about it.(以上因后面無of短語，故不用none)

2none“沒有人；沒有任何東西”既可指人，也可指物；既可指可數(shù)名詞，也可指不可數(shù)名詞。后常接of短語。

None of the children has/have been to Beihai Park.（此處指人。因后有of短語，故不用no one）

A: How many elephants did you see there? B: None.（對(duì)話中none單獨(dú)用，指物，不用no one.）

89.乘交通工具之表達(dá):1by bike/ car/ sea(ship)/ air(plane)(無冠詞)

2on a horseback /his bike /the plane /a ship(有冠詞或限定詞)

3in his/a car(car前用in)4on foot 5動(dòng)詞短語: ride a bike /a horse;drive a car;walk;take a plane/ taxi/ bus;fly 90.kind of 與kinds of:

1kind of 單獨(dú)用，表示“有點(diǎn)”，后接形容詞或副詞：

He is kind of thin.”他有點(diǎn)瘦” I feel kind of hungry.”我有點(diǎn)餓”

Uncle Wang speaks kind of quickly.王叔叔說得有點(diǎn)快。

2若kind of前有a, this, that等，譯為“一種，這種，那種” 后加名詞。

That kind of question is difficult to answer.那類問題難回答。

3熟記一些短語：all kinds of...“各種各樣的...”many kinds of“很多種類的”different kinds of“不同種類的” 后加名詞。動(dòng)詞，后接語言。Do you speak English? 91.rain / snow / wind的常見修飾詞：a strong wind“一陣強(qiáng)風(fēng)”

a heavy rain“一場(chǎng)大雨”heavy snow“大雪”（以上是名詞短語）

blow hard“猛烈地吹”snow heavily“下大雪”rain hard/heavily“下大雨”（以上是動(dòng)詞短語）

92.day的部分用法：1on Teachers’ Day表節(jié)日或周幾前用“on”.2in the day / daytime“在白天”前加“in”。3in eight days“八天后”用“in”。4(in)those / these days“在過去 / 現(xiàn)在”

5today, next/last/this/that/every/all day等前面常不加介詞。

同樣，on Sunday/Monday/.../Saturday介詞用的是on（有時(shí)可省略）, 若有next/last/this/that/every等時(shí)不再加on.93.個(gè)別名詞的部分用法：1family“家庭；家庭成員”指整體時(shí)，表示單數(shù)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；指成員時(shí)，表示復(fù)數(shù)，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式：His family is going to move.My family is large.（以上指整體，謂語用單數(shù)）

My familyare very well.我全家人很健康。（指成員，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)）一般不再區(qū)分謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式。類似的還有：staff(職員)，class, team, public(公眾)，government等.2有些名詞只表復(fù)數(shù)，謂語只用復(fù)數(shù)。如people, police, cattle等：The police are searching for a man with a big nose.The cattle are eating grass in the field.3deer, fish，sheep等詞的單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)形式相同：

a deer(一只鹿)/ two deer(兩只鹿)a fish(一條魚)/ two fish(兩條魚)

a sheep(一只羊)/ some sheep(一些羊)

另外fish若表示種類時(shí)，復(fù)數(shù)要在后加es: two fishes(兩種魚)

4有些名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)有特殊形式：

man→men;woman→women;foot→feet;tooth→teeth;

mouse→mice;child→children;ox→oxen(公牛)

5有些名詞通常只有復(fù)數(shù)形式：

scissors(剪刀)clothes(衣服)trousers(褲子)glasses(眼鏡)

6有些名詞只是不可數(shù)名詞： It’s such great fun.What fun!

What good news!I won’t do anything in such bad weather.Can you tell me some information? I like music which is popular.類似：a piece of chalk much knowledge learn a little English等

94.leave的用法：1leave可指“離開”leave Zhengzhou離開鄭州

leave Zhengzhou for Wuhan離開鄭州到武漢

leave for Wuhan動(dòng)身到武漢(for后接目的地，而不是出發(fā)地)

2leave留下；忘記 I left my backpack at home.leave后接地點(diǎn)，而forget后無地點(diǎn)。Sorry, I forgot the money.95.ill與sick的區(qū)別：1都可譯為“生病的”。ill只在系動(dòng)詞后作表語： Her mother was ill in bed.但sick既可作表語（在美語中），也可作定語：Her mother was sick in bed.Jane is taking care of her sick mother.(此處是定語，不可用ill, 見下文ill用法)

2若ill作定語，譯為“壞的，惡劣的”an ill person一個(gè)壞人

sick作表語時(shí)也常譯為“惡心的，想吐的“

The boy always feels sick when he travels by car.96.return用法：1“返回”，相當(dāng)于“go back / get back / come back..如：Ann will visit you when he returns to London.（當(dāng)“返回”時(shí)是不及物動(dòng)詞，先加to才可再加地點(diǎn)。另外，return已含有back的意思，后不可再跟back.）

2“歸還”，相當(dāng)于“give back”如：I have returned the dictionary.（當(dāng)“歸還”時(shí)是及物動(dòng)詞，后直接加物，若再接人時(shí)方可加to.同樣不可再跟back.如：You should return the piano to Dick on time.）

97.favourite 與own的類似結(jié)構(gòu): 形容詞性物主代詞 + favorite +名詞（某人最喜歡的...）或者 + own + 名詞(某人自己的...)

如：My favorite animal is dog.He found hisown bike.98.stop / start(begin)/ forget(remember)/ like/go on等動(dòng)詞：

1stop doing sth.停止正在做的某事。stop to do sth.停下來做某事（stop后是將要做的事）He was tired, so he stopped working.He was tired, so he stopped to have a rest.要注意有時(shí)兩種形式會(huì)同時(shí)出現(xiàn)：He was tired, so he stopped working to have a rest.2start/begin doing/to do 含義基本相同，但以下情況下start/begin后只接to do: ★若start / begin 已用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)：He is just beginning / starting to write the letter.★主語是物而不是人時(shí)：The ice began / started to melt.★其后的動(dòng)詞與想法、感情有關(guān)時(shí)：He began / started to understand it.3forget/remember to do sth.忘記/想起將要做的事。

forget / remember doing sth.忘記/想起已經(jīng)做過的事。

4like doing sth.(因愛好而喜歡，表示一種習(xí)慣)

Jack likes sleeping in the class.(在班睡覺雖不是好事，杰克卻有這個(gè)愛好。有睡覺的習(xí)慣。)

like to do sth(認(rèn)為明智或正確而喜歡)

She likes to help others.（助人是一件正確的事，所以喜歡。）

I don’t like to play in the street.(在大街上玩不明智，故不喜歡)

有時(shí)區(qū)別不明顯，接兩形式都可。He likes watching / to watch TV.5go on doing sth.繼續(xù)做某事（上文所做的事）go on to do sth接下來做另一件事（不是上文所做之事）

99.普通代詞形式：

主格 賓格形容詞性物主代詞名詞性物主代詞反身代詞

(作主語)(作賓語)(后要再接名詞)(后不再接名詞)(主賓一致)

I me my pen/house...mine myself

you(你)you your bag/car...yours yourself

he him his desk/coat...his himself

she her her hair/books...hers herself

it it its tail/face...its itself

we us our teacher/room...ours ourselves

you(你們)you your class/hometown...yours yourselves

they them their school/fathers...theirs themselves 100.基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞：基數(shù)詞表示人或物的數(shù)量。序數(shù)詞表示人或物的次序。注意以下幾種形式：one→first two→second

three→third five→fifth eight→eighth nine→ninth twelve→twelfth twenty→twentieth thirty等類推

另外，“四十”forty;無字母u.“第九”ninth無字母e.101.room /space /place: 1room“房間”（可數(shù)）a room/ two rooms

“空間”（不可數(shù)）：指可以容納東西或?yàn)槠渌康亩褂玫目臻g。

Could you make room for me? 你能為我讓一下空間嗎？

Is there room for me in the car? 車?yán)镉形业奈蛔訂幔?/p>

2space“空間”普通用語，表示萬物存在之處，與“時(shí)間”（time）為相對(duì)概念。in the dark space在黑暗的宇宙空間（太空）

time and space時(shí)間和空間

Is there any space for me in the car?(此處和room的含義相當(dāng))

3place“地方”（可數(shù)），指某一具體地點(diǎn)。

I want to live in a place which is warm in winter.Mount Chaya is a wonderful place.嵖岈山是一個(gè)奇妙之地。102.常見國籍、人與語言的對(duì)應(yīng)：

1China“中國”Chinese（無復(fù)數(shù)形式）“中國人（的）/中文（的）/中國的” a Chinese/ two Chinese“一個(gè)/兩個(gè)中國人”

Japan, Japanese 和此類似。

2England“英國（原義：英格蘭）”(= Britain)

English（無復(fù)數(shù)形式）“英國人（的）/英語（的）/英國的”

He is English.(前無冠詞)= He is an Englishman.(前有冠詞)“他是英國人”

注意復(fù)數(shù)：They are English.= They are Englishmen.(變?yōu)閙en)

3France“法國” French(無復(fù)數(shù)形式)“法國人(的)/ 法語(的)/ 法國的”

The lady is French.(前無冠詞)= The lady is a Frenchwoman.(前有冠詞)

注意復(fù)數(shù)：The ladies are French.= The ladies are Frenchwomen.4Germany“德國”German“德國人(的)/ 德語(的)/ 德國的”

The boy is a German.(前有冠詞)The boys are Germans.(復(fù)數(shù)加s.）

5America“美國” American“美國人（的）/ 美國的”

He is American.(前常無冠詞）They are Americans.(復(fù)數(shù)加s)103.易寫錯(cuò)詞形:◆noise(名詞)“噪音”;noisy(形容詞);noisily(副詞)◆health(名詞)“健康”;healthy(形容詞);healthily(副詞)

◆luck(名詞)“運(yùn)氣”;lucky(形容詞)“幸運(yùn)的”;luckily(副詞)

◆succeed(動(dòng)詞)“成功”;success(名詞);successful(形容詞)successfully(副詞)◆save(動(dòng)詞)“救，節(jié)省，存”;safe(形容詞)“安全的”;safety(名詞)“安全，安全場(chǎng)所”safely（副詞）◆true（形容詞）“真的，對(duì)的”;truly(副詞“)真正地”;truth(名詞“)真理,事實(shí)”◆terrible(形容詞)“難受的，可怕的”;terribly(副詞)104.job與work:1job, 可數(shù)：I have a job as a teacher.Jobs are not easy to get.He wants a job.2work, 不可數(shù)

I cannot find work in this town.Have you finished your work? 105.with和in表示“用”：1with用工具：write with a pen /a pencil/

a piece of chalk 2in用寫字材料：write in ink / pen(前無冠詞)106.時(shí)刻之表達(dá)：1分鐘未過半點(diǎn)，如7:20→seven twenty→twenty

past seven: 2:02→two oh two→two past two 2分鐘已過半點(diǎn)，如5:45→five forty-five→a quarter to six→fifteen to six 1:58→one fifty-eight→two to two 3剛好半點(diǎn)，如9:30→nine thirty→half past nine 4剛好整點(diǎn)，如11:00→eleven o’clock 107.be + 形 + of sb 與 for sb的區(qū)別：1It’s kind of you to help me.解釋：kind, nice, good, clever, foolish，lazy等詞表示的是人的特點(diǎn)或性格。此句相當(dāng)于在說You are kind to help me.此情況下介詞用的是of.2It’s easy for you to do the work.解釋：easy，difficult, necessary, important, dangerous, interesting等詞如果在句中不反映人的特點(diǎn)或性格，如此句中并不是在說You are easy.而是“做

這項(xiàng)工作”這件事是容易的。此情況下介詞用的是for.又如：It’s dangerous for us to climb the mountain.“爬山”是危險(xiǎn)的，不是說“我們”是“危險(xiǎn)”的。for sb 是“就某人來說”之意。

108.take, bring, fetch與carry: 都譯為“拿”。◆take“拿走”，從說話人處帶到另一處 ◆bring“帶來”，從另一處帶到說話人處。◆fetch“去拿來”，先到另一地拿東西，然后再返回到說話人處。◆carry“拿、搬、扛”，沒有特定方向性。

109.條件與祈使: 有時(shí)條件句可以與祈使句有相同的意思。注意以下句子結(jié)構(gòu)有何不同。

If you work hard, you will achieve your dream.相當(dāng)于: Work hard, and you will achieve?

If you don’t listen to me carefully, you won’t understand it.相當(dāng)于：Listen to me carefully, or you won’t understand it.110.in / on / at + 時(shí)間：1in three days(“?時(shí)間后”，常用于一般將來時(shí))in September

in 1998;in the 1860s(在十九世紀(jì)六十年代)

in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ night

2on Christmas Eve;on October 1st;

on Sunday evenings;on a cold morning;

on Fridays;on New Year’s Day;

on the morning / afternoon / evening / night of September 10th.(morning / afternoon / evening / night若是early / late 修飾時(shí)，仍用介詞in)

3at 6:00;at Christmas;at noon;at night 112.one day與someday/some day的區(qū)別：

1one day“某一天，有一天”既可用于一般過去時(shí)，也可用于一般將來時(shí)。One day, a stranger came to my house.I will achieve my dream one day.2someday/some day“某一天”常用于一般將來時(shí)。可以和one day互換。I’m sure I can go to the Great Wall someday.113.missing與lost: 都可譯為“丟失的，失蹤的”

但用的分別是動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞形式。My pen is lost / missing.(表語)

I’ve found the missing / lost book.（定語）114.常見部分名詞及其修飾詞：1price(價(jià)格)常用high 與low修飾。sell sth at a high / low price 以高 / 低價(jià)出售 The price of the shoes is high / low.2number(數(shù)量)常用big / large和small修飾 3quality(質(zhì)量，品質(zhì))常用low / poor和high / good修飾。4population(人口)常 big / large和small修飾(以上詞都不用many, much修飾。)

第五篇：初中英語語法總結(jié)

1.agree with sb 贊成某人2.all kinds of 各種各樣3.all over the world = the whole world 整個(gè) 世界4.along with同……一道，伴隨…… 5.As soon as 一....就....6.Askfor ……求助 向…要… 7.ask sb for sth 向某人什么8.ask sb to do sth 詢問某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事9.at the age of 在……歲時(shí)10.at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的開始11.at the end of +地點(diǎn)/+時(shí)間 最后；盡頭；末尾12.be able to(+ v 原)= can(+ v 原）能夠…be able to do sth 13.be afraid to do(of sth 恐懼，害怕… 14.be allowed to do 被允許做什么15.be angry with sb 生某人的氣be angry with(at)sb for doing sth 為什么而生某人的氣16.be as…原級(jí)…as 和什么一樣 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一樣高17.be born 出生于18.be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……19.be different from…… 和什么不一樣20.be famous for 以……著名21.be from = come from 來自He is from Bejing.He comes from BejingIs he from Bejing ?Does he come from Bejing ?22.be full of 裝滿……的 be filled with 充滿The glass is full of water.The glass is filled with water23.be good at(+doing)= do well in 在某方面善長, 善于……24.be interested in 對(duì)某方面感興趣25.be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不見原材料)be made of 由……制成(制成以后還看得見原材料)26.the same as … 和什么一樣27.be used to doing sth習(xí)慣做某事28.because+句子because of +短語

29.begin to do = start to do 開始做某事30.borrow sth from sb 向……借……lend sth to sb /lend sb sth 借給……什么東西31.catch up with sb 趕上某人32.come in 進(jìn)come over to 過來come up with 提出 33.communicate with sb 和某人交流34.consider + doing 考慮做什么eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 為什么不考慮去瀘州？ 35.decide to do sth 決定做某事36.expect to do sth 期待做某事37.fall down 摔下來 fall off 從哪摔下來38.find sb/sth +adj 發(fā)現(xiàn)什么怎么樣eg : I find the book interesting39.finish 完成+doing（名詞）40.get /have sth down 做完，被（別人）做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了發(fā)(頭發(fā)被剪了）Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 湯母把他的壞牙拔掉了（被牙醫(yī)拔掉了）41.get on well with sb 與某人相處得好get along with sb = get on with sb 與某人相處42.get ready for = be ready for為什么而準(zhǔn)備 43.have been to …(地方）……去過某過地方have gone to …（地方）去了某地還沒回來44.have trouble(problem)(in)doing sth 做什么事情有麻煩45.help sb with sth 幫助某人某事（某方面）help sb(to)do sth 幫助某人做某事46.if : 是否＝wethereg: I don't know if(wether)I should go to the party 我不知道我是否應(yīng)該去參加晚會(huì)He don't know if(wether)we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我們明天早上是否能準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)if :如果，假如（全部接一般時(shí)態(tài)）＋條件語態(tài)從句eg: I'll go to LuZhou if it does't rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去瀘州If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他們要改變計(jì)劃，他們會(huì)讓我知道的I'll go to England ,if I have

enough money next year 如果我明年由足夠的錢，我就要去英國47.in one's opinion某人認(rèn)為48.in some ways 在某些方面49.in the end = finally(adv)最后50.in the north of 在...的北方（north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 東）51.instead of +（名）代替eg: I'd like an apple instead of a pear 我想要蘋果，而不要梨子I like English instead of math 我喜歡英語而不喜歡數(shù)學(xué) 52.introduce sb to sb 介紹某人給某人 introduce oneself 自我介紹 53.invite sb to do sth 邀請(qǐng)某人做某事54.It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少時(shí)間55.It's +adj +(for sb)to do sth 對(duì)某人來說做某事怎么樣56.It's time to do sth It's time for sth 到了該去做某事的時(shí)間eg : It's time to have class It's time for class 該去上課了57.join = take part in 參加58.key to +名詞 表示：某物的鑰匙或某題的答案59.laugh at… 取笑……60.learn to do sth 學(xué)做某事61.look after = take care of 照顧 照看62.make a decision to do sth 決定做某事63.make sb /sth +adj 使某人（某物）怎么樣eg : You must made your bed clean64.Be make up be made up of(被動(dòng)語態(tài)）由……組成65.not…at all 一點(diǎn)都不66.not…until 直到……才……eg: I didn't sleep until my mother came back The child didn't stop crying until I give her sugar67.offer / provide sb with sth 給某人提供offer sb sth(offer sth to sb 提供什么東西給某人eg : I offer you waterI offer water to you 我給你提供水68.on one's way to… 在誰去那的路上 69.on the one hand 一方面 on the other hand 另一方面70.on time 準(zhǔn)時(shí) in time 及時(shí)

71.one of +可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式72.one to another 一個(gè)到另一個(gè)73.practice +doing 練習(xí)做某事74.prefer sth to sth 相對(duì)……更喜歡……eg : I prefer physics to chemisty 在物理和化學(xué)中，我更喜歡物理 75.prefer doing to sth 更喜歡去做…不愿意去做…eg: He prefers riding a bike to diving 他更喜歡騎自行車，不開小車76.prefer to do sth rather than do sth 寧愿做…也不愿eg: My unde prefers to buy a now car rather than repaiv the used one 我叔叔更喜歡買新的車，也不去修舊車77.rather…than 寧可……也不……eg : I would rather be a doctor than a teacher 我愿肯當(dāng)醫(yī)生，也不當(dāng)老師78.return sth to sb 還什么東西給某人79.sb spend somemoney(sometime)on sth 花了多少錢(時(shí)間)在某事上80.sb spend sometime(in)doing sth 花了多少時(shí)間做某事81.show sb sth= show sth to sb 向某人展示某物eg : I show her the book.eg: Show me your pen Show your pen to me82.start…with…=begin…with… 從……開始83.stop doing 停下正在做的事84.stop to do 停下正在做的事去做下一件事85.stop sb from doing sth 阻止某人做某事86.① talk to 對(duì)誰說eg : I talk to you② talk with 和誰說eg : I talk with him③ talk of 談到eg : we talked of you④ talk about 談?wù)撽P(guān)于……⑤talk with sb 和某人說話87.teach sb sth 教某人做某事88.tell sb do/not to do sth 告訴某人做/不做某事89.too…to… 太怎樣而不能……adj +enough to 足夠…能…So…that +叢句eg: He is too young to go to school = He is so young that he can't go to schoolHe is old enough to go to school

＝ He is so old that he can go to school90.transalte …into… 把什么翻譯成什么eg : Trasalte English into chinese91.try one's best to do sth盡某人最大的努力去做某事 eg: I will try my best to learn English well92.try to do sth 想干什么，但沒成功 try doing sth 想干什么，已經(jīng)做過了eg ：He tried to climb 他想爬上去，但沒成功He tried climbing 他想爬上去，已經(jīng)做過了93.turn down 開小turn up 開大turn off 關(guān)上turn on 打開