第一篇：主旨大意題的解題方法(趙進)

2014-03-15高二英語培優 講案 英語閱讀理解主旨大意題的解題技巧

高考閱讀理解對文章的主旨大意進行命題，旨在考查考生通過對原文快速瀏覽正確獲取語篇的大意，并對文章的主題、標題、段落、中心思想加以歸納理解以及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在閱讀短文時，能夠提煉文章的中心情節，體會作者的主要意圖，充分運用邏輯概括能力，透過字里行間獲取文章最具代表性的觀點、中心論點及作者的情感傾向。

在高考閱讀理解中，針對短文主旨常見的命題形式如下：

1.The main topic/subject of the passage is _____.2.What is mainly discussed in the text/X paragraph？

3.What is the main idea of the passage？

4.The purpose of this passage is _____.5.The passage mainly focused on _____.6.What would be the best title/topic/headline of the text？從上述命題形式可以看出，此類閱讀測試題主要可概括為兩大類，即怎樣理解段落及文章整體的中心思想和怎樣擬定或選擇恰當的標題。下面結合高考題實例來具體分析此類題目的解題技巧。

●怎樣理解段落及文章整體的主旨大意 ——主題句定位法

文章是由段落組成的。段落是發展一個主題的一群句子，段落圍繞著中心思想展開，而段落的中心思想又是為文章整體的中心思想服務的。尋找具體段落的中心思想的方法是：通過分析篇章結構，找出每小段的主題句，通過主題句找出文章的主題。找準文章的主題句是確定文章主旨大意的關鍵。主題是文章要表達的中心思想，文章的主題句通常都有一個話題，它是文章的核心。“主題句定位法”是一種行之有效的方法。

但是由于文章的不同，表現的手法也各有不同，主題句出現的位置也不是一成不變的。在許多情況下，尤其在閱讀說明文和議論文時，根據其篇章特點我們可以通過尋找短文的主題句來歸納出文章的主題。主題句在文章中的位置通常有三種情況：開頭、中間、結尾（含在開頭結尾同時出現、首尾呼應的主題句）。因此，仔細閱讀這類文章或段落的首尾句是關鍵。做主旨大意類試題多采用瀏覽法(skimming)，瀏覽時，一般不需逐句細讀，只選讀文章的首段、尾段，或每段的首句和尾句，重點搜索主題線索和主題信息。

文章主題常常可以通過文章的寫作方法來體現，有以下五種情況：

1.正三解形寫作法（開門見山式）

即中心主題句出現在文首。開門見山，提出主題，隨之用細節來解釋、支撐或發展主題句所表達的主題思想。這是英語中最常見的演繹法寫作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出觀點，后舉例論證，主題句則出現在段首的寫作方法。

新聞報道通常就采用這種寫法。新聞報道的首句通常稱為“新聞導語”，“導語”實際上就是主題句，是對全文內容的高度概括。大意題、標題一般可在第一句話找到答題依據。例題：(高考—重慶卷E篇)（備注：所有高考題均保留原題號。）

In modern society there is a great deal of argument about competition.Some value it highly, believing that it is responsible for social progress and prosperity.Others say that competition is bad;that it sets one person against another;that it leads to unfriendly relationship between people.…

71.What does this passage mainly talk about?

A.Competition helps to set up self-respect.B.Opinions about competition are different among people.C.Competition is harmful to personal quality development.D.Failures are necessary experience in competition.2.倒三角形寫作法（藏頭露尾式）

即主題句出現在文尾。在細節后，歸納要點、印象、結論、建議或結果，以概括主題。這是英語中最常見的歸納法寫作方式，即細節表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主題句則常位于末段。

例題1：(全國卷 A篇)

The famous American gorilla(大猩猩)expert Diane Fossey had a completely new way to study gorillas — she pretended to be one of them.She copied their actions and way of life — eating plants and getting down on her hands and knees to walk the way a gorilla does.It was a new relationship.Diane Fossey was murdered in Rwanda in 1985 and her story was made into the popular film Gorillas in the Mist.It was a long way from King Kong, which is about a gorilla as a monster(a1

frightening animal), and helped to show a new idea: the real monster is man, while the gorilla is to be admired.Today there are thought to be around 48,000 lowland gorillas and maybe 400—450 mountain

gorillas in the wild.From the Congo in West Africa, to Rwanda and Uganda further east, they are endangered by hunting and by the cutting down of their forest homes.Some time ago, I found in my letterbox a little magazine from the World Wide Fund for

Nature.It had two photos side by side.One was of a young gorilla.“This is a species of

mammal(哺乳類動物),” said the words below it.“It is being destroyed by man.We must save it for our own good.” The other photo showed a human baby.The words also read, “This is a species of mammal,” but then went on: “It is the most destructive(破壞性的)on earth.We must retrain it for its own good.”

56.The text mainly talks about _____.A.Diane FosseyB.the gorillas in Rwanda

C.the protection of the gorillasD.the film Gorillas in the Mist

例題2：On the Internet, we can read news at home and abroad and get as much information as we can.We often send e-mails or make telephone calls to our families as well as to our friends by Internet.What’s more, we can go to school on the net, read a lot of books and even teach ourselves foreign languages.We also enjoy music, watch ball matches on the net and play computer games.With the help of the net, we can do shopping even without leaving our homes.The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.1.What’s the main idea of the passage?

A.Keep away from the Internet.B.Surf the net.C.The Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.D.We can entertain ourselves on the Internet.3.圓形寫作法（首尾呼應式）

為突出主題，作者先提出主題，結尾時再次點出主題，這種首尾呼應的寫作方式也較為

多見。通常，前后表述主題的句子不是簡單的重復，后面的往往有進一步的引申或發展的意味。

例題：Lacrosse(曲棍球)is a popular sport in Canada.The Indians in Canada invented it.They used it to train for war.They invented this game before Columbus arrived in the New World.People play lacrosse outdoors.The lacrosse field is seven meters long.At each end of the field there is a goal.The goal is a net.There are ten players on each team.Each player has a stick called “ cross”.The player hit a ball into the net as many times as possible.Lacrosse is a very fast game because the players can catch and pass the ball at a high speed with their sticks.Players often get great fun it playing lacrosse.There are many lacrosse clubs and lacrosse teams all over Canada.Every night Canadians

can watch the lacrosse games on TV or listen to the lacrosse games over the radio.At one time lacrosse was the national summer sport in Canada.Today it is still popular with Canadians.1.The passage is mainly about.A.How to Play LacrosseB.Lacrosse in Canada

C.The History of LacrosseD.Lacrosse—A Popular Game in Canada

4.菱形寫作法（拋磚引玉式）

即主題句出現在文章的中間。通常文章開頭只提出一個問題或者是貌似正確的觀點，文

中的主題由隨之陳述的細節或合乎邏輯的引申在文中導出，而后又作進一步的解釋、支撐或發展。

例題：(全國高考—江蘇卷C篇)

The Sahara Festival is a celebration of the very recent past.The three-day event is not fixed to the same dates each year, but generally takes place in November or December.It is well attended by tourists, but even better attended by locals.During the opening ceremonies, after the official greetings from the government leaders, people who attend the festival begin to march smartly before the viewing stands, and white camels transport their riders across the sands.Horsemen from different nations display their beautiful clothes and their fine horsemanship.One following another, groups of musicians and dancers from all over the Sahara take their turn to show off their wonderful traditional culture.Groups of men in blue and yellow play horns and beat drums as they dance in different designs.On their knees in the sand, a group of women in long dark dresses dance with their hair: their long, dark, shiny hair is thrown back and forth in the wind to the rhythm of their dance.…

67.This passage mainly tells readers_______.A.what happens on the opening day of the Sahara Festival

B.how people celebrate during the three-day Sahara Festival

C.what takes place at the closing ceremonies of the Sahara Festival

D.how animals race on the first and the last days of the Sahara Festival

5.正方形寫作法（藏龍臥虎式）

即中心主題隱含在全文之中，沒有明確的主題句。閱讀這樣的文章，就要求考生根據

文章的細節來分析，概括出段落的主題，從而推導出文章的主旨。分析的方法是，先弄清該段落主要講了哪幾個方面的內容，這些內容在邏輯上有什么聯系，然后加以歸納形成主題。該類型的試題則迎刃而解。

例題1：(全國高考—安徽卷C篇)

Handshaking, though a European practice is often seen in big cities of China.Nobody knows exactly when the practice started in Europe.It is said that long long ago in Europe when people met, they showed their unarmed(無武器的)hands to each other as a sign of goodwill.As time went on and trade in cities grew rapidly, people in cities began to clap each other’s hands to make a deal or to reach an agreement.This practice was later changed into shaking hands among friends on meeting or leaving each other.“Let’s shake(hands)on it” sometimes means agreement reached.Do the Europeans shake hands wherever they go and with whomever they meet? No.Sometimes the Chinese abroad reach out their hands too often to be polite.It is really very impolite to give your hand when the other party, especially when it is a woman, shows little interest in shaking hands with you and when the meeting does not mean anything to him or-her.Even if, for politeness, he holds out his unwilling hand in answer to your uninvited hand, just touch it slightly.There is generally a misunderstanding(誤解)among the Chinese that westerners are usually open and straightforward, while the Chinese are rather reserved(保守的)in manner.But in fact some people in western countries more reserved than some Chinese today.So it is a good idea to shake hands with a westerner only when he shows interest in further relations with you.65.The first paragraph mainly tells us ______.A.where handshaking was first practiced

B.how handshaking came about

C.about the relationship between handshaking and trade

D.about the practice of handshaking both in Europe and in China

67.The main purpose of the text is ______.A.to tell us some differences between the East and the West

B.to offer us some important facts about handshaking

C.to introduce us to some different customs in the West

D.to give us some advice before we travel abroad

例題2：(全國高考— 山東卷A篇）

Last August, Joe and Mary Mahoney began looking at colleges for their 17-year-old daughter, Maureen.With a checklist of criteria in hand, the Dallas family looked around the country visiting half a dozen schools.They sought a university that offered the teenager’s intended major, one located neat a large city, and a campus where their daughter would be safe.“The safety issue is a big one,” says Joe Mahoney, who quickly discovered he wasn’t alone in his worries.On campus tours other parents voiced similar concerns, and the same question was always asked: what about crime? But when college officials always gave the same answer —“That’s not a problem here,” —Mahoney began to feel uneasy.“No crime whatsoever?” comments Mahoney today.“ I just don’t buy it.” Nor should he: in

1999 the U.S.Department of education had reports of nearly 400,000 serious crimes on or around our campuses.“Parents need to understand that times have changed since they went to college,” says David Nichols, author of Creating a Safe Campus.“Campus crime mirrors the rest of the nation.”

But getting accurate information isn’t easy.Colleges must report crime statistics(統計數

字)by law, but some hold back for fear of bad publicity, leaving the honest ones looking dangerous.“The truth may not always be serious,” warms S.Daniel Carter of Security on Campus, Inc., the nation’s leading campus safety watchdog group.To help concerned parents, Carter promised to visit campuses and talk to experts around the

country to find out major crime issues and effective solutions.60.What is the text mainly about?

A.Exact campus crime statisticsB.Crimes on or around campuses

C.Effective solutions to campus crimeD.Concerns about kids’ campus safety

●怎樣選擇或擬定文章的標題（選帽原則）標題可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子，它高度概括了文章內容，點明文章

主題，它是文章中心思想最精練的表達形式。那如何選擇文章的標題呢？

首先，要考慮標題對文章的概括性或覆蓋面如何。一般要求能覆蓋全文內容，體現文

章主旨。要避免下列三種情況：①概括不夠（多表現為部分代整體，從而導致范圍太?。?；②過度概括（多表現為脫離本文章內容的發揮）；③以事實、細節替代抽象具體的大意。其次，要考慮標題的針對性，即標題范圍要恰當，針對性強。要在閱讀原文的基礎上，仔細考慮所選標題與文章主題是否有密切的關系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大則中

心就不突出，太小也發揮不了應起的作用；精確度高，不能隨意改變語言的表意程度及

色彩。它可以是單詞、短語，也可以是句子。

再次要注意標題的醒目性，標題的選擇要簡潔、突出、新穎，標題是文章的點睛之筆，是文章的靈魂和門面。標題的好壞往往影響了文章的可讀性，讀者常常從標題上決定文

章的閱讀取舍。故標題一般比較醒目，甚至比較離奇，以此來吸引讀者對文章的興趣。最后要注意，要恰當地選好標題，還需要了解標題的基本擬定方法。一般說來，擬定標

題是以話題為核心。

例題1：(全國高考—江西卷A篇)

He wishes the holiday season would end already.His back aches, his red suit feels like a

spacesuit, his cheeks have gone tight from smiling for 12 hours …

The questions from children these days are harder than ever.Now, with thousands of children expecting a father or mother serving in Iraq or Afghanistan, the questions are as heart-breaking as they are unanswerable.For example, “Can you please bring Daddy home from the war in time for Christmas morning?”

Santas also have a pretty good chance of getting sued(指控)…

59．What would be the best title for the passage?

A．Christmas: Not a Good Festival for Santas

B．Is Santa Claus Really Alive?C．A Christmas Story

D．What Does Santa Claus Do for Children?

例題2：（全國卷IA篇）

Every year on my birthday, from the time I turned 12, a white gardenia was delivered to

my house.No card came with it Calls to the flower-shop were not helpful at all.After a while I stopped trying to discover the sender’s name and just delighted in the beautiful white flower in soft pink paper.But I never stopped imagining who the giver might be.Some of my happiest moments were

spent daydreaming about the sender.My mother encouraged these imaginings.She’d ask me if there was someone for whom I had done special kindness.Perhaps it was the old man across the street whose mail I’d delivered during the winter.As a girl, though, I had more fun imagining that it might be a boy I had run into.One month before my graduation, my father died.I felt so sad that I became completely

uninterested in my upcoming graduation dance, and I didn’t care if I had a new dress or not.But my mother, in her own sadness, would not let me miss any of those things.She wanted her children to feel loved and lovable.In truth, my mother wanted her children to see themselves much like the gardenia lovely, strong and perfect with perhaps a bit of mystery(神秘)

My mother died ten days after I was married.I was 22.That was the year the gardenia

stopped coming.41.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

A.A childhood Dream.B.A Mother’s Love.C.A Graduation Party.D.A Special Birthday.2014-03-14英語培優練習題 閱讀理解主旨大意題

1)If you were planning to buy a television set, the following advertisement would certainly

draw your attention: “Color TV.Only ＄79.Two days sale.Hurry.” However, when you go to the store ready to buy.You may discover that they are sold out.But the shop assistant is quick to tell you that he has another model.A much better set which is “just right for you” It costs ＄395.This sales method is called “bait and switch”.Buyers are baited with a sales advertisement, and then they are switched to another more expensive one.Buying things on sale needs careful consideration of the goods and the reason for the sale.※ The paragraph could be entitled _________.A.Buying a TV SetB.A Selling MethodC.Buyer BewareD.TV On Sale

2)Tom studied four years at the University of Paris and decided to leave before his graduation.He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors.Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background.He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.※ The main idea of this paragraph is that ______.A.Tom, who had studied at Paris Universities for four years, moved to another university.B.Tom became a lawyer since his graduation from Harvard Law School and later fromBoston College.C.Tom was an excellent student when he studied at Berlin university.D.Tom received an excellent education.3)Everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older, but men's minds decline more than women's, according to the results of a worldwide survey.Certain differences seem to be inherent in male and female brains: Men are better at maintaining and dealing with mental images(useful in mathematical reasoning and spatial skills), while women tend to excel(擅長)at recalling information from their brain's files(helpful with language skills and remembering the locations of objects)....※ The author aims to tell us that __________.A.women’s minds perform better than men’s

B.men’s minds decline more with age

C.everyone becomes a little more forgetful as they get older

D.a survey on human’s mind decline was done recently.4)It seems that politicians around the world are thinking about the health of their countries.While in China, Chen Zhu has announced his plans for a universal health service and reform across health services.Gordon Brown, the UK Prime Minister, has also announced he is planning to make some changes in our health service.The crux of Mr.Brown's proposals are related to giving the NHS(National Health Service)a greater focus on prevention, rather than just curing patients.He is planning to introduce increased screening for common diseases...※ The author of this passage intends to tell us______.A.the NHS should be reformed right away.B.more and more people are dying from diseases.C.the plan to reform the NHS in the UK.D.the criticism of Mr.Brown's proposals.5)In the 1930s, a lot of people in the USA were out of work.Among these people was a man named Alfred Butts.He always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called “Lexico”.However, he was not completely satisfied with the game, so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from “ Lexico” to “Alph” and then to “Criss

Cross”.He wanted to make some money from his new game but he didn’t have any real commercial(商業性的)success.※ The text is mainly about________.A.LexicoB.Three menC.A word gameD.Alfred Butts.6)Reading is the key to school success and, like any skill it Takes practice.A child learns to walk by practicing until he no longer has to think about how to put one foot in front of the other.A great athlete practices until he can play quickly, accurately(精確), without thinking.Tennis players call that“ being” in the zone.” Educators call it “ automaticity’(自動性).※ The first paragraph tells us _______.A.what automaticity isB.how accuracy is acquired(獲得)

C.how a child learns to walkD.how an athlete is trained.7)Boston----Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas , Manet and Verme rr, FBI(美國聯邦調查局)and the museum officials said.The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan.………

William Bobinson, of Hardvard Univercity’s Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.”

※What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?

A.Theft Took Place in BostonB.Artworks stolen by Thieves

C.Major WorksD.Investigation into the Theft

8)As prices and building costs keep rising, the “do-it-yourself”(DIY)trend in the U.S.continues to grow.……

John and Jim are not unusual people.Most families in the country are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of living.If you want to become a “do-it-yourself’, you can go to DIY classes.And for those who don’t have time to take a course, there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself.※ What would be the best title for the text?

A.The Joy of DIYB.You can Do it Too!

C.Welcome to Our DIY Course!D.Ross and Hatfield: Believers in DIY

9)You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams.While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster.Even your brain-wave pattern changes.Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health.They claim that without dream, people would go crazy.※What does the passage mainly tell us?

A.How people stay healthyB.How sleep is necessary

C.Why dreams are importantD.When people remember their dreams

10)In America we have Halloween.In Mexico they have Todos Santos, which means “ All Saints”.This is the day in which people remember family and friends who have died.They visit the cemetery instead of going out to trick-or-treat.But they do have pictures of skeletons and ghosts hanging around.They also have many candy skulls to eat.※What does the story mainly tell ?

A.What holidays are likeB.What Halloween is like in Mexico

C.What happens during Todos SantosD.What we do on Halloween

第二篇：初中英語閱讀理解主旨大意題

(1)“You're just in time, Joe.We're going to play cowboys（牛仔）and Indians, and you can be the Indians.” One of my cousins（堂兄弟）said.“How many Indians?” I asked.“Oh, about a thousand.” He answered, and before I could say no，I was pushed out into the night and became a thousand Indians.Two minutes later I was running in the fields with a group of cowboys behind.The shouts of “After them.Let's catch the killers!” and other such TV play language came into my ears as I ran round a corner and hurried into my Grandpa's car． “We've got him, boys.Let's go and catch him!”

But no one wanted to come to get me.All of my cousins except one were always very friendly with.It was quiet outside.And I went out of the car to have a look.Just then I heard a shout , “Bring the rope（繩子）, and we can burn him.”

“Only Indians burn people.Cowboys.” I stopped just in time.I had almost said, “Cowboys hang（絞死）people.”

I was tied to a tree, and the cowboys were looking for some wood when my dear mother called, “We're leaving now.”

“Untie me.” I shouted.”We're going.“Why did Bobby want matches（火柴）?” Mum asked when we were in the car.“He was asking Dad whether he had any.”

“oh, he was just going t matches? MATCHES? Are you sure he wanted matches” Mother was quite sure, and I didn't say any more.1．How many children played the Indians? [ ]

A．One thousand

B．One hundred

C．One group

D．One 2．Why did Joe's cousin say that Joe was just in time? Because______.[ ]

A．there were not enough children four the game

B．the game was just going to start

C．none of his cousins wanted to be the Indians

D．they were waiting for Joe 3．Joe didn't say “Cowbays hang people.” Because______.[ ]

A．he was tied to a tree

B．that would make things worse

C．he was caught by the cowboys

D．that would make the cowboys angry 4．Which of the following is TRUE? [ ]

A．One of Joe's cousins was looking for matches.B．Dad didn't want to give the children any matches.C．Bobby wanted to get some matches from his father.D．Mum didn't think children should play with matches.5．The name of the story should he“______.” [ ]

A．Joe and his cousins

B．Who knows what danger is waiting there

C．Cowboys and Indians is a favourite children's game

D．How cowboys and Indians fought in the past DCBAB(2)In England, people often talk about the weather because they can experience(經歷)four seasons in one day.In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring.An hour later black clouds come and then it rains hard.The weather gets a little cold.In the late afternoon the sky will be sunny, the sun will begin to shine, and it will be summer at this time of a day.In England, people can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer.So in winter they can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes they should take warm clothes.When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella(傘)or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them.If you don't take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret(后悔)later in the day.1.Why do people in England often talk about the weather? A.Because they may have four seasons in one day B.Because they often have very good weather C.Because the weather is warm just like in spring D.Because the sky is sunny all day 2.From the story we know that when _________come, there is a heavy rain.A.sunshine and snow

B.black clouds C.summer and winter

D.spring and autumn 3.“People can also have summer in winter.” Means “it is sometimes too ______in winter.” A.warm

B.cool

C.cold

D.rainy 4.In the sunny morning some English people usually take a raincoat or an umbrella with them because ________.A.their friends ask them to do so

B.it often rains in England C.they are going to sell them

D.they are their favourite things 5.The best title(標題)for this passage is ________.A.Bad Seasons

B.Summer or Winter C.The Weather in England

D.Strange English People KEY: ABABC(3)To find out whether bees（蜜蜂）can see colours, the following experiment is made.A round table is put in a garden, and on the table is a piece of blue cardboard（硬紙版）with a drop of syrup（糖漿）on it.After a short time, bees come to the syrup.The bees then fly to their hive（蜂房）and give the syrup to other bees in the hive.Then they return to the feeding-place which they have found.After a while, the blue cardboard with the syrup on it is taken away.Instead of this card, a blue card is now put on the left side of the first feeding-place and a red card to its right.These new cards have no syrup on them.Very soon bees arrive again, and fly straight to the blue card.None go to the red card.Picture 1 1.How many cards do you need to prepare for the experiment? A.Two: one blue and one red

B.Three: two blue and one red C.Three: one blue and two red

D.Four: two blue and two red 2.If Picture 1 below shows the table top during Step 1 of the experiment, which of A, B, C, D in Picture 2 shows the table top during Step 2? Picture 2 3.During Step 2 of the experiment, the bees go to ________.A.the blue card with syrup on it

B.the new blue card with no syrup on it C.the empty space where the original（原先的）blue card was D.the new blue card with syrup on it on the left of the red card 4.The experiment has proved（證明）that bees ________.A.cannot see colors

B.can see colors C.can not see blue

D.cannot see red 5.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A.Bees Love Blue

B.Bees Love Syrup C.Bees, Color and Syrup

D.Can Bees See Color? Keys: 1－5 BCBBD(4)Now satellites are helping to forecast（預報）the weather.They are in space, and they can reach any part of the world.The satellites take pictures of the atmosphere（大氣）, because this is where the weather forms（形成）.They send these pictures to the weather stations.So meteorologists（氣象學家）can see the weather of any part of the world.From the pictures, the scientists can often say how the weather will change.Today, nearly five hundred weather stations in sixty countries receive satellite pictures.When they receive new pictures, the meteorologists compare（比較）them with earlier ones.Perhaps they may find that the clouds have changed during the last few hours.This may mean that the weather on the ground may soon change, too.In their next weather forecast, the meteorologists can say this.So the weather satellites are a great help to the meteorologists.Before satellites were invented, the scientists could forecast the weather for about 24 or 48 hours.Now they can make good forecasts for three or five days.Soon, perhaps, they may be able to forecast the weather for a week or more ahead（提前）.1.Satellites travel _____________.A.in space

B.in the atmosphere C.above the ground

D.above space 2.Why do we use the weather satellites to take pictures of the atmosphere? Because __________.A.the weather satellites can do it easily

B.clouds form there C.the weather forms there

D.the pictures can forecast the weather 3.Meteorologists forecast the weather __________.A.when they have received satellite pictures B.after they have compared new satellite pictures with earlier ones C.before they received satellite pictures D.during they study satellite pictures 4.Maybe we’ll soon be able to forecast the weather for ________.A.one day

B.two days

C.five days

D.seven days or even longer 5.The main（主要的）idea of this passage is that satellites are now used in _________.A.taking pictures of the atmosphere

B.receiving pictures of the atmosphere C.doing other work in many ways

D.weather forecasting Keys: 1-5 ACBDD(5)Snow fell on the mountain.It snowed and snowed.The snow did not melt（融化）.It became deep and heavy.The snow on the bottom pressed（擠壓）together., it became ice.The ice was very wide and thick.It began to move down the mountain.It was like a river of ice.It was a glacier（冰河）.Sometimes the glacier moved only a few inches（英寸）each day.As it moved, it took rocks and dirt with it.It changed the land.In some places, it left hills.In some places, when the glacier melted, it made rivers and lakes.A million years ago, there were many big glaciers.Glaciers covered many parts of the world.The glaciers changed the land.Glaciers are still at work today.A glacier in the north of Canada is cutting a new path（路）down the side of a mountain.This glacier will change the land, too.1.The snow that fell on the mountain A.became snowman

B.melted C.became ice D.turned to rain 2.The word in the story that means a river of ice is __________.3.The story says, “The snow did not melt.It became deep and heavy”.The word it means ____.4.Which of the following does this story lead you to believe? A.There are not as many glaciers as there used to be B.Glaciers do not change the land as they move over it.C.Glaciers are found only in warm places.5.How fast did the glacier move?(Which sentence is exactly like the one in your book?)A.Sometimes the glacier moved only once a year.B.Sometimes the glacier moved over ten miles each day.C.Sometimes the glacier moved only a few inches each day.6.The main idea of the whole story is that _______.A.snow is heavy B.the high land never changes

C.glaciers changed the land Key: 1.C 2.glacier 3.snow 3.A 4.C 5.C(6)A Leg Walking Right Here are some signs +-x…, the signs are very different.They mean very different things.When you see them, you know what to do.This sign + means that you will add some numerals.This sign—means that you will take one numeral away from another.You will subtract（減去）.What will you do when you see x and… ?

Our signs are easy to read.They are easy signs to remember.Look at these two signs….The ancient Egyptians used these signs.A picture of a leg walking to the left told them to add some numerals.A picture of a leg walking to the right told them to subtract.In the 1500s people used this printed（印刷的）sign & to add numerals.After a while the sign began to look like this….Later, the sign became +.How much is 2…2?

1.What do you do when you see this sign +? A.Walk away

B.Write a numeral

C.Read a sign

D.Add 2.The word in the story that means to take one numeral away from another is _____.3.The story says, “Our signs are easy to read.They are easy signs to remember”.The word they means ______.4.Which of the following does this story lead to believe? A.Egyptians could not add numerals together

B.All Egyptians had two left legs.C.Our signs are not hard to understand 5.What did the sign to add numerals begin to look like(which sentence is exactly like the one in your book)? A.After a while, the sign began to look like this….B.After a while, the sign began to look like this +.C.After a while, the sign began to look like this &.6.The main idea of the whole story is that ______.A.the signs for adding and subtracting have changed.B.People could not write in the 1500s

C.the old signs were good for Egyptians but not for us Key: 1.D 2.substract 3.signs 4.C 5.A 6.A(7)Mexico's neighbours are the United States to the north and Guatemala and Belize to the south.Mexico is about one quarter of the size of the United States.Mexico has more than ninety million people.The language of Mexico is Spanish.This makes Mexico the world's largest Spanish-speaking country.Mexico City is the capital and largest city of Mexico.The city is also very high.It is 7349 feet high(2240 metres).This makes it one of the highest capital cities in the world.The population, of Mexico City grows bigger every day.About thirty million people live there.It has more people than any other city in the world, even more than Tokyo.Mexico also has its specialities.Many of the foods we eat started in Mexico.Foods like beans, maize, avocados, tomatoes, peanuts, chili peppers, vanilla, and chocolate come from Mexico.Mexico is also famous for its cactus(仙人掌)plants.Mexico has more kinds of cactus than any other country.(Words: 161 Minutes: 3)1.Mexico is ____the USA.A.on the south of B.on the north of

C.a part of D.as large as 2.Mexicans speak______.A.English C.French

B.Spanish D.Latin(拉丁語)3.Which of the following is NOT true? A.Mexico City is the capital of Mexico.B.The population of Mexico City is 30,000,000.C.Tokyo is one of the cities with the largest population.D.Mexico City is the highest city in the world.4.Tomatoes were originally(最初)grown in ______.A.America

B.Spain C.Tokyo

D.Mexico 5.The best title(題目)of the passage is ___.A.Mexico City B.Mexico's plants

C.Mexico D.Mexico's population [Key] 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.D 5.C(8)Australia has a lot of lovely animals.You cannot find them anywhere else in the world.The most famous ones are kangaroos and koalas.The kangaroo is the symbol of Australia.They have large eyes and eats.They don't walk, they jump.They use their strong back legs.They can jump at 74 kilometres per hour.They can go over nine metres in one jump.Kangaroo mothers have pouches to carry their babies.The babies stay inside to get milk and keep warm.Kangaroos are everywhere in Australia.They are on TV, in books and in the shops.But do you know that millions of kangaroos are killed every year?There are too many of them.There are about 20 to 25 million kangaroos in Australia.That's more than the number of people in the counery.Some kangaroos go humgry because there is not enough food to eat.They break into farms for food Farmers are very angry with them.The koala is another famous Australian animal.They look like bears , and have small eyes and big noses.They eat leaves from gum trees.Koalas have a.They use it to mark their home----“This is my place,you can't come in!” like kangaroos,a koala baby lives in its mother's pouch,too.（）1.If we want to see kangaroos and koalas in natural forests.we can go to________.A.China B.France C.Australia（）2.What does a kangaroo look like? A.It looks like a bear.B.It has big eyes and ers.C.It has small eyes and big noses.（）3.The work “pouch” means__________.A.育兒袋 B。肌肉 C。尾巴（）4.Which is NOT TRUE?____________ A.The kangaroos can go over nine metres in one jump.B.Koalas like eating leaves from gum trees.C.Koalas use their voices to mark their homes（）5.What's the best title of this passage?________.A.Kangaroos and koalas.B.Beautiful Australia C.How to protect kangaroos and koalas.

第三篇：材料探究題解題方法

［教學目標］

1.了解探究題的特點。

2.掌握材料探究題的解題方法。

［教學過程］

一、新課導入：

“千門萬戶瞳瞳日,總把新桃換舊符”,時光飛逝，歷史的車輪滾滾向前，社會在不斷發展，時代在不斷進步，語文學習總是緊緊把握著時代的脈搏。隨著新課標的頒布實施，“自主、合作、探

究”的學習方式的深入人心，我們的語文考試相應地出現了一些新的題型，真可謂“年年總有新題出，各領風騷好多年”。我們今天要和大家一起復習研討的材料探究題就是其中的一種。

【題型說明】

新的課程標準提出了“探究性學習”的要求，提出要考查學生“探究內容”的能力。近年各地的中考中出現了大量的適應這一考查目標的試題，這些試題十分重視對學生探究、發現能力的考核，不僅考查學生閱讀、分析、判斷和研究問題、解決問題的能力，而且把解題的過程、考試的過程變成了研讀資料、處理資料的過程。此外，發展學生思維多極性，從語文的視角發現和提出問題，并加以探索、研究解決，在探究中展示自己的睿智與條理。明白了出題者的這個出發點，對于我們準確把握出題者的意圖，切準題目的脈搏，找到正確的思維路徑是大有裨益的。

【例析指津】

做探究題，就是要求我們通過幾則材料的閱讀、分析，比較、研究，從而有所發現，然后寫出自己發現、探究的結果。而發現、探究網就是要讓我們通過比較、分析，找到幾則材料之間存在的關系。

材料之間大致存在兩種情形：

一是幾則材料間存在邏輯聯系，主要是探究因果關系。

請看例題1：

閱讀文章《藏羚羊跪拜》有關內容和下面兩段資料，從中你有什么發現？寫出你探究的結果。

（1）藏羚羊為我國特有的珍貴瀕危動物，屬國家一級保護動物，主要棲息在西藏等高原地帶。喜群居生活，性怯懦機警，常出沒在人跡罕至的地方。（《中學生知識畫報》）

（2）近幾年來，武警官兵為保護可可西里生態環境打響了艱苦的保衛戰……如今，在可可西里的青藏公路沿線，藏羚羊、藏野驢、野牦牛成群結隊，不時向過路車輛鳴叫相迎，揮蹄致意。（《中國國防報》2002.5.28）

附原文：《藏羚羊跪拜》

①這是聽來的一個西藏故事。發生故事的年代距今有好些年了?？墒?，我每次乘車穿過藏北無人區時總會不由自主地要想起這個故事的主人公——那只將母愛濃縮于深深一跪的藏羚羊。

②那時候，槍殺、亂逮野生動物是不受法律懲罰的。就是在今天，可可西里的槍聲仍然帶著罪惡的余音低回在自然保護區巡視衛士們的腳步難以到達的角落。當年舉目可見的藏羚羊、野馬、野驢、雪雞、黃羊等，眼下已經成為鳳毛麟角了。

③當時，經常跑藏北的人總能看見一個肩披長發、留著濃密大胡子、腳穿長統藏靴的老獵人在青藏公路附近活動。那支磨蹭得油光閃亮的杈子槍斜掛在他的身上，身后的兩頭藏牦牛馱著沉甸甸的各種獵物。他無名無姓，云游四方，朝別藏北雪，夜宿江河源，餓時大火煮黃羊肉，渴時一碗冰雪水。獵獲的那些皮張自然會賣來一筆錢，他除了自己消費一部分外，更多的用來救濟路遇的朝圣者。那些磕長頭去拉薩朝圣的藏家人心甘情愿地走一條布滿艱難和險情的漫漫長路。每次老獵人在救濟他們時總是含淚祝愿：上蒼保佑、平安無事。

④殺生和慈善在老獵人身上共存。促使他放下手中的權子槍是在發生了這樣一件事以后——應該說那天是他很有福氣的日子。大清早，他從帳篷里出來，伸伸懶腰，正；住備要喝一銅碗酥油茶時，突然瞅見兩步之遙對面的草坡上站立著一只肥肥壯壯的藏羚羊、、他眼睛一亮，送上門來的美事!沉睡了一夜的他渾身立即涌上來一股清爽的勁頭，絲毫沒有猶豫，就轉身回到帳篷拿來了杈子槍,他舉槍瞄了起來，奇怪的是，那只肥壯的藏羚羊并沒有逃走，只是用乞求的眼神望著他，然后沖著他前行兩步，兩條前腿“撲通”一聲跪下來。與此同時只見兩行長淚就從它眼里流了出來，老獵人的心頭一軟，扣扳機的手不由得松了一下。藏區流行著一句老幼皆知的俗話：“天上飛的鳥，地上跑的鼠，都是通人性的。”此時藏羚羊給他下跪自然是求他饒命了。他是個獵手，不被藏羚羊打動是情理之中的事。他雙眼一閉，扳機在手指下一動，槍聲響起，那只藏羚羊便栽倒在地。它倒地后仍是跪臥的姿勢，眼里的兩行淚跡也清晰地留著。

⑤那天，老獵(來源：好范文 http://www.tmdps.cn/）人沒有像往日那樣當即將獵獲的藏羚羊開宰、扒皮。他的眼前老是浮現著給他跪拜的那只藏羚羊。他有些蹊蹺，藏羚羊為什么要下跪?這是他幾十年狩獵生涯中惟一見到的一次情景。夜里躺在地鋪上他久久也難以入眠，雙手一直顫抖著……

⑥次日，老獵人懷著忐忑不安的心情對那只藏羚羊開膛扒皮，他的手仍在顫抖。腹腔在刀刃下打開了，他吃驚得叫出了聲，手中的屠刀“咣當”一聲掉在地上……原來在藏羚羊的子宮里，靜靜臥著一只小藏羚羊，它已經成形，自然是死了。這時候，老獵人才明白為什么那只藏羚羊的身體肥肥壯壯，也才明白它為什么要彎下笨重的身子為自己下跪。

⑦天下所有慈母的跪拜，包括動物在內，都是神圣的。

⑧老獵人的開膛破腹半途而停。

⑨當天，他沒有出獵，在山坡上挖了個坑，將那只藏羚羊連同它那沒有出世的孩子掩埋了。同時埋掉的還有他的杈子槍……

從此，這個老獵人……(選自2000年9月25日《新民晚報》王宗仁／文)

分析：仔細閱讀提供的兩則材料，我們可以發現提供的材料中有一段“藏羚羊性怯懦……”，而另有一段“（向人）揮蹄致意……”。這兩段文字之間前后存在矛盾。為什么藏羚羊的習性會有變化？，通過比較、分析，不難發現這道題是要我們探究其中的因果關系，也就是說我們必須找到藏羚羊發生這巨大變化的原因。這原因也肯定在材料中。材料中哪些詞句給我們啟發呢，很顯然“國家一級保護動物”、“近幾年來，武警官兵為保護可可西里生態環境打響了艱苦的保衛戰”是造成這一變化的主要原因。歸納提升一下，答案就應該是政府加大的保護力度，群眾提高了覺悟，使藏羚羊的數量增加了，藏羚羊的生活習性也有了改變。這一題共3分，第一點是很重要的。

二是幾則材料都與同一事物有關，就要探究材料之間的共性或個性。

例

2、閱讀下面兩則材料，寫出你閱讀后的發現。

（1）有一位經驗豐富的老船長，當他的貨輪卸貨后在浩瀚的大海上返航時，突然遭遇到可怕的巨大風浪，這時，老船長果斷地命令水手們立刻打開貨艙，往里面灌水。隨著貨艙里的水位越升越高，船一寸一寸下沉，依舊猛烈的狂風巨浪對船的威脅卻一點一點減小，貨輪漸漸平穩了。

（2）在某一上區的著名旅游景點，有一段被當地人稱為“鬼谷”的最危險的路段，路窄坡陡，兩邊萬長深淵，每當導游們帶隊到這里時，一定要讓旅客們挑點或扛點什么東西。據說這里以前發生過好幾起事故，都是迷路的旅客在毫無壓力的情況下不小心掉下去的。當地人，每天從這條路上挑著東西來來往往，從來沒人出事。

閱讀這兩則材料，我們發現命題者是要考生首先能夠發現兩者之間的相同點。研讀原材料，材料1中的老船長讓船負重后船反而行的更穩了，材料2中的導游也是讓旅客負重后，旅客反而安全了。這就是它們的相似點。在發現了相似點之后，我們還要將它上升到一定的哲理高度。所以這道題目的答案是：人生的很多時候，只有背負沉甸甸的重任，才能穩步前進。

一般說來，探究性題目總是由2-3則相互之間有關系的材料組成。它可以單獨出現，也可與閱讀文章結合起來考查。

解答此類題目，我們應該思考：這幾則材料為什么可以放在一起？然后推斷：一定是材料之間存在某種關系。再通過比較、分析，一定會有所發現。答題時，材料間是因果關系的，要先寫主要原因，再寫其他原因；材料間是同類事物的，要先寫共性的，再寫不同點的。

材料探究題還有一種特殊的形式，那就是圖表題，解這類題目關鍵是：扣題旨、找規律、善表達，這是解答圖表題三步曲。圖表題是語言和圖形的綜合題，具有簡明直觀，概括性強，知識覆蓋面廣，涉及學科多等特點，備受命題者的青睞。可是同學們由于缺乏解題技巧，常常理不出頭緒。那么，我們該如何準確、高效地答題呢?

一、明確要求扣題旨。題干不僅明確了命題意圖和答題方向，還常常顯示答題區域和方法，具有較強的暗示性。所以讀懂題干，明確答題要求，從題干中捕捉有效信息，獲得解題要領，是解答圖表題的基本條件和準則。

例3．我國是世界上受沙漠化和沙塵暴危害嚴重的國家之一。下面是有關這方面情況的統計。請用簡明的語言概括統計結果。

年代

土地沙漠化面積

(單位：平方公里)

沙塵暴

發生次數

典型受災情況

(單位：次)

70年代

1560

3降塵25600噸／平方公里

80年代

2100

420萬畝農作物受害，直接經濟損失5000多萬元

90年代

2460

46．1萬畝農作物受害，11．09萬頭(只)牲畜死亡，156萬人受害，直接經濟損失8億元

此題要求具體明了，題干的要旨比較容易把握。但也不能掉以輕心，因為“用簡明的語言概括統計結果”，不僅要把圖表的內容敘述清楚，還隱含另一層意思：從時間、土地沙漠化面積、沙塵暴發生次數和典型受災情況四方面概括，如果只是逐一說明表格內容，就不合要求。明白了這一道理，答案就不難得到：70年代到90年代，我國土地沙漠化面積越來越大，沙塵暴發生次數越來越多，造成的危害也越來越嚴重。

二、仔細讀圖找規律。如果說緊扣題干明確要求，是解題的基本準則；那么認真讀圖，把握規律，實行圖文轉換，則是解題的關鍵。因為圖表題是通過圖畫和表格來“說話”的，它在簡明直觀地把現象展示在讀者面前的同時，也會把問題的本質隱藏起來。這樣，我們就必須按圖索驥，從材料中發現圖表蘊涵的規律。具體地說，閱讀圖表首先應讀圖名、讀圖例、讀內容、讀功能、讀附注等環節，不局限

于某一點或某一面，不放過圖表中的任何一個細節，進行正面和側面、縱向和橫向的多維思維。其次，及時篩選信息，努力尋找信息點，從圖表中提取有效信息，找準分析“問題”和解決“問題”的切入點，揭示圖表的本質和要旨，然后把數據或圖示信息轉換成文字，實現質的飛躍。

例4．請根據右邊圖表中的有關數據，用文字說明我國人均住房建筑面積20年來的變化情況和與其他國家的比較情況，不得超過40字。

依據有關的數據，用文字說明我國人均住房建筑面積的兩點情況(一是20年來的變化情況，二是與其他國家的比較情況)是本題的具體要求。在明確答題要求后，我們就要上下觀照，前后比較，進行全方位的立體思維，留心圖表的符號、文字、數字和附注，然后逐步地把重點轉移到圖表下方的數據(1979年7．2+2000年20．4—2005年22)，就會茅塞頓開：20年來我國人均住房建筑面積不斷增加(或“逐年增加”等)。

既然20年來我國人均住房建筑面積有較大增加，那么，與其他國家相比較，在世界上又處于什么位置?就只要再看一看圖表上方的5組文字和數據，并與下方的兩組數字(2000年20．4+2005年22)比較，答案就是：目前已達到(或略超過)世界中等收入國家的水平(或標準)。

三、準確歸納善表達。規律的發現，還不過是把圖表轉化為文字的胚胎和雛形。要想真正“長大成材”，還必須要依靠準確的歸納和恰當的表達。因此，我們在解答圖表題時，還應該按照題目的要求(包括字數)，把捕捉到的規律(即圖表的本質和要旨)用恰當的詞語和完整的句子表達出來，做到沒有錯別字，語言準確、簡潔、連貫，符合客觀實際。

例5．根據提供的圖表和文字回答問題：

揚州農村地域廣闊，自然資源豐富，農業生產條件優越，農業發展歷史悠久……1993年國家正式批準建設揚州高科技農業示范區。

①根據右面圖表，請你用一句話概括揚州農業發展的情況。(不超過16個字)

1992年到1998年，_______________________________。

②請你根據上面的文字和圖表，試寫一則—句話新聞(不超過28個字)。

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

這是一道滲透著數學知識的圖表題：從命題意圖看，題干簡潔，要求明確；再從這幅柱形圖看，圖表所要說明的內容也很清晰：從1990年到1992年，揚州市的農業總產值呈穩定態勢；而從1992年到1998年，揚州市的農業總產值連年迅猛提高，特別1993年建成國家高科技農業示范區后，總產值連續5年有了大幅度提高。現在關鍵的是如何把獲得的信息用簡明的文字準確地表達出來。

事實上，由于第①題只需要概括1992年到1998年的揚州農業發展的情況，因此在這以前的情況就不必考慮，這樣正確的答案為：揚州農業總值連年迅猛提高。

第②題是要求我們把文字和圖表揭示的內容寫成一則新聞，而對新聞的概括必須把握記敘的要素，所以我們在表達時，既要涵蓋新聞要素，又要做到簡明扼要。這樣就對準確歸納提出了更高的要求——盡題能用最經濟的文字來表達最豐富的內容，在把握要素的前提下，進行多次的“刪、合、換”，直到完全符合題意：揚州建成高科技農業示范區后，農業總產值連續5年大幅度提高。

【鞏固反饋】

《中考總復習范式教學案》：

p39“考題呈現”1 p40“課堂檢測”2.p42“課堂拓展”2.

第四篇：2018閱讀理解,主旨大意(教師版)

2018屆高三英語 閱讀理解

（主旨大意題）

閱讀理解主要有以下幾種題型：主旨大意題、事實細節題、詞義猜測題、推理判斷題 主旨大意題包括：文章主旨、段落大意、文章標題 【文章主旨和段落大意題常見的設題方式】

題干中常含有main idea, mainly about, sum up, summarise等詞。此類題的設題形式有： 1.The main idea of the passage is that ________.2.What is the passage mainly about? 3.Which of the following statements can best sum up the passage? 4.Which of the following can summarise the main idea of the passage? 5.Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? 6.The author's main purpose in writing this passage is to ________.7.The first paragraph is mainly about ________.8.What does the author tell us in Paragraph 1? 9.What does the author mostly want to tell us in the last paragraph? 【概括文章標題常見的設題方式】

題干中常有title, headline, be entitled等字眼。此類題的設題方式有： 1.The best title for the passage might be ________.2.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? 3.Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage? 【主旨大意題解題策略】

閱讀時，文章的開頭、結尾（或段落的段首、段尾）特別重要，因為它們往往包含文章的中心議題。有時候，文章（或段落）中沒有明確的主題句，則需要我們根據所提供的信息歸納出文章（或段落）的主旨大意。同時要注意提煉文章的關鍵詞。此外，標題類題目還要追求語言的生動和趣味性。【主旨大意題應考技巧】

技巧1：速讀頭尾，明確主題

技巧2：定位中心句

技巧3：無明顯主題句時找高頻詞

技巧4：同義概括，或取其一 【技巧1：速讀頭尾，明確主題】

大多數文章的主旨可能出現在開頭或結尾，于是頭尾顯得很重要。因此，做主旨大意題時，我們可以先瀏覽一下頭尾，試圖抓住大意。Passage 1 閱讀理解（主旨大意題）Bad news sells.If it bleeds, it leads.No news is good news, and good news is no news.Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers.But now that information is being spread and monitored(監控)in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules.By tracking people?s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.“The ?if it bleeds? rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and don?t care how you?re feeling.But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react.You don?t want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”

Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication-e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations-found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消極的), but that didn?t necessarily mean people preferred positive news.Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr.Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times? website.He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months.One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles.He found that science amazed Times? readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad.They needed to be aroused(激發)one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad.The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr.Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On.”

【語篇解讀】 本文為議論文。俗話說，好事不出門，壞事傳千里。但是研究者們通過跟蹤和監控人們的電子郵件、網絡帖子及評論、面對面會話等發現，人與人之間更多分享的是那些給人們帶來積極情緒的好消息，而不是導致消極情緒的壞消息。What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide

B.Online News Attracts More People C.Reading Habits Change with the Times

D.Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 【答案】 D 【解析】 主旨大意題。通過第一段最后一句引出話題，以及最后一段的概括總結可知，在社交網絡中，人們更愿意分享的是傳遞積極情緒的好消息。故選D項。【技巧2：定位中心句】

閱讀理解（主旨大意題）主題句的位置往往由文章體裁所決定。議論文主要是論述作者的某個觀點，往往采用“總—分—總”的模式，第一段提出論點，然后是論據部分，最后一段得出結論（論點的重申），所以主題句常在第一段或最后一段。說明文則是說明一個事物的用途或制作過程，主題句一般在首段。而新聞報道卻是報道一個人物事跡或重大事件等，主題句常出現在首段首句。記敘文一般沒有明顯的主題句，需要根據文中敘述的內容和線索來概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出現說理性的句子，則這個句子很可能是主題句。

以下是尋找主題句的四個小竅門：

1.段落中出現表示轉折的詞語（如however, but, in fact, actually等）時，該句很可能是主題句。2.開頭出現疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。

3.作者有意識地重復的觀點，通常是主旨；反復出現的詞語，一般為體現文章主旨的關鍵詞。4.表示總結或結論的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等詞。Passage 2

A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night?s sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off — if it is milked from a cow at night.Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food.Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer.While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night.Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content,which helps people to relax.Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night.【語篇解讀】 本文為說明文。睡前喝一杯牛奶有助于睡眠，但最新的研究表明，如果喝的是晚上從牛身上擠的牛奶，那這將更利于你的睡眠。因為晚上擠的牛奶相比白天擠的牛奶，含有10倍的褪黑激素，從而更有利于睡眠。

閱讀理解（主旨大意題）What can be a suitable title for the text? A.Night Milk and Sleep

B.Fat, Sugar and Health C.An Experiment on Mice 【答案】 A 【解析】 主旨大意題。文章將喝晚上擠的牛奶與喝白天擠的牛奶進行了對比實驗，結果表明，喝晚上擠的牛奶更能促進睡眠，故A項最符合題意?！炯记?：無明顯主題句時找高頻詞】

任一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，有的文章中最明顯的特點之一是有一個反復出現的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。Passage 3

Sometimes you?ll hear people say that you can?t love others until you love yourself.Sometimes you?ll hear people say that you can?t expect someone else to love you until you love yourself.Either way, you?ve got to love yourself first and this can be tricky.Sure we all know that we?re the apple of our parents? eyes, and that our Grandmas think we?re great talents and our Uncle Roberts think that we will go to the Olympics, but sometimes it?s a lot harder to think such nice thoughts about ourselves.If you find that believing in yourself is a challenge, it is time you build a positive self-image and learn to love yourself.Self-image is your own mind?s picture of yourself.This image includes the way you look, the way you act, the way you talk and the way you think.Interestingly, our self-images are often quite different from the images others hold about us.Unfortunately, most of these images are more negative than they should be.Thus changing the way you think about yourself is the key to changing your self-image and your whole world.The best way to defeat a passive self-image is to step back and decide to stress your successes.That is, make a list if you need to, but write down all of the great things you do every day.Don?t allow doubts to occur in it.It very well might be that you are experiencing a negative self-image because you can?t move past one flaw or weakness that you see about yourself.Well, roll up your sleeves and make a change of it as your primary task.If you think you?re silly because you aren?t good at math, find a tutor.If you think you?re weak because you can?t run a mile, get to the track and practice.If you think you?re dull because you don?t wear the latest trends, buy a few new clothes.But remember, just because you think it doesn?t mean it?s true.The best way to get rid of a negative self-image is to realize that your image is far from objective, and to actively convince yourself of your positive qualities.Changing the way you think 閱讀理解（主旨大意題）

D.Milk Drinking and Health and working on those you need to improve will go a long way towards promoting a positive self-image.When you can pat(拍)yourself on the back, you?ll know you?re well on your way.Good luck!What is the passage mainly about? _______ A.How to prepare for your success.B.How to face challenges in your life.C.How to build a positive selfimage.D.How to develop your good qualities.【答案】C

【技巧4：同義概括，或取其一】

同（近）義轉換表達是所有閱讀考試的特點。例如，試題中是handle，原文中可能是cope with；試題中是woman，原文可能是female。充分把握這一規律，是答對閱讀理解題的關鍵之一。所以考生應多積累同義詞匯、表達。

因此，跟主題句意思相同的選項，往往就是正確答案。Passage 4 Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “Twinkle，twinkle，little star” or remember the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears....（下文略）What is the main idea of Paragraph 1? A.People remember well what they learned in childhood.B.Children have a better memory than grown-ups.C.Poem reading is a good way to learn words.D.Stories for children are easy to remember.【答案】 A 【解析】 主旨大意題。根據文章第一段的中心句“Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.”可知，文章講的是成年人常常驚嘆他們非常好地記著兒時學過的東西。A項是此句的同義概括，所以A項正確。

【主旨大意題正確選項的特征】 1.涵蓋性強，覆蓋全文或全段。

2.確定的范圍恰當，既不太大，也不太小。3.精確性強，不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩。

閱讀理解（主旨大意題）【主旨大意題干擾選項的特征】

1.過于籠統。所表達的內容概括的范圍過大，超出或多于文章闡述的內容。

2.以偏概全。所表達的內容只闡述了文章的一部分內容，或以文章中的細節信息或個別字詞作為選項的設置內容，或以次要的事實或細節充當全文的主要觀點。

3.偷換概念。所表達的內容被命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯答案。

4.無中生有。無關信息，生搬硬套，文章中未提到，或找不到依據的信息。雖然在文章中談到，但選項內容與文章內容毫無聯系。

【Practice】

Passage 5

My husband and I had been married nearly twenty-two years when I acquired Stevens Johnson syndrome,a disorder where my immune(免疫的)system responded to a virus by producing painful blisters(水泡).Although my long-term evaluation was good, I, who had been so fiercely independent, rapidly became absolutely helpless.My husband, Scott, stepped up to the plate, taking care of kids and cooking dinners.He also became my personal caretaker, applying the medicine to all of my blisters because my hands couldn?t do the job.Needless to say, I had negative emotions, bouncing from embarrassment to shame caused by total reliance on someone other than myself.I recovered from my illness, but I couldn?t seem to recover from the thought that I loved my husband less than he loved me.This seeming distinction in our love continued to annoy me for the year following my illness.Then recently Scott and I went on a long bike ride.He?s an experienced cyclist;I?m quite the green hand.At one point with a strong headwind and sharp pain building in my tired legs, I really thought I couldn?t go any further.Seeing me struggle, Scott pulled in front of me and yelled over his shoulder, “Stay close behind me.” As I followed his steps, I discovered that my legs quit burning and I was able to catch my breath.My husband was pulling me along—again.I pray my husband will always be strong and healthy.But if he should ever become the struggling one, whether on a bike ride or with an illness, I trust I?ll be ready to call out to him, “Stay close behind me — my turn to pull you along.”

【語篇解讀】 本文為記敘文。作者生病后，她的丈夫一直照顧她，鼓勵支持她，給她幫助和力量；作者最后發出感慨，倘若有一天角色互換，她也會同樣給予丈夫支持和力量。What message does the author convey in the passage? A.Strong will.B.Selfless love.C.Reliance(依靠)on each other.D.Optimistic attitude to life.閱讀理解（主旨大意題）【答案】 C 【解析】 主旨大意題。根據整篇文章和倒數第二段最后一句以及最后一段點題段的描述，在作者得病后，她的丈夫一直照顧她，鼓勵和支持她，給她幫助和力量；作者最后也發出感慨，倘若有一天角色互換，她也會同樣給她的丈夫支持和力量。故選C項 “Reliance on each other(對彼此的依賴)”。Passage 6

Alex London Research Laboratory(ALRL)is part of Alex Co., Ltd., a major Australian medicine-making company.Opened in 1992, ALRL specialises in the development of new medicines for the treatment of heart diseases.A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager(ROM)to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield, due to open in the autumn of 2010.Reporting to the Director, you will help set up and run the technical and scientific support services of our new laboratories now under construction.You will be expected to provide expert knowledge about and be in charge of all areas of ALRL?s Health and Safety, and to communicate(溝通)with support employees at ALRL?s laboratories based at University College London.Working closely with scientists and other operations and technical employees, you will manage a small number of research support employees providing services to help with the research activities to be carried out at the new laboratories.Candidates(申請人)will have experience of both management and research support / technical services.Knowledge of research operations and excellent communication skills are necessary.Education to degree level is also desirable.If you are interested in this position, please send your CV(簡歷)to Alex London Research Laboratory, University College London, Hatfield, London, W1E 6B7 or by email to ALRL@ alex.co.uk.For more information, please visit www.tmdps.cnmunication in two fundamental ways.Sharing bread or other foods is a common human tradition that can promote unity and trust.Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture?s celebrations or traditions.The foods we eat — and when and how we eat them — are often unique to a particular culture or may even differ between rural(農村的)and urban areas within one country.Sharing bread, whether during a special occasion(時刻)or at the family dinner table, is a common symbol of togetherness.Many cultures also celebrate birthdays and marriages with cakes that are cut and shared among the guests.Early forms of cake were simply a kind of bread, so this tradition has its roots in the custom of sharing bread.Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.In the southern United States, pieces of corn bread represent blocks of gold for prosperity(興旺)in the New Year.In Greece, people share a special cake called vasilopita.A coin is put into the cake, which signifies(預示)success in the New Year for the person who receives it.Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child, and food can play a significant role.In China, when a baby is one month old, families name and welcome their child in a celebration that includes giving red-colored eggs to guests.In many cultures, round foods such as grapes, bread, and moon cakes are eaten at welcome celebrations to represent family unity.Nutrition is necessary for life, so it is not surprising that food is such an important part of different cultures around the world.【語篇解讀】 本文為說明文。俗話說“民以食為天”，在世界各民族文化中，食物是文化傳承的重要載體。每逢重大場合或重要節日，人們總會借助食物表達情感，加強交流。What is the passage mainly about? A.The custom of sharing food.B.The specific meaning of food.C.The role of food in ceremonies.D.The importance of food in culture.【答案】 D 【解析】 主旨大意題。第一段的中心句是“Food can also have a specific meaning, and play a significant role in a family or culture?s celebrations or traditions.”；第三段的中心句是“Food also plays an important role in many New Year celebrations.”；第四段的中心句是“Many cultures have ceremonies to celebrate the birth of a child,and food can play a significant role.”。綜上所述，A、B、C項文中都有所涉及，但都具有片面性；D項概括性強。

閱讀理解（主旨大意題）

第五篇：高中生物遺傳題解題方法歸納

高中生物遺傳題解題方法歸納

一、解題思路：

1.判斷顯隱性關系：

“無中生有”為隱性“有中生無”為顯性

□×○●×■

↓↓

■○

2.根據題意先找出隱性個體做為突破口，推斷親代的基因型

3.再根據親代的基因型，推算子代的基因型及概率

二、常染色體、伴性遺傳、細胞質遺傳的比較

㈠細胞核遺傳：

均遵循孟德爾遺傳基本定律（基因的分離定律、基因的自由組合定律）

1.常染色體遺傳：

正反交結果相同，且與性別無關，后代往往表現出一定的性狀分離比。

2.伴性遺傳：

正反交結果不一定相同，且與性別相關聯，后代有一定的性狀分離比且某性狀只出現在某性別的個體上。

㈡細胞質遺傳：

正反交結果不相同，且總表現出母系遺傳的特點，后代可能出現發送性狀分離，但沒有確定的性狀分離比例。

三、遺傳規律歸納總結：

1.常染色體遺傳：2.伴X遺傳： 隔代遺傳（無中生有）隔代遺傳（無中生有）

交叉遺傳（母病子必病，女病父必病）男性患者多于女性患者

代代相傳（有中生無）代代相傳（有中生無）

交叉遺傳（父病女必病，子病母必?。?/p>

女性患者多于男性患者

3.細胞質遺傳：4.連鎖和互換遺傳：

完全連鎖（某性狀出現，必定伴隨另一性狀）

不完全連鎖：兩多（同上）兩少（互換）