第一篇：高中英語語法講練結合-構詞法

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lead帶領→mislead領錯

stop停下→non-stop不停

(2)表示其他意義的前綴常用的有a-(多構成表語形容詞), anti-(反對；抵抗), auto-(自動), co-(共同), en-(使), inter-(互相), re-(再；又), sub-(下面的；次；小), tele-(強調距離)等。例如：

alone單獨的antigas防毒氣的 autochart自動圖表

cooperate合作enjoy使高興

internet互聯網reuse再用

subway地鐵telephone電話

2)后綴

英語單詞不僅可以通過加前綴構成新詞，也可加后綴構成新詞。后綴通常會改變單詞的詞性，構成意義相近的其他詞性；少數后綴還會改變詞義，變為與原來詞義相反的新詞。

(1)構成名詞的后綴常用的有-ence，-(e)r/-or(從事某事的人),-ese(某地人)，-ess(雌性)，-ful(一??)，-ian(精通??的人)，-ist(專業人員)，-ment(性質；狀態)，-ness(性質；狀態)，-tion(動作；過程)等。例如：

differ不同于→difference區別

write寫→writer作家

Japan日本→Japanese日本人

act表演→actress女演員

mouth口→mouthful一口

music音樂→musician音樂家

(2)構成動詞的后綴常用的有-(e)n(多用于形容詞之后)，-fy(使??化)，-ize(使??成為)。例如：

wide→widen加寬

beauty→beautify美化

pure→purify提純

real→realize意識到

organ→organize組織

(3)構成形容詞的后綴常用的有-al，-able(有能力的)，-(a)n(某國人的)，-en(多用于表示材料的名詞后)，-ern(方向的)，-ese(某國人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less(表示否定)，-like(像??的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y(表示天氣)等。例如：

nature自然→natural自然的 reason道理→reasonable有道理的 America美國→American美國的 China中國→Chinese中國人的 gold金子→golden金的 east東→eastern東方的 child孩子→childish孩子氣的 snow雪→snowy雪的

(4)構成副詞的常用后綴有-ly(主要用于形容詞之后表示方式或程度)，-ward(s)(主要用于表示方位的詞之后表示方向)。例如：

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angry生氣的→angrily生氣地

to到→towards朝??，向??

east東方→eastward向東

(5)構成數詞的后綴有-teen(十幾)，-ty(幾十)，-th(構成序數詞)。例如：

six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth 嘉興英語教學網 www.tmdps.cn 收集整理 歡迎使用

4)合成副詞

形容詞＋名詞hotfoot匆忙地

形容詞＋副詞everywhere到處

副詞＋副詞however盡管如此

介詞＋名詞beforehand事先

介詞＋副詞forever永遠

5)合成代詞

代詞賓格＋self herself她自己

物主代詞＋self myself我自己

形容詞＋名詞anything任何東西

6)合成介詞

副詞＋名詞inside在??里面

介詞＋副詞within在??之內

副詞＋介詞into進入 4.截短法(縮略法)

截短法，即將單詞縮寫，詞義和詞性保持不變，主要有截頭、去尾、截頭去尾等形式。

1)截頭

telephone→phone

aeroplane→plane

omnibus→bus

2)去尾

mathematics→maths

co-operate→co-op

examination→exam

kilogram→kilo

laboratory→lab

taxicab→taxi

3)截頭去尾

influenza→flu

refrigerator→fridge

prescription→script 5.混合法(混成法)

混合法，即將兩個詞混合或各取一部分緊縮而成一個新詞。后半部分表示主體；前半部分表示屬性。

news broadcast→newscast新聞廣播

television broadcast→telecast電視播送

smoke and fog→smog煙霧

helicopter airport→heliport直升飛機場 6.首尾字母縮略法

首尾字母縮略法，即用單詞首尾字母組成一個新詞。讀音主要有兩種形式，即各字母分別讀音；作為一個單詞讀音。

very important person→VIP(讀字母音)要人；大人物

television→TV(讀字母音)電視

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Testing of English as a Foreign Language→TOEFL托福

Nato 三.鞏固練習

1.That man was ________enough not to tell the manager that he would not do the job.A.care B.careful

C.careless

D.carelessness 2.The soldier died for saving the child，so his ________ is heavier than Mount Tai.A.die

B.dead

C.died

D.death 3.The child looked ________at his brother who was badly wounded.A.sadly B.sadness

C.sadly

D.sad 4.He is an expert at chemistry.We all call him a ________.A.chemistry

B.chemical C.chemist

D.physician 5.The three-________chair isn’t suitable for a young child.He may fall off.A.legging B.legged

C.legs

D.leged 6.Stephenson became the ________railway engineer in the world.A.lead B.leader

C.leading

D.leadership 7.When the teacher praised him for working out the maths problem，Jack looked ________about at his classmates.A.proud B.proudly

C.pride

D.pridely 8.To everyone’s ________，the girl finished the job quite well.A.satisfied

B.satisfactory C.satisfying

D.satisfaction 9.—What are you doing here? —Oh，my teacher asked me to write a passage about ________in English.—You can write ________passage in English? A.600 words；a 600-words B.600-word；a 600-words C.600 words；a 600-word D.600 words；a 600-words 10.No one should enter the spot without the ________of the police.A.permit

B.permission C.permitting

D.permittence 11.You must come with us to the police ________.Our head is waiting for you.A.headquarters

B.headline C.headmaster

D.headache 12.Letting that animal escape was no accident；you did it ________.A.intend

B.intention C.intentionally

D.intentional 13.The shop owner welcomed all the guests with a ________smile.A.practice

B.practise C.practical

D.practiced 14.The ________ordered him to pay a $100 fine.嘉興英語教學網 www.tmdps.cn 收集整理 歡迎使用

A.judger

B.judgment C.judge

D.judgement 15.My TV is out of order.Can you tell me what is the ________news about Iraq War? A.lately

B.latest C.later

D.latter 16.The Great Wall is more than 6000 li in ________.A.longer

B.length C.long

D.longing 17.To my ________，I passed the exam easily.A.joy

B.joyful C.joyless

D.joyness 18.Canada is mainly an ________country.A.English-speaking

B.speak-English C.spoken-English

D.English-spoken 19.How ________ he is!He is always acting ________.He is really a ________.A.foolish；foolishly；fool B.fool；foolish；fool C.foolish；fool；fool D.foolishly；foolish；fool 20.The necklace that she lost is very expensive.It’s of great ________.A.valuable

B.value C.valueless

D.unvaluable 21.There were ________fish in the river in South America.A.in danger

B.danger C.dangerous

D.dangerless 22.The letter “b” in the word “doubt” is ________.A.sound

B.silent C.silence

D.sounded 23.The child looked at me ________.A.stranger

B.strangely C.strange

D.strangeless 24.The black people were against slavery and fought for their ________bravely.A.free

B.freely C.freedom

D.frees 25.What you said sounded ________ but in fact it was untrue.A.reasonable

B.reasonful C.reasonless

D.unreason 26.We have to learn ________technology from other countries.A.advance

B.advancing C.advantage

D.advanced 27.The children live in a village ________.They come here almost every day.A.nearby

B.near C.nearly

D.near by

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28.Mr Black is an ________in the army，not an ________in the government.You can not easily find him in his ________.A.official；officer；office B.officer；office；official C.official；official；official D.officer；official；office 29.You’d better give up smoking if you want to keep ________.A.health

B.healthy C.healthily

D.healthier 30.________ speaking，I didn’t do it on purpose.A.Honestly

B.Honest C.Honesty

[參考答案]

1-5 BDACB 6-10 CBDCB 11-15 ACDCB 16-20 BAAAB 21-25 CBBCA 26-30 DADBA

D.Dishonest

第二篇：高中英語語法講練結合-簡單句和并列句

簡單句和并列句

一.概念

(一)簡單句

由一個主語(或并列主語)和一個謂語(或并列謂語)所構成的句子叫簡單句，其結構是主語+ 謂語。(二)并列句

由并列連詞把兩個或兩個以上的互相關連而又互相獨立的獨句(即簡單句)連在一起而構成的句子叫并列句。其結構是：簡單句+并列連詞+簡單句

常用的連詞有and,but,or not only...but also,neither...nor,either...or 二.相關知識點精講(一)簡單句

1.主語、謂語在人稱與數上的一致性。

and連接兩個并列主語時為復數，謂語動詞也相應地使用復數形式，但：(1)如果and連接的兩個名詞是不可數名詞且前面都沒有冠詞，若兩個詞表示一個事物或一個概念，謂語動詞要用單數；如果兩個詞表示的是兩個事物或兩個概念，謂語動詞則要用復數。

(2)如果and連接的是兩個可數單數名詞，前一個有冠詞，后一個沒有冠詞，意味著一個人或 事物，謂語動詞要用單數。

(3)當and連接的兩個名詞前都有each，every，many a，no等單數概念的限定詞修飾時（三.鞏固練習

1.I don’t suppose anyone will volunteer,＿＿＿? A.do I B.don’t I C.will they D.won’t they 2.＿＿＿help if you can,and our country will improve more quickly and better.A.Giving B.Give C.Given D.To give 3.—— Lucy,you wash the dishes,＿＿＿ ? —— Mom,can’t Lily do it? It’s her turn to do it.A.don’t you B.can you C.shall you D.will you 4.—— I will not take an umbrella with me today.— ＿＿＿＿＿it rains later on in the day? A.How B.What C.How about D.What if 5.—— You ought to stay up late tonight,＿＿＿＿ you? —— Yes.I’ve got too much homework.A.can’t B.shouldn’t C.mustn’t D.won’t

6.Nothing can stop us from serving the people heart and soul,＿＿＿＿? A.can it B.can’t it C.can they D.can’t they 7.There used to be a church in the small town,＿＿＿＿＿? A.used there B.usedn’t there

C.used it

D.usedn’t it 8.—— She isn’t your neighbour, is she?

—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿.A.Yes,she isn’t

B.No,she is C.Yes,she is

D.No,isn’t she

9.—— ＿＿＿＿＿＿ to be a PLA soldier when I was young.—— And now you are.A.How I wanted B.How did I want C.What I wanted D.What did I want 10.Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase,＿＿＿＿was very reasonable.A.which price

B.the price of which C.its price

D.the price of that 11.After ten years,she changed a lot and looked different from＿＿＿she used to be.A.that B.whom C.what D.who 12.＿＿＿＿is known to everyone,the moon travels round the earth once every month.A.It B.As C.That D.What 13.He’s got himself into a dangerous situation＿＿＿he is likely to lose control over the plane.A.where B.which C.while D.why 14.Information has been put forward＿＿＿more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while B.that C.when D.as 15.What the doctors really doubt is＿＿＿＿my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.

A.when B.how C.whether D.what 16.The students of the music school study ＿＿＿＿.A.music but also some other subjects B.some other subjects as well as music C.music as well as some other subjects D.some other subjects and music 17.＿＿＿air is to man,so is water to fish.A.Since B.Just C.Like D.As 18.There is plenty of rain in the south ＿＿ there is little in the north.A.while B.as C.when D.so 19.＿＿＿several times about it,but he could not give the correct answer.A.Being asked

B.Having been asked C.He would ask D.He had been asked 20.—— I don’t like chicken ＿＿＿ fish.—— I don’t like chicken,＿＿＿I like fish very much.A.and； and B.and； but C.or； but D.or； and 21.＿＿＿the days went on,the situation there got worse.A.With B.Since C.While D.As 22.＿＿＿everybody is here,let’s set out right away.A.Now that B.Because C.For D.After 23.The science of medicine,＿＿＿progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.A.to which B.in which C.which D.with which 24.We must do the experiment carefully ＿＿＿Miss Liu told us.A.what B.since C.as D.while 25.Tony will never forget these days ＿＿＿she lived in China with her mother,＿＿＿has a great effect on her life.A.that； which

B.when； which C.which； that D.when； that 26.＿＿＿I know,they will go to Beijing to watch the Olympic Games in 2008.A.Since B.So far as C.In case D.As if 27.Who do you think the doctor will have＿＿＿first,John or Kate? A.examine

B.to examine C.examining

D.examined 28.—— What are you anxious about? —— ＿＿＿＿＿.A.Whether we can succeed B.If we succeed C.Do we succeed D.That we can succeed 29.You should put the dictionary ＿＿＿you can find it easily.A.where

B.the place C.the place on which D.what 30.She said to me,“I’ll tell you the result of the test＿＿＿I know it.” A.because B.the moment C.after D.though 31.Grandpa used to tell us something about the “Cultural Revolution” ＿＿＿he

had time to spare.A.as soon as B.as C.so that D.whenever 32.Li Fang is very busy,＿＿＿she’s always helping others with their lessons.A.but B.although C.so D.for 33.Getting a right job can be difficult ＿＿＿the students＿＿＿ prepared to deal with the job interview.A.if；won’t

B.unless；will C.unless；are

D.if；are 34.Everything depends on＿＿they will support you about it.A.if B.which C.whether D.that 35.She won the first prize in the speech contest and＿＿＿ surprized us.A.which B.it C.as D.who 36.The Oscar is one of the film prizes ＿＿offered to any Chinese actor or actress so far.A.which is not B.that have not been C.that has not

D.that has not been 37.He made another wonderful discovery,＿＿＿ of great importance to science.A.which I think is B.which I think it is C.which I think it D.I think is 38.It’s really very dangerous.One more step,＿＿＿the baby will fall into the well.A.or B.so C.but D.and 39.She is American,＿＿＿ she knows little about American history.A.so B.yet C.and D.therefore 40.Information technology is taught in most schools,＿＿＿we have entered the information society.A.so B.while C.still D.for 41.—— Helen must obey her parents.—— Oh,she must,＿＿ ? A.must she

B.mustn’t she

C.shouldn’t she

D.should she 42.John must be in the chemistry lab,＿＿＿ ? A.mustn’t he

B.needn’t he

C.isn’t he

D.shouldn’t he

43.It was quite a long time＿＿＿ I made it out what had happened.A.after B.before C.when D.since 44.＿＿the text a second time,the meaning will become clearer to you.A.Read

B.Reading C.If reading D.When you read 45.＿＿＿does he do his work well,＿＿＿ he helps others with their work.A.Not only；but also B.Neither；nor C.Either；or

D.Both；and 46.＿＿,so he didn’t come to school last week.A.Though he was ill B.Being ill

C.Having been ill D.He was ill 47.She tried every way ＿＿＿ she could find to solve the problem.A.how B.in which C.that D.which 48.Lily has some idea ＿＿＿ she’s going to be when she grows up.A.what B.that C.as D.which 49.To play fair is as important as ＿＿＿＿,I think.A.to play well B.play well C.we play well D.playing well 50.＿＿＿you go,you should bear the motherland in mind.A.Where C.However 四.答案

1-10CBDDBABCAB 11-20CBABCBDADC 21-30DABCBBDAAB 31-40DACCBBADBD 41-50ACBDADCAAD

B.Whenever

D.Wherever

第三篇：高中英語語法講練結合-動詞的語態

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Your story agrees with what had already been heard.你說的與我們聽說的一致。3）系動詞無被動語態，如appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：It sounds good.聽上去不錯。

4）帶同源賓語的及物動詞如die/death, dream/dream，live/life等，以及反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用于被動語態。例如：

She dreamed a bad dream last night.她昨晚做了個惡夢。

5）當賓語是不定式時，很少用于被動語態。例如：

（對）She likes to swim.（錯）To swim is liked by her.5.主動形式表示被動意義

1）wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：

The book sells well.這本書銷路好。

This knife cuts easily.這刀子很好用。

2）blame, let（出租）, remain, keep, rent, build等。例如：

I was to blame for the accident.事故發生了，我該受指責。

Much work remains.還有許多活要干。

3）在need, require, want, worth（形容詞）, deserve后的動名詞必須用主動形式。例如：

The door needs repairing.= The door needs to be repaired.門該修了。

This book is worth reading.這本書值得一讀。

4）特殊結構：make sb.heard / understood（使別人能聽見/理解自己）等。例如： Explain it clearly and make yourself understood.解釋清楚些，讓別人理解你的話。

6.被動形式表示主動意義，如 be determined, be pleased, be graduated（from）, be prepared（for）, be occupied（in）, get married等。例如：

He is graduated from a famous university.他畢業于一所有名的大學。

注意：表示同某人結婚，用marry sb.或get married to sb.均可。例如：

He married a rich girl.他與一個富妞結婚了。

He got married to a rich girl.7.need/want/require/worth

當 need, want, require, be worth后面接doing時，表示的是被動意義。例如：

Your hair wants cutting.你的頭發該理了。

The floor requires washing.地板需要沖洗。三.鞏固練習

1.I___________(teach)here for ten years since I finished school.2.Would you mind me __________(use)your bike? 3.The students of Class Two___________(sweep)their classroom now.4.The Whites____________(not listen)to the radio at that time.5.It's better to give than__________(receive).6.How long ______you_______(live)in this town?

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7.You _______(come)here last year, ______ you? 8.----When ______ you______(see)him?----I______(see)him last Sunday.9.She said that the car___________(use)the next week.10.I didn't know what __________(happen)to China in a century.11.When I got to the station, the train ____ already ______(leave).12.The stone bridge______________(build)in our hometown for ten years.13.The desk must ______(clean)once a day.14.The dog _________(lie)on the floor when I came in..15.It _________(rain)heavily when I got home.16.Her mother____________(cook)at this time yesterday.17.The students _____________(do)their homework.__________(not make)any noise!18.----______ you ever_______(be)to Beijing?----Yes.I________(go)there last week.19.He'll telephone us as soon as he _________(arrive)there.20.Jiefang trucks____________(make)in Changchun.21.A pen is used for__________(write).22.All that must ________(do).23.My friend can't decide which pair of trousers____________(choose).So she asked me to go shopping with her.24.They find it useful__________(learn)English.25.The old man often_________(tell)the children a story in the evening.This evening he ________(tell)two stories.26.The radio__________(use)once in a week in our class.It____________(not use)yesterday because there was something wrong with it.27.Would please tell us how___________(make)the watch ________(work)? 28.She doesn't know what_________(do)and where__________(go).四.答案

1.have taught

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2.using 3.are sweeping 4.weren’t listening 5.to receive 6.have … lived

7.came … didn’t 8.did … see, saw 9.would be used 10.would happen 11.had … left 12.have been built 13.be cleaned 14.was lying 15.was raining 16.was cooking 17.are doing, Don’t make 18.have … beeen, went 19.arrives 20.are made 21.writing 22.be done 23.to choose 24.to learn 25.tells, will tell

第四篇：英語語法構詞法特級版

構詞法.ppt

構詞法知識

(一)后綴

1.常見名詞后綴 1）－y

difficult, dear, honest, modest, deliver, discover, recover difficulty, deary, honesty, modesty, delivery, discovery, recovery 2)－ness(加在形容詞后構成抽象名詞)careful, careless, clever, dark, happy, ill, kind, smart, selfish, useful carefulness, carelessness, cleverness, darkness, happiness, illness, kindness, smartness, selfishness, usefulness 4)－ment abandonment, achievement, adjustment, advertisement, accomplishment, acknowledgement ,agreement, amazement, announcement, appointment, arrangement, astonishment, attainment, containment, 3)－ty(加在形容詞后)cruel, entire, proper, certain, uncertain, royal, safe cruelty, entirety, property, certainty, uncertainty, royalty, safety disagree, disappoint, discourage, embarrass, encourage, enjoy, enlarge, equip, excite, govern, improve, judge, manage, postpone, punish, puzzle, refresh, replace, require, retire, employ, move, settle, treat disagreement, disappointment, discouragement, embarrassment, encouragement, enjoyment, enlargement, equipment, excitement, government, improvement, judgment, management, postponement, punishment, puzzlement, refreshment, replacement, requirement, retirement, employment, movement, settlement, treatment 5)－ion(加在動詞后，動詞本身以t或te結尾時)addict, abstract, act, accelerate, adopt, affect attract, connect, construct, contribute, collect, direct, digest, discuss, erupt, elect, except, inspect, instruct, interrupt, invent, irrigate, object, operate, process, product, project, prevent, pollute, protect, reflect, suggest 6)－ation specific, experiment, export, form, tax, transport, adapt, consider, consult, expect, explain, inform, inspire, recommend, relax, resign, transform, represent 7)－sion(以de結尾的動詞改de為sion構成名詞)conclude, explode, include 10）－ity electric, able, possible, active, equal, national, real, major, minor, moral, personal electricity, ability, possibility, activity, equality, nationality, reality, majority, minority, morality, personality 11)－al arrive, refuse, propose, survive, disapprove arrival, refusal, proposal, survival, disapproval

12)－ure /ture please, press, fail, mix, fix pleasure, pressure, failure, mixture, fixture 13)－dom free, wise freedom, wisdom 14)－hood child, neighbor, boy, brother, father childhood, neighborhood, boyhood, Brotherhood（兄弟關系，手足情意）, fatherhood(父親的身份，父親般的人，父權)15)－ing : ending, farming, visiting, beginning, building, surrounding, freezing, founding, drawing 16）表示人的后綴 －er

settler, jeweler, buyer, dancer, producer, watcher, reporter , rider, footballer, runner, winner, stranger, owner 例外：container, loudspeaker揚聲器, tanker, drier, best-seller暢銷書, hammer, drawer, poster招貼，廣告, laughter, printer, photocopier復印機, recorder, prayer 祈禱 －or actor, collector, conductor, director, doctor, governor, sailor, tailor, visitor, inventor, professor, competitor, operator, editor, ancestor －ant, ent servant, patient, contestant參賽者，選手, consultant 顧問, applicant －ee表示被??者，受??者

trainee, trustee, examinee, employee, interviewee －ess表示女性

actress, hostess, waitress, princess －ian, an, ese表示哪個國家，州的人和職業 Canadian, Australian, Asian, Indian, Italian European, Japanese, Chinese, physician, musician, technician, librarian, politician － ist 表示??.家??者

chemist, scientist, zoologist, physicist, receptionist, typist, realist, dentist, artist, pianist, violinist 17）改變詞義的后綴

－ful “充滿，一??之量”

boxful, cupful, glassful, mouthful, armful, plateful －ism “??主義,??制度”

capitalism, communism, realism, socialism, tourism －ship:表示狀況，狀態，性質，職務，職業，藝術或技巧 relationship, hardship, ownership, friendship

－ic(s)表示學科名字

music, logic, physics, mathematics

2.常見形容詞后綴

1）－ful “充滿??的，有??的”

helpful ,wonderful, careful, harmful, beautiful, hopeful, thankful, powerful, forceful, peaceful, skillful, colorful, cheerful 2)－less 附加在名詞后，表示“沒有??的”

homeless, careless, harmless, useless, hopeless, fearless, endless, priceless 3)－able(ible)可??的,能??的

enjoyable, renewable, unbelievable, suitable, reasonable, eatable, acceptable, possible, invisible, sensible 4）－al(以t結尾的加-ual)加在名詞后表示“有??的屬性，屬于??的” industry, nation, nature, globe, person, centre, office, spirit industrial, national, natural, global, personal, central, official, spiritual 5)–an(-ean,-ian)表示“哪國的，哪洲的”

Asian, African, American, European, Canadian, Australia 6)–y加在名詞上，意為“充滿，包含”

health, wealth, sun, cloud, fog, ice, dirt, thirst, dust, salt healthy, wealthy, sunny, foggy, icy ,cloudy, dirty, dusty , thirsty, salty 7)–ous加在名詞上，意為“充滿??的”

courage, danger, poison, humor, fame, nerve, vary, mystery courageous, dangerous, poisonous, humorous, famous, nervous, various, mysterious 8)–ly意為“外觀相似的，有??性質的，反復發生的” likely, orderly, brotherly, fatherly, friendly, lovely, lively, monthly, daily, deadly, timely 9）－ive(-iative)表示“具有??性質的，??的，與??有關的, 屬于??的”

act, instruct, expense, progress active, instructive, expensive, progressive 10)–ish表示“略帶的，有點??,有??屬性的, ??民族的”

black, white, red, book, boy, child, self, fool blackish, whitish, reddish, bookish, boyish, childish, selfish, foolish British, English, Polish, Spanish?(rubbish除外)

11)–ing 12)–ed colored, crowded, troubled, advanced, skilled, limited, gifted, experienced 13)–ic(-ical)history, practice, music, medicine, hero, energy, base, politics, science leading, surrounding, willing, living, exciting 14)–ern加在方位名詞上，表示??方的

east, west, south, north, north-west, south-east eastern, western, southern, northern, north-western, south-eastern historical, practical, musical, medical, political, heroic, energetic, basic, scientific 15)–ward 表示向??的

back, up, down, east, west, south, north, north-west, south-east backward, upward, downward, eastward, westward, southward, northward, north-westward, south-eastward 16)–ary(-ory)表示與??有關的

satisfactory, revolutionary, contrary, imaginary, necessary, ordinary, extraordinary(secretary秘書)17）-ate immediate, fortunate, separate 18)–ar familiar, particular, regular, similar 19)–en 由??制成的，由??構成的 golden, wooden, woolen 20)-ant(-ent)表示動作、性質的

independent, silent, convenient, patient, distant 21)–some易于??的，傾向??的，產生??的 troublesome, tiresome, quarrelsome 3.常見動詞后綴

1）－en 加在形容詞和名詞上，“使，變得”

sharp, deep, wide, loose, fast, weak, strength, fright 2)－ify 加在名詞、形容詞上，表示“使成為??使??化” terror, beauty, simple terrify, beautify, simplify

sharpen, deepen, widen, loosen, fasten, weaken, strengthen, frighten 3）－ize(-ise)organize, apologize, recognize, realize, practise 4.常見副詞后綴

1)–ly 加在形容詞后

unfortunate, easy, heavy, main, polite unfortunately, easily, heavily, mainly, politely 2)–ward(s)forward(s), afterward(s), inward(s), outward(s), downward(s), upward(s), eastward(s)5.常見數詞后綴

-teen從十三到十九 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,-ty幾十 twenty, thirty, fifty, ninety-th構成序數詞fifth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth

(一)前綴

2.表示其他意義的常見前綴 1）pre-在 前,事先，預先 prewar, preposition, preview 2)fore-表示位置在前，時間提前，預先

forehead, foresee, foretell, forecast 3)pro-problem, promise, provide, programme 4）under-在下，不足

underground, underline, understand, underweight 5)tele-遠距離

telecontrol, telescope, telegraph, telephone, television.6）sub-空間的在下面 subway, subwater 7)trans-變化，轉移，通過，跨越 translate, transplant, transport 8)over-“在上面，在上空，過分，額外”

overcoat, overcome, overwork, over careful, overjoyed, overcautious 9)in-在內，進，入，向，朝 increase, inside 10)out-出，向外，遠，超過

outline, output, outside, outstanding 11)ex-出自，向外 exchange, export 12)a-表示處于某種狀態或位置

asleep, aside, awake, alone, alive, apart, aloud, ahead 13）inter-中間，相互 international, interview 14)auto-自身，自己，自動

auto boat, auto cycle, autobus 15)con-（在b, m, p前用com-，在l前用col-，在r前用cor-,在元音字母或h前用co-）意為“與，合，共，全”

connect, command, common, complete, collect, correct 16）en-(在b, p前用em-)，“使??處于??境地”常附在名詞或形容詞前構成動詞

enable, enrich, enforce, endanger, ensure, encourage, enjoy, enlarge, enclose, encircle 17)re-“再一次，重新恢復原狀”

repay, remarry, rewrite, reread, retell, remain, rebuild, reuse, recover 18)uni-“單，一”unite, united, union 19)bi-“兩”bicycle

20)kilo-“千” kilogram, kilometer 6

第五篇：高中英語語法精講動詞時態

高中英語語法精講第一章動詞時態

在英語中，不同時間發生的動作或存在的狀態，要用不同的動詞形式來表示，這就叫做動詞的時態。一、一般時

一般時包括一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時和一般過去將來時。A.一般現在時

1． 一般現在時的構成

一般現在時主要用動詞原形來表示。主語是第三人稱單數時，動詞后面要加-s或-es。

They want good jobs.他們想要好的工作。

The coat matches the dress.外衣和裙子很相配。

This work does not satisfy me.這項工作我不滿意。

Do you understand?

你懂了嗎?

2．一般現在時的用法

①一般現在時的基本用法

a.表示現在習慣性的動作或存在狀態

He always takes a walk after supper.晚飯后他總是散散步。

Everyone is in high spirits now.現在大家都情緒高漲。

b.表示客觀事實或普遍真理

The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.太陽從東方升起在西方落下。

Sound travels faster through water than it does through air.聲音在水中的傳播速度要比在空氣中快。

Time and tide wait for no man.時間不等人。

c.表示主語的特征、能力和狀態

This cloth feels soft.1

這布摸上去很軟。

I love classical music.我喜歡古典音樂。

The President still seems able to find time to go fishing.看來總統仍能有時間去釣魚。

d.表示按計劃或安排將要發生的動作

The meeting begins at 7:00.會議七點鐘開始。

We leave here at 8:00 sharp.我們八點整離開這里。

e.在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句中表示將來動作

When you come next time, bring me some magazines.你下次來時，給我帶幾本雜志。

If time allows, we shall go there tomorrow.如果時間允許的話，我們明天去那里。

Whether he agrees or not, I will stay at home.不管他同意與否，我都會待在家里。

②一般現在時的特殊用法

a.用于新聞標題或圖片說明中

China Declares Manned Spaceflight Successful

中國宣布載人航天飛行圓滿成功

Laura Bush Arrives in Moscow

勞拉·布什抵達莫斯科

b.用于體育運動、表演等實況報道中

Francis slips past, passes the ball to Yao Ming, who jumps, catches and shoots it into the basket.弗朗西斯穿過去，把球傳給姚明，姚明跳起來，接住球投進籃里。

Now, look, I press the button and turn on the machine.現在，看，我按下按扭，打開了這臺機器。

c.表示告誡或勸說

You mind your own business.你不要管閑事！

If he does that again, he goes to prison.如果他再那樣的話，他就會進監獄的。

d.表示現在瞬間的動作

Here comes the bus.汽車來了。

There goes the bell.鈴響了。

B．一般過去時

1． 一般過去時的構成

一般過去時是用動詞的過去式來表示。

His words fetched a laugh from all present.他的話使在場的人都笑了。

I did not sleep well last night.我昨晚沒睡好。

Did you direct the tourist to the hotel?

你告訴這位游客去旅館的路了嗎？

2．一般過去時的用法

①一般過去時的基本用法

a.表示過去某個特定時間發生的動作或存在的狀態

He suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了。

The engine stopped because the fuel was used up.發動機因燃料用光而停機了。

注意：

在一般過去時的句子中，通常都要有表示過去的時間狀語。

【誤】I visited the Palace Museum.（在沒有上下文的情況下，應避免這樣說）

【正】I visited the Palace Museum last year.去年我參觀過故宮博物院。

【正】I have visited the Palace Museum.我參觀過故宮博物院。

b.表示過去經常發生的動作或存在的狀態

I wrote home once a week at college.我上大學時每周給家里寫一封信。

He was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年時就養成了廣泛閱讀的習慣。

提示：

表示過去的習慣性動作，除了用過去式外，還可以用used to或would來表示。

She used to study late into the night when she was in Senior Three.她上高三時經常學習到深夜。

He would sit for hours doing nothing.過去他常常一坐幾個鐘頭什么事也不做。

c.表示過去連續發生的一系列動作

She entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走進房間，拿起一本雜志，認真地翻閱了起來。

The students got up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read English aloud in the open air.學生們很早起床，做早操，然后在室外朗讀英語。

d.在時間、條件狀語從句中表示過去將要發生的動作

We would not leave until the teacher came back.老師回來我們才會離開。

She told me she would not go if it rained the next day.她告訴我如果第二天下雨的話，她就不去了。

②一般過去時的特殊用法

a.在虛擬語氣中表示現在或將來時間的動作或狀態

It's time we went.是我們該走的時候了。

I wish I were twenty years younger.但愿我年輕20歲。

I would rather you didn't do anything for the time being.我寧愿你暫時先不要采取什么措施。

b.在口語中，一般過去時往往顯示委婉客氣。

I wondered if you could give me a hand.我想請你幫個忙。

Might I come and see you tonight?

我想今晚來看你，好嗎？

3．一般現在時和一般過去時的比較

一般現在時要和現在時間相聯系，而一般過去時和說話的“現在”不相聯系。

His father is a film director.他父親是電影導演。（他現在還是）

His father was a film director.他父親曾是電影導演。（他現在不是）

How do you like the novel?

你覺得這部小說怎么樣？（還在看小說）

How did you like the novel?

你覺得這部小說怎么樣？（已看完小說）

C．一般將來時

1． 一般將來時的構成

一般將來時是由“will / shall + 動詞原形”構成的。shall只限于第一人稱，主要見于英國英語，現在的趨勢是第一、二、三人稱的單復數形式均用will表示。在口語中，shall和will常縮寫成“'ll”，緊接在主語之后。其否定式shall not 和will not 常簡略為shan't 和won't。

I'll go and shut the door.我去關門。

When will you know your exam results?

你什么時候能知道考試結果？

I can see you're busy, so I won't stay long.我看得出你很忙，所以我不會呆太久的。

提示：在you and I或both of us等短語后，只用will，不用shall。

You and I will arrive there next Monday.我和你下周一都要到達那里。

Both of us will graduate from middle school next year.我們倆明年中學畢業。

2．一般將來時的用法

①表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態

I shall be free this afternoon.我今天下午有空。

There'll be no chemistry classes tomorrow.明天沒有化學課。

They will probably go to Shanghai for their holiday.他們可能去上海度假。

注意：

在口語中，常用will / shall + be doing結構來代替will / shall + 動詞原形，以表示生動。

I'll be seeing a friend off at the airport.我要去機場給一個朋友送行。

He'll be going with us tomorrow.他明天和我們一起去。

②表示將要反復發生的動作

My uncle will come to see me every Saturday.我叔叔每個星期六都會來看我。

The students will have five English classes per week this term.本學期學生們每周要上五節英語課。

③表示同意或答應做某事

That bag looks heavy.I'll help you with it.這個包看起來很重，我來幫你提。

I won't tell anyone what happened, I promise.我保證不告訴別人所發生的事。

④表示一種傾向或推測

Flowers will die without water.沒有水花會枯死的。

Water will change into ice at 0℃.水在零攝氏度就會結冰。

This will be your sister, I guess.我猜想這是你姐姐。

3．一般將來時的常用結構

①用于“I expect, I'm sure, I think, I wonder + 賓語從句”中

Don't worry about the exam.I'm sure you'll pass.不要擔心這次考試，我確信你會通過的。

I wonder what will happen.我不知道將會發生什么事。

I don't think the test will be very difficult.我想這次測驗不會太難。

②用于“祈使句 + and + 陳述句”中

Work hard and you will succeed.如果你努力，就會成功的。

Go at once and you will see her.馬上去，你就會見到她了。

③與表示時間或條件的狀語從句連用

I'll let you know as soon as he arrives.他一到我就通知你。

If you ask him, he will help you.如果你請他，他會幫助你的。

We shall go unless it rains.除非下雨，否則我們是要去的。4．將來時間的其他表達法

①be going to + 動詞原形

“be going to+ 動詞原形”這一結構常用于口語中。

a.表示決定或打算要做某事

I'm going to buy a new coat this winter.今年冬天我打算買一件新大衣。

Are you going to play basketball after class?

下課后你去打籃球嗎？

He is going to be a doctor when he grows up.他長大后要當醫生。

What are you going to do today?

今天你打算做什么？

b.表示有跡象即將要發生什么事

Look at those black clouds.It is going to rain.瞧那烏云，天要下雨了。

The car is going to turn over.汽車要翻了！

There is going to be a snowstorm.將有一場暴風雪。

比較：

“be going to + 動詞原形”與“will / shall + 動詞原形”的區別

1．be going to通常表示很快就要發生的事，而will/shall既可表示不久的將來，也可表示長遠的將來或不確定的將來。

She is going to get better.她的病要好了。（有恢復健康的跡象）

She will get better.她的病會好的。（認為最終會恢復健康的）

2．will表示將來，通常是指事先無計劃的意圖，是臨時決定的； be going to則表示事先有計劃的意圖，是經過考慮的。

—

George phoned while you were out.你外出的時候喬治打電話來的。

—

Ok.I'll phone him back.好的，我給他回電話。（臨時決定）

—

Matthew phoned while you were out.你外出的時候馬修打電話來了。

—

Yes, I know.I'm going to phone him back.是的，我知道了。我準備給他回電話。（早有安排）

但在正式文體中，要用will來表示事先安排的動作。

The meeting will begin at 10:00 a.m..會議將在10點開始。

Coffee will be served from 9:30 from today onwards.從今天起9:30開始供應咖啡。

3．表示有跡象顯示將要發生某一動作時，要用be going to，不用will或shall。

I feel terrible.I think I'm going to be sick.我覺得不舒服，我想我要生病了。

4．be going to 可用于條件句，表示將來時間，will則不能。

If you are going to attend the meeting, you'd better leave now.如果你要出席會議，你最好現在就動身。

②be + 動詞的-ing形式

“be + 動詞的-ing形式”表示根據現在的計劃或安排，預期將會發生某事，這種安排不容隨意改變。在這一結構中，動詞-ing形式通常是表示位置轉移的動詞，如arrive, come, go, leave, move, start, stay, get 以及eat, meet, see off, die等，并與表示將來的時間狀語連用。如果沒有時間狀語，則所表示的動作有即將發生之意。

He is leaving for Xinjiang in a few days.他幾天后要動身去新疆。

I am dining out tonight.今晚我將出去吃飯。

The plane is taking off soon.飛機馬上就要起飛了。

The old man is dying.那位老人快要死了。

比較：

“be + 動詞的-ing形式”和“be going to + 動詞原形”的異同

1．表示按計劃發生的動作時，兩者可互換。

We are moving to a new flat tomorrow.我們明天就要搬到新房子里去了。

We are going to move to a new flat tomorrow.我們明天就要搬到新房子里去了。

2．表示由于客觀因素而產生的將來動作或狀態時，用be going to結構，不用be + 動詞的-ing形式。

You are going to fall if you climb that tree.如果你爬樹的話，你會摔下來的。（不可說 You are falling if...）

Be careful.You are going to break that chair.當心！你會把那張椅子弄壞的。（不可說 You are breaking that chair）

③ be + 動詞不定式

這一結構中的be，只有現在式(am, is, are)和過去式(was, were)兩種形式。

a.表示按計劃或安排將要發生的動作

The highway is to be open to traffic in May.這條公路將在五月份通車。

Am I to take over his work?

我是不是要接管他的工作？

b.用于條件句中強調按計劃或安排將要發生的動作

If we are to take the 5:00 train, we must leave now.如果我們乘坐5點的火車的話，那我們現在就得出發。

c.表示命令或吩咐等。否定形式常表示“禁止”或“不許”。

You are to be back before 10 p.m..你必須在10點前回來。

You are not to go out alone at night.晚上你不能單獨出去。

比較：

“be + 動詞不定式”與“be going to+ 動詞原形”的區別

1．“be going to+ 動詞原形”側重說話人個人的意圖和打算，“be + 動詞不定式”側重受別人的指示或安排要做的事。

I'm going to try my best to write this article well.我將盡力把這篇文章寫好。

Am I to wait here till their arrival?

我要在這兒一直等到他們抵達嗎？

2．表示由于客觀因素或不受人控制的將要發生的動作時，只用“be going to+ 動詞原形”，不用“be + 動詞不定式”。

It's going to rain.天要下雨了。（不說It's to rain.）

Rachel is going to faint.雷切爾要暈倒了。④ 一般現在時

一般現在時可以用來表示將來時間，主要用法有：

a.表示由于日歷或時刻表的規定而固定不變的或比較不易變更的將來時間發生的動作。

Tomorrow is Friday.明天是星期五。

What time does the next train leave for Paris?

下一班開往巴黎的火車幾點出發？

b.在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，用一般現在時表示將來時間的動作或狀態。

I'll give the book to you after I finish it.我看完這本書就給你。

If he arrives, we must go and meet him at the railway station.如果他到了，我們就得到火車站去接他。

c.在hope, suppose等后面的賓語從句中常用一般現在時表示將來動作或狀態。

I hope all is well with him.我希望他一切都好。

Suppse we go hiking tomorrow.我們明天還是去遠足吧。

D．一般過去將來時

1．一般過去將來時的構成

一般過去將來時是由“should/would + 動詞原形”構成的。

He asked me yesterday when I should leave for Paris.昨天他問我什么時候動身去巴黎。

They wanted to know how they would finish the homework earlier.他們想知道怎樣才能早一點兒完成家庭作業。

2．一般過去將來時的用法

一般過去將來時間的出發點是過去，即從過去某一時刻看以后要發生的動作和狀態。

a.一般過去將來時常用于間接引語中

He said they would arrange a party.他說他們將安排一個晚會。

I asked if he would come and fix my TV set.我問他是否來幫我修電視機。

b.一般過去將來時可用來表示非真實的動作或狀態

If I had a chance to study abroad, I would study at Cambridge University.如果我有機會出國學習的話，我就會去劍橋大學。

I wish he would go with me to the cinema tonight.今晚他能和我一起去看電影就好了。

3．過去將來時間其他表達法

a.was/were going to +動詞原形

He said that he was going to live in the country when he retired.他說他退休后要住在農村。

They thought it was going to rain.他們認為天要下雨了。

b.was/were +動詞的-ing形式

Nobody knew whether the guests were coming.沒人知道客人們是否要來。

I was told that the train was leaving in a few minutes.我被告知火車幾分鐘后就要開了。

c.was/were +動詞不定式

She said she was to clean the classroom after school.她說她放學后要打掃教室。

It was reported that another bridge was to be built across the Yangtse River.據報道長江上將要再建一座大橋。

提示：

“was/were going to +動詞原形”或“was/were + 動詞不定式完成式”可表示未能實現的過去將來時間的動作。

Last Sunday we were going to visit the Great Wall, but it rained.上星期天我們本想去游覽長城的，但卻下雨了。（沒有去成）

I was to have helped with the performance, but I got flu the day before.我是打算幫忙演出的，但前天我感冒了。（沒有幫上忙）

d.was/were about to do

“was/were about to do”表示說話的瞬間就會發生的動作。

I felt something terrible was about to happen.我覺得有可怕的事要發生了。

e.was/were on the point of doing

I'm glad you have come.I was on the point of calling you, but you've saved me the trouble now.很高興你來了。我正準備給你打電話，現在你省去我這個麻煩了。

提示：

“be about to do”和“be on the point of doing”結構一般不與表示將來的時間狀語連 用，但后面可以接when引導的分句。

I was about to start when it suddenly began to rain.我正要動身天突然下雨了。

進行時

二、進行時

進行時表示動作正在進行，這個動作是暫時的，也是未完成的。進行時包括現在進行時、過去進行時和將來進行時。A．現在進行時

1．現在進行時的構成

現在進行時是由“am, is, are +現在分詞”構成的。

I'm reading the evening newspaper.我正在看晚報。

Now it isn't snowing outside.現在外面不在下雪。

Are they playing soccer in the playground?

他們正在操場上踢足球嗎？

2．現在進行時的用法 ①現在進行時的基本用法

a.表示說話的此刻正在進行的動作

通常由表示“此刻”的時間狀語（now, at this moment），或通過Look/Listen!這兩個提示語來表明此時此刻動作正在進行。

She is making a fire now.她正在生火。

Listen!Mary is singing an English song in the classroom.聽！瑪麗正在教室里唱英文歌。

b.表示現在時間段中正在進行的動作

They are planting trees on the hill these days.這幾天他們正在山上種樹。

I don't really work here;I am just helping out until the new secretary arrives.我并不在這兒工作，我只是在新秘書來之前幫幫忙罷了。

c.表示按計劃或安排將要發生的動作

能這樣用的動詞并不多，通常是arrive, begin, come, do, drive, fly, go, leave, stay等表示位置轉移的動詞。這種用法比較生動，給人以一種期待感。

Jane and Betty are going on holiday in a few days.12

幾天后簡和貝蒂將出去度假。

Where are you staying in Guangzhou?

你到廣州后準備住在哪里？

②現在進行時的特殊用法

a.表示一種重復的動作，帶有“厭惡”、“贊嘆”等感情色彩

現在進行時往往與constantly, always, forever等狀語連用，給現在的動作披上一層感情色彩。

She's constantly complaining.她不停地抱怨。

My brother is always leaving things about.我弟弟總是亂丟東西。

He is forever thinking of doing more for the students.他總是想著為學生多做些事情。

b.表示某一具體動作或心理狀態的發展過程

The house is falling down.房子正在倒下。

The weather is changing for the better.天氣慢慢轉好了。

注意：

有時表示一個動作剛剛開始。

I'm forgetting my English.我的英語開始忘了。

Food is costing more.食品貴了起來。

c.強調動作的重復

The train is arriving late almost every day this summer.這個夏季火車幾乎天天晚點。

Someone is knocking at the door.有人不斷地在敲門。

The boy is jumping with joy.那男孩高興地跳個不停。

d.表示兩個動作是同一動作

He who helps others is helping himself.幫人就是幫自己。

If you insist on doing it, you are doing a foolish thing.如果你堅持做這件事，你就是在干傻事。

e.be動詞的進行時態

be動詞一般不用于進行時態。但有時可用“am, is, are + being +形容詞”結構表示暫時或故意如此。

The boy is being naughty.這孩子有點兒淘氣。

I don't think you are being fair.我認為你不公平。

He is being modest.他現在很謙虛。

比較：

You are not polite.你不講禮貌。（一貫如此）

You are not being polite.你可有點兒不禮貌了。（暫時的現象）

3.不用進行時態的動詞

①表示狀態的動詞

這類動詞有seem, look, appear, have, belong to, own, hold等。

This backpack belongs to me.這背包是我的。

He seems rather angry with you.看起來他很生你的氣。

②表示知道、信念、理解、推測、懷疑、希望等含義的動詞

這類動詞有know, remember, understand, see, think, believe, suppose, hope, doubt等。

I don't think he will come tomorrow.我想他明天不會來。

I still remember the days when we studied together.我還記得我們一起學習的那些日子。

提示：

有時這些動詞的進行時態可表示心理狀態的緩慢發展過程。

She's understanding you better now.她越來越了解你了。

③表示要求、心愿等意義的動詞

這類動詞有want, wish, need, desire等。

Your clothes need washing.你的衣服需要洗了。

How I wish I were a bird！

我多希望我是一只鳥啊！

④表示繼續或持續含義的動詞

這類動詞有continue, keep, last, go on等。

She still continues in poor health.她仍然身體很差。

Every day after finishing his homework, he goes on to do some reading.他每天做完作業后，都會繼續看會兒書。

⑤表示感覺的動詞

這類動詞有see, hear, smell, taste, feel等。

The apples taste good.這些蘋果嘗起來不錯。

This flower smells nice.這花聞上去很香。

Your suggestion sounds reasonable.你的建議聽上去有道理。

注意：

如果這些動詞表示一種有意識的行為，則可用進行時態。

She is tasting the apple.她正在嘗蘋果。

The dog is smelling the footprints.狗正在嗅腳印。

The bell is sounding for dinner.晚飯鈴響了。

4．現在進行時和一般現在時的比較

①暫時性動作和經常性動作

The computer is working perfectly.計算機運轉得很好。（暫時）

The computer works perfectly.計算機運轉很好。（一直如此）

②持續性動作和短暫性動作

The bus is stopping.車停了下來。（漸漸地）

The bus stops.車停了。（迅速）

③暫時性動作和永久性動作

She is living in the country.她現在住在農村。（暫時）

She lives in the country.她住在農村。（永久）

④有感情色彩和沒有感情色彩

He is doing well at school.他在學校表現很好。（贊揚）

He does well at school.他在學校表現很好。（一般事實）

B.過去進行時 1.過去進行時的構成

過去進行時是由“was / were +現在分詞”構成的。

I was doing my homework at this time yesterday.昨天的這個時候我正在做作業。

Were you expecting him yesterday?

你昨天一直在等他嗎？

They were not talking when I came in.我進來的時候他們沒在說話。2.過去進行時的用法

①過去進行時的基本用法

a.表示在過去某一時刻正在發生的動作或該動作與過去的另一動作同時發生

I was having supper at 7:00 yesterday evening.昨天晚上7點我正在吃晚飯。

She was playing the piano while I was reading the newspaper.她彈鋼琴時我在看報。

提示：

當句子意思很清楚時，我們也可以把兩個動詞都換成一般過去時。

We listened closely while the teacher read the text.老師讀課文時，我們都仔細地聽著。

b.表示過去一段時間內正在進行的動作

We were talking about you the whole morning.我們整個上午都在說你。

He was watching TV at home from 3:00 to 5:00 yesterday afternoon.昨天下午從3點到5點他一直在看電視。

c.表示按計劃、安排過去將要發生的事

He told me that he was going soon.他告訴我他很快就要走了。

She said she was leaving for New York the next month.她說她下個月動身去紐約。

②過去進行時的特殊用法

a.表示故事發生的背景

It was snowing as the medical team made its way to the front.那支醫療小組往前線行進時天正下著雪。

Tom slipped into the house when no one was looking.湯姆乘沒人注意時溜進了房間。

b.表示一個新的動作剛剛開始

過去進行時可用來引出一個新的動作，這種用法頗有點兒像鏡頭轉換。

Five minutes later, he was standing at the door, smoking.5分鐘后，他已站在門口抽著煙。

The baby was crying hard, and suddenly the crying stopped.這嬰兒在大聲啼哭，突然，哭聲停止了。

c.用來陳述原因或用作借口

She went to the doctor yesterday.She was having a lot of trouble with her heart.她昨天去看病了。她患了很嚴重的心臟病。

I haven't finished my homework because I was helping my mother at home all day yesterday.我作業沒做完是因為我昨天一直幫媽媽在家干活。

d.與always, constantly等詞連用，表示感情色彩

The girl was always changing her mind.這女孩老是改變主意。

In the past he was constantly asking me for money.過去他總是向我要錢。

3．過去進行時與一般過去時的區別

①一般過去時往往表示某一動作已經完成，而過去進行時卻表示動作在持續或未完成。

She wrote a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚給朋友寫了封信。（信寫完了）

She was writing a letter to her friend last night.她昨晚一直在給朋友寫信。（信不一定寫完）

②一般過去時表示只做一次動作，而過去進行時卻表示動作反復地進行。

She waved to me.她朝我揮了揮手。

She was waving to me.她不斷地朝我揮手。

The boy jumped up and down.這男孩跳了一下。

The boy was jumping up and down.這男孩不停地跳著。

C.將來進行時

1．將來進行時的構成

將來進行時是由“shall/will + be +現在分詞”構成的。

Don't phone me between 8:00 and 10:00.We'll be having classes then.8點到10點之間不要給我打電話，我們那時正在上課。

Will you be using your bicycle this evening?

今晚你用自行車嗎？

She won't be having a meeting in her office at 8:00 tomorrow.明天8點她不在開會。

2．將來進行時的用法

①將來進行時的基本用法

a.表示在將來某一時間正在進行的動作

I'll be taking my holiday soon.我不久就去度假了。

They will be meeting us at the station.他們會在車站接我們的。

b.在口語中代替will/shall do

I hope you will be coming on time.我希望你按時來。

I'll be seeing Mr.Smith tomorrow.我明天將見到史密斯先生。

The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs.部長將就國際事務發表演講。

②將來進行時的特殊用法

a.表示原因、結果或猜測

Please come tomorrow afternoon.Tomorrow morning I'll be having a meeting.請你明天下午來吧。我明天上午有個會。（表原因）

Stop the child or he will be falling over.抓住那個孩子，要不他會掉下去的。（表結果）

You will be making a mistake.你會出錯的。（表推測）

b.用在問句中，表示委婉禮貌

Will you be reading anything else?

你還要看點兒什么嗎？

When shall we be meeting again?

我們什么時候再見面？

c.表示稍后一點兒的安排

The students aer studying Unit 3 this week, and next week we'll be studying Unit 4.這星期我們學第三單元，下周我們將學第四單元。

My duties will end in July and I will be returning to Shanghai.我的任務在7月結束，之后我會回上海。

完成時

三、完成時

完成時是用來表示動作的完成與未完成的情況。完成時包括現在完成時、過去完成時和將來完成時。

A．現在完成時

1．現在完成時的構成

現在完成時的構成形式是“have / has +過去分詞”。現在完成時常被稱為“與現在有聯系的過去”，因此它不能與明確的過去時間狀語連用。

Someone has broken the window.有人把窗戶打破了。

I haven't seen much of her lately.我最近不常見到她。

How long have they been married?

他們結婚多長時間了？ 2．現在完成時的用法

①表示結果的現在完成時

現在完成時著眼于過去的動作對現在產生的結果或影響。這是現在完成時的“已完成”用法，表示動作或過程發生在說話之前就已完成，并與現在有聯系。這種聯系實際上就是“過去的動作”對現在的影響或產生的結果。

I have bought a pen.我買了一支筆。（結果：I have a pen now.）

The temperature has increased by 10℃.19

溫度上升了10攝氏度。（結果：It is quite hot now.）

Air pollution has taken the lives of many people.空氣污染已經奪去了很多人的生命。（結果：Air pollution is very serious now.）

注意：

現在完成時的上下文所指的時態必須呼應。

【誤】I have bought a pen but I have lost it now.（have bought表示你現在已經有筆了，這和后面的have lost有矛盾）

【正】I bought a pen but I have lost it now.我（過去）買了一支筆，但我已經把它丟了。

【誤】I have lost my pen but I have found it now.（have lost強調你現在已經沒有筆了，與后面have found的意思有沖突）

【正】I lost my pen but I have found it now.我丟了一支筆，但現在已經找到了。

②表示經歷的現在完成時

強調過去某一時刻到說話時這段時間中的經歷。

Have you ever been to the Great Wall?

你去過長城嗎？

I have visited Beijing at least ten times.北京我至少訪問過十次了。

She has never spent a holiday at the seaside.她從未到海濱度過假。

③表示延續的現在完成時

這是現在完成時的“未完成”用法，表示一個動作或狀態從過去某時開始，持續到現在，可能要繼續下去。

He's loved fishing for a long time.他愛好釣魚為時已久。（他現在仍愛好釣魚）

I have lived here for more than thirty years.我已在這兒住了三十多年了。（也許還會繼續住下去）

注意：

現在完成時的“未完成”用法既可用于動態動詞（主要是持續動詞），也可用于狀態動詞，但它一般不適用于表示短暫動作或位置轉移的動詞，如：open, break, go, come, arrive, leave等。如用這類動詞表示“未完成”，通常只限于否定結構。

I haven't seen a film for weeks.我已經好幾個星期沒看電影了。

She hasn't written to me since September.自從9月份以來她還沒給我寫過信呢。

3．現在完成時的時間狀語

①與現在完成時“已完成”用法連用的時間狀語

現在完成時表示的動作或狀態發生在現在時間以前的某個未明確指出的過去時間內，和它連用的時間狀語要與現在時間有關，不能是明確地表示過去的時間狀語。

a.不確定的過去時間狀語：already, yet, before, recently, lately等

I've seen the film before.我以前看過這部電影。

Have you been there lately?

近來你去過那里嗎?

b.頻度時間狀語：often, sometimes, ever, never, once, rarely等

We have never heard of that.我們從未聽說過這事。

He has sometimes played tennis.他有時打網球。

Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.大本鐘很少出差錯。

c.包含現在時間在內的時間狀語：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等

I have just finished the letter now.我現在剛寫完信。

You have just missed the bus.你剛好錯過公共汽車。

Has he done much work today?

他今天做了很多工作嗎？

比較：already和yet用法上的區別

already常用于肯定句，置于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑問句，置于句末。但already有時也可用在疑問句中暗示驚訝的心情。

She has already gone.她早就走了。

Have you eaten your dinner already?

你已經吃過飯了?

He has not come yet.他還沒有來。

②與現在完成時“未完成”用法連用的時間狀語

與“已完成”用法一樣，表示具體的過去的時間狀語不能與“未完成”用法連用。與其連 用的往往是指一段時間的狀語以具體表示某一動作或狀態持續了多久。

a.since +具體時間，表示動作或狀態從何時開始

Since then, he has developed another bad habit.自那以后他養成了另一個壞習慣。

He hasn't been home since he graduated.他畢業后就沒回過家。

b.for +一段時間，表示動作或狀態持續了多久

We have worked here for ages.我們在這里工作很久了。

There has been no rain here for nearly two months.這里已經近兩個月沒有下雨了。

c.until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment

到目前為止

I have not seen him so far.到目前為止我沒見過他。

Up to the present, everything has been OK.到目前為止一切正常。

d.in/during the past/last five years

在剛剛過去的5年里

He has been away from school during the last few weeks.過去的幾個星期里他沒在學校。

In the past few years they have dealt with quite a few international corporations successfully.在過去的幾年中他們已經和好幾家跨國公司做成了生意。

e.all the while, all day一直，一整天

She has been busy all day.她忙了一整天。

4．現在完成時和一般過去時的區別

①兩者都可表示過去發生過的動作，但前者表示的是過去的動作對現在的影響，而后者則只是表示過去有這一動作的事實。

He locked the door.他鎖過門。（但現在門是開是鎖不清楚。）

He has locked the door.他把門鎖上了。（現在門是鎖著的。）

Who turned on the light?

誰開的燈？（著眼開燈的動作，不管現在燈是開是關。）

Who has turned on the light?

誰把燈打開了？（著眼開燈的結果，即現在燈還亮著。）

②兩者都可表示過去開始并延續了一段時間的動作，現在完成時表示該動作仍在繼續，而一般過去時則說明該動作現已終止。

He has lived in Beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。（現在仍住那兒）

He lived in Beijing for four years.他曾在北京住了四年。（現在不住那兒了）

B．過去完成時

過去完成時的動作須在過去某一時間之前發生，即發生在“過去的過去”。

1．過去完成時的構成

過去完成時是由“had+過去分詞”構成的。

Soon I realized I had made a serious mistake.我很快就意識到我犯了一個嚴重的錯誤。

The man sitting beside me on the plane was very nervous.He had not flown before.飛機上坐在我旁邊的人很緊張，他以前從沒乘過飛機。

Had he gone home when you arrived?你到的時候他已經回家了嗎？

2．過去完成時的用法

①“已完成”用法

表示某一動作或狀態在過去某一時間之前或過去某一動作之前已經完成。句中常用by引導的時間狀語或以before, until, when, than等詞引導的內含一般過去時的時間狀語從句。

By 5:00 yesterday morning we had done that work.到昨天早上5點鐘時，我們已經做完了那件工作。

He had just finished sweeping the classroom when the teacher returned from the office.老師從辦公室回來時，他剛把教室打掃完。

They came earlier than we had expected.他們到得比我們預料的要早。

I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.我在進大學之前就已學了5000個單詞。

It rained yesterday after it had been dry for many months.旱了好幾個月之后，昨天下雨了。

注意：

在包含before和after的復合句中，因為從句動作和主句動作發生的先后順序已經非常明確，可以用一般過去時代替過去完成時。

The train(had)started before I reached the station.在我到達車站之前，列車已經開了。

After he(had)arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.馬克思到達英格蘭之后，努力提高他的英語水平。

②“未完成”用法

表示一個動作或狀態在過去某一時刻之前就已開始，一直持續到這一過去時間，還可能再持續下去。

Up to that time all had gone well.直到那時一切都很順利。

John and Jane had known each other for a long time before their marriage.約翰和簡在結婚前就認識很長時間了。

She said she had made much progress since she came here.她說自從她到這兒后已取得了很大的進步。

③“想象性”用法

過去完成時有時表示一種未實現的愿望或想法，主要用在if引導的和過去事實相反的條件句以及wish, as if引導的從句中。

If she had worked hard, she would have succeeded.要是她努力的話，她就會成功了。（事實上她沒努力，也沒成功。）

I wish I had gone with you to the concert.我要是和你一起去音樂會就好了。

The two strangers talked as if they had been good friends for many years.那兩個陌生人交談起來就像是多年的老朋友。

④表示“剛剛……就……”

過去完成時常用在hardly/scarcely/barely...when..., no sooner...than...等結構中，表示“剛剛……就……”。

Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他剛開始演講，聽眾就打斷了他。

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.他剛到就又走了。提示：

intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等動詞的過去完成時可以用來表示一個本來打算做而未做的事。

I had meant to come, but something happened.我原本打算來的，但有事發生了。

I had intended to call on you, but was prevented from doing so.我本打算去看你的，但沒能去成。

They had wanted to help but couldn't get here in time.他們原想幫忙的，但沒能及時趕到這里。3．過去完成時與一般過去時的比較

一般過去時表示過去時間的動作或狀態。過去完成時表示的動作或狀態發生在一般過去時表示的動作或狀態之前，因此它表示的是“比過去更過去”。

I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已歸還了我借的書。

He didn't know a thing about the verb, for he had not studied his lessons.他對動詞一無所知，因為他沒有好好學習功課。

I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.我在車站等了20分鐘車才來。

C．將來完成時

1．將來完成時的構成

將來完成時的構成是由“shall/ will + have +過去分詞”構成的。

Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.不久他就會全然忘記這件事的。

He is somebody now.He will not have remembered his old classmates.他現在是一個有身份的人了，他可能不會記得老同學了。

Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?到下個月你認識凱文該有10年了吧？

2.將來完成時的用法

①表示在將來某一時間之前已完成的動作，并往往對將來某一時間產生影響。

We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.到這個學期末，我們將學完12個單元。

By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.你到家之前我將把房子徹底打掃一遍。

Will you soon have finished laying the table?

你會很快擺放好餐桌嗎？

注意：

在時間狀語從句中，不用將來完成時，要用現在完成時來代替。

When I have finished that, I shall have done all I am supposed to do.等我做完這件事時，我就做完我該做的所有的事了。

Please don't get off the bus until it has stopped.請待車停穩了再下車。

②表示推測

You will have heard of this, I guess.我想你已經聽說過這件事了。

I am sure he will have got the information.我相信他一定得到了這個信息。

四、完成進行時

完成進行時是完成時和進行時的結合，包括現在完成進行時和過去完成進行時。

A.現在完成進行時

1．現在完成進行時的構成

現在完成進行時是由“have/has been +現在分詞”構成的。

He is ill.He's been lying in bed for three weeks.他病了，已經臥床3個星期了。

Your eyes are red.Have you been crying?

你眼睛紅了。你剛剛哭過了嗎？

What have you been doing all this time?

這半天你干什么來著？

2.現在完成進行時的用法

①表示動作從過去某時開始，一直延續到現在

現在完成進行時常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等狀語以及since和for引導的狀語連用。

I have been reading Hemingway's Farewell to Arms recently.我最近一直在讀海明威的《永別了，武器》。

She has been reciting the words all the morning.她整個上午都在背單詞。

This is what I have been expecting since my childhood.這是我從小以來就一直期待著的事情。

②表示動作剛剛結束

My clothes are all wet.I've been working in the rain.我的衣服全濕了，我剛才一直在雨中干活。

He is dead drunk.He's been drinking with his friends.他爛醉如泥，他剛才一直在和朋友們喝酒。

③表示一個近期內時斷時續、重復發生的動作

You've been saying that for five years.這話你已經說了五年了。

He has been writing articles to the newspapers and magazines since he became a teacher.自從任教以來，他一直在為報刊雜志撰稿。

④表達較重的感情色彩

What have you been doing to my dictionary?

看你把我的字典弄成什么樣子了！

Time has been flying so quickly!

時間過得可真快啊！

Too much has been happening today.今天可真是個多事的日子。

3.現在完成進行時和現在完成時的比較

①現在完成進行時可以表示動作的重復，而現在完成時一般不表示重復性。

Have you been meeting him recently?

你最近常和他見面嗎？

Have you met him recently?

你最近見到過他嗎？

②現在完成進行時有時含有感情色彩，而現在完成時一般是平鋪直敘。

I have been waiting for you for two hours.我一直等了你兩個小時。（可能表示不滿）

I have waited for you for two hours.我等了你兩個小時。（說明一個事實）

③現在完成進行時強調動作，而現在完成時強調結果。

Who has been eating the oranges?

誰一直在吃這些桔子呀？（還剩余一些）

Who has eaten the oranges?

誰把桔子吃光了？（強調吃得一個不剩）

B.過去完成進行時

1.過去完成進行時的構成

過去完成進行時是由“had been +現在分詞”構成。

She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.她在考試之前一直患重感冒。

Had they been expecting the news for some time?

他們期待這個消息有一段時間了吧？

Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.盡管拉斐爾沒做什么錯事，但他還是挨罵了。

2.過去完成進行時的用法

①表示過去某一時間之前一直進行的動作 過去完成進行時表示動作在過去某一時間之前開始，一直延續到這一過去時間。和過去完成時一樣，過去完成進行時也必須以一過去時間為前提。

I had been looking for it for days before I found it.這東西我找了好多天才找著的。

They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.他們只等了一會兒車就來了。

②表示反復的動作

He had been mentioning your name to me.他過去多次向我提到過你的名字。

You had been giving me everything.你對我真是有求必應。

③過去完成進行時還常用于間接引語中（詳見第12章）

The doctor asked what he had been eating.醫生問他吃了什么。

I asked where they had been staying all those days.我問他們那些天是待在哪兒的。

④過去完成進行時之后也可接具有“突然”之意的when分句

I had only been reading a few minutes when he came in.我剛看了幾分鐘他就進來了。

She'd only been reviewing her lessons for a short while when her little sister interrupted her.她溫習功課才一會兒，她妹妹就打斷她了。

3．過去完成進行時和過去完成時的比較

She had cleaned the office, so it was very tidy.她已經打掃過辦公室了，所以很整潔。（強調結果）

She had been cleaning the office, so we had to wait outside.她一直在打掃辦公室，所以我們不得不在外面等著。（強調動作一直在進行）