第一篇：美國加拿大概況要點

USA BASIC INFO

1the first settlement in North America

The first English permanent settlement was organized in 1607 by the London Company with a charter from the English King.The colonists settled in Virginia and survived by imposing strict discipline on them and by transplanting tobacco in the colony of Virginia.In 1619, the settlers elected their delegates and set up the House of Burgesses, and the same time they bought and enslaved black servants.These two greatly influenced the political and social development of the United States later.2the religion reform and leaders

In the Religious Reformation, Martin Luther, a German professor of theology, believed that sinful men could win salvation neither by good works nor through the church or the pope.And the only true guide to the will of god was the Bible.John Calvin, a Frenchman, who had fled to Switzerland, started his reform movement.In England, King Henry VIII,(8th)because of the political disputes with the Roman Catholic Church and his marital problems broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and set up the Church of England, and he became the head of the Church.3the founding father of Unite State Benjamin Franklindrafted Declaration of Independence

Thomas Jefferson

George Washington the commander of Continental Army and Navy

4the cause of American Revolution

By the early 1760s, the 13 colonies in North America had developed a similar American pattern in politics, economy and cultural life and enjoyed the same frontier environment.As a result, they were ready to separate themselves from the old world.The American Revolution officially proclaimed the birth of a new nation of Americans.3 civilizations

Aztecs, 阿茲臺克Incas, Mayas

6Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to assemble public places, the right to own weapons and so on.7check and balance p58

Three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “check and balances”.The system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by one branch or another.declaration of independence

The declaration of independence proclaimed that 13 united colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states.But they were not clear about the future political system of the United States and the relationship between the states and the government of the new nation.united states constitution

The plan for the government was written in very simple language in a document called the constitution of the United States.1The constitution set up a federal 聯(lián)邦的system with a strong central government.A federal system is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights reserved to each.2The constitution also called for the election of national leader.3It provided that federal laws would be made only by a congress made up of representatives elected by the people.It also provided for a national court system headed by a supreme court.10wasp =a white Anglo-Saxon Protestant

American mainstream culture was developed from what is known as “WASP” culture and that people who settled

in the 13 North American colonies that would become the United States were mostly Protestant believers.11relationship between government and religion

The United States would have no state-supported religion.In this way, those men who formulated the principle tenets of the newly established political system hoped to insure that the diversity of religious belief would never become the source of social or political injustice or disaffection.religions between USA and European

First of all, American with different religions lives together under the same law.The bill of rights in the US constitution insists that there should be no state religion.Secondly, the religious beliefs of American continue to be strong with social progress.Thirdly, in the United States every church is completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building.three faiths

By the 1095s, the 3 faiths model of American religion had developed.American was considered to come in 3 basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish.In term of numbers, the Protestant are the strongest, the Catholic is next to the Protestant and Jewish are the smallest among the 3.Mark Twain

Mark Twain is the pen name of Samuel Clemens.He was one of the greatest American writers.He captured a peculiarly American sense of humor.He represented a new American voice.His major work was The Adventures of Huckberry Finn which has been called the great novel in American literature.15The lost generation

In the aftermath of World War I, many novelists produced a literature of disillusionment.Some lived in Europe.They were known as the lost generation, two of the most representative of it were Hemingway and Fitzgerald.16Hemingway

His main characters were usually tough, silent men, good at sports or war but awkward in their dealing with women.Among his best books were The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and for whom the Bell Tolls.17nobel prize

Sinclair Lewis first one in USA /O’Neil /Saul Bellow/Isaac Bashevis Singer/

Hemingway /William Faulkner

18famous universities

California Institute of Technology 加州理工學(xué)院 Harvard University(MA)哈佛大學(xué)Massachusetts Inst.of Technology 麻省理工學(xué)院 Princeton University(NJ)普林斯頓大學(xué)Yale University(CT)耶魯大學(xué) Stanford University(CA)斯坦福大學(xué) 19Social separation

White and black couldn’t be together in a public place to enjoy the same right

20kkk

It was a secret organization which set up after the 1865 civil war of United States in the southern.It objected the liberation of black slavers in northern.Many years later, they came to alive to flight against the Jewish and Catholic people to keep the highest station of white.21luther King

P155 A civil right leader during the movement in 1960s gave a lot of speech, like “I have a dream”.He won the Nobel peace prize in 1964s for his achievement of raising the image of black.22Conterculture

It rejected capitalism and other American principles.They had morals different from those taught by their parents.Some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.23hippies

They sought experience through dropping out and drug taking.But it was music, rock music in particular.They had a great impact on social moral.24imagery of crime

Male, young, a member of a racial minority, and a city resident

25Cold war

By the end of WWII, the United States became the strongest country in the world.As the possessor of atomic bombs and much of the world’s gold reserve, the policy-maker of the US wanted world order, and the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union.Finally the two wartime allies fell apart.26NATO北大西洋公約組織

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization members are United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland.Organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party

27Warsaw The Warsaw Treaty was the Soviet Bloc’s military response to NATO Pact.28先發(fā)制人 Preemption

Preemption is formalized in the National Security Strategy issued in September 2002.When it determines that a country which is repressive and hostile to the US has acquired or produced weapons of mass destruction or has the potential to possess such weapons.29杜魯門主義Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine was a policy set forth by U.S.President Harry S.Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S.would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.30古巴導(dǎo)彈危機(jī)Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the Soviet Union, Cuba and the United States in October 1962, during the Cold War.In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium-and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles with the ability to strike most of the continental United States.This issue was the turning point of the cold war.Can basic info(from sea to sea)

1the biggest city and the capital TorontoOttawa

210provinces and 3 territories

Canada is a federation composed of ten provinces and three territories.In turn, these may be grouped into regions: Western Canada, Central Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Northern Canada(the latter made up of the three territories: Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut).3economy

Canadian economy is influenced by Canada’s physical geography: huge size and small population has made extracting and transporting goods to markets difficult.The second is United States, which shares the long and open border with it.The third is the government’s intervention介入in the economy, rather than the market plays a full role.4central Canada

Central Canada, consisting of Ontario安大略and Quebec, are the parts of the country that were first settled.They are the industrial heartland of the country and are also the most densely populated provinces.They have the largest cities like Toronto and Montreal蒙特利爾.5Quebec

Quebec is a mainly French-speaking province in Canada.Here French speakers comprise 83% of the population.They feel that their linguistic and cultural heritage is threatened by the mainly English-speaking environment and that they are economically dominated by English Canada.They are keen to preserve the historic language and French-speaking culture.Canada-US relations

They are the 2 of the most open and interconnected societies in the world.They share a long and undefended border and they are in many military alliance.They also share long term interests in their economy.But sometime s there is the point where differences of opinion occur.The relations often have been rocky.Canada is governed as a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state.7political system

1Canada’s system of government is based on the British system of parliamentary democracy.Canada is monarchy and its official head of state is the Queen, who is represented by an official called a Governor General.2The federal government distinguishes from the lower level government.3The parliament is divided into the house of common and the house of senate.The MP is elected.The head of the party which wins the most seats becomes the Prime minister.The cabinet is chosen by Prime Minister, is made up of senior Mps from the governing Party.8party

加拿大自由黨Liberal Party of Canada

加拿大保守黨Conservative Party of Canada

加拿大新民主黨New Democratic Party

英國下議院總有一個擁有絕對多數(shù)的政黨，該黨領(lǐng)袖被國王任命為首相。下議院第二大黨的領(lǐng)袖則成為反對黨領(lǐng)袖。

In the 2010 general election held on 6 May, the Conservatives gained a plurality多數(shù) of seats in a hung parliament and Cameron was appointed Prime Minister on 11 May 2010, at the head of a coalition聯(lián)合 between the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats.At the age of 43, Cameron became the youngest British Prime Minister since the Earl of Liverpool 198 years earlier.The Cameron Ministry is the first coalition government in the United Kingdom since the Second World War.

第二篇：美國 加拿大的 社區(qū)建設(shè)概況

美國 加拿大的 社區(qū)建設(shè)概況

在美國，政府官員、社區(qū)工作者和專家、學(xué)者對社區(qū)建設(shè)的看法和認(rèn)識有所不同，歸納起來主要有三種認(rèn)識：一是認(rèn)為社區(qū)建設(shè)是一個過程。通過這個過程，社區(qū)擬定本身的需要和目標(biāo)，定下先后順序、尋找所需要資源，并采取行動去滿足這些需要和目標(biāo)。

二是認(rèn)為社區(qū)建設(shè)是一個有意識的社會接觸過程，也是一種社會工作方法。目的在于根據(jù)需要配置資源，從而滿足社區(qū)需要，協(xié)助居民解決問題，培養(yǎng)居民的參與、自決及合作的素質(zhì)，改善決策權(quán)力的分配。

三是認(rèn)為社區(qū)建設(shè)是通過組織居民，采取集體行動，控制及影響社區(qū)的一切程序、計劃、決定及有關(guān)政策。雖然人們的觀點不同，但他們的共同點是：使人民獲得授權(quán)，提高社區(qū)居民自助、互助的能力，由社區(qū)自己尋找或開發(fā)資源，解決社區(qū)內(nèi)問題，滿足社區(qū)日益增長的需求，提高居民生活質(zhì)量，這是社區(qū)建設(shè)的主旨。

美、加兩國開展社區(qū)建設(shè)的內(nèi)容主要有三項：

一、社區(qū)服務(wù)。服務(wù)內(nèi)容包括對老年人和殘疾人提供照顧，對學(xué)前兒童提供保育，對在校兒童組織夏令營，為失業(yè)者提供職業(yè)培訓(xùn)和職業(yè)介紹服務(wù)并進(jìn)行家庭企業(yè)咨詢，為無家可歸者、單親家庭提供住房支持，為婦女兒童提供保護(hù)服務(wù)，為低收入個人或家庭提供資助，幫助移民或難民迅速融人本地社會、實現(xiàn)本地化。

服務(wù)的方式有：①設(shè)施服務(wù)。②外展服務(wù)，又叫走出服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)的服務(wù)。服務(wù)的提供者主要是由社區(qū)中介組織或非營利機(jī)構(gòu)提供，也有由私人機(jī)構(gòu)提供的。服務(wù)資金絕大部分來自政府撥款，部分來自服務(wù)收費(fèi)。

二、社區(qū)文化。社區(qū)文化是美、加兩國社區(qū)建設(shè)中普遍開展的內(nèi)容，受到政府的高度重視和支持。他們認(rèn)為，開展社區(qū)文化有利于促進(jìn)人們的智力開發(fā)和恢復(fù)人們的活力，有助于培養(yǎng)自尊和力量，從而改變自己、改變環(huán)境，創(chuàng)造祥和的氣氛，塑造社區(qū)的形象，修補(bǔ)和完善社區(qū)的社會結(jié)構(gòu)。

兩國開展社區(qū)文化的形式很多，主要是利用社區(qū)內(nèi)的各種文化設(shè)施組織開展文藝、教育、科普、體育、娛樂等活動。美國的社區(qū)學(xué)院是開展社區(qū)文化教育的重要內(nèi)容。它興建于20世紀(jì)50年代初，以滿足戰(zhàn)后出生者對高等教育和職業(yè)教育的需求。

三、社區(qū)治安。社區(qū)治安是社區(qū)居民最為關(guān)注的事情，良好的社區(qū)治安，不僅有利于改善社區(qū)環(huán)境，提高居民的生活質(zhì)量，而且有利于優(yōu)化投資環(huán)境，吸引商業(yè)投資。在美、加兩國，社區(qū)治安是一種新的警務(wù)，其功能：（1）控制犯罪。（2）向處于危難中的人提供快速援助。（3）改善警民關(guān)系。通過加強(qiáng)社區(qū)治安，實行群防群治，健全社區(qū)治安防范體系，以消除社區(qū)內(nèi)各種不穩(wěn)定因素。

社區(qū)發(fā)展在美、加兩國已經(jīng)走過了近半個世紀(jì)，形成了較為系統(tǒng)的社區(qū)發(fā)展理論和方法，積累了較為豐富的實踐經(jīng)驗。他們的做法和經(jīng)驗有以下幾個方面：

第一、政府高度重視社區(qū)建設(shè)規(guī)劃

美、加兩國的社區(qū)工作在形成和發(fā)展的初期，帶有自發(fā)性質(zhì)。隨著社區(qū)地位、作用的突出，社區(qū)建設(shè)成為兩國政府有計劃、有目標(biāo)地引導(dǎo)社會發(fā)展的重要內(nèi)容。因此，兩國政府每年對社區(qū)建設(shè)工作都要制定一系列的工作計劃和發(fā)展規(guī)劃。

目前，兩國政府在社區(qū)建設(shè)中的作用與以前有很大的不同。過去，政府既要負(fù)責(zé)掌舵，又要劃船，現(xiàn)在則只負(fù)責(zé)掌舵，不再參與劃船，轉(zhuǎn)而將具體事務(wù)交給社區(qū)組織或民間團(tuán)體，政府只負(fù)責(zé)宏觀調(diào)控。這樣做既大大減輕了政府的負(fù)擔(dān)，又發(fā)揮了政府在社區(qū)建設(shè)中的主導(dǎo)作用。

第二、政府、社區(qū)和民間組成健全的工作機(jī)制和組織體系

美、加兩國的社區(qū)工作組織體系是由政府各職能部門、政府資助的社區(qū)組織和民間團(tuán)體舉辦的非營利機(jī)構(gòu)所組成，他們稱之為“三大板塊”，或叫做“三個部門”。

經(jīng)過幾十年的社區(qū)發(fā)展，兩國初步形成了政府組織、指導(dǎo)與監(jiān)控，社區(qū)組織和民間團(tuán)體主辦，企業(yè)在社區(qū)內(nèi)通過市場機(jī)構(gòu)提供優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)，以滿足不同人群特殊需求的社區(qū)發(fā)展運(yùn)行機(jī)制和組織體系。三者之間相互補(bǔ)充，互利互惠，密切合作。這是兩國社區(qū)建設(shè)的一大特色。

第三、非政府非營利組織的作用不可替代

在兩國的社區(qū)建設(shè)中，非政府組織是一支重要的社會力量，發(fā)揮了不可替代的作用。一是數(shù)量多。二是分布廣。三是服務(wù)領(lǐng)域廣泛?？梢哉f，群眾有需求，他們就有服務(wù)。

兩國從事專職社區(qū)工作的人員，無論是在社區(qū)管理組織中，還是非營利組織或志愿機(jī)構(gòu)中擔(dān)任的專職人員都要經(jīng)過專業(yè)訓(xùn)練，一般要修完“社會工作學(xué)”課程。這些專業(yè)工作人員都能熟練掌握從社區(qū)理論、政策到組織、動員、宜傳等技巧。其收人和待遇與政府工怍人員大體相同。

第四、社區(qū)參與廣泛，自治和自助能力不斷提高

社區(qū)參與廣泛，主要體現(xiàn)在社區(qū)參與的結(jié)構(gòu)上。不僅參與人員中有老人、中青年，還有中小學(xué)生；不僅有社區(qū)內(nèi)的非營利組織和志愿組織，而且還有駐區(qū)企業(yè)單位。

兩國強(qiáng)烈的社區(qū)參與意識，緣于三個方面的原因：（1）政府的大力提倡、鼓勵。（2）社區(qū)居民爭取和維護(hù)自身利益的重要途徑。（3）新的經(jīng)營理念所取得的成功。

美國、加拿大企業(yè)界的經(jīng)驗和體會是：企業(yè)在與社區(qū)居民融為一體，了解社區(qū)居民的真正需求，并通過企業(yè)自己的長處為社區(qū)居民提供服務(wù)的過程中進(jìn)行經(jīng)營。

從加拿大、美國社區(qū)建設(shè)的情況看，社區(qū)建設(shè)在其經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會發(fā)展的各個歷史階段，都發(fā)揮了不可替代的重要作用。

我國與加拿大、美國的國情不同，它們的社區(qū)建設(shè)發(fā)展道路不一定都適合我國，但它們社區(qū)建設(shè)的歷史長，實踐經(jīng)驗豐富，理論成果多，認(rèn)真研究和借鑒兩國社區(qū)建設(shè)的做法和經(jīng)驗，對我國推進(jìn)社區(qū)建設(shè)非常有益。

我們從中可以得到許多啟示：（1）進(jìn)一步提高對社區(qū)建設(shè)重大意義的認(rèn)識，加快推進(jìn)力度。（2）要抓好社區(qū)組織建設(shè)，重點建設(shè)好社區(qū)黨組織和社區(qū)居民委員會。（3）加強(qiáng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，發(fā)揮政府在社區(qū)建設(shè)中的推動作用。（4）發(fā)動社區(qū)居民廣泛參與，大力培養(yǎng)發(fā)展社區(qū)中介組織。（5）多方籌集，拓寬社區(qū)建設(shè)資金渠道。

第三篇：美國概況 要點名詞解釋

1.the Boston Massacre：The Boston Massacre took place before the American War of

Independence.In 1768 some English troops under General Gage were sent to the colonies to help tax-collectors.The people of the colonies hated these soldiers.In the spring of 1770 in Boston, some of the English troops fired at the people.After the event, a big meeting was called，demanding that the English troops should be removed.This showed that the people in the colonies began their struggle against the British rule.2.“Winner-take-all” principle: This is a kind of principle in American Presidential election.The voters of a state have to choose between a Democratic list and a Republican list.If the candidates of a party for “eletors” in a given state receive a majority of the total vote, then the party is entitled to have all the electoral votes for that state, even though a presidential receives only slightly more than electoral votes of that state.3.the American Civil Rights Movement: It mainly refers to the American black People's struggle against the racial discrimination in 1960's.As early as in 1950's,the black people once struggled against segregation in schools.In 1960, the blacks in 20 states held a large-scale sit-in

demonstration protesting against racial segregation.In 1961 the blacks held a freedom-rides

against segregation on buses.Under the out-standing leader Martin Luther King, the Civil Rights Movement went still further in mid-1960s.There was a march on Washington for ”Jobs and

Freedom”.So in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed.This movement shows the American black people's bravery and confidence in their struggles for equal rights and liberty.4.Monroe Doctrine:Monroe Doctrine was a kind of American foreign policy when some European countries formed the Holy Alliance which seemed ready to put down the South America revolutions.In 1823 President James Monroe sent a massage to Congress.This is known as “Monroe Doctrice”.One of the main points says “The European Countries ought not star any new colonies in North or South American.” As a result, it stopped the Holy Alliance’s program and also revealed the United States’ desire of overseas expansion.5.The New Deal: to deal with the Great Depression.Franklin D.Roosevelt made a program known as the ”New Deal”.Roosevelt took efforts to cosolidate the old marker at abroad and also to conquer new ones.At home, many public project, were launched to create employment big industries made reforms.Roosevelt also took some measures of “social security”.The “New Deal” relaxed the economic crisis, made some concessions to the working people.6.The Muckraker: a group of reform-minded journalists, made investigations and exposed various dark sides of the seemingly prosperous society.Their publications helped stir American conscience and make the progressive movement a national one.7.Manifest Destiny: it meant that the outward was inevitable, that the United States was driven on by a divine force that should not be denied.It reflected the view that the Lord had intended the United States to control the entire North American continent.1.What important measures did Abraham Lincoln take during the Civil War? How do you evaluate them?---During American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln took two important measures, one is the “Homestead Bill”, the other is the “Emancipation Proclamation”.During the first stage of the war from 1861 to 1862, the North was in an unfavorable condition.The North army could not get much support from farmers and Negroes, because many farmers had not got enough land and Negroes had been still enslaved.So they had no interest in the war.In order to get support from the broad masses, Lincoln took these two measures.In May1862 Lincoln issued the Homestead Bill, and this stimulated the development of capitalist agriculture in the South, greatly

encouraged farmers.In September 1962, Lincoln issued the famous “Emancipation Proclamation” , freeing a great number of the slaves in the South and permitting them to join the armed forces of the North.After issuing the two measures, Lincoln”s army became much stonger and got more support from the broad masses.Finally Lincoln won the war.2.What are the three branches of the U.S.government? What are the main functions of the three branches?---In the U.S.government three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial branches.The executive branch is headed by the President, consists of eleven departments and many independent agencies.The President performs many functions.He is the head of the government and chief of state.The President can negotiate foreign treaties, appoint government officials, command the armed forces.He makes foreign policy.He may introduce legislative bill to Congress.The legislative branch refers to Congress.Only Congress has the right to make laws.It is the supreme legislative body of the nation.It is made of two houses—the senate and the House of the Representatives.The judicial branch refers to the Supreme Court and some inferior courts.The Supreme Court is the highest court of the whole land and has the sole right to interpret the Constitution and review laws to see whether they are in agreement with the Constitution.The Supreme Court is headed by a Chief Justice and eight other justices.3.Give a brief account of the U.S.overseas invasion and expansion in the 20th century.---By the end of the 19th century the United States had grown into a highly developed industrial country and reached the stage of imperialism.Then it began its overseas expansion.As early as 1899 ,the United States ,took East Samoa as her colony.And Hawaii fell into her control in 1893.In 1898 U.S.Congress declared war on Spain.In 1903 the U.S.A.grabbed a big slice of the Panama territory in the U.S.controlled canal zone.It invaded China by means of both force and culture.In 1906 it put down the Cuban uprising.During the two world wars, the U.S.also extented its economic and military influences over Far East, Europe and the Pacific Region.After the war, the U.S.started its “Cold War”, and established NATO against the Soviet Union.In 1950 it invaded Korea.In 1964 the U.S.started long year’s Vietnam War.In 1970 it cast its troops to Cambodia.In 1990s the U.S.attacked Iraq and Kosovo.In a word, the United States never stops its aggression and expansion.4.The progressive movement 進(jìn)步運(yùn)動A movement demanding government regulation of the economy and social conditions, spread quickly with the support of large numbers of people across the country./The Progressive Movement was not an organized campaign with clearly defined goals.Rather, it was a number of diverse efforts at political, social, and economic reforms./In spite of limitations of the movement, it brought about changes and improvement in many fields.

第四篇：美國概況習(xí)題

美國概況

Part One Geography

Chapter IIPopulation

Exercises

? New York is the largest state in the US.(T/F)

? Why is the U.S.A.called “Melting Pot”?

Answers

? F(Alaska)

? Because the U.S.A.is country where there are many different races, and these races mixed and assimilated after they

immigrated into this country “Melting Pot” just signifies this mixture and assimilation.Chapter VReligion in the U.S.A.Exercises

? The popular American belief is___

A.part-time working

B.self-made man

C.manual labor

D.being extravagant

? The largest religious group in America is___

A.Roman CatholicsB.Protestants

C.OrthodistsD.Presbyterians

?the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

Answers

? BB

?the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

People are proud of doing everything by themselves.Most of the American families seldom hire people to do housework though they are rich.They try to do what they can do, such as housework, gardening and they enjoy doing them.Part twoHistory

Chapter IColonization of North America

Exercises

? The history of the U.S.is generally agreed to have begun in the year of ____

A.1620B.1607C.1776D.1492

? The turning point of the War of Independence was the Battle of ___in 1777.A.YorktownB.Saratoga

C.Bunker HillD.Lexington

? Lexington Fire was the ___of American War of Independence

A.turning pointB.endingC.causeD.prelude

Answers

BBD

Chapter IVThe American Civil War(1861-1865)

Exercises

? Abraham Lincoln

? In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important measures.One

was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.Homework

? Why was there the New Deal program? What was it? And how did it aid the recovery of the American economy? ? What important measures did Abraham Lincoln take during the Civil War? How do you evaluate them?

Chapter VThe U.S.Imperialism and the First World War

Exercises

? The first imperialist war took place between theU.S.and ___in 1898.A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

? The “Big Stick” Policy was advanced by President___.A.Theodore RooseveltB.Franklin Roosevelt

C.William MckinleyD.Thomas Woodrow Wilson

? President Franklin D.Roosevelt proposed a well-knownpolicy called___ to save the economic situation.A.the Open Door PolicyB.the New Deal

C.Good Neighbor PolicyD.the “Big Stick”

AnswersCAB

PartTheresociallife

Chapter IIICustoms and Traditions

Exercises

? Easter:

Easter falls on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March or in April.It commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus.The custom of dying eggs is very popular among children.The main meat on Easter Sunday are lamb and ham.? Thanksgiving Day:

It falls on the fourth Thursday of November.It is a holiday on which God is thanked for the crops which have been safely gathered.? Abraham Lincoln

? In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important

measures.One was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.

第五篇：美國政治制度概況

美國政治制度概況

Political institution（政治制度）

1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美國憲法是世界上最早的成文憲法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。

2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，國會召開各州代表參加的大會，主要目的是修

改有明顯缺點的《聯(lián)邦條款》。

3．The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial.Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美國政府

被分為3部分：立法機(jī)構(gòu)，行政機(jī)構(gòu)和司法機(jī)構(gòu)。

4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有兩種情可以提出修改憲法條款，但不管是哪種，修正案

必須經(jīng)過3/4的批準(zhǔn)才能生效。

5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The president election was held every 4 years.憲法規(guī)定總統(tǒng)必須是美國本土出生的美國公民，至少年滿35歲，總統(tǒng)選舉每四年舉行一次。

6． In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美國，嬴者全贏的制度適用于除緬因州外的各州。

7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College.To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50個州加上哥倫比亞特區(qū)共有

538位總統(tǒng)候選人，他們組成選舉團(tuán)，要成為美國總統(tǒng)，候選人則要獲得270票。

8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an oath of office, whichis administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S.A president can be elected to office only twice.美國總統(tǒng)任期為4年，每位總統(tǒng)任期最多只能兩屆，總統(tǒng)宣誓就職儀式是由美國首席大法官主持的。

9． Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of

Representatives.The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.國會由參議院和眾議院組成，參議院由各州派出兩名議員共同組成，眾議院

成員數(shù)則按各州人口及大小而定，因此眾義員數(shù)憲法沒有具體規(guī)定。

10． The Constitution requires that U.S.Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected.The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.憲法規(guī)定美國參議員必須是年滿30歲有美國公民資格9年以上的公民，并且是選其為議員的州的居民，參議員任期為6年，且每月年改選1/3的議員。

11． Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress.Today, the House is composed of 435 members.Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.憲法規(guī)定美國眾議員必須是年滿25歲有美國公民資格7年以上的公民，并且是選其為議員的州的居民，現(xiàn)在，眾議院由來35名議員組成，由于眾議員任期為2年，所以國會任期往往被認(rèn)為是2年。

12． Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除

了稅收法案必須首先由眾議院提出，國會的兩院各自有權(quán)就任何提議立法。

13． The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate.He has no vote, except in a case of a tie.The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.憲法規(guī)定由美國副總統(tǒng)擔(dān)任參議院議長，議長不參加投票，除非出現(xiàn)兩派票數(shù)相等的情況，眾議院則選出他自己的主持官員，-眾議院議長。

14． According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court.The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction.U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根據(jù)憲法規(guī)定，美國的司法權(quán)屬于最高法院，司法體系結(jié)構(gòu)為：最高法院，11個上訴法院，91個地方法院，3個有特殊司法權(quán)的法院，美國的法官是由總統(tǒng)任命并由參議院批準(zhǔn)的。

15． The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution The Supreme Court at present consists

of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美國最高等的法院，也是惟

一有權(quán)解釋的機(jī)構(gòu)，目前法院由一名首席大法官和顏悅色名助理法官組成。

16． The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: thoseinvolvingforeign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.高

等法院最初只對兩種案件擁有司法權(quán)：涉及國外達(dá)官貴人，一個州為一方當(dāng)事人。

17． In general, American has a two-party system.There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般說來，美國實行的是兩黨制，兩大主要政黨為：民主黨和共和黨，美國政黨的歷史可分為四個時期。

18． The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and the Anti-federalists.The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美國政黨制的第一階段出現(xiàn)了兩個主要黨派，聯(lián)邦派各反聯(lián)邦派，第三階段從容不迫9世紀(jì)60年代到達(dá)9世紀(jì)20年代，絕大部分時間是共和黨執(zhí)政。

（2002，21題）

19．In the 28 terms of the House of Representativesfrom 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.從1933年到1989年的確屆眾議院中，民主黨在于6屆中擁有多數(shù)席位，在參議院中民主黨在于23屆中擁有多數(shù)席位。

20． After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split.The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德魯。杰克遜當(dāng)選總統(tǒng)后，民主共和黨分裂，由安德魯。杰克遜領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的主派自稱為民

主黨，反對杰克遜的一派于1834年另立輝格黨 待續(xù)。。。

英國國體：以生產(chǎn)資料私有制為主，資產(chǎn)階級掌權(quán)的資本主義國家政體：君主立憲制國家結(jié)構(gòu)形式：單一制

4國家機(jī)構(gòu)的組成及相互關(guān)系

①國家元首 虛偽元首 僅扮演儀式性角色

②立法機(jī)構(gòu) 議會

③行政機(jī)構(gòu) 內(nèi)閣

④司法機(jī)構(gòu) 法院

關(guān)系：

英國君主立憲制的主要機(jī)構(gòu)有國王、議會和內(nèi)閣。其中議會是國家最高立法機(jī)關(guān)，主要扮演立法者和監(jiān)督者的角色。內(nèi)閣是國家最高行政機(jī)關(guān)，從議會產(chǎn)生，由占議會多數(shù)席位的政黨組成，并對議會負(fù)責(zé)。國王按內(nèi)閣的意志行使形式上的權(quán)利，承擔(dān)國家元首等禮儀性職責(zé)。國王議會和內(nèi)閣三者之間，既有分權(quán)也有制約，體現(xiàn)了英國政體運(yùn)行的特點。

5政黨制度

①主要黨派：主要黨派有自由黨, 工黨, 國家黨, 民主黨等.其中自由黨和工黨為朝野的兩大黨派。

②政黨制度類型：兩黨制

近代資產(chǎn)階級革命后，英國逐步成為君主立憲制國家，其政治制度以議會內(nèi)閣制為核心，以兩黨制、常任文官制以及地方自治為主要特點。它對其他資本主義國家政治制度的建立產(chǎn)生了很大影響。

同其他國家的憲法相比，英國的憲法有以下幾個特點：

1、英國的憲法是不成文的憲法。英國憲法的最大不同之處是它從未以一部單一法典的形式出現(xiàn)，而是由13、14世紀(jì)以來，在各個不同時期通過的各種成文或不成文的、形式上多種多樣的具有憲法性的法律構(gòu)成。主要有《大憲章》、《人民公約》、《權(quán)利請愿書》、《權(quán)利法案.》等。

2、英國憲法是柔性憲法。英國的憲法性文件的制定和修改程序同普通法律一樣，其法律地位也是同議會制定的其他法律一樣。這一現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生的原因是由于英國憲法的非法典化，但最主要的原因是沒有任何一屆議會能夠約束它的繼任議會，也沒有任何議會不能改變它的前任議會的立法，這樣，在英國的政治實踐中，很難形成關(guān)于憲法限制或權(quán)限的統(tǒng)一模式。

3、政治習(xí)慣的作用。政治習(xí)慣是在長期的政治實踐中形成的，為人們認(rèn)可和接受的行為規(guī)范。在英國，政治習(xí)慣是幾個世紀(jì)的有意識的努力的結(jié)果。這樣的政治習(xí)慣有：國王必須委任下議院的多數(shù)黨領(lǐng)袖組建政府，內(nèi)閣必須向議會負(fù)責(zé)并向議會報告工作等等。這些習(xí)慣被政治實踐者認(rèn)真遵守，以至于它們成了英國憲法的重要組成部分。

英國并不是嚴(yán)格意義上的三權(quán)分立國家。首相可以被看作當(dāng)代英國政治中最有權(quán)勢的人，首相是政府的首腦，是內(nèi)閣的主持人，是議會的議員，同時也是女王的最高政治顧問。首相、內(nèi)閣、議會三者之間的關(guān)系是：

議會（多數(shù)黨）←←←←←←←負(fù)責(zé)←←←←↑

↓領(lǐng)↑

↓袖↑

首相 —領(lǐng)導(dǎo)— 內(nèi)閣 —領(lǐng)導(dǎo)— 政府

與其他國家相比,英國的政治制度既古老而又有鮮明的特色,這主要體現(xiàn)在它的君主制與民主制的結(jié)合、“議會至上”的議會內(nèi)閣制。

英國選舉制度是單選區(qū)相對多數(shù)票取勝，這對兩大黨有利。一般而言，在大選中獲勝的大黨，都沒有得到總票數(shù)的50％，但當(dāng)選的議席超過一半以上而單獨(dú)執(zhí)政。不論工黨或保守黨獲勝都是如此。而自由黨最吃虧，它取得不低的得票率，但所獲得的國會議席很少，與得票率完全不成比例。（自由黨在1988年與從工黨分裂出去的社會民主黨合并，改稱為自由民主黨）。

英國的兩黨制并不是鐵板一塊、完美無缺的，它也存在著很多弊端。首先，從兩黨制中產(chǎn)生出來的執(zhí)政黨不能充分代表民意。英國兩黨制是由英國的選舉制度作保障的。英國現(xiàn)行選舉制度是單選區(qū)出線制，以大選中獲議席多少定勝負(fù)，而不是依選票情況。這就造成這樣一種矛盾現(xiàn)象：有時反對黨所得選票反而會超過執(zhí)政黨，其次，兩黨制對小黨的成長、發(fā)展極為不利。小黨在選舉中的得票率同其在下院所得席位不成比例。第三，兩黨制造成英國政治上的保守。最后，兩黨制促進(jìn)了英國公眾中的政治冷淡主義傾向。兩大壟斷政權(quán)，使得許多對兩黨都不喜歡的人無從選擇。在大選中，一部分這種人把選票投給了他較不討厭的那個大黨，而相當(dāng)一部分選民根本就不參加投票。投票率低是英國的一個突出現(xiàn)象。盡管投票率在整個西方國家都有下降趨勢，但英國屬于最低的國家之一。

今年的英國大選，打破了兩黨制傳統(tǒng)。