第一篇：大玲小學英語教學法論文

簡約不簡單 忙碌不盲目

-------小學英語教學之我見

從教近二十年來，一線的教學工作讓我積累總結出了自己的一些教學經驗，下面我將從兩個角度展開。第一，在提高學生英語口語教學實踐中我進行了一些有益的嘗試。有效提高外語口語能力的訓練方式：以教材的文本為依托，以學生靈活運用口語進行對話的方式，以提高學生學習英語的主動參與性為目的，增強學生口語能力。第二，我在課堂教學過程中努力做到教學情趣化和教學評價多元化。作為站在講臺上的一線教師，我們要探求正確的方法，因勢利導，激發學生的求知欲，正確引導，不能使孩子們失去學習英語的興趣，要盡可能的開展愉快教學，有屬于自己的方法和技巧。

其實我們小學階段的英語教學，目的就是為了培養學生的口語交際能力。為了發展學生的語言能力，首先要發展他的思維能力，擷取身邊的平凡小事，通過學生自身實踐來表達周圍事物。再者，課堂上組織活動引發學生感受新知識進行口語對話，巧借適度拓展；最后放大創造空間為學生提供口語訓練的機會。教師只有不斷為學生搭建訓練平臺，學生的口語表達能力才會不斷提升，不斷豐富。這就需要教師的精到的示范，更要求教師善于激發學生的學習興趣，尤其是開口表達的欲望。為此我不斷摸索有效提高外語口語能力的訓練方式：以教材的文本為依托，以學生靈活運用口語進行對話的方式，以提高學生學習英語的主動參與性為目的，增強學生口語能力。就此，我在教學實踐中進行了一些有益的嘗試。

一

豐富口語訓練策略，“簡約而不簡單”。

課堂教學不只滿足于“傳道、授業、解惑”的傳統功能和作用，努力探索真正以學生為主體、教師為主導，多采用討論、交流、表演、活動、讀寫等教學方法，充分挖掘學生的語言潛能。教師應把“說”的機會留給學生，從而將學生由被動接受知識推向自主學習，讓學生真正成為學習的主人。

1、對話表演---口語學習的催化劑

課堂對話表演是指學生在課堂上用各種表演形式而進行語言學習的一種有效載體。課堂對話表演具有較強的綜合性，它集認知領域、情感領域和身體領域于一體，有利于教育目標的達成。我們的英語課堂，不僅是聽和說的課堂，更是表演的舞臺。基本上每個模塊，我們都要求學生在第二節課上給老師和同學們做匯報表演。當然，一些簡單的對話基本上當堂課孩子們就會完成。

我也鼓勵學生自編對話，表演出來，如在表演英語課本劇的初始階段，學生先會對所學的小故事進行改編，為自己喜歡的角色配上對話。

學生從 “說英文”中感受樂趣，以至自然而然把知識運用于日常生活中。增加語言輸入量，使學生之間的交流內容更豐富，不局限于教材。

2、游戲----口語提升的潤滑劑

在小學英語教學中，課堂活動和游戲獨具魅力，它是教學獲得成功的一條捷徑。它是學習者對語言深一層次內化，需要以理解為前提，通過某種形式再現出來。小學英語實驗教材提供了大量的活動設計素材，使口語訓練能孕育在肥沃的語言土壤里，也能馳騁在廣闊的語言學習天地里，它既符合小學生身心特點，又符合語言學習規律，也深受孩子們的喜愛。以字母的學習為例，可以開展貼膏藥或者找鄰居的游戲形式進行教學。因此在教學中，挖掘教材，靈活地處理所學語言材料，讓學生用真摯的感情、生動的語言、形象的動作來感知、模仿、交流，上臺進行精彩的游戲活動、成功的展示。那么，毫無疑問，活動讓英語課堂注入了活力。

3、讀寫---口語鞏固的防腐劑

書寫是英語口語學習的一種防腐劑。因為英語學習過程需要不斷地與遺忘作斗爭。小學階段學寫英語句子和短小語篇，學生錯誤率較高。他們課后糾錯、訂正、教師重批可謂是勞民傷財，弄得兩敗俱傷。我就定期的給學生發英語書寫紙，然后把他們完成的活頁紙以小組為單位張貼在教室四周墻壁上，向全體同學展示，讓其他的學社當“偵察員”，仔細檢查。他們精神抖擻，斗志昂揚，迅速高質量地完成“偵察”任務，并予以指正。漸漸地，學生們的書寫正確率和美觀性都上了一個臺階。

二 課堂學習豐富多彩“忙碌而不盲目”

（一）課課都講情趣化，英語學習很high。

俗話說，“興趣是最好的老師”。一節課，學生愛不愛上，關鍵看它能否激起學生的學習興趣。在教學過程中，老師應該安排一些興趣活動。如：唱歌、游戲、繞口令等，運用這些靈活的教學方法，讓學生在“樂中學”又在“學中樂”。在我們的日常生活中，成功總是結伴而行的。那么教師就應該在教育中運用好表現——成功——快樂三部曲法，調動學生的情緒，讓他們在很“high”的氣氛既學到了知識又娛樂了心情。

1、用簡潔、明快、風趣的言語創造輕松愉快的課堂。

課堂上，教師精力充沛，情緒飽滿，講課時面帶微笑，對學生熱情而有耐心。學生答對時，老師記得常說“Good.Yes.Ok.Well-done.Thank you.You are great.Wonderful”如果學生說錯了，老師要說“Try again.Don't worry.”學生覺得很難表達而想放棄時，教師會鼓勵說“Try your best.”所以學生回答問題時就無后顧之憂，課堂發言會積極踴躍。

2、多鼓勵學生。

成年人在工作和生活中需要領導的鼓勵，上司的欣賞，更何況是未成年的小學生，教師對學生的表揚能提高學生學習的積極性，在學生的心里發展過程中將會逐步轉化為學習的動力，產生意想不到的學習效果。鼓勵和表揚的方式有很多，對單個回答問題好的學生，我會說“very good”，“It is right”。或者是全體學生為某個學生答對了問題而集體鼓掌或齊聲說“right”，“great”等。

通過靈活多變的教學方法來保持學生的情緒。靈活多樣的教學方法能夠刺激學生，使之處于興奮狀態，也能保持良好的學習情緒。例如，在學習“cat,dog,dragon”等動物單詞時，我讓學生在讀完單詞后，做一個有關動物的動作，在讀完cat后，我自己會做一個“喵”的動作，學生看了，情緒高漲，全都開始模仿，也很快記住了cat這個單詞，學習dog這個單詞時，我也利用這一種方法，做了一個“汪汪”的動作，學生聽了樂不可支，學起來很高興，記起來自然也輕松多了；還有，在講授頭部各器官時，我讓學生動起手來，做起了“touch your eyes , touch your nose”的游戲，在游戲中孩子們很快掌握了各個器官的英文單詞，并能很快的脫口而出這些單詞。

3、模擬語言情境，再現真實生活樂趣。

小學英語新課程理念之一就是體現真實動態原則，形成用英語參加綜合運用活動的興趣。傳統教育只注重照本宣科，學了十幾年英語，面對用英語進行生產勞動實踐卻顯得茫然無助。這種怪圈現象就是忽視了“學以致用”這一學習目的，以至于造就了眾多的高分低能的“人才”。知識來源于生活，只有將知識融入到生活中，才不會死讀書，讀死書。生活是五彩繽紛的，取材于生活的課堂活動更富有鮮活氣息。如：打電話、買東西、看電影、過生日、上班、上學、爬山、游泳、逛超市等等。學生在任務活動中交流學習，從而學會如何在實際生活中去運用，培養了學生綜合運用語言的能力。

英語教學是一個常學常新的課題。每一次上課，都會有新的問題，新的收獲，新的心得體會，這些都會督促我們去找出問題的關鍵所在，不斷地探索出新的教學方法。只有自己不斷的發現問題、解決問題，才能進步，這樣我的學生們也會多多受益。

（二）設計靈活多樣的教學方法，促進課堂紀律。

教師的課堂設計也會影響到課堂紀律，老師如果備課不充分，教學方法設計不靈活，也不能吸引學生的注意力，導致課堂紀律不良行為的發生，因此教師要精心設計教學方法，充分吸引學生的注意力，調動學生的學習積極性。

1、面向全體學生

良好的課堂紀律還跟學生在課堂上的投入程度，取得的成就感直接掛鉤。有的學生并不是不想說好英語,而是由于沒有聯系的機會,久而久之,說的英語就越不倫不類,膽量越來越小,越不敢開口說英語。課堂培養了部分尖子生,成了極少一部分學生展示才華的舞臺,扼殺了注意里不集中，不愛說話,內向的學生的積極性。也給這部分學生造就了分散注意力，說話，做小動作的機會。

因此在小學英語教學中要充分調動每一個學生的積極性。面向全體,著眼基礎,縮小差距，努力創設良好的課堂教學環境，使每個學生都能參與各種操練活動。如學習新單詞和新句型時的連鎖操練法、兩人小組、4人小組操練等，要力爭讓每位同學都有開口講英語的機會。在教學中應堅持因材施教的教學原則，注意學生的個體差異，課堂活動要注意學生的能力層次。比較難的問題讓好學生回答，以點帶面，起到火車頭的示范引導作用，發揮他們的特長，培養尖子生。簡單的問題讓給程度差一點的學生，老師感覺他們能回答出來，并及時的給予肯定和表揚，讓他們找到成就感，幫助他們增強自信心，激發他們的學習興趣。使他們在原有的基礎上逐步提高，最終達到教學基本要求。維持長久的英語學習興趣，形成良好的課堂紀律。

2、游戲教學

小學英語是入門教學，應把培養學生學習英語的興趣放在首位，寓教于樂。組織課堂教學時，要注意結合兒童好動、愛說、愛唱、善于模仿等特點，通過說唱、游戲等方式使學生主動、大膽、愉快地參與教學活動。

游戲滿足了兒童的天性，在游戲中激發他們的思維是他們最愿意接受的。游戲解決了兒童“學與玩”的矛盾，它可以滿足兒童自我表現欲望強烈的需求。若能將知識融于游戲中，在課堂教學中把游戲和教學結合起來，使教學游戲化，讓學生在情趣盎然的游戲中練習所學的知識，在蹦蹦跳跳中學英語，那么學生就會學得快，記得牢，也不會覺得學習內容枯燥，樂于參與，自然也樂于學習，不再有多余的精力去做一些與學習無關的事情。

3、小組合作學習

合作學習是小組或團隊為了共同的任務，既有明確分工又有相互協作的互助性學習，是教師引導學生自主學習的重要組織形式，它有利于培養學生合作意識和合作技能，有利于學生之間的交流與溝通，有利于培養學生的團隊精神。

在我的教學生活中，小組合作有三種組織形式，第一種組織形式是四人一組的合作學習，第二種組織形式是兩人小組的合作學習。第三種就是全班性的合作學校。

小組的人員應該是相對固定的，不能朝定夕改。當然，也不是說小組人員一經確定，就不能改變了，也允許有合理的調整，但最好是在學期初。小組內發生矛盾和鬧意見時,教師要做好協調工作。

小組合作學習能發揮學生的學習的主動性，讓人人都能親身經歷知識的獲得過程。而不單調的教師講學生聽的被動接受。.在小組中盡可能的盡情玩耍、好奇、活動,也活躍了課堂氣氛。學生愉快的消化新知，老師輕松的指導學習。課堂活而不亂。

4、競賽促教學

小學生集體榮譽感強，好勝心切，教師要因勢利導運用這種心理特征。競賽不僅能促進小學英語教學質量的大幅度提高，還能加強小學生對英語基礎知識和基本技能的掌握,并在此基礎上培養學生初步運用英語的能力,將小學英語教學提高到一個新的水平。還能形成良好的課堂紀律。在課堂上進行小的競賽，如比賽記憶單詞，小組比賽，男女生比賽，表演對話，書寫比賽，英語短劇比賽，講故事比賽等，參加過比賽的同學明顯的優越于其他同學，起到了榜樣的力量。

無論是怎樣的一堂課，都有出彩和缺憾的地方，只要我們肯于鉆研，勤于學習，能把學生的注意力牢牢抓在手里，我們的課堂就是成功的，教學路漫漫且修遠，我將會一如既往的堅持不懈。

山東省濰坊市寒亭外國語小學英語組張曉玲 張曉靜

郵編261100

郵箱 daling963@163.com

電話***

第二篇：小學英語教學法論文

小學英語教學法論文

在小學英語教學中，常見的教學方法有“情景教學法”、“交際會話法”等眾多教學方法。本人就自己從事小學英語幾年以來的經驗，總結小學英語教學中的一些常用方法，以下就是對這些常用方法的簡樸歸納。

在小學英語教學中，常見的教學方法有“情景教學法”、“交際會話法”等眾多教學方法。本人就自己從事小學英語幾年以來的經驗，總結小學英語教學中的一些常用方法，以下就是對這些常用方法的簡樸歸納。

一、聽:英語教學不僅要教學生英文的語言知識，更重要的是教學生把握英語的言語技能，因此，眾多英語專家都強調“聽說領先”的重要性。詳細到小學英語的“聽”的教學，就是：“從學生學的方面來說，要多聽老師、磁帶或其他聲音媒體的范讀，也要有針對性地對比著聽聽同學、自己的讀音與范讀的異同；從教師教的方面來說，不僅要多聽學生（尤其要多聽單個學生）的發音，以檢驗自己的教學成果，而且自己也要多聽標準語音，不斷提高自身的語音水平。”

二、說:此處所指的“說”不僅包括“說話”，包括“朗讀”。聽了范讀之后，經過內部消化，再用“說”的方式將學習的成果表達出來，這才是學習英語的一大目的。詳細說就是：“從學生學的方面說，認真模仿和跟讀范讀者所讀的字母、音素、單詞、句子等，并常常朗讀所學內容，在盡可能的情況下，多運用英語與他人交際；從老師教的方面說，在課堂上要堅持用英語教英語，在課外也要盡可能用英語與學生交流。”

三、讀:這里所指的“讀”專指“閱讀”，而不包括“朗讀”。小學階段學生由于所學英語詞匯量少，閱讀能力一般較差。但應盡量創造機會，讓學生從開始學英語就培養閱讀的習慣、多找一些與自己所學英語水平相匹配的英語讀物來閱讀，以鞏固和發展所學英語知識。詳細說就是：“從學生學的方面說，要常常閱讀已學過的課文、對話和教師自編的小短文、小話劇、現有的簡易英語讀物等；從老師教的方面說，要多多閱讀有關本專業和教學方面的書籍，增強自身素質，提高自編短文的水平，多看學生的習作。”

四、寫：與“讀”相似，小學生“寫”的水平有限，但又不能完全不寫。要本著學以致用、邊學邊用、用以促學的原則，從一開始就加緊“寫”的訓練。詳細說就是：“從學生學的方面說，要多做連詞成句、修改病句、翻譯、看圖寫話、小日記、小短文等訓練；從老師教的方面說，要常常給學生撰寫可供閱讀的短文、可供表演的短劇等。”

五、畫：畫畫不僅能提高學生學習的積極性、展現部分學生特長，而且能盡可能避免本族語的干擾、讓學生把英語直接與事物的形象結合起來。在教學過程中，不管學生畫得象還是不象，教師都應該多表揚他，讓學生大膽聯想、大膽畫，因為此處畫畫的目的只是表達學生的思想，即使不象，只要能讓人看懂就行了。詳細說就是：“從學的方面說，可以用圖畫表達所學詞的意思，或用連環畫的形式表達一個句子的意思；從教的方面說，要多用簡筆畫來輔助教學，幫助學生理解。”

六、思：雖然小學生的認識活動以感性認識為主，但若不從一開始就加以理性認識方面的指導，學生往往學得很膚淺，甚至與教師的期望大有差異。因此，充分給予學生以思索的機會將對學生學習起到“畫龍點睛”的作用。具體說就是：“從學的方面說，要常常思索‘教師所教知識自己是否已聽懂？’、‘自己的發音與標準音有多少差別？’、‘現在所學的知識與以前所學的知識有什么聯系？’、‘怎樣讓學習的效果更好？’等問題；從教的方面說，要常常思索‘自己教學的方法是否得當？’‘學生的學習效果如何？’‘怎樣用更好的方法達到效果？’等問題。

七、演：現行小學英語教材中每課都有情景對話，因此每一課都可以設計出一個小短劇讓學生去表演。這樣，可以大大提高學生上課時的愛好。具體說就是：“從學生學的方面說，每學一課對話之時，就要

第三篇：英語教學法論文

“授人以魚，不如授人以漁”。讓學生學會學習，學會考慮已成為當前中國教育研討的熱點。國家教委最新頒布的《九年義務教育全日制初級中學英語教學大綱》（下簡稱新大綱）對中學英語教學目的、要求等方面問題作了明確的規定，培育學生的綜合應用才能、加強學生的自主學習才能歸入了教學目的之中，這就請求廣闊的英語教育工作者改動原來注重教師“如何教”轉為注重學生“如何學”這一層面上來，使學生變原來被動的“承受性”學習為主動的“發現性”學習或”探求性”學習——自主學習。

（一）講授是學校教學最重要的傳授辦法。

學生學習主要是快速承受已有的文化學問，因而，講授法最重要。但是，學習是一種被能動性的肉體活動，不能無視其心理學根底，并要催生出學習的快樂心境，所謂“知之者不如好之者，好之者不如樂知者”。否則，講授必然招致學生的融會貫通，學習變得單調乏味。“寶劍鋒從磨礪出，梅花香自苦寒來”，制度化教育同樣無法逃避和超越的；學習是“被動催生能動，磨礪衍生快樂”、“并在磨礪中走向解放”的理論，它依賴教學辦法的教育性。“教育性教學的辦法的根本問題不是教會學習者他還不會的東西，而是如何請求學習者對學習對象停止討論，以使這種請求的作用不是直接從這種請求中產生，而是經過這種請求所激起的對學習對象的討論而構成的。”換言之，教師要擅長引導學生將學問探究與生成轉化為學生自己的愿望意志，從“要我學”變為“我要學”。

（二）角色扮演法

在教學過程中，變以教師為中心為以學生為中心。在課堂活動中，以學生為中心，是指解說由大家一同講，改錯時大家一同改，而教師則是這一活動的組織者、指導者、參與者、協助者、諧和者和評判者。言語不是“教會”的，而是“練會”的，因而，必需強調學生的客觀能動性。教師既要想方設法地調動學生的積極性，鼓舞學生參與教學，發揮他們的客觀能動性，也要給予正確的指導和協助。在課堂上，教師停止必要的解說之后，能夠請學生們自在組合朗誦對話，并依據所學對話的典型句型，讓學生本人盤繞本單元話題編寫內容類似的小對話上臺扮演，再由學生選出本節課的優秀拍檔，予以褒揚和鼓舞，這種做法能使他們遭到鼓舞，會有一種成就感，這樣他們很快就會克制畏難、羞怯等心理障礙，大膽地用英語表達，促進英語學習興味，進步運用言語的才能。

中學英語教學要給學生打好口頭、筆頭的方面的基礎。學好語法有助于打好這兩方面的基礎。對學生進行聽說訓練不應視為只能聽懂、會說現成的套句，要培養學生舉一反三的能力。交際能力是一項包含 多方面、多層次的知識和能力在內的綜合能力，在中學英語教學中不宜提倡培養學生的交際能力，應大力提倡 培養為交際初步運用英語的能力這一教學要求。我國的英語教學受制于我們的社會制度、英語的特點、教學目的、學生特點等因素。這些因素決定了我們 英語教學的特點。一 對中學英語教學目的的認識

（一）打好初步的基礎新大綱對義務教育全日制初級中學英語教學目的規定為：通過聽、說、讀、寫的訓練，使學生獲得英語基礎知識和為交際初步運用

英語的能力，激發學生的學習興趣，養成良好的學習習慣，為進一步學習打好初步 的基礎；使學生受到思想品德、愛國主義和社會主義等方面的教育；發展學生的思維能力和自學能力。對學生進行聽、說、讀、寫訓練，培養學生為交際初步運用英語的能力都是為了打好初步的基礎。打好初步的基礎，應包括打好口語和書面語兩方面的基礎。為此，要求學生要切實掌握英語的語音、語調和拼讀技巧；掌握基本句型和習語；掌握基本語法知識和一定量詞匯及其用法；掌握詞的變化規律和一般構成 規律；掌握閱讀技巧以形成語言能力(linguistie competence)和言語能力(speechcompetence)。打好初步的基礎不能簡單地理解為只會說幾句裝配好的現成的套話這樣一個簡單概念上。英漢兩種語言不是同族同宗語言，有各自的發生發展過程，有各自的特點。兩種語言在語音、語法、詞匯三方面相差甚遠，兩種語言的形態、結構有很大差異。這導致學生在學習英語過程中難點多，形成語言能 力和言語能力的困難多。所以，為了打好初步的基礎，對中國學生來說，必須學好英語的語言結構，這樣才能 形成組詞成句組句成篇的能力，這樣才能形成舉一反三觸類旁通的能力。當前初中學生學英語，由于使用新教材，學生的聽說能力有很大增強。但這種增強，似有些虛假成分。如有的學生的聽說能力范圍只限于書本上的話，把書上的話稍加變動便聽不懂說不出來。產生這種現象的原因是語法問題沒有解決。語言能力源于語法知識。語言能力包括理解和表達兩個層次的內容。理解在先，表達在后。語言的理解能力是語言表達能力的先決條件。沒有充分的理解，便不可能產生有效的表達。掌握一

門外語的關鍵是弄通和 內化這門外語的結構，而掌握語法是通向這一目標的最佳途徑。

聽、說、讀、寫全面訓練，不同階段略有側重。在中學英語教學過程中，既要重視口頭訓練，又要重視筆頭訓練，二者應有機結合，綜合訓練，互相促進，不可偏廢。學生在學英語時，口語和書面語符合幾乎同時出現。這對培養學生聽、說、讀、寫四種能力的均衡、協調發展很有好處。語言能力和言語能力的綜合訓練，口語能力和書面能力的綜合訓練，是語言教學成功的關鍵。我們的中學生一般在11-12歲間上中學，17-18歲間高中畢業。在這六個年級三個階段里，學英語的特點各不相同。在初級階段（初中1-2年級）學生年齡較小，模仿力強，語言的羞恥感差，是重點進行聽說訓練的好機會。在這個階段把聽說技能培養出來，就為進入中、高級階段打下較好的基礎。反之，在這個階段如果放棄了聽說 訓練，在中、高級級階段便不容易學下去。中級階段（初中2年級——高中1年級）是過渡階段。這個階段除要繼續抓好聽說訓練外，還要引導學生開 展閱讀訓練。與此同時還要逐漸完善語法教學內容，豐富學生的詞匯量為進入以培養閱讀能力為主的高級階段打下基礎。高級階段（高中2-3年級），由于學生心理方面的微妙變化，他們非常重視語言的客觀評價，不大愿意開口，怕說錯讓別人笑話。經驗證明，在這個階段才開始抓聽說訓練為時已晚，其效果往往不完全令人滿意。這個階段的重點應放在抓閱讀訓練和綜合技能提高這兩個方面，但也要注意學生的口語訓練。二 盡量使用英語，適當利用母語。在英語課堂上師生要盡量多用英語。

教師說英語即為學生提供了聽的機會；師生對話、學生之間對話，也 為學生創造了聽說的條件。但在教學過程中并不排除必要時可以使用漢語。有時還可以采用英漢夾雜的辦法講課。如講抽象詞、復雜 的語法規則，用英語講學生就很難接受，用漢語講既可節省時間、分散難點，又有助于提高教學效果。為了實現原則上用英語講課的要求，教師可以采用非語言手段引導學生聽懂英語。在學生整個學英語過程中，母語對英語的干擾和促進作用是極為明顯的。排除其干擾作用，發揮其促進作用，這是教師的經常性工作。三 發揮教師的指導作用，充分調動學生的主動性和積極性。在教學過程中，教師是時刻都在起作用的因素。教師的指導作用體現在對教學內容的安排，重點、關鍵的 確定，教學活動的組織與實施等方面。教師本人的品德、素質，如語音語調、語言的流利程度、書寫的規范程 度等方面，對學生來說就是最有說服力的教材。課堂上教師要面向全體學生，關心全體學生的全面發展，培養學生學英語的興趣，做到既教書又育人。教師要調動學生學英語的主動性和積極權性，使學生樂于參加言語實踐活動，在教師指導下積極操練語言，成為課堂的主人。

認識中學英語教學的目的和特點，會使教師在教學過程中目標更加明確，行為更加自覺，操作過程更加合理，從而促進教學質量的不斷提高，對形成有中國特色的英語教學體系，有十分重要的意義。

第四篇：論文英語教學法

任務型英語教學法探析

關鍵詞：任務型教學法英語教學法

摘要：任務型教學法是一種優勢明顯的教學方法，根據筆者的調研，它的實施情況因學校差異而有不同，附中的教學方式較陳舊，一中的教學方式相對先進。同時，本文根據具體情況提出了四點改進意見。

《英語課程標準》指出，教師應該避免單純傳授語言知識的教學方法，盡量采用“任務型”的教學途徑。當前所倡導的任務型教學途徑是在交際教學法的基礎上發展起來的，是以“語言習得和學習策略”為理論基礎，以學生活動為課堂主體，以學生發展為教學目的的先進教學模式。由于任務型教學法是以二語習得為背景而創設的，英語在中國屬于外語，非第二語言，學生除了在課堂上有機會接觸，在課堂外根本沒有使用環境，所以在使用任務型教學法時應根據中國的實際國情來加以改編。任務型教學法使用現狀及其分析

1.1 課堂觀摩時間和對象

為了中學任務型教學法的使用情況，本人對本市兩所具有代表性的中學進行了為期30課時的課堂觀摩，觀摩對象包括初一至高三各個年級。在課堂觀摩后還和任課教師進行了深入的交談，以進一步了解班級學生水平和教師上課情況。

1.2 課堂觀摩事項

在課堂觀摩中主要從以下五個方面進行觀察：（1）教師的教學

方法；（2）教師話語；（3）教學設計；（4）學生參與情況；（5）教學目標（包括語言知識、技能、情感態度、學習策略和文化意識五個方面）。

1.3 現狀分析

附中高中教師的教學方法屬于傳統的語法翻譯法，整堂課中教師80%是使用母語進行教學，基本上是照本宣科式教學。在教學目標完成情況方面，語言知識目標實現較好，而語言技能、情感態度、學習策略和文化意識這四個方面不合格。總體來講，附中高中英語教學沒有較好地應用《標準》所倡導的“任務型”教學。

附中初中教師的教學方法比高中教師的教學方法更靈活一些，以聽說法為主，以傳統的語法翻譯法為輔，課中教師30%是使用母語進行教學。教學設計基本上是以鍛煉學生的語言技能和語言知識為主的對話式教學，形成“教師為主導、學生為主體”的教學模式。雖然學習興趣被激發，大部分學生積極參與其中，但未發現有關 “任務”的設計與實施的痕跡。從教學目標完成情況來看，語言技能、語言知識和情感態度這三方面實現較好，但學習策略和文化意識這兩個方面尚有欠缺。總體來講，附中初中英語教學基本體現《標準》所倡導的教育理念和內容標準，但是“任務型”教學法有待提高。同時，筆者對初高中英語教學中任務型教學法使用情況進行調研。高中教師的教學方法傾向于任務型教學法，整堂課中教師95%的時間使用英語進行教學。教學設計基本上符合任務型教學法的設計思路，以任務為中心，學生用英語來完成任務，在潛移默化中習得外語。以學生為中心的課

堂模式，學生是主動的任務完成者，教師相當于組織者和輔導者，大部分時間是師生和生生進行互動，教學內容廣泛，多媒體教學生動形象，具有很強的趣味性，幾乎每個人都沉浸在學習的愉悅之中。在教學目標完成方面，五個方面基本上合格。總體來講，贛一中高中英語教學較好地體現了《標準》所倡導的教育理念、內容標準和“任務型”教學。

初中教師的教學方法則比高中教師的教學方法略為遜色，初中教學沒有多媒體其初中英語教學水平與附中初中英語教學無太大差異。解決方案

現在，初中屬于義務教育，在招生時都無權分級，都是通過搖號分學校分班級，故初中學生總體水平無太大差異，所以在兩所中學的初中進行課堂觀摩時并無發現其英語教學有太大差異。由于高中暫不屬于義務教育，能否進高中或進重點高中，都由其中考分數決定的，所以在生源方面附中就已經不如一中；加之，附中不屬于市重點學校，政府的經費投入大大少于一中，故師資力量遜色于一中。因此，附中高中英語教學方式陳舊落后是由多方面因素造成的。筆者根據以上因素提出以下解決方案：

（1）國家政府機構應加大欠發達城市的教育投資力度，并督促其有效實施新課程標準，使教育實現真正的公平，讓欠發達城市的學生也能接受素質教育，體會新課改帶來的益處。

（2）市教育局應加大對贛南師院附中的教育經費投入比重，改善

教學環境，提高師資力量。加強普通中學教師的在職培訓，更新教師的教學理念。定期派教育研究人員指導附中教學工作，督促其盡早實現由傳統的語法翻譯法向任務型教學法的轉變。

（3）學校應積極配合政府的要求，對教師實施不同的教育手段（如會議、座談會、培訓、定期教研活動等等），以提高教師素質，轉變教師陳舊的教學觀念，使之向新課標教學理念靠攏。

（4）教師應不斷學習新的教育理念，以在職培訓或繼續深造的方式，不斷充電，及早實現自我素養提升。在教學中，不斷向學生灌輸新的教學理念，培養學生終身學習和獨立思考的能力，發掘學生的內在潛能，發揮學生的不同優勢。

參考文獻

[1]Numan, D.Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classroom, Cambridge University Press 1999.[2]程曉堂.任務型語言教學[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2004.7.[3]魯子問.任務型教學的課堂教學程序探討[J].中小學外語教學,2002(2)

第五篇：英語教學法論文

通過拓展知識提高閱讀理解能力

學生姓名： 指導老師：

摘 要：隨著語言教學技術的進步，老師逐漸把教學的重點都轉移到語言技能上。這是語言教學的一次銳變，正因為如此，各個技能的教學上都存在不足還有很大的提升空間。英語教學的四個技能分別是聽、說、讀、寫。閱讀理解是英語技能教學中的一個重要部分。因此，本文的主要內容就是如何提高閱讀理解能力。在文中筆者將分析如何通過知識拓展來提高閱讀能力。文章共有五個部分。第一部分中筆者將對文章進行簡單介紹。筆者在第二部分重點分析了閱讀理解能力的兩個組成部分--非知識技能和知識性技能。第三部分中，筆者闡述了知識拓展的意義、方法、以及如何運用到具體教學中去。第四部分，筆者分析了在提高閱讀理解能力的過程中可能會遇到的一些問題，以及相應的解決措施。最后一部分，筆者對文章進行了總結，并再次強調知識拓展對閱讀能力提高的意義。

關鍵詞：閱讀理解能力；知識的拓展；

Improving Reading Comprehension Ability by

Expanding Knowledge

Undergraduate: Supervisor:

Abstract: With the advances in technology of language teaching, teachers’ teaching focus gradually has shifted to language skills.This is a sharp change in language teaching, because of this, there exist inadequacies and there is still much room for improvement of these skills.The four skills of English language teaching are respectively listening, speaking, reading and writing.Reading comprehension is an important part in them.Therefore, the main content of this paper is to improve reading comprehension skills.In this paper the author analyzes how to expand knowledge to improve reading ability.The article consists of five parts.In the first part, the author makes a brief introduction of this paper.The second part focuses on the analysis of the reading comprehension ability------non-knowledge skills and knowledge skills.In the third part, the author expounds the meaning of expanding knowledge, the methods of expanding knowledge, and how to apply to specific teaching.The fourth part, the author analyzes some problems that students may encounter in the process of improving reading comprehension ability, as well as the corresponding solutions.In the last part, the author makes a summary of the article and re-emphasizes the meaning of expanding knowledge to improve reading ability.Key words: reading comprehension ability;expansion of knowledge;

Contents

1.Introduction................................................................................................................5 2.Brief introduction of reading comprehension ability.................................................5 2.1 Basic skills of reading..........................................................................................5 2.1.1 Skimming and scanning..............................................................................6 2.1.2 Extensive reading and intensive reading.....................................................6 2.1.3 Choosing a proper skill...............................................................................7 2.1.3.1 According to reading purpose...................................................................7 2.1.3.2 According to style of reading materials....................................................7 2.2 Knowledge skills of reading.................................................................................8 2.2.1 Vocabulary and basic knowledge of grammar.............................................8 2.2.2 Psychological feelings and cognitive psychological processes...................8 2.2.3 Cultural differences and background knowledge........................................9 3.Expending knowledge..............................................................................................10 3.1 Signification of broadening knowledge.............................................................10 3.2 Expending knowledge from the teachers’ part...................................................10 3.2.1 Choosing suitable materials for students...................................................10 3.2.1.1 Materials from magazines, newspapers and novels...............................10 3.2.1.2 Materials from Internet, radios and movies............................................11 3.2.2 Cultivating students’ awareness of expanding knowledge........................12 3.2.2.1 Cultivating this kind of awareness by testing.........................................12 3.2.2.2 Cultivating this kind of awareness by knowledge contests....................12 3.2.2.3 Cultivating this kind of awareness by playing games............................13 3.2.3 Cultivating students’ good habits during expending knowledge...............13 3.2.3.1 The habit of making notes......................................................................13 3.2.3.2 The habit of asking and answering questions.........................................14 3.3.3.3 The habit of summarizing.......................................................................14 3.3 Expending knowledge from the students’ part...................................................15 3.3.1 Learning to find useful information..........................................................15 3.3.1.1 According to the style of reading materials............................................15 3.3.1.2 According to the current events..............................................................15 3.3.1.3 According to the history of English countries........................................15 3.3.2 Respecting the individual characteristics..................................................16 3.3.2.1 Choosing a suitable way.........................................................................16 3.3.2.2 Finding an interesting point....................................................................16 3.3.3 Cooperating with others............................................................................17 3.3.3.1 Sharing resource.....................................................................................17 3.3.3.2 Reciting the key points...........................................................................17 3.3.3.3 Checking the results by testing...............................................................18 4.Possible deficiencies and solutions during improving reading ability.....................18 4.1 Some possible problems.....................................................................................18 4.1.1 Lack of perseverance.................................................................................18 4.1.2 Lack of doing exercises.............................................................................19 4.1.3 Lack of knowledge in vocabulary and grammar.......................................19 4.2 Some proposals to solve these problems............................................................19 4.2.1 Helping students to learn...........................................................................19 4.2.2 Arranging practice tasks............................................................................20 4.2.3 Strengthening basic knowledge.................................................................20 5.Conclusion...............................................................................................................20 Bibliography................................................................................................................22 Acknowledgment.........................................................................................................23

1.Introduction Language is a necessary tool of human communication.There are about 200 languages.English is an official language in 52 countries as well as many small colonies and territories.It has become the most useful language to learn for international travel and is now the language of diplomacy.English is also the dominant language in electronic communication.English is necessary for us.The best way to improve English is to improve English skills---listening, speaking, reading, and writing.In this paper, the author will analyze the improvement of reading comprehension ability.Reading is a very important part among them and reading is very difficult for students.Firstly, this part is very important and difficult in testing.Meanwhile, the cloze also has close links with reading.When people are learning to read, many teachers or students will focus on vocabulary and grammars, ignoring the relationship among reading and knowledge.Therefore, in this paper, the author will analyze the improvement of reading comprehension ability and the expansion of knowledge.Reading comprehension ability can be divided into two parts.One is the basic reading skills.The other is knowledge skills.The knowledge is indispensable to reading.The expansion of knowledge is necessary.Sometimes, some people have enough vocabulary and a good knowledge of grammar, but they can not read smoothly and finish their exercises correctly.The reason is the lack of knowledge.The expansion of knowledge and English learning can not be separated.What’s more, when people are broadening their knowledge, they will think English learning is interesting, and they won’t feel bored.The point of the paper is how to expand knowledge to improve the reading comprehension ability.The author intends to expand knowledge from two aspects.The first one is on the teachers’ part.Teachers should help students to choose materials, and train the students reading interests, and let them develop good reading habits.The second part is on the students’ part.Students should learn to select reading materials, and to find a suitable way, and to cooperate with classmates.Then the author will analyze the possible problems during expanding knowledge.At last, the author will make a conclusion.2.Brief introduction of reading comprehension ability 2.1 Basic skills of reading Reading is to extract the required information from a written text as efficiently as possible(Zou Shen，Yang Rensheng 2005).There are different styles of reading according to different situations.The technique you choose will depend on the purpose for reading.For example, you might read for enjoyment, information, or completion for a task.If you are exploring or reviewing, you might skim a document.If you’re searching for information, you might scan for a particular word.You need to adjust your reading speed and technique depending on your purposes.In the following we will introduce four ways of reading and how to choose a reading way according to the reading purposes and the style of reading materials.2.1.1 Skimming and scanning Skimming is used to quickly identify the main ideas of a text.When you read newspapers, you’re probably not reading it word-by-word, and you will scan the text.Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than normal reading.People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time.Use skimming when you want to see if an article may be of interest in your research.There are many strategies that can be used when skimming.Some people read the first and last paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move down the page or screen.You might read the title, subtitles, subheading, and illustrations.Consider reading the first sentence of each paragraph.This technique is useful when you’re seeking specific information rather than reading for comprehension.Skimming works well to find dates, names, and places.It might be used to review graphs, tables, and charts.Scanning is a technique you often use when looking up a word in the telephone book or dictionary.You search for key words or ideas.In most cases, you know what you’re looking for, so you’re concentrating on finding a particular answer.Scanning involves moving your eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and phrases.Scanning is also used when you first find a resource to determine whether it will answer your questions.Once you’ve scanned the document, you might go back and skim it.When scanning, look for the author’s use of organizers such as numbers, letters, steps, or the words, first, second, or next.Look for words that are bold faced, italics, or in a different font size, style, or color.Sometimes the author will put key ideas in the margin.2.1.2 Extensive reading and intensive reading

Extensive reading is a kind of reading skill which emphasizes the speed of reading and is in order to understand the main idea of the paper.Extensive reading is used for reading a long piece of paper, or for leisure reading.This approach does not require a thorough understanding of the material, only emphasizes browsing effect, and pays attention to reading fluency.For example, when people read detective novels, they are usually employed in this way of reading.Compared with extensive reading, intensive reading, which is slow, careful reading of a small amount of difficult text – it is one focusing on the language rather than the text.Intensive reading is used for reading more esoteric material.It is not the pursuit of fluency speed, but the understanding of details or comprehension accuracy.For example, when people read the argumentative, they learn to use precise manner in order to understand the point of view, arguments and conclusions；When people comment on the style of literary works, people also need to read the works by precision, in order to accurately understand the essence of works.2.1.3 Choosing a proper skill 2.1.3.1 According to reading purpose Reading is regarded to be important because it can be entertaining and educational, can open up new worlds and enrich people’s life, and can improve hand-eye co-ordination and enhance social skills.People read for different purposes.Skimming and Scanning help students pick out specific information quickly, training them to tailor their reading rate depending on their purpose.(Edward B.Fry 1989)In this part, the author will introduce three purposes of reading and how to choose a suitable skill according to these purposes.1.Reading for survival.The type of reading is to satisfy a certain demand.For example, read the product price list, in order to make purchase decisions;read the road signs, in order to find the nearest metro station.In this kind of reading people need to find out some useful information, so we can scan.2.Reading for pleasure---reading relaxation in one’s spare time.For example, reading a novel on weekends.This kind of reading is just for fun or to pass the time.Therefore, people can skim or use intensive reading skill and extensive reading skill.3.Reading for learning.This type of reading is aimed at obtaining information and knowledge, broadening one’s vision, and enlarging one’s knowledge scales.This type of reading material can be professional or mass style.The purpose of reading is recent or long-term.Such reading is also included in order to master a foreign language.So this kind of reading needs intensive reading.2.1.3.2 According to style of reading materials There are three kinds of reading materials and they are expository, narrative, argumentative.Now the author will introduce how to choose a skill to analyze them.Firstly, Narration refers to the way that a story is told, and so belongs to the level of discourse.Different kinds of narration are categorized by each one’s primary grammatical stance.People should find out the narrator is in the story or not.What’s more, the narrative is the article which is used to describe things.Time, characters, locations, causes, through, the result is six elements of narrative.Therefore, people should scan when they are reading narratives.Secondly, the function of an argumentative essay is to show that one’s assertion(opinion, theory, and hypothesis)about some phenomenon or phenomena is correct or more truthful than others’.Argumentative writing is the act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion.It clearly explains the process of one’s reasoning from the known or assumed to the unknown.Therefore, people can use intensive reading skill to read them.Thirdly, the expository essay is a genre of essay that requires people to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner.It needs a clear, concise, and defined thesis statement that appears at the beginning of the essay.Expository writing aims to tell the reader something.The reader should scan to find detailed information.2.2 Knowledge skills of reading 2.2.1 Vocabulary and the basic knowledge of grammar If the sentences, paragraphs, articles are buildings, vocabulary is the building bricks.Therefore, vocabulary plays an important role in the construction of the language system.For a foreign language learner, the lack of vocabulary will not only affect the communication with others, but also restricts the further improvement of reading ability.From the long-term teaching, small vocabulary is one of the main obstacles to students’ English learning in China.In general, the vocabulary size of students is in proportion to reading speed.If the vocabulary size of students is larger, their reading speed will be faster.Solid knowledge of language is the basis of the various language skills.Therefore, it is also important to improve reading ability.Although grammars have been taught by teachers in the classroom, but the mastery of them often varies from person to person.Especially, we can find these phenomena in reading.When some students encounter some long, difficult sentences or sentences with complex insert ingredients, they can not analyze them correctly, resulting in misunderstanding, which affects the correct rate of the reading comprehension.Conversely, if they can master the sentences, syntactic structure during reading, even meet some new words, but they can also achieve a good understanding of the materials.Therefore, to lay a good language knowledge basis is to improve reading ability.Reading practice has proved that the language factor is the fundamental obstacles in reading, and only a solid knowledge of the language can improve the reading ability.2.2.2 Psychological feelings and cognitive psychological processes Psychological emotional differences will have an important impact on reading.There are many psychological emotional factors, such as learners’ motivation, interest, self-confidence and sense of anxiety, etc.Interest is the best motivation of learners.Psychologists believe that interest can make people’s psychological activities active, so that people’s thinking is more active.Therefore, interesting reading will have the best results.In the selection of reading material, you should strive for a selection of fun, novelty and diversity.Teachers by introducing knowledge in actual teaching can arouse students’ curiosity and interest in reading, and improve their reading comprehension ability.In short, a variety of content, a variety of genres and interesting reading exercises help to avoid the generation of the weary, to maintain and enhance students’ learning enthusiasm.Reading is a process of information processing, namely the acceptance, storage, conversion, extraction and use of information process.There are many different cognitive styles, leading to differences in cognitive strategies.“Bottom-up model” strategy has always been the traditional teaching of reading in China.The focus of its teaching is the smallest of the discourse composition.“Top-down mode is used in the United States.The pattern focuses on using known information to infer unknown information.Emphasis is placed on the interaction of language and thought, and the selection of the representative linguistic cues, such as the title and the main idea of the article.With the progressively understanding, these hypothesized be confirmed, denied or corrected, and finally readers understand the main idea.Practice has proved that the common defect performance of these two models of information transmission is unidirectional rather than bidirectional.Therefore, combination of these two modes can correctly understand the cognitive and is beneficial to improve the efficiency of reading.2.2.3 Cultural difference and background knowledge Language is living, is the carrier of culture.Every language has its development of soil.Reading comprehension should not only know the language itself, but also understand the development and change in the language transfer information and the implication of its deep meaning.Cultural differences between English and Chinese words mainly refer to the corresponding sense of cultural differences.The first one is the surface meaning of cultural differences;the second one is the deep meaning and background knowledge.These differences are due to cultural and historical influences.Therefore, if people want to improve the reading efficiency, they need to know the knowledge of English national history, society, culture and science.In addition, the East-West cultural psychological differences also exist.The two languages are different, so the psychological strategy taken by in reading process may be different.Chinese readers in the reading process prefer to use a decomposition strategy, while the English readers prefer to use centralized strategy.So foreign language reading teaching not only teaches a kind of knowledge and skills of communication, but also teaches a kind of deep cross-cultural language thinking training.Background knowledge and text production are related to socio-cultural and situational factors.Separated from background knowledge, foreign language teaching of reading has become a river without water.Of course, the impact of background knowledge on reading comprehension is multifaceted and multi-layered.It may affect individual expressions of understanding and may also affect on the overall understanding.Being not familiar with the background knowledge often leads to difficulties in understanding the main argument or central idea of the whole article or the whole book.3.Expending knowledge

3.1 Signification of broadening knowledge Language is tool which is used to communicate and each kind of language has his survival environment.For example, when a teacher teaches his/her students to learn some sentences, he/she must put these sentences in a particular situation.We call this situational teaching method.However, some people can’t make good use of this method.There are many complex words which have kinds of meanings.Such as, “compound”.Vocabulary and grammars and other important essentials of language can not leave its survival environment.The knowledge is the survival environment of language.Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, which includes information, facts, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education.If a gentle man meets a beautiful lady, and he wants to get married with her.He must be familiar with her, and then he can marry her.If people want to learn English well, he must have a good knowledge of English and English countries.We can know from above that when someone’s knowledge is extended, at the same time his reading ability will be improved.3.2 Expending knowledge from the teachers’ part 3.2.1 Choosing suitable materials for students Nowadays, it is easy to find something to read but teachers should choose suitable reading materials for students.These materials can be English and Chinese, but they should have relationship with English and English countries.The school is a good place for language learning.At school, students have access to more useful learning materials, and have a better learning atmosphere.What’s more, the teacher can ask several students to buy a kind of magazine, so some students can reduce the economic pressure, and this approach can enrich the reading material.Proper extracurricular reading not only increases students’ knowledge, but also strengthens the students’ learning interest.It creates a good atmosphere for language learning.Now, the author will introduce six kinds of materials.All of them have different effects on students.3.2.1.1 Materials from magazines, newspapers and novels The three kinds of materials are made of papers and are easy to find them.However, each of them has different characteristics.Magazine: academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines.It generally published on a regular schedule, containing a variety of articles.Its sales models are various.Magazines are more interesting.They are easier to be accepted by students.Each issue of magazine has different themes.Their contents are useful.There are many useful magazines, such as Crazy English, New Oriental English and so on.A newspaper is a scheduled publication containing news of current events, informative articles, diverse features and advertising.A wide variety of materials have been published in newspapers, including editorial opinions, criticism, persuasion, entertainment features.The newspaper’s effectiveness is very strong.Most of its contents are about life.They can strengthen students’ knowledge of society, and expand the horizons of students.21st century and China Daily are good newspapers.A novel is a book of long narrative in literary prose.The genre has historical roots both in the fields of the medieval and early modern romance and in the tradition of the novella.The background of the novel has strong historical characteristics.People can understand the cultural differences between English-speaking countries and China through the novel.They can enhance the students’ cultural awareness and promote their transposition thinking.3.2.1.2 Materials from Internet, radios and movies With the development of communication technology, the network has gradually become part of people’s lives.But the network is a double-edged sword.Therefore, the teacher will play his due role, to provide students with the information site, to help students to avoid the adverse effects of bad information.The information on the internet has three benefits.First, the network information updates at a fast speed, so that students can know English national events quickly and adapt to the changes.Second, the content of network information is rich, which can broaden students’ understanding of English speaking countries.Third, the network information is easy to store.Radio is also one way for us to get information, for example, listening to air English, English night, listening to English songs.Listening to the radio has many advantages.First, students can alleviate visual fatigue and develop a variety of learning styles.Then, students can get relaxed and enjoy their learning, increasing students’ interest in learning.Thirdly, these English columns combine English learning with life, making learning closer to life Good movies are also useful to the students.Each film has a distinct theme, no matter it is the desire for freedom, or the courage to struggle, different people will have different views and harvests.Students can know more about life from movies.English films have taken their country as the background, students can learn from these films about the state of knowledge.Many movies have been made through the classic story which can increase students’ cultural accomplishment and improve the students’ ability of appreciation.The movies combine learning with amusement which is easier for students to accept.3.2.2 Cultivating students’ awareness of expending knowledge There is an old saying in China: Teachers open the door while students study by themselves.Education is not only teacher’s teaching responsibility, but also students’ learning objective.Students should be active to read.Interest is the starting point of knowledge, is thoughts and the ability to improve the inherent power.Teachers should stimulate students’ interest of expanding knowledge, and then they will actively expand their knowledge.Therefore the teacher should train them awareness of expanding knowledge.3.2.2.1 Cultivating this kind of awareness by testing The first method which can be used by the teachers is testing.Testing is the basic method for teachers or the schools to test students’ learning outcomes in the learning process.Teachers can find the problems of students in the learning process, and then teachers can change their methods in order to improve student’s ability.What’s more, students will try their best to get a better evaluation making a good atmosphere for study.The exam is also conducive for the students themselves to stimulate motivation to learn.The teacher may arrange the content of the examination according to needs.Teachers based on students’ level arrange difficult levels.First of all, teachers can arrange some questions about the English common sense.For example, “Shakespeare is a playwright or not?”

“Empire the sun never sets means the United States or United Kingdom?” “Big Ben is in London or Paris?”

Secondly, Teachers select a number of famous sentences and let students judge where the sentences come from.Such as, “To be or not to be, that’s a question?”

A Hamlet;B Uncle Tom’s Cabin;“Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.”

A Edison;B Bacon Thirdly, teachers choose some English-speaking countries’ reading and ask students to finish them, so that students can expand their knowledge and improve their reading skills together.3.2.2.2 Cultivating this kind of awareness by knowledge contest In the process of teacher training students to expand knowledge awareness, English knowledge contest is a good way.Knowledge competition mainly refers to the activity whose main content is knowledge competition.Knowledge competition can make students more active in learning and increase their interest of expanding knowledge.In the teaching of reading preparation activities teachers can arrange several English knowledge contests, so that students can know their shortcomings.Therefore, in the process of learning, students will have the awareness to make up for this.In the following the author will introduce an example.If teachers want to talk about Charles Dickens and his work Oliver Twist, so they can carry out a contest about the author and his works.Firstly, students were divided into two groups, and then they can start to answer the questions.The teacher can arrange appropriate reward and punishment.The teacher can make the following questions: 1, Charles Dickens’ works? 2, What are the characteristics of Charles Dickens’ works? 3 What is the theme of Oliver Twist? Then the teacher expands the reading class based on the answers of these questions, and students will have a better understanding of the content.The students will have the awareness to expand their understanding of these writers and their works.3.2.2.3 Cultivating this kind of awareness by playing games Interest is the best teacher, and games activities are good ways to promote and stimulate the interest.By playing games, teachers can train students’ consciousness of broadening knowledge.What’s more, the games can stimulate students’ interest in learning.The teacher can arrange games according to the elements of reading.Here the author will introduce several games.The word Solitaire: each student say a word and the behind word’ first letter should be the last letter of the front word.The game can let the students learn more words.This game has some difficulty, so there may be some students who can not answer the word.Some students may fail in the game, but they will not lose their interest in learning, instead it will stimulate their competitiveness.They will study harder.Storytelling: each classmate tells a custom in western countries, for example, in the western countries, the brides will wear white, because it is a symbol of purity.Guess！Guess！Guess！: One student makes gesture and another person guesses the word.Thus, students can be more familiar with the words.3.2.3 Cultivating students’ good habits during expending knowledge In process of knowledge expansion, teachers provide students with a lot of useful materials for students to read.In fact, some students do as teachers’ require, but there is little success, and the reading speed of students is not accelerating, and their comprehensive ability has not been improved.So we can know that there is a problem in reading habits.Only to develop good reading habits can ultimately improve the reading speed and quality(Chen Shenghua.Cultivate good reading habits to improve reading efficiency 2007).3.2.3.1 The habit of making notes During the process of broadening knowledge, taking notes is essential, and taking notes is to explore new knowledge.There are a lot of benefits to take notes.(1)Taking notes can help make up for the lack of memory and effectively improve the reading efficiency.(2)Making notes can exercise the ability to think.When someone is reading a book, he/she should make notes which can exercise rational thinking, logic and analysis capacity.(3)Taking note can accumulate useful materials and broaden their horizons, and improve the language expression ability.(4)The notes will make people generate new thinking to study new problems.(5)Taking notes helps to expand knowledge.The process of taking notes is also an active process of thinking, which can mobilize the eye, brain, hand, promoting the understanding of the expanding content.(6)Taking notes helps review and memories the expanding knowledge.If you do not take notes, you will quickly forget the knowledge that you have learned.If students take notes in their own words, they can understand the knowledge better.3.2.3.2 The habit of asking and answering questions When people read an article, they will ask themselves some questions about this article.This is the purpose of reading.Increasing the purpose of reading, you will know what you want to find in the article.You will not read just for read.You will be more clearly structured.Extended knowledge also needs the direction and purpose.With a clear goal, we will not get lost.When we are broadening knowledge, asking question is the best way to help us sort out our thinking.What’s more, these problems are the important points.In the process of expanding knowledge, first of all, we have to ask ourselves some questions, “What is the main content of this knowledge?”

“What features do they have?” “What do I want to know?” Then we will solve these problems one by one.We need compare the final answer with our original idea, and then we will harvest more.In the following authors will introduce an example.Students read Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, they can ask these questions: What do the pride and arrogance referring for? Does the hero finally find happiness? The questions they raised will help them to find the important points.3.3.3.3 The habit of summarizing To summarize is to put in your own words a shortened version of written or spoken material, stating the main points and leaving out everything that is not essential.Summarizing is more than retelling;it involves analyzing information, distinguishing important elements from the unimportant and translating large chunks of information into a few short cohesive sentences.Fiction and nonfiction texts, media, conversations, meetings, and events can all be summarized.For example, to summarize the movie Memento, you might state: The movie Memento is a backward chronology of a man who tries to find his wife’s killer, but has short-term memory loss.He keeps track of facts by taking pictures of events and tattooing facts onto himself.Summarizing teaches students how to discern the most important ideas in a text, how to ignore irrelevant information, and how to integrate the central ideas in a meaningful way.Teaching students to summarize improves their memory for what is read.Summarization strategies can be used in almost every area.Why do students need to summarize? It helps students learn to determine essential ideas and consolidate important details that support them.It enables students to focus on key words and phrases of an assigned text that are worth noting and remembering.It teaches students how to take a large selection of text and reduces it to the main points for more concise understanding.3.3 Expending knowledge from the students’ part 3.3.1 Learning to find useful information 3.3.1.1 According to the style of reading materials In daily life, our reading material can be divided into several kinds, such as newspapers, magazines, public notices, novels, and so on.However, they can be divided into three categories in accordance with the literary style.They are expository, narrative, argumentative.What’s more, the three classifications and the reading material of examination have a close contact.So it is useful for students to collect materials according to their literary styles.The narrative is the article which is used to describe things.Time, characters, locations, causes, processes and the result is six elements of narrative.The function of an argumentative essay is to show that one’s assertion.Each argumentative essay has an argument.And the author should find some numbers, some theory, some tables… to support his/her argument.If people want to analyze an expository, they should know what the author says.Expository writing aims to tell the reader something.The authors convey the knowledge by explanation, which is the central idea of expository writing.According to the literary styles, most of the materials belong to the three categories.When a reader is familiar with the structure of the text, he/she can analyze it efficiently.3.3.1.2 According to the current events Current events refer to some important things which happened in our lives recently.With the development of communication technology, every area becomes more closely linked, and to understand current events help students be familiar with Western society.To understand current events can broaden our horizons and increase our knowledge.And current events are closely linked with reading.First of all, the reading materials of examination are related to these current problems.If students learn more about current affairs, they will improve the reading speed and increase the effectiveness of the answers.Secondly, in reading materials, the author may be combined with social practice to talk about his/her feelings.In fact, when students know the events, they has digested these materials.In the exam, we may encounter reading about the following event.Whitney Houston is one of the world’s most famous singers.Her death is the loss of the world.Although her halo shining, but her drug using experience is bad, so the author can expand the article on this point, to express their ideas.If the reader is familiar with Whitney Houston, he can easily complete the reading.3.3.1.3 According to the history of English countries The history of a country is a nation’s growing experience.To understand a person, you have to know the person about his past.To learn a foreign language you need to understand the history of this country.A country’s history not only deeply impacts the development of a country, but also impacts people psychological emotion of this country.When the students are learning English, they must understand the history of Western countries.First of all, the historical stories are very interesting, so they can increase students’ learning motivation.For example, The World’s Greatest Swordsman, The Old Cat, The City Mouse and the Country Mouse.Secondly, history creates the current culture.A country’s language and culture are based on the history of the country.Some proverbs come from the history.Such as, Like father, like son;New wine in old bottles;A fox may grow grey, but never good.Last but not the least, reading material also has a great relationship with history.The United States President Lincoln often appears in the historical theme.The Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln changed the position of slaves.Reading materials often appear on this event.3.3.2 Respecting the individual characteristics 3.3.2.1 Choosing a suitable way In the learning process, we should pay attention to individuality.Good learning method can improve the efficiency of learning.It not only can deepen the understanding of knowledge, but also improve the test scores.What’s more, our study method also established the self-confidence of learning.This shows the importance of the learning method.The way which suits the characteristics of the student is a good method of learning!Group teaching method has neglected the students’ personality.Everyone’s learning relies on memory to complete.Each person has a different type of memory.Only according to its own characteristics to expand knowledge can achieve a multiplier effect.Memory types are divided into three kinds, auditory type, intermediate type and visual type.The advantage of the first type is that they can remember the things which they hear well than what they see.Therefore, this kind of person can broaden knowledge by listening to the radio, listening to stories.Intermediate type is between the auditory and visual type.This type can use many methods to expand knowledge.Such as, reading books, watching TV, listening to the radio etc.The third person can remember the things what they see well than what they hear.This kind of person will need to learn by seeing, for example, watching movies, reading books.3.3.2.2 Finding an interesting point Interest in learning is the most realistic and most active ingredients to learning.It is an internal power which directly promotes active learning.It is the love of learning, resulting in a strong curiosity.Only when students have a strong interest in learning, they will feel excited in learning and be inspired to pursue knowledge, to explore the mysteries of science.Therefore, students who want to undertake effective learning must enhance the interest in learning.Students who find a topic of interest can be more effective to expand knowledge.This point is the starting point where students start their way to expand knowledge.Knowledge is relevant.As long as students have a correct starting point and insisting on this point for a long-term, they will be able to expand it into a surface.For example, when a student likes the lovely Cupid, then he would go back and find some of the myths, and then he would find a charm Athena in these stories, and then he might be fascinated by Greek mythology.When he knows these stories, he will find different points between the myths of the East and West.Through comparing, he would get his own opinions.He may also change the points of interest, and like food of West.But the first point opens the door for him to expand their knowledge.3.3.3 Cooperating with others 3.3.3.1 Sharing resource The 21st century is the era of information explosion and people can easily find types of information, but it requires a lot of time to sort these data.Therefore, we need to learn to share information..Resource sharing is that somebody shares his/her information which he/she collects through a number of ways with others.Resource sharing allows students to learn more things and it is more convenient and efficient to access knowledge.For students, information sharing has 3 major benefits.First of all, it can enable students to save time.Students only have a few extra-curricular times, except for college students.Resource sharing is conducive to student to arrange time, and to have enough time to relax.Secondly, the sharing of resources is conducive to the diversification of resources.Students have different interests, hobbies, so they will expand their knowledge from different angles.Even though some students have the same hobby, they may look for different information.Therefore, resource sharing is helpful to enrich materials.Thirdly, the sharing of resources can help students to save money.Students are simply the consumer class, so resource sharing can reduce waste and strengthen cooperation between the students.3.3.3.2 Reciting the key points Recitation is an effective method of learning English and is an effective way of knowledge input.It not only helps students to master some English basic knowledge, but also can cultivate students’ sense of language.In the learning process, students must master the scientific methods to improve the efficiency of English text.Reciting by cooperation is an effective method.This method has five advantages.First of all, reciting can help students to increase the sense of language and to expand the knowledge and can indirectly improve the students’ ability of reading comprehension ability.Secondly, reciting with other students avoid rote recitation.We can share the recitation of tips which make the recitation more interesting.Thirdly, students can find errors by themselves.Each people recites in accordance with his own ideas, therefore, he will ignore some mistakes.Fourth, reciting the focus of knowledge is helpful for students to master the syntactic structure and to improve the students’ reading ability and is helpful for students to deepen understanding of the article.Fifth, the students’ cooperation is conducive to the diversification of the reciting.3.3.3.3 Checking the results by testing Strengthening cooperation between students is conducive to expanding knowledge, but they also need an effective way to test their learning achievements.On above, the author introduces the teacher to test their learning outcomes and find students’ inadequacies by testing.Now the author will introduce the student test methods as well as the benefits of them.First of all, the author will introduce three methods of testing.（1）Students recite the expanded knowledge with each other;（2）To do a simple speech about this knowledge;（3）To make a summary about the expanded knowledge.Then, the author will introduce the benefits of these testing.First of all, the teachers usually take testing by doing exercise;however students have many methods to test their learning outcomes.These ways change tests and make the test more interesting.Secondly, these tests are not only the recognition of knowledge, also the representation of knowledge.The students can have a better understanding of knowledge and these ways are conducive to the further expansion of knowledge.Last but not the least, these tests have less pressure which creates a relaxed learning atmosphere for students.4.Possible deficiencies and solutions during improving read-ing ability

4.1 Some possible problems

4.1.1 Lack of perseverance There is an old saying in China: “learning needs persistence”.In the process of learning English, students need to continue to adhere.The expanding of Knowledge also requires long-term adherence to achieve a certain effect.However, many students lack the perseverance.Through summarizing, the author finds the following questions.First of all, there are many ways to broaden knowledge, such as, watching films, listening to music.However, in the process of learning, students will meet many problems which they can not solve, and then the students will lose confidence, and patience.Secondly, the process of learning is very hard.A lot of students don’t have enough perseverance to study.They often spend three days fishing nets, while two days drying.Last but not the least, the students’ schoolwork burden is very heavy, so they spend little time on English, or spend no time on English learning.4.1.2 Lack of doing exercise Learning is a long and complicated process.Broadening knowledge is good for improving reading ability, but there are still some problems.When some students do as teachers require, but their reading comprehension ability doesn’t get improved.In the author’s opinion, these students are lack of doing exercises.Edison said, genius is ninety-nine percent perspiration and one percent inspiration.There are two reasons why students lack doing exercise.First of all, the consciousness of students to practice is not enough.The junior middle school and the high school students are not adult, they needs teacher’s supervision.Secondly, unified teaching materials are not suitable for all regions of the students.Students can find suitable materials for doing exercise.These books are not too difficult or too simple for students.4.1.3 Lack of the knowledge of vocabulary and grammar The lack of basic knowledge is a significant problem in process of expanding knowledge.And this issue makes a great deal of influence on the expanding of knowledge.When students are expanding their knowledge, they often encounter unfamiliar words or unfamiliar sentence structures, and many students will become frustrated after repeatedly blocked and then lose their interest in the expansion of knowledge.A lot of students are lack of the basic knowledge from the beginning, so they are lack of interest in expanding knowledge.They do not expand their knowledge.What’s worse, they will stay in a place for a long time, and their reading comprehension ability will not get improve, and finally they have to give up learning English.There are three reasons for these phenomena.First, students don’t start to learn English with a serious attitude, so learning loses balance.Secondly, the students do not spend enough time on the study of basic knowledge.They ignore the importance of fundamentals.Thirdly, they do not have a scientific way to learn the words and grammars.For example, they do not know how to put the words and grammar structures into a language environment.4.2 Some proposals to solve these problems

4.2.1 Helping students to learn In order to let the students to expand their knowledge, the authors propose some solutions for the problems above.In the English learning process, you will feel dull and lack confidence.At that time, you shouldn’t force yourself to learn, because your mood begin to conflict with the English learning.Then the students can relax to see some very familiar knowledge, which can train self-confidence for them.On the other hand, they can choose one thing you like to do.When you meet some problem, do not give up easily.Because you can learn from others’ experience, and through their successful experience, you can support and encourage yourself.Keep a good state of mind.Learn to learn in a proper way.Nowadays, the students’ burden is very heavy, if they want to learn each branch well, they need to arrange a reasonable learning plan for themselves.Please pay attention to cross learning, and do not put too much time on a subject.Allow the brain to relax.Learn to think and you will have a deep understanding of knowledge.4.2.2 Arranging practice tasks According to the problems, the author suggests that, teachers should give students suitable pressure to make progress.Therefore, the authors hope that teachers assign the students learning task.The task can be divided into two types.The first is the class task.The second is extracurricular task.Class task is concentrated, which is helpful for teachers to know the students’ overall situation.The teacher can be targeted for teaching, so that it can effectively improve the students’ ability of fast reading.Extracurricular task can let the students be more familiar with reading skills.Extracurricular task is not very difficult, but it is helpful for students to practice reading skills.The students also need some books to do exercises.The book which is not suitable for students’ level is an outstanding problem.Teachers should pay more attention on the problem.4.2.3 Strengthening basic knowledge If people want to build a skyscraper, he must get enough bricks and good construction techniques.If people want to have a good harvest in language learning, he must know the basic knowledge language.Basic knowledge is the foundation of language learning.However, there is a problem about the basic knowledge.Therefore, The authors identified a number of ways to solve these problems.First, learn to infer the meanings of words through context.Learn to understand the meaning of the word without a dictionary.Learn to reduce the difficult, and sometimes you can choose to read Chinese materials, and then read English materials.Second, learn to recite the basic knowledge and lay a good foundation for future learning.Third, look for some scientific approaches to learn, for example, Situational teaching method, cooperative learning, and so on.5.Conclusion With the rapid development of economy, foreign language learning is becoming more and more important.In the foreign language learning，Reading is an important part.Reading has a very important role in many exams, such as, TOEFL, IELTS, CET4, MET4, MET8 and other professional testing.Nowadays, in the examinations, reading essay number is increasing.This is a higher demand for English teaching.However, all levels of students have similar problems that reading speed is too slow, and unable to adapt to these examinations.Meanwhile, the cloze also has close links with reading.Therefore, in this paper, the author chooses reading comprehension ability to analyze.So far, there are many studies about reading, such as the speed of reading, reading methods and so on.However, people pay little attention to the improvement of reading ability and the expending of knowledge.So the author chooses this topic.From this paper, we can know the importance of expanding knowledge and the close relationship between the reading ability and the broadening of knowledge.In the paper, the author makes a little research about the improvement of reading comprehension ability by expanding knowledge.The author analyzes the theme from three parts.First of all, the author makes a brief introduce about the reading comprehension ability.Only when a person knows his enemies very well, he can defeat them.Only when a person knows reading ability very well, he can improve his reading ability.The reading ability is demanded by non-knowledge skills and knowledge skills.Secondly, the significations of expanding knowledge are shown.Reading and the expending of knowledge are inseparable.Knowledge skills have a close relationship with the knowledge which the students have mastered about English countries.When the students are more familiar with the knowledge, they can use less time to finish their reading efficiently.What’s more, the most important part of the paper is how to expand knowledge to improve the reading ability.The author analyzes the point from two parts--the teachers’ part and the students’ part.The students’ part is the key point.Third, the author proposes some possible problems and methods to solve them.Reading is not only important to students, but also important to teachers.The purpose of this article is to inspire people’s interest of learning through expending knowledge, and finally improve people’s English.Through the paper, the author hopes teachers should pay more attention to the expanding of knowledge and student’s reading ability can get improved.Bibliography

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At the point of finishing this paper, I’d like to express my sincere thanks to all those who have lent me hands in the course of my writing this paper.First of all, I’d like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor,...who has given me so much useful advices on my writing, and has tried her best to improve my paper.Secondly, I’d like to express my gratitude to my friends who offered me references and information on time.Last but not the least, I’d like to thank those who help me.Without their help, it would be much harder for me to finish my study and this paper.論文工作時間：2011年07月至2012年04月