第一篇：新東方考研英語金牌資料寫作(7-8部分)

第七部分

不忘最后讀一遍

40分鐘的寫作，時間再緊，也要留出兩三分鐘的時間把文章通讀一遍，進行必要的修改。不要說我們初學寫作的人，就是大作家寫完一個章節或一部小說后都要反復讀上幾遍。在限時、緊張的寫作中，出現錯誤，尤其是語言上的錯誤是不可避免的。如果把這些錯誤留在那里，不得到改正，就會影響整篇文章的質量。閱卷人雖然不大會按你文章中語言錯誤的累計數目進行扣分，但錯誤，尤其是一些幼稚的錯誤，會給閱卷人員留下不好的印象，從而影響文章的分數。

那么修改應注意哪些方面呢？從結構方面來說：（1）看一看中心思想是不是突出？文章中有論述和材料是否都圍繞著這個中心思想展開？如發現個別句子或例子游離于中心思想之外，甚至與中心思想發生沖突，就應把它從文章中去掉。（2）看一看段與段之間，句與句之間是否連貫？銜接是否自然，或給人一種斷裂、跳躍的感覺？如發現這種情況，就要加一個句子或一些詞，或改變一下說法，以求文章的連貫。

但就修改來說，是主要還是放在語言上，即語法和詞匯上。

以下各例中，a）表示錯誤的或不宜提倡的句子，b）表示正確的或值得模仿的句子。

1．動詞謂語的時態是否有錯

例 1

a)We college students had enough time to take a parttime job, no matter how busy we

were...b)We college students have enough time to take a parttime job, no matter how busy we are...命題作文一般都是議論文，而寫議論文一般都是用現在時態。只有舉例，提到過去的事才會用到過去時。

例 2

a)Riding bicycles had more advantages than taking a bus.b)Riding bicycles had more advantages than taking a bus.考生中用過去時寫作與他們教材課文體裁（大多為敘述文、說明文）和平時寫作練習（大多寫個人經歷的故事）有關，也與他們過度概括有關，認為所有文章都用過去時。

例 3

a)There are so many countries using English that it had been regarded as an international

language.b)There are so many countries using English that it has been regarded as an international language.在論述同一事情，即發生在同一時間里的事時，前后半句或相鄰的幾句在時態上要保持一致。

2．主語和謂語，名詞和代詞，以及人稱是否保持一致

例 4

a)The eating habit of Chinese people have changed in the past decade.b)The eating habit of Chinese people has changed in the past decade.不管主語和謂語隔開多遠，主語當中還有修飾成分，謂語要和真正的主語在數上保持一致。

例 5

a)Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when it is in season.b)Now fruits and vegetables can be seen everywhere when they are in season.例 6

a)I feel proud to come to our university.b)I feel proud to come to this university

our和主語 I不一致，或把 our改成 my，或改成 this。而這里用 this 較妥。

3． 修飾語是否放在正確的位置上

例 7

a)Without television, people can't get information which comes from other parts of the world immediately.b）Without television, people can't immediately get information which comes from other parts of the world.a)句子，immediately 顯然放錯了位置。是“得到迅速從各地傳來的消息”，還是“迅速得到從各地傳來的消息”？意思含糊不清。

例8

a)At the age of six, my father began to give me English lessons.b)When I was five years old, my father began to give me English lessons.a)句子，At the age of six 放在這個位置上，變成了“我父親六歲的時候”。改變說法，可以解決這個問題。

例 9

a)To improve one's writing skill.regular practice is necessary.b)To improve one's writing skill, one must make regular practice.不定式短語的邏輯主語決不是regular practice，為了把邏輯關系表達清楚，要么把不定式短語改成If one wants to improve his writing skill，要么把主句改成one must make regular practice.4．表示相同的意思，是否用了平行語法結構

例 10

a)With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and read at home.b)With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and reading at home.can do shopping, banking and read at home, 用語法平行結構來衡量，用動詞原形 read是不妥的，為了和 do shopping, do banking 保持結構上平行，接下來的一個內容要用do reading.例 11

a)Nowadays, people not only eat enough food, but also eat better.b)Nowadays, people not only eat more, but also eat better.用 not only...but also, both...and, whether...or, either...or, as well as, along with等能連接兩個成分的連詞，前后兩個成分在結構上要保持一致。用 eat enough food, eat better不如用 eat more, eat better，都用副詞。

例 12

a)Participating in sports is good for our physical health, and through it we can also train our character.b)Participating in sports is good for our physical health, and it is also beneficial to our character-training.在說同樣的事時，相鄰的句子盡可能在語法結構上保持一致。

5．用代詞時，指代是否清楚

例13

a)Sometimes teachers will inform students of the heavy burden they have to bear.b)Sometimes a teacher will inform students of the heavy burden he has to bear.they 即可指代teachers, 也可指代 students，明顯的是指代不清。其實只要把其中一個名詞變成單數，用he和 they分別代不同的名詞，就清楚了。因為 a teacher也可泛指所有教師。

例14

a)Someone believes that the teacher's task is to give students knowledge, which may not be true.b)Someone believes that the teacher's task is to give students knowledge, a notion which may not be true.which指代什么不清楚，指 knowledge，還是指前面整個句子？如果指 Someone believes，最好用 a notion或an idea歸納一下整個句子的意思，然后引出從句。

例15

a)People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials, but it often proves useless.b）People have been fighting against the influence of TV commercials, but the effort often proves useless.it 指什么？如指influence，則在 it often proves useless 這個句子中顯然不通。寫作人知道it指人們的努力，但effort 這個詞前面沒有出現過，就不能用it。

6． 相鄰的句子，是否避免了不必要的結構轉變

例16

a)While we reuce the number of vehicles, the speed of traffic can be increased.b)While the number of vehiles is reduced, the speed of traffic is increased.兩個非常相關的意思，不要一個使用主動結構，一個使用被動結構。

例17

a)Each of us may take a parttime job to help support ourselves, but if you spend too much time on it, your study will be affected.b)Each of us may take a parttime job to help support ourselves, but too much time spent on it, our studies will be affected.前半句用each of us和ourselves，后半句卻用you和 your study，應一致起來。

7．可數名詞與不可數名詞是否用得正確

例18

a)TV presents us with many useful informations.b)TV presents us with a lot of useful information

還有evidence, advice, knowledge等都是不可數名詞，都不能用復數。另外，many, a great number of, another, few 等只能與可數名詞配用。而a great amount of, a great deal of, less, much, 等應與不可數名詞配用。

例19

a)Making our cities greener is not an easy work.b)Making our cities greener is not an easy job.work 用作可數名詞是“作品”這類意思，而表示“工作”時，不可數。同樣，在 Word has been sent out that those who cheat on exams will be punished.這個句子中，要用單數word表示“信息”。

例20

a）Each people has his own opportunities.b)Each person has his own opportunities.people作“人民”、“人們”解時，是集體名詞，不能與each配用。a people或 peoples表示民族、國家。在正式語體中也不能說 less people，而應說 few people。

8．冠詞是否用得正確

例21

a)Book knowledge is important, but we should also learn something in the society.b)Book knowledge is important, but we should also learn something in society.用定冠詞the, 是特指意義，而這里沒有這個特指意義。同樣，在When I was in the high school, I always have a beautiful picture of the college life 中，兩個the都應去掉。

例22

a)If there were no electirc power, we would have to do everything by the hands.b)If there were no electric power, we would have to do everything by hand.表示用手(by hand), 走路(on foot), 上課(in class), 上學(go to school), 住院(at hospitable)等，都不用定冠詞。

例23

a)If there were no electric power, factory would stop producing goods, car, bus and train would stop running.b)If there were no electric power, factories would stop producing goods;cars, buses and trains would stop running.用可數名詞時，要么前面有冠詞（the, a, an)或代詞(his, her, my), 要么以復數形成出現。不能像中文名詞那樣沒有語法變化。

9．句子的主謂賓是否齊全。

例24

a)TV now plays an important role in our daily life, Because we cannot live without it.b)TV now plays an important role in our daily life.because we cannot live without it.中文用“因為”引出的句子可以獨立，但英語不行，作為從句，只能附屬主句。

例25

a)There are many ways to contact with society.For example, join in clubs, taking parttime jobs and helping the poor.b)There are many ways to contact with society, for example, joining clubs, taking parttime jobs and helping the poor.for example 引出的應是句子，如 For example we may join clubs, take part-time jobs and help the poor。有時也可不自立為句，跟在一個句子后面，借用主語。

例26

a)If no electricity, all activities such as watching TV and seeing movies will be impossible.b)If there is no electricity, all activities such as wathcing TV and seeing movies will be impossible.if no electricity（如果沒有電），但句中的no不是動詞，也就是說這個從句缺了謂語。

10．過渡詞是否用得合適

例27

a)Because some college graduates could not find a better job, so they decided to continue to read for a second degree.b)As come college graduates could not find a better job, they decided to continue to read for a second degee.漢語可以說 “因為......所以”, 但英語不能連用“because...so”.例28

a)Although an opportunity is rare, but we must be ready to seize it.b)Although an opportunity is rare, we must be ready to seize it.同樣，漢語可以說“雖然......但日”，而英語要么用although,要么用 but, 兩者不能同時用。

11．詞語的搭配是否正確

例29

a)We students should learn/study as much knowledge as possible.b)We students should acquire/obtain as much knowledge as possible.“學習知識”是考生作文中經常要表達的，但不少人用錯。英語中能和knowledge 搭配的是obtain, acquire, gain等。

例30

a)With a rise in the number of cars and buses, traffic in Shanghai has become more and more crowded.b)With a rise in the number of cars and buses, traffic in Shanghai has become increasingly heavier.traffic不和 crowded搭配，說 “交通擁擠繁忙”，應說 traffic is heavy/busy.如同中文里的“速度快”，英語不說 “The speed of cars is fast/quick.” 而是說“The speed of cars is high/fantastic.”或“cars are much faster.”

例31

a)People begin to eat more vice food.b)People begin to eat more non-staple foodstuff.副總統是vice presidents, 副食品應是 non-staple foodstuff, 而副經理、副教授、副作用分別是 assistant managers, associate professors, side effects，搭配不同。

12．詞語是否用得得當

例32

a)Actually, traffic jams have effected our daily life.b)Actually, traffic jams have affected our daily life.表示“不良影響”，動詞用affect, 而不是effect。

例33

a)When old problems are solved, new problems will rise.b)When old problems are solved, new problems will arise.rise 是“起來”、“上升”的意思，arise 才是“出現”的意思。

例34

a)There are many factors leading to changes in people's diet.At first, people can afford expensive food.b)There are many factors leading to changes in people's diet.First, people can afford expensive food.At first 是“起先”的意思，暗示后來情況完全兩樣。表示“首先”，要用first。就如 highly 和 high 是兩個同的意思，前者是作“非?！苯?，后者是“高”的意思。Women have risen high in social status.不能用 highly。13．是否重復使用了表示意思的詞語

例35

a)In my opinion, I believe the present educational system is in need of reform.b)In my opinion, the present education system is in need of reform.I believe 的意思已包括在In my opinion 里了，用一個就可以了。

例36

a)The reason why people choose to live in the country is because there is no pollution nor noise there.b)The reason why people choose to live in the country is that there is no pollution nor noise there.reason, why, because 都是指同一意思。至少要去掉一個。

例37

a)People try to find a solution to solve the problem.b)People try to find a solution to the problem.14． 介詞是否用得正確

例38

a)After four years, we all graduated from college and entered society.b)Four years later, we all graduated from college and entered society.用過去時時，表示四年以后，應用four years later，而不是 after four years。用于表示將來的四年后，也不用after，而是用介詞 in，如“We will all graduate in four years”。

例39

a)Many college students have a strong desire to be independent on their parents.b)Many college students have a strong desire to be independent of their parents.“依靠”的意思是用dependent on，但“不依賴、獨立”卻要用 independent of。

15．詞性是否用得正確

例40

a)The computer like TV, it has both advantages and disadvantages.b)Like TV, the computer has both advantages and disadvantages.表示“像”，like是一個介詞，這里誤作了動詞。

例41

a)Obviously, our country would stop develop if no electricity.b)Obviously, our country would stop developing in there were no electricity.這里，develop 應該用動名詞developing，而且 no不是動詞，說“沒有”，應當用 there is not(no)或have(has)not

例42

a)Riding bicycles conveniences my work.b)Riding bicycles is convenient to my work.convenience 不是動詞。表示“方便”，可用be convenient to的結構。

16．句子是否有明確的主語

例43

a)Unlike the movie, TV shows on continuously, and doesn't need to pay an extra money.b)Unlike the movie, TV shows on continuously, and one doesn't need to pay an extra money.doesn't need to pay an extra money 的主語是什么？顯然不是TV。漢語可以說：電視可以一直看下去，無需再花什么錢。把主語省去，但英語一定要有明確的主語。

例44

a)Too easy or too difficult is no good for us.b)The books which are too easy or too difficult are no good for us.Too easy or too difficult是形容詞短語，不能作主語，盡管漢語可以說“太容易或太難對我們都不利”。因此，加上The books which are，主語就有了。

例45

a)Reading books can acquire knowledge.b)Through reading one can acquire knowledge.看上去句子有了主語：Reading books，但這是假主語，因為acquire knowledge 的主語需是人。漢語的主語和謂語的關系可以是主題和評論的關系，可以說讀書能獲得知識。但英語不行，一定要有邏輯主謂關系。

17．一個句子是否確保只有一個動詞

例46

a)People think go to the movie will cost a lot of money.b)People think that going to the movie will cost them a lot of money.漢語一個句子里可以集結幾個動詞，形成連動結構：“到那里去看電影響”或兼語結構“叫我去看電影”，但英語不能這樣用。

例47

a)There are many people take part in sports and games now.b)Many people take part in sports and games now.同樣，漢語可以說：有許多人參加體育活動。但英語一個句子只能保留主要動詞，或用從句動詞：“There are many people who take part in sports and games now.”。

例48

a)Although difficulty is exist, but we can overcome it.正：Although difficulty does exist, we can overcome it.“困難是存在的”，英語不能用“is exist”。（順便指出，用了Although，就不能用but。）

18．表達是否符合英語的習慣

英語不僅在語言上有差異，在文化上也有不同。英語有某種說法，漢語里不一定有一模一樣的說法。好多東西是漢語特有的，英語是無法表達的或我們還無法表達。碰到這種情況，我們采取放棄的辦法，要是像例49所示的幾個句子那樣，硬要表達，不僅意思不清，還會鬧出笑話。

例49

a)We should put out hearts into the study.b)We young people are now living in sugar water.a)In a society where men are heavy and women are light, women cannot enjoy full equality.a)Peopl set off firecrackers to congratuate the red and white happy things.a)We should advocate five talks and four beauties.這五個句子都是“中國式英語”，請讀者修改成地道的英語。

第八部分

寫作單項訓練（Exercises 1-7)

Exercise 1

1.Choose the word that best completes the sentence:

1)John was _______(lying, laying)in the sun while Jack was ________(lying, laying)bricks.2)If the cost of living ________(raises, rises), the company will ______(raise, rise)the wages.3)The brain needs a ________(continuous, continual)supply of blood.4)There are no _______(empty, vacant)positions in the company.5)Considerable progress has been _____(made, done)in domestic science.6)In the 18th century _________(ernigrants, immigrants, migrants)poured into America.7)________(Last, At last)the spring has come after a long winter.8)English is the _________(native, mother)tongue of most Americans.9)The mountain hotel offered magnificent _________(views, scenes).10)He spoke to his father _________(respectably, respectfully, respectively).Exercise 2

1.Identify and correct the mistakes, if any, in the following sentences.1)Geography offers us knowledge of foreign countries.2)Jack ran to classroom where the teacher was giving the test with his heart pounding.3)Having almost no money, my survival depended entirely on my parents.4)After returning home, my family welcomed me with presents.5)Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can see.6)He likes to swim, to sing and football.7)I bought this dictionary at a secondhand bookstore which cost five dollars.8)Because he said nothing does not mean that he agreed to your proposal.9)If he lives to be eighty, he would be able to see the year 2000.10)China has a population of 1.2 billion people.11)I enjoy very much the movie Titanic.12)Birds do not need food very much.13)Many great men rise from poverty.Abraham Lincoln, for example.14)The room was empty, everyone had gone.15)The number of students who have become interested in English are increasing.16)One reason I appreciate classical music is the enjoyment you get from listening to it.17)His article is full of many humorous remarks.18)Man will surely learn more about the outer space.19)To keep friendship evergreen, petty quarrels should be avoided.20)Follow the following procedures: first, get your application forms;next, fill them out;and last, you should pay the charges.2.Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the sentence printed before it.1)Joe prefers sleeping to working.Joe would __________________________________________________________.2)They decided that all heavy goods vehicles should be banned.They decision was that there ____________________________________________.3)Under no circumstances would they issue him with a passport.They _______________________________________________________________.4)He was not only unfriendly but very rude.As well _____________________________________________________________.5)Leave them alone and they'll come home by themselves.They'll come home by themselves ________________________________________.6)The police couldn't find the owner of the bicycle.The owner __________________________________________________________.7)He's supposed to close and lock the safe every evening before leaving.It's his _____________________________________________________________.8)The idea was so ridiculous that no one agreed to it.So ridiculous _______________________________________________________.9)Owing to a traffic accident, he arrived late.His late ____________________________________________________________.10)But for his help, I should never have managed.If it hadn't ________________________________________________________.11)I never even touched your books.I didn't so much ___________________________________________________.12)I suppose you've heard the news already.You must ________________________________________________________.13)He was very fat because he ate too much.As a consequence _________________________________________________.14)I don't think I will go to the cinema tonight because it is raining.My reason _______________________________________________________.15)The bus service seems to be particularly bad on Sundays.There seems _____________________________________________________.16)The cook is brilliant but he knows nothing about French sauces.Brilliant ________________________________________________________.17)My promoting to Manager was due to your help.It was thanks to you _______________________________________________.18)The burglar alarm rang as soon as he climbed through the window.No sooner ______________________________________________________.19)I should like someone to take me out to dinner.What I should like ________________________________________________.20)I now regret not staying longer.I am sorry now __________________________________________________.Exercise 3 Fill in the blanks with appropriate connective words.1.European universities and universities in the United States are different in many ways._________, European students enroll in fewer courses each term than United States student do._____________, European student seldom live at a university.__________, they live at home and travel to classes.__________, United States professors often ask their students questions or allow their students to form discussion groups.________, European professors ask students to write fewer papers than United States professors do.__________, European students' final examinations are usually oral, __________ American students take written final examinations.___________, a European university is mainly a place to study.___________, at most United States universities, social activities take up a large part of the students' time.2.The problem with an old car is that it is always needing something replaced or repaired._______, about the time the fourth tire is replaced, the first one begins to wear thin again._________, if the front brakes are renewed, ________ the rear brakes start to go wrong.__________ common problem is that some kind of pump is always breaking down and needing replacement.__________ the air pump may develop trouble, _________ the fuel pump may go bad, and _______ the water pump may give up.__________, everything under the hood seems to need a new hose or a new valve._________ the car new transmission or a new engine.There seems to be no end to the trouble and expense of keeping up and old car.Exercise 4

Cross out the unnecessary wording:

Perhaps the most interesting person I have ever met is an interesting Italian professor of philosophy who teaches courses at the University of Pisa in Italy.Athough I last met this man eight years ago, I have not forgotten over the long years his special qualities.First of all, I was impressed from the beginning by his complete devotion to teaching his students.Because his lectures were always well-prepared and invariably clearly delivered, a great many students always swarmed into his classroom, filling the classroom to capacity.His many followers also appreciated the fact that he thoroughly believed in what he taught to students and that he was always intellectually stimulating to hear.Furthermore he could be counted on in every class session to explain his ideas in an imaginative way, introducing such various aids to student understanding as oil paintings, phonograph records, pieces of sculpture, and guest lecturers who were invited to speak to the class.Once he even sang a song in class before the students' eyes in order to illustrate a philosophical point.Second, I admired the fact that he would confer with students at almost any time outside of the classroom or talk with them on the telephone.Drinking coffee in the snack bar after having taught a class, he would easily make friends with students with great ease.Sometimes he would issue a challenge to a student to join with him in a game of chess.At other times, he would quite readily join groups of students to discuss subjects raging broadly from astronomy to scuba diving.Many young people visited him at one time or another in his office for academic advice;others came to his home for the purpose of social evenings.Finally, I was favorably impressed and attracted by his lively wit.He believed that no class hour is a success unless during it, the students and the professor have a reason to join together to share several chuckles and at least one loud laugh.Through his inimitable and captivating sense of humor, he made learning much more enjoyable and much more lasting.If it is true, as it seems to be, that life makes a wise man smile and a foolish man cry, then my friend is without question truly a wise man.Probably the best example he could possibly have given to us of his wit is this interesting idea with which he once ended a lecture:“ It is as dangerous for man to model himself upon his invention, the machine, as it would be for God to model himself upon His invention.”

Exercise 5

Transitional words and expressions.例1．（啟）In general/Generally speaking/On the whole, studying too hard my be harmful to atudents.（啟）Lately/Currently/At present/Now/Recently, many teachers expect their pupils to do more work than they can handle.（承）Moreover/Also/Furthermore/Meanwhile/What is more, parents do not realize that pressing their children to study harder than called for can injure their health.（承）Certainly/In fact/Obviously/Of course, most parents know that growing boys and girls need relaxations as well as exercise.（轉）Nevertheless/However/On the other hand/Unfortunately, many students have no choice but to burn the candle at both ends in order to get good grades and please their parents.But a physically weak or socially deprived child may not be able to keep up with such a hurried pace.（合）As a result/Consequently/Thus/Therefore/Hence/In brief/In conclusion, some students may very possibly fail in school because of this pressure to study in excess of what is required.例2．Chinese differs from English in several ways.（啟）In the first place/To begin with/First of all/To start with/First(ly), their word orders are different.（承）For instance/for example/As an example, in English, a common greeting is “How are you?”.（轉）Yet/But/However/Nevertheless, in chinese, “You are how?” is correct.（承）Second(ly)/Also/Besides/Next/What is more/Furthermore/Moreover, in Chinese, our verbs do not have the past tense;Instead, we know the time from the adverb.In English,（轉）however/on the other hand/nevertheless/yet, time is indicated by the tense.（承）In addition to/Besides/Apart from these problems, Chinese have many small differences.（承）For instance/For example/As an example, Chinese does not distinguish between “he” and “she”, nor is there a difference between “a” and “an” as there is in English.（合）Undoubtedly/Certainly/Indeed/Obviously/Thus/In short/In brief, it is these differences that make English difficult for the Chinese students to learn.Exercise 6

paragraph development

（1）列舉法(Listing)

例1．Advertisement can be beneficial to people.First, it is informative and can help people buy and sell goods.Second, it can widen people's knowledge, and make people more experienced.Finally, people can enjoy themselves in watching those funny and interesting advertisement programs.例2．There are mainly two opinions on the relationship between man and machines.Some people believe that it will be possible for automatic machines, especially electronic computers, to replace man completely in the future.Others, however, argue that man is the decisive factor in production and the potential of man's intelligence is practically unlimited.列舉常用的表達方法有：first, second, in the first place, first of all, to begin with, in the second place, next, also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more, beyond that, for one thing, for another, finally.（2）舉例法(Exemplification)

例1．Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world.For example, the poisonous gas sent off by factories and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to breathe.Again waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes;as a result, any water lives are dying out.Furthermore, everywhere we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed.Pollution is, in fact threatening our existence.例2．In the past, a good student refers to one who was only good at studies.For example, in the school, what the school master cared about was how well the student did in his school subjects.It did not matter whether a student had good health or not as long as he got the top marks.At home, again before leaving for school, the parents would again and again tell their children to study hard and try to get good grades.As a result, many students showed little interest in anything else.舉例法常用的表達方法有：for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, as an illustration, such as, namely, that is, like, say.（3）因果法(Cause and Effect)

Nowadays there is often a misunderstanding between parent and child.The most obvious reason for this lack of communication is that they grew up at different times and therefore have different likes and dislikes for the things around them.Also the parent is often too busy to listen patiently to the explanation of the child when there is a misunderstanding.Both of them take it for granted that there is a “generation gap.”

原因與結果常用的表達方法有：because, because of, as, since, for, owing to, due to, on account of, on the ground of, as a result of, thus, so, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, as a result, for this reason, as a consequence, on that account, it follows that等

（4）對比和比較法(Comparison and Contrast)

The younger generation is essentially different from the older generation.The world of older people has vanished, and they do not understand all of the problems of the modern world.On the other hand, the younger people have grown up with these problems, and they are deeply concerned about them.The older generation still controls the power in business organizations, government, and education.The young people want to make changes in these areas to fit the needs of modern society.In order to reconcile their differences, both generations must realize that the world has changed, and that new responses are necessary for many of the problems of society.對比比較常用的表達方法有：similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally important, like, both, the same as, in common, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, unlike, in contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, by contrast等。

（5）分類法(Classification)

There are three kinds of book owners.The first has all the standard and bestsellers unread, untouched.This deluded individual owns woodpile and ink, not books.The second has a great many books--a few of them read through, most of them dipped into, but all of them as clean as the day they were bought.This person would probably like to make books his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance.The third has a few books or many--every one of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened by continual use, marked and scribbled in from front to back.This man owns books.Exercise 7

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.___________ is shown in the pictures, we can see ________ that with the __________ of commercial fishing, the number of fishes ________ decreased.In one picture, there were various kinds of fish and only one fishing-boat in 1900.________ the contrary, in 1995 there was only one fish, _________ many fishing-boats.The ________ of this picture is to show us that _________ attention has to be paid to the decrease of ocean ___________.Owing to ___________ the number of fishes has obviously decreased.If we let this situation ___________ as it is, we won't know where fish is in the future.By that time, our environment will ___________ a great destruction.Therefore, it is __________ for us to take _________ measures.For one thing, we should __________ to our authorities to make strict laws to control commercial fishing.For another, we should __________ the awareness of people that the ocean resources are very vital to us.________ in this way can we protect our ocean resources.Also I believe that we humans can _________ this difficulty, and we will have a _________ future.Study the following two pictures carefully and write and essay to 1)describe the pictures, 2)deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures, and 3)suggest counter-measures.You should write about 200 words neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.A brief History of World Commercial Fishing

第二篇：新東方考研英語寫作課堂筆記

考研寫作

Chapter 1

一、復習計劃

（一）考前復習

1、攻克詞匯（9月份之前Chapter5）

2、精研真題（94-09考研詞匯固定、詞組固定、句子結構固定）

第一遍：做題前儲備詞匯量

第二遍：研究真題（英譯漢）

第三遍：背誦，考研閱讀，完形填空

3、模擬考試（1-5套）

（二）寫作練習

10-20篇，考前1個月，必須30寫完一篇，小作文：05年辭職信，06年請求信 大作文（8）：99年圖表，00-06年圖畫

（三）時間分配

重點：閱讀A節（40分）；寫作（20分）

2點到5點考英語，考試時間分配：（抓大放?。?/p>

1）14：00-14：15寫作A節 2）14：15-14：50寫作B節 3）14：50-16：00閱讀A節 4）16：00-16：20完形填空

5）16：20-16：40閱讀B節

6）16：40-17：00閱讀C節（翻譯句子）

二、學習方法

（一）提高實力（70）步驟：

第一步：十遍精讀。（真題，經典范文）三大角度：

第一、語言（4遍）：

1精讀語言中的精彩詞匯（抄寫，造句）

2、牢記語言中的精彩詞組（抄寫、造句）

3、掌握語言中的精彩句型（抄寫、造句）

4、掌握語言中的句子結構。注意五點：

一、簡單句

二、從句，小作文3-5，大作文5-7個

三、時態：

考研作文以現在時為主，過去時：1)舉例論證2）圖表描述

將來時，第3段，最后一句話

四、冠詞（什么名詞前使用a、an、the）

五、主謂一致

第二、從結構方面（4遍）

1、每段主題句，論證、小結，邏輯結構

2、注意使用關聯詞：小3-5，大5-7

3、同義替換

4、代詞替換

第三、從內容方面（2遍）：注意兩點：

一、精彩觀點

二、原因建議

（二）掌握技巧：背誦考研真題

（滾瓜爛熟 脫口而出 多多益善）

提示：

1、造句

2、熟悉：脫口而出

3、默寫、對照原文（常犯的錯誤）

4、中譯英

5、寫作，模仿 總結框架三種方法：

一、從一篇范文總結

二、考研作文三段內容分別來自不同范文 三、三段的每一句話都來自不同范文

Chapter 3

一、要求

二、大綱解讀

1、應用文：

1）私人、公務信函（重點）business letter 2）備忘錄 memo memorandum 3）摘要 summary thesis abstract 摘要作文注意事項： 1）不要評論，不要照抄

2）不超過原文三分之一，可少不可多 4）報告 report :

1、調查報告

2、工作總結 考研英語寫作重點準備信函（公務60%）告示類：

2、大作文：

1）描寫文：圖畫描述、圖表描述。以空間順序展開（一般不會單獨出現97-06年七年圖畫，2年圖表）2）記敘文：以時間順序展開（一般不會單考01，04，舉例論證）3）說明文：表達或說明自己的觀點 4）議論文：論證或駁斥他人觀點 考研：4種文體一起考

3、語域：語言使用的范圍

包括 1）正式語言（為主）

2）非正式語言（避免使用）可以使用的文體：私人信函、私人告示、備忘錄

分為：（1）縮略形式

A． 縮寫：（避免）I’m，It’s，They’re，e.g（for exmple），i.e（that is），etc.（and so on）B． 省略：（公務信函避免，私人可用）（I am）Looking forward to your reply.（2）口語表達：by the way，as your know，well，hi，?。佳凶魑牟灰翱谔枺?/p>

注：大作文、公務信函、報告、摘要、公共告示，應使用正式語言。

私人信函、私人告示、備忘錄

4、文體：英文文體分三類：

1）正式文體：大作文、公務信函、報告、摘要、公共告示 2）半正式文體：私人信函、私人告示、備忘錄

三、06、00

四、閱卷揭秘

1、印象原則 書寫公正、卷面整潔、字跡清晰（4級3秒6級5秒，考研2分鐘）三眼：（1）第一眼：是否把答題紙寫滿，或接近寫滿，是否三段？兩頭小，中間大

（2）第二眼：每段第一句是否主題句？第三段點出圖畫寓意。第三段是否主題句？建議措施

（3）第三眼：掃描查看。（積累句型）

2、字數原則 小作文100-120（一行10個字，10到12行）大作文160-200（16到20行）

3、句數原則

長短結合，以短句為主 簡潔就是美，不在于難詞，適當

小作文：一般7-10句話，3長4短

大作文：一般12句話，5長7短（短句10個詞，長15-20詞）

Chapter 4 語言第一位，結構第二位，內容第三位

一、語言的標準

1、簡介：寫想到的第二三個詞語，表達

廣泛的知識Extensive knowledge 猛烈的競爭fierce competition

2、豐富多變（英文表達首選句型）

例：“我認為” I hold the opinion that 其次詞組：I cling to the opinion that In my view，find out 再次詞匯

reckon

assume

assert 1）英文表達首選句型 “重要”：due(足夠的，充分的)attention has to be paid 考研英語要大量使用被動語態 Importance should be attached to 2）詞組

Be of utmost importance 3）詞匯

Vital

essential

crucial “越來越多的人”：people in mountain numbers 越來越Increasing student

二、結構

關聯詞：小，3-5個，大，5-7個

邏輯分段&情感分段：英文寫作是邏輯分段 作者交代&讀者領會：英文寫作是作者交代 迂回模式&直線模式：英文寫作是直線模式 《天涯~明月~刀》古龍 天涯遠不遠？ 不遠

人就在天涯，天涯怎么會遠？

明月是什么顏色的？

是藍的，就像海一樣藍，一樣深，一樣憂郁 明月在哪里？ 就在他的心里 刀呢？

刀就在他的手里 那是柄什么樣的刀？

他的刀如天涯般遼闊寂寞，如明月般皎潔憂郁，有時一刀揮出，又放佛是空的 英文：邏輯分段，作者交代，直來直去 考研作文：舉例論證

一）結構要求：啟承轉合

1、啟：啟動觀點，開篇點題

每段第一句，啟動整個段落

2、乘：觀點承接，正面論證

正面論證：

1）分類（第二段，2-3點，第三段，2點）

First and foremost , to begin with In addition

furthermore 2）因果

最強：Because

in that Since

as For 注：in 3）舉例

For instance A case in point that 一個恰當的例子是

3、轉：觀點轉折，反面論證

基礎好的可以反面論證

但是

Unfortunately

yet

whereas

4、合：文章結尾，合并歸納

三個地方：1）末段首句

2）二段

“因此 ”Hence

，accordingly

in conclusion

三、內容第三位

不要跑題

第三篇：考研英語寫作用詞-新東方(總結版)

考研英語寫作

四大話題：

社會熱點、教育文化、人生哲理、環保

一、社會熱點 1,健康

生理健康 心理健康 體育鍛煉 保持樂觀 悲觀

均衡飲食 亞健康 公共衛生 心態

垃圾食品 節食

減肥

仔細思考 physical health/fitness mental health do physical exercise keep optimistic pessimistic well-balanced diet sub-health public health state of mind junk food go on a diet lose weight weigh in the mind 提供醫療服務 provide medical 旅行社 犧牲健康 全面禁煙 travel service sacrifice one’s health total tobacco ban 疾病

慢性病 傳染病 illnesses/diseases chronic diseases infections diseases 2,兩代關系

尋求獨立 代溝

彌合代溝 相互理解 誤解

贍養父母 贍養

照顧

虐待

老齡化社會 人口老齡化 老年人 奉行孝道 seek independence generation gap bridge the gap mutual understanding misunderstanding support one’s parents financially support take care of/look after mistreat/maltreat aging society population aging the aged/ the elderly practice filial piety 3,職業道德

呼吁

投訴信 職業道德 偽劣產品 欺詐

誠信 appeal to，the service industry letter of complain professional ethics shoddy products fraudulent activity honesty 學術腐敗 抄襲

食品安全 建筑質量 地溝油 毒奶粉 食品添加劑 不公平競爭 激烈競爭 管理部門 監管機構 廠家

漠視法律 推卸責任 消費者權益 academic corruption plagiarism food safety construction quality gutter oil poisonous milk powder food additive unfair competition fierce competition the administration regulator manufacturer ignore the laws/regulation shift blame onto others consumers’ rights and interests 4,愛心，社會公德

義賣

公德

傳統美德 責任

責任感 承擔責任 逃避責任 奉獻 charity sale public/social morals/morality traditional virtue duty/responsibility sense of responsibility shoulder/assume/undertake one’s duty/responsibility avoid/shirk one’s duty/responsibility devote/dedicate/devotion/dedication 無私奉獻 信任危機 經濟危機 selfless devotion trust crisis economic crisis 不道德的行為 immoral behavior 希望工程 慈善機構 捐款 Project Hope charity donate/donation 貧困鄉村地區 poor rural areas 赤貧

尊老愛幼 吐痰

喧嘩 in sheer poor respect the old and care the young spit everywhere making noise/talk loudly

二、教育文化 5,教育、畢業選擇

畢業生 面臨畢業 求職

考研

出國

創業

走向世界 研究生會 學士

碩士 college graduates upon graduation finding a job/seeking employment pursuing master degree studying overseas/abroad running one’s own business becoming international the postgraduates’ association bachelor’s degree master’s degree 博士

獲得學位 幼兒園 小學

中學

中等教育 高等教育 大學生 教授

系

相關部門 專業

教學設施 食堂

宿舍

圖書館 選修課 必修課 學雜費 終身教育 素質教育 全面教育 應試教育 義務教育 doctoral degree obtain/receive degree kindergarten /nursery/elementary school primary school middle school/high school secondary education higher education college student/graduate professor department departments concern major teaching facility dining hall dormitory library elective course compulsory course tuition fees and other expenses lifelong education essential-quality-oriented education education for all-round development exam-oriented education compulsory education 理論知識 實踐技能 獲得知識 信息時代 theoretical knowledge practical skills acquire knowledge information era/age 知識爆炸時代 era of knowledge explosion 逃課 skip class 學習成績優異 outstanding academic performance 學習氣氛 開闊眼界 激發興趣 開發潛能 減負

兼職

入學

輟學

完成學業 招生

錄取

申請入學 著名學校 高考

就業市場 雇主

雇員 learning atmosphere broaden/expand one’s horizons stimulate one’s interest tap one’s potential reduce study load work part-time start school drop out of school finishing school recruitment enrollment apply for admission to prestigious/esteemed university college entrance exam job market employer employee 6,流行文化 追星/低頭族/網絡

流行文化 popular culture 廣告無處不在 pervasive advertisement 申請目前職位 apply for your recently advertised position 偶像崇拜 上網成癮 沉迷于 虛擬生活 網上交友 網上購物 網絡監督 網絡暴力 實名制 不負責言論 彩票

網絡游戲 數碼產品 手機短信 手機入網 idol worship internet/web addiction indulge in=overindulgence virtual life making friends online online shopping internet supervision online violence real-name system irresponsible remarks lottery ticket internet game digital products text message mobile phone subscription 7,中西文化

傳統文化 文化交流 traditional Chinese culture cultural exchange 文化融合 cultural fusion/blending/integration 儒家 Confucianism 佛教 Buddhism 道教 Taoism 京劇 Peking Opera 功夫 kung-fu 書法 Chinese calligraphy 仁 義 禮 智 信 Goodness/Benevolence Righteousness Politeness/Ritual Wisdom Trust Western culture Enlightenment humanism post-modernism deconstruction Butterfly Love the melting pots multi-cultures /pluralistic/mosaic cultures cultural diversity preserve and cherish select the essence and discard the dross promote cultural development Buddha 西方文化 啟蒙運動 人本主義 后現代主義 解構主義 梁祝

大熔爐 多遠文化 文化多元化 保護并珍視

取其精華去其糟粕 促進文化發展 輝煌燦爛的文化遺產 glorious and splendid cultural heritage 與時俱進 跨文化交流 文化差異 文化傳統 人類文明 精神文明 主流文化 解讀經典 莎士比亞 愛因斯坦 keep pace with the times cross-cultural/intercultural communication cultural difference cultural tradition human civilization spiritual civilization mainstream culture interpretation of classics Shakespeare Einstein

三、8,人生哲理類

不斷努力 堅持不懈 樂觀/悲觀 保持樂觀 溺愛

獨生子女 make constant efforts/never stop making progress persistence optimism pessimism keeping a good mood dote on/ spoil only child 獨生子女政策 one-child policy 激烈競爭 啃老族 不勞而獲 不斷努力 決不放棄 fierce competition boomerang kids reap without sowing make constant efforts never give up 絕不停止取得進步 never stop making progress 獲得成功 創新

勤奮

奮斗精神 拼搏精神 人生觀 世界觀 出國

就業

創業 achieve success innovation diligence striving spirit determined spirit outlook on life outlook on the world study abroad/overseas employment start one’s own business 積極的態度 positive attitude 齊心協力 團隊精神 高估困難 低估能力 謙虛 joint efforts team spirit exaggerate/overestimate difficulties underestimate one’s abilities modesty

四、9,環境保護

滿足要求 目的漫畫家 攝影師 反面

捕魚船 meet needs purpose/aim/intention cartoonist photographer counter fishing-boat 海洋資源 環境保護 ocean resources environmental protection 提高環保意識 enhance the awareness of environmental protection 保持生態平衡 maintain ecological balance 保持面對面的溝通 maintain face-to-face contact 生態系統 自然保護區 ecosystem nature reserve sustainable development strategy pleasant environment 可持續發展戰略 宜人的生活環境 節能

減排 save energy reduce greenhouse gas emissions slow down the rate of resource 降低資源消耗率 環保產品 全球變暖 低碳經濟 environment-friendly product global warming low carbon economy clean and renewable energy sources 清潔可再生能源 核能

太陽能 nuclear energy solar energy 大功率電器 high-power electrical appliance 二氧化碳 氣候變化 環境惡化 毀林

過度開采 carbon dioxide climate change environment deterioration deforestation，clear-cutting overexploitation 水土流失 荒漠化 人口增長 soil erosion desertification population growth 野生動物保護 wildlife conservation 瀕危物質 商業捕魚 過度捕撈 自然災害 破壞性地震 沙塵暴 旱災

水災

限期治理 白色污染 endangered species commercial fishing over-fishing natural disaster destructive earthquake sandstorm drought flood bring under control within the prescribe time white pollution

limit the use of disposable bags 限制使用的一次性筷子 一次性筷子 亂扔垃圾 disposable chopsticks litter 垃圾 trash，rubbish 丟棄 throw，discard 空氣污染濃度

空氣/水/噪音污染 霧霾 尾氣排放 尾氣凈化器 haze motor vehicle emissions exhaust purifier air pollutant concentrations air/water/noise pollution 無鉛汽油 電動汽車 天然氣汽車 小排量汽車 lead-free/unleaded gasoline/petrol electric car gas-fueled car low-emission car 工業粉塵排放 industrial dust discharge 煙塵排放 礦物燃料

soot emissions fossil fuel（coal, oil, natural gas）

第四篇：考研英語應用文寫作參考一：應用文部分

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考研英語應用文寫作參考范文一：應用文部分

【參考范文 1】 Dear Sir, I am a senior student of Shanghai University.Today I am writing to apply for the position of proofreader which you advertised in the May 15 issue of China Daily.Currently I am a senior at Beijing University, where I am working toward a BA degree in English.During the four years here in Beijing, I have been working hard and doing well in the major courses.Besides, I am fluent in both written and spoken English and I am quite familiar with computer.What’s important, I held a similar position in Beijing Review last summer holiday and I enjoyed the work very much.The experience gained from the practice helps me improve my typing skills.In short, I am qualified for this position.I am available for an interview every afternoon except Wednesday.Please contact me at62347867.Thank you for your consideration.Sincerely yours，Li Ming 【參考范文 2】

Dear teachers and classmates, Today I’m writing to express my sincere thanks to all of you for the many kindnesses you showed me when I was receiving treatment in hospital.As a foreign student, you can’t imagine how lonely and helpless I was after the unfortunate accident.It was your arrival that encouraged me so much so that I / 6

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regained the power to fight against the leg wound.To my great gratitude, you even asked for several days’ leave to look after me in hospital in turns until I got better.I really could find no words to express my heart-felt gratitude to all of you.Again, pleaseaccept my sincere thanks for what you did for me.Yours sincerely，Li Ming 【參考范文 3】 Dear Sir, I am a senior student of Shanghai University.Today, I am sorry to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about quality of the product in your store.Last week I ordered a notebook computer(Order No.3476)in your store by mail.But when I received the parcel and unpacked it this morning, I am shocked to find that notebook computer I received looked like a second-hand one with a 3-inch crack on the top cover.What’s more, I checked the accessories but I failed to find the mouse and the adapter included in the shipment.So I am writing to inform you of the situation.At present, I am in urgent need of a computer to finish my term paper.I hope you will replace the present one within three days or give me the refund.I am looking forward to your early response.Yours Sincerely, / 6

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Li Ming 【參考范文 4】 Dear Sir/madam, I am a college student from China and I’m writing in the hope that you could send me some information about the winter language training courses of your university.As a student studying abroad, I find it badly necessary for me to improve my listening and oral English as soon as possible.That is why I plan to register your winter courses to improve my English quickly.Now, I wonder if you could send me some detailed information about these courses.I would appreciate your help if you could tell me about the duration of the course, facilities available and the cost for study and accommodation.I will be very grateful if you can give me an early reply.(119 words)

Yours sincerely，Li Ming 【參考范文 5】 Dear Mr.Zhang, I am very sorry to tell you that I am going to graduate this June and cannot go on with my job as a tutor of your daughter.It has been a pleasant experience to teach your daughter English as she is such a lovely and smart girl.Here I take great pleasure in recommending Lily, one of the best friends, to you.She is a sophomore, majoring in English in our university.She is particularly willing to take this job when she knows about your daughter.Lily is an excellent student and / 6

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she has won the first prize in the oral English contest held in our university.Moreover, as an easy-going girl, she is good at communicating with others.Therefore, I am confident that she is highly competent for this job and will bring you anunexpected surprise.Sincerely yours，Li Ming 【參考范文 6】 Dear Tom, We are delighted to learn that you have been admitted to the graduate school of PekingUniversity.Now, I am writing to you to express my heartfelt congratulations on what you have achieved.Just as we know, your remarkable achievement is the result of many years of your painstaking efforts and perseverance.Up to now, I still remember clearly that you worked day and night in order to fulfill the dream of furthering your study.In our eyes, you are a girl of conviction and have been our good example and you are the pride of your prestigious university.I do hope that you can make even greater academic progress and successfully get yourMaster’s degree in the famous University.Again, please accept my sincere congratulations.Sincerely yours，Li Ming 【參考范文 7】 / 6

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Dear Mr.Smith, On behalf of the Students’ Association of Shanghai University, I would like to extend our sincere invitation to you.We should be very grateful if you could give a talk on “The Economic Globalization and young people” to the students of our university on Thursday, June 19th.You are the famous experts in the field of the globalization on the growth of young generation.We have read many papers written by you on this issue and benefited a lot from your far-reaching insight into the development of the whole world.Therefore, we are looking forward to the opportunity to benefit from your experience and wisdom again.With best wishes!

Sincerely yours，Li Ming 【參考范文 8】

To: The Leader of Student Service Center From: Li Ming Subject: The installation of Telephone Date: June 20th, 2010 Dear Sir, I would like to remind you that we are badly in need of a telephone in each dormitory.Though most of us have mobile phones and e-mail address, a telephone in the / 6

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dormitory is after all the most convenient and cheapest tool of communication.As we all know, the modern society is constantly changing and everyday we need to handle the increasing communication with the teachers, classmates and friends outside the campus.Besides, telephone is still considered to be the most effective and cheapest means of communication.Therefore, we hope that you will pay immediate attention to this problem and solve it assoon as possible./ 6

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