第一篇：專八文學(xué)知識(shí)美國概況

美國簡(jiǎn)介

國名：美利堅(jiān)合眾國（The United States of America）。

面積：9372614平方公里（本土面積）。

人口：2.703億（1998年底）。其中白人占83.4%，黑人占12.4%，亞洲人占3.3%。

語言：英語、西班牙語（一些少數(shù)民族）

宗教：57%的居民信奉基督教新教，28%信奉天主教，2%信奉猶太教，信奉其他宗教的占4%，不屬于任何教派的占9%。（1989）

首都： 華盛頓哥倫比亞特區(qū)（Washington D.C.），人口約60.7萬（1990年），其中65.8%是黑人。

美國歷史大事年表

1607.5 英國倫敦公司在弗吉尼亞的詹姆斯敦建立第一個(gè)永久居留地。

1620.12.26 英國清教徒移民乘“五月花”號(hào)輪漂洋到達(dá)普利茅斯，在船上通過了五月花號(hào)公約。

1636.10.28 美國第一所大學(xué)——哈佛大學(xué)在馬薩諸塞的坎布里奇成立。1740 丹麥人維特斯·白令受俄國人雇傭，抵達(dá)阿拉斯加進(jìn)行探險(xiǎn)。1752.6.15 本杰明·富蘭克林在風(fēng)暴中放風(fēng)箏，證明閃電是一種電，并發(fā)明避雷針。

1765 英國頒布印花稅條例。因遭到抵制而在次年3月被廢除。1767 英國頒布唐森德稅法。1770年廢除，只保留對(duì)茶的征稅。1773.12.16 波士頓發(fā)生傾茶運(yùn)動(dòng)，以抗議茶葉條例。

1774.9.5 第一屆大陸會(huì)議在費(fèi)城召開，抗議英國的行為，呼吁人民起來斗爭(zhēng)。

1775.4.19 列克星敦和康科德人民對(duì)英軍進(jìn)行反抗，打響了美國獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的第一槍。

1776.1.9 托馬斯·潘恩發(fā)表小冊(cè)子《常識(shí)》。

1776.7.4 大陸會(huì)議通過杰斐遜起草的《獨(dú)立宣言》草案。

1784.8.30 美國商船“中國皇后”號(hào)抵達(dá)中國的廣州進(jìn)行絲茶貿(mào)易，中美關(guān)系由此開始。

1784.9.21 美國第一份日?qǐng)?bào)《賓夕法尼亞郵船和每日廣告》開始發(fā)行。1786.12.26 馬薩諸塞州爆發(fā)由丹尼爾·謝斯領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的起義。

1787.5.25 制憲會(huì)議在費(fèi)城召開，草擬了新憲法。1789年3月4日，憲法正式生效。

1787.7.13 聯(lián)邦國會(huì)通過西北土地法令。

1789.4.30 美國聯(lián)邦政府成立，喬治·華盛頓就任第一屆美國總統(tǒng)。1789.9.24 根據(jù)聯(lián)邦政府條例，最高法院成立。1791.12.15 美國憲法增列十條修正案，即權(quán)利法案。

1792.4.2 美國國會(huì)通過造幣法，在費(fèi)城建造一座造幣廠。1794.11.19 美國政府與英國政府簽定杰伊條約。

1800.12.1 聯(lián)邦政府首都從臨時(shí)所在地費(fèi)城遷往華盛頓特區(qū)。

1803.4.30 美國從法國拿破侖手里廉價(jià)購買路易斯安那全部土地，使美國領(lǐng)土面積增加一倍。

1807.8.17 羅伯特·富爾頓乘著自己設(shè)計(jì)的平底蒸汽船，由紐約市碼頭出發(fā)，32小時(shí)后抵達(dá)奧爾巴尼，成功地進(jìn)行了首次輪船航行。

1812.6.18 美英爆發(fā)第二次戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

1814.9.11 美國贏得尚普蘭湖海戰(zhàn)勝利，同年12月24日，美英簽訂根特條約。

1816.3.14 美國政府頒布關(guān)稅條例及第二國家銀行法案。

1819.2.22 美國和西班牙簽訂條約，西班牙把佛羅里達(dá)割讓給美國，并放棄對(duì)俄勒岡地區(qū)的全部領(lǐng)土要求。

1820.3.3 國會(huì)通過密蘇里妥協(xié)案，重新劃分自由州和蓄奴州的邊界線。1821.4.24 聯(lián)邦政府頒布土地法，降低出售土地的單位面積。

1823.12.2 門羅總統(tǒng)在其致國會(huì)的年度咨文中正式提出門羅主義，反對(duì)歐洲干預(yù)美洲事務(wù)。

1828.4.21 諾亞·韋伯斯特的《美國英語詞典》出版。1830.4.6 約瑟夫·史密斯在紐約費(fèi)耶特組建摩門教會(huì)。1842.8.9 美英簽訂韋伯斯特-阿什伯頓條約，劃定美國和加拿大在緬因州和明尼蘇達(dá)州的邊界。

1844.5.24 電報(bào)發(fā)明人塞繆爾·莫爾斯從華盛頓向馬里蘭州的巴爾的摩發(fā)出第一份電報(bào)。

1844.7.3 美國與中國簽訂望廈條約。

1846.5.13 美墨戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)，北方輝格黨反對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，南方人支持戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。1848.1.24 加利福尼亞發(fā)現(xiàn)金礦。

1848.2.2 美墨簽訂一項(xiàng)條約，規(guī)定墨西哥把得克薩斯、新墨西哥和加利福尼亞、亞利桑那、猶他、內(nèi)華達(dá)以及科羅拉多的一部分割讓給美國。

1850.9.9 美國國會(huì)通過1850年妥協(xié)案，制定逃奴追緝法，鎮(zhèn)壓廢奴運(yùn)動(dòng)。

1852.3.20 美國女作家哈麗特·比徹·斯托發(fā)表小說《湯姆叔叔的小屋》。1853.7.14 美國兵艦在海軍準(zhǔn)將馬修·C·佩里率領(lǐng)下抵日本，次年，脅迫日本簽訂向美國船只開放的條約。

1858.6.18 美國強(qiáng)迫中國清政府訂立中美天津條約。

1861.2.8 南部七個(gè)州組成美國聯(lián)邦同盟，杰斐遜·戴維斯為臨時(shí)總統(tǒng)。1861.4.15 林肯總統(tǒng)宣布國內(nèi)存在叛亂，并召募75000名志愿者，南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)。

1862.7.7 土地贈(zèng)予法獲得通過，規(guī)定由政府撥地，在各州建立州立大學(xué)，以推動(dòng)學(xué)業(yè)和機(jī)械技術(shù)的發(fā)展。

1863.1.1 林肯簽署《解放宣言》。

1865.4.9 南部邦聯(lián)軍投降，美國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)結(jié)束。

1865.4.14 林肯總統(tǒng)在華盛頓福德劇院看戲時(shí)被剌，次日死亡。1867.3.30 美國從沙俄手中購買阿拉斯加和阿留申群島，從而使美國邊界線擴(kuò)大到北冰洋。

1869.5.10 中太平洋鐵路與聯(lián)合太平洋鐵路在猶他州的普洛蒙托萊正式接通，成為第一條橫貫大陸的鐵路。

1879.12.21 托馬斯·愛迪生發(fā)明電燈。

1882.5.6 美國通過一項(xiàng)排斥華工法，規(guī)定十年內(nèi)暫不接受華工移民，并且對(duì)非美國出生的所有華人后裔的國籍不予承認(rèn)。

1883.1.6 旨在改革聯(lián)邦文官制度的彭德爾法（又稱文官改革法）獲得通過。

1892 美國政府制定苛刻的排斥華人的吉爾里法。

1898.4.22 美國對(duì)西班牙宣戰(zhàn)。同年12月，根據(jù)簽訂的巴黎條約，西班牙將菲律賓、波多黎各、關(guān)島等地割讓給美國，并確立古巴為主權(quán)國。

1898.7.7 麥金利總統(tǒng)簽署一項(xiàng)兼并法案，宣布夏威夷為美國的一部分。1899.9.6 美國提出“門戶開放”政策，使中國成為列強(qiáng)掠奪的開放國際市場(chǎng)，同時(shí)又保持國家統(tǒng)一。

1903.12.17 萊特兄弟首次成功地駕駛由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)推進(jìn)的飛機(jī)。1905.5 美國通過新的排華法，加緊迫害華僑，引起中國國內(nèi)掀起廣泛的抵制美貨運(yùn)動(dòng)。

1906.4.8 美國歷史上破壞最嚴(yán)重的一次地震及隨后的大火，毀壞舊金山的大部分地區(qū)。

1909.3.8 芝加哥婦女舉行盛大罷工和游行示威。此后，每年的3月8日為國際婦女勞動(dòng)節(jié)。

1912.12.3 塔夫脫總統(tǒng)正式提出以金元代替槍彈的“金元外交”政策。1917.2.5 美國國會(huì)通過一項(xiàng)關(guān)于從美國排斥所有亞洲移民的法律。1917.4.6 美國對(duì)德國宣戰(zhàn)，參與第一次世界大戰(zhàn)。

1917.11.2 美國和日本簽訂蘭辛——石井協(xié)定，美國承認(rèn)日本在中國山東、東北和內(nèi)蒙古的特權(quán)，以換取日本對(duì)美國的“門戶開放”政策的承認(rèn)。

1928.8.27 美國與其他14個(gè)國家一起簽訂了凱洛洛——白里安條約，又稱巴黎非戰(zhàn)條約。

1929.10.29 紐約股票行情猛跌，美國最嚴(yán)重的經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條從此開始。

1930.4.22 美國、英國、意大利、法國和日本在倫敦簽訂海軍削減條約。1930.12.11 合眾國銀行在紐約歇業(yè)，此為美國歷史上最大的一次銀行倒閉。

1931.6.20 胡佛總統(tǒng)發(fā)表緩付債款宣言，即胡佛計(jì)劃。

1932.1.17 美國國務(wù)卿史汀生發(fā)表對(duì)中日事件采取維護(hù)在華利益的不承認(rèn)主義。

1933.3.4 富蘭克林·羅斯福就任美國第32屆總統(tǒng)。

1935.8.14 國會(huì)通過社會(huì)保障法案，規(guī)定設(shè)立老年和失業(yè)保險(xiǎn)，救濟(jì)貧苦的老年人、盲人及兒童。

1941.8.12 羅斯福總統(tǒng)和英國首相丘吉爾在大西洋的紐芬蘭島附近的軍艦上舉行會(huì)談，發(fā)表《大西洋憲章》。

1941.12.7 日本偷襲珍珠港。次日，美國對(duì)日宣戰(zhàn)，正式參加第二次世界大戰(zhàn)。

1942.6.4 美日爆發(fā)中途島之戰(zhàn)，這是太平洋上的關(guān)鍵一戰(zhàn)。1944.6.6 美國軍隊(duì)及盟軍在諾曼底登陸。

1945.2.4 美國、英國和蘇聯(lián)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人舉行克里米亞會(huì)議，發(fā)表克里米亞聲明，并于同月11日簽訂雅爾塔協(xié)定。

1945.7.16 成功地進(jìn)行了世界上第一次核爆炸。

1945.7.27 美國、英國和中國在波茨坦對(duì)日本提出勸降牒文——波茨坦宣言。

1947.5.22 杜魯門簽署援助希臘、土耳其的法案，后稱為“杜魯門主義”。1947.6.5 國務(wù)卿喬治·C·馬歇爾提出一項(xiàng)恢復(fù)歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)的援助計(jì)劃，即馬歇爾計(jì)劃。

1949.8.24 美國、加拿大和14個(gè)西歐國家在華盛頓簽署一項(xiàng)公約，建立北大西洋公約組織。

1950.6.27 杜魯門發(fā)表聲明，宣布武裝干涉朝鮮，并決定以武力阻撓中國人民解放臺(tái)灣，美國第七艦隊(duì)向臺(tái)灣出動(dòng)。

1950.9.15 美軍在朝鮮中部仁川登陸。

1950.9.23 美國政府頒布麥卡倫國內(nèi)安全法。

1951.9.1 美國、澳大利亞和新西蘭簽訂一項(xiàng)共同防御協(xié)定，即美澳新條約。

1952.6.27 美國國會(huì)通過麥卡倫——沃爾特移民法。1952.11.1 美國在太平洋實(shí)驗(yàn)場(chǎng)爆炸一顆氫彈。1953.7.27 美國在朝鮮板門店簽訂朝鮮停戰(zhàn)協(xié)議。

1954.4.22 美國參議員約瑟夫·麥卡錫開始操縱國會(huì)聽證會(huì)，清洗所謂國內(nèi)的共產(chǎn)主義影響。

1954.9.8 美國與英國、法國、新西蘭、澳大利亞、菲律賓、泰國和巴基斯坦建立東南亞條約組織。

1954.12.1 美國一黑人婦女在蒙哥馬利城的公共汽車上拒絕把自己的座位讓給一個(gè)白人男子。聯(lián)邦法院非法宣布公共汽車種族隔離命令。

1958.1.31 美國在佛羅里達(dá)的卡納維拉爾角發(fā)射美國第一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星“探險(xiǎn)者”一號(hào)。

1959.1.3 阿拉斯加成為美國第49州。同年8月21日，夏威夷成為第50州。

1960.2.2 4名黑人學(xué)生在一家雜貨店的午餐臺(tái)受到冷落，以靜坐表示抗議。截至1961年9月止，有7萬多名黑人和白人學(xué)生加入靜坐示威。

1961.4.17 美國策動(dòng)豬仔灣事件，企圖推翻古巴政府。1962.10.22 美國和蘇聯(lián)之間爆發(fā)古巴導(dǎo)彈危機(jī)。1963.8.28 20萬美國人在首都華盛頓游行，呼吁和支持黑人的平等權(quán)利。1963.11.22 肯尼迪總統(tǒng)在得克薩斯州達(dá)拉斯市遇刺身亡。

1965.4.28 以保護(hù)美國公民的生命和財(cái)產(chǎn)為名，美國政府派遣軍隊(duì)1萬4千人前往多米尼加。

1968.4.4 美國黑人民權(quán)領(lǐng)袖馬丁·路德·金在田納西州孟菲斯遭暗殺身亡。1969.7.20 “阿波羅”11號(hào)飛船登月成功，人類首次踏上月球。1969.11.15 約25萬人的游行大軍進(jìn)入華盛頓，要求美國政府結(jié)束在越南的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

1972.2.21 美國總統(tǒng)尼克松抵達(dá)北京，對(duì)中國進(jìn)行為期8天的訪問，與中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人舉行會(huì)談。訪問結(jié)束時(shí)，中美簽署上海公報(bào)。

1973.1.27 越南和平協(xié)定在巴黎正式簽字，美國結(jié)束越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。

1973.11.7 美國國會(huì)推翻尼克松總統(tǒng)對(duì)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)權(quán)力議案的否決。該議案旨在制約總統(tǒng)在沒有國會(huì)的批準(zhǔn)下對(duì)外調(diào)動(dòng)武裝力量的權(quán)力。

1974.8.9 尼克松因“水門事件”，辭去總統(tǒng)職務(wù)，由副總統(tǒng)吉拉爾德·福特繼任總統(tǒng)。

1975.12.15 福特總統(tǒng)訪問中國，并與毛澤東主席及鄧小平副總理會(huì)談。1979.1.1 美國與中華人民共和國建立全面外交關(guān)系。

1980.4.24 美國營救被伊朗扣押的美國駐德黑蘭大使館人質(zhì)的行動(dòng)失敗，4名美國人喪生，5人受傷。

1982.12.2 在鹽湖城，美國醫(yī)生成功地為一患者進(jìn)行人工心臟移植手術(shù)。1983.10.25 美國海軍及別動(dòng)隊(duì)會(huì)同其他6個(gè)加勒比海國家的部隊(duì)入侵格林納達(dá)島。

1984.4.26 美國總統(tǒng)里根訪問中國，與中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人舉行會(huì)談。

1986.1.28 美國航天飛機(jī)“挑戰(zhàn)者”號(hào)發(fā)射一分鐘后爆炸，機(jī)上6名宇航員和1名教師遇難，釀成航天史上一大悲劇。

1986.4.15 美國戰(zhàn)斗機(jī)轟炸利比亞首都的黎波里，聲稱是對(duì)該國恐怖主義組織的報(bào)復(fù)。

1986.7 美國以圍剿毒品為由，出兵玻利維亞。

1988.7.3 美國海軍戰(zhàn)艦“文森尼斯號(hào)”發(fā)射一枚導(dǎo)彈，擊中一架伊朗班機(jī)，機(jī)上290人全部喪生。

1989.12.20 美國軍隊(duì)入侵巴拿馬。

1990.8.7 美國沙漠盾牌行動(dòng)部隊(duì)前往沙特阿拉伯，聲稱保護(hù)該國不受伊拉克于8月2日入侵科威特后對(duì)該國的可能進(jìn)攻。

1991.1-2 在中東海灣戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中，美國及其盟國打敗伊拉克，解放科威特。1993.2.26 紐約市世界貿(mào)易中心發(fā)生惡性爆炸事件，造成60人死亡，1000多人受傷。

1993.11.20 美國批準(zhǔn)北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)協(xié)定，該協(xié)定于1994年1月1日生效。

1993.11.30 美國政府通過布雷迪防止槍支暴力法。

1994.3.25 聯(lián)合國維持和平部隊(duì)中最后一批美國士兵撤出索馬里，美國在該國的維和行動(dòng)失敗。

1994.7.30 美國入侵海地，驅(qū)逐該國軍政府領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，幫助恢復(fù)民選總統(tǒng)的統(tǒng)治。

第二篇：概況模擬題(八)美國文化

英語考研英美概況模擬題

（八）美國文化部分

Culture

I.Multiple Choice

1.In America the academic year lasts nine months, from September to _____, with winter and spring vocations.A.JulyB.JuneC.August

2.In elementary schools, courses for children include the following except _____.A.reading, writing B.social coursesC.foreign languages

D.sciences, art and musicE.cooking or other manual skills

3.The American teachers’ pay and prestige are _____ in comparison with the general standard of living.A.highB.lowC.almost the same

4.There are over _____ universities, colleges and other institutions in the United States.A.2,000B.2,500C.3,000

5.Today more than _____ of all the private colleges have some kind of church connection.A.1/3B.1/2C.1/5

6.The library in _____ was the first private library in the US.A.Harvard College B.Yale CollegeC.College of New Jersey

7.The first public library was founded in 1731 in _____.A.BostonB.PhiladelphiaC.Chicago

8.At present America has more than _____ free public libraries.A.6,000B.5,000C.7,000

9.VOA Radio Station was established in _____.A.1924B.1934C.1894

10.All the newspapers and magazines in America are _____ owned.A.publiclyB.privatelyC.locally

11._____ is the winter sport in American schools and colleges.A.FootballB.BasketballC.Baseball

12.It was the _____ immigrants in the mid-19th century who introduced skiing into the United States.A.ScandinavianB.DutchC.French

13.101 American people won the Nobel Prize after _____.A.WWIB.Civil WarC.WWII

14.At the end of WWII the art centre of the world moved from _____ to the new world.A.ParisB.LondonC.Berlin

15.The famous story _____ helps Washington Irving earn great fame in the literary world.A.“Rip Van Winkle”B.“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”

C.“The Adventures of a German Student”

16._____ is regarded as the father of detective stories.A.Mark TwainB.Edgar Allan Poe C.Herman Melville

17._____ is the first writer in America to win the Nobel Prize in literature.A.Sinclair LewisB.Saul BellowC.Ernest Hemingway

18.Yale University was founded in _____.A.1701B.1746C.1749

19.The greatest American playwright is _____.A.Arthur MillerB.Eugene O’Neil C.Robert Frost

20._____ belonged to the Lost Generation.A.Ernest Hemingway B.Wilt WhitmanC.Tennessee Williams

21.The most popular sport in America is _____.A.baseballB.basketballC.football

22.After his death a bust of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was placed in the poet’s corner of _____.A.Westminster AbbeyB.camp of Cambridge University

C.Oxford University

23.For his work, _____ was honoured “The Harlem Laureate”.A.Robert FrostB.Langston Hughs C.Walt Whitman

24.Arthur Miller’s Masterpiece is _____.A.Death of a SalesmanB.The Crucibe

C.The Price

25._____ is the earliest university in America.A.HarvardB.YaleC.Rhode Island

26._____ serves as a bridge which connects secondary schools and universities.A.Four-year college B.Two-year college C.College of arts and science

27.Junior college in America is _____.A.two yearsB.three yearsC.four yearsD.five years

28._____ is closely associated with the Rockefeller Interest Group.A.New York Times B.Washington Post C.Los Angeles Times

29.The tuition in a private college is _____.A.highB.rather highC.quite lowD.tolerable

30.In America about _____ of the universities and colleges are private.A.1/2B.1/3C.1/4D.1/5

31.Hawthorne is a famous American writer in _____ fiction.A.romanticB.realisticC.JewishD.southern

32.The most influential newspapers are the following except _____.A.New York TimesB.Washington Post

C.Los Angeles TimesD.Wall Street Journal

33.Readers’ Digest is a _____ magazine which is published in 15 languages and 39 editions.A.weeklyB.monthlyC.biweeklyD.triweekly

34.The major wire services in America are the following except _____.A.the Associated PressB.the United Press International

C.the Columbia Broadcasting System

35.From 1901 to 1978, 117 Americans won the Nobel Prize, holding _____ of the world Nobel Prize winners.A.halfB.one-thirdC.one-fourth

36.Blues is a music of strong rhythm, which was originally sung by _____.A.NegroesB.IndiansC.Europeans

37.The Father of American literature was _____.A.Mark TwainB.Washington Irving C.Walt Whitman D.Jack London

II.Fill in the Blanks

1.American children usually begin their school at the age of _____.2.An elementary school teacher must have a _____ degree of arts with a major in education.3._____, one of the most famous universities in the world, was founded in 1686.4.About _____ percent of the high school graduates can be admitted by universities or colleges.5.There are four grades in universities.They are freshmen, _____, junior and senior.6.About _____ of all the colleges and universities are private.7.A department consists of faculty members raging from full professors to _____.8.The tuition in a _____ college is very high.9.The Library of _____ is the largest public library in the U.S.10.The Franklin D.Roosevelt Library is in _____ Park, New York.11.The academic degrees in America are the Bachelor’s, the _____ and the Doctor’s degrees.12.VOA Radio Station is in the city of _____.13.In 1965 the U.S.A launched the first communication space satellite “_____ _____”.14.The major wire services in America are the _____ Press and the United Press International.15.The popular magazine _____ _____ has the largest circulation in the world.16.VOA now sends news to the whole world in _____ languages day and night.17._____ is the most popular game in autumn.18.Wrestling, boxing, horseracing are called _____ sports.19.The Dutch introduced _____ into the New York areas in the 17th century.20.In the year _____ the first satellite was launched in America.21.From 1901 to 1978 there are 117 people in America won the _____ Prize for the research of natural science.22.The Metropolitan Museum and other two museums located in the city of _____ _____.23.Gilbert Stuart is considered America’s first great _____.24._____ is the earliest and the best film studio in America.25.Gone with the Wind was the best known of all _____ films.26.In 1915 the first major feature film Birth of a _____ was made.27.Before the 1960’s many _____ had not been given the right to receive education.28.The American children usually graduate from high school at the age of _____.29.A high school teacher usually has majored in the field of his special interest and in addition, he must have a _____ arts degree in education.30.The University of _____ has more than 128,000 students.31.The students who are working for a bachelor degree are called _____.32.Today about 5 million men and more than 3 million women attend colleges and universities, of which about _____ percent are coeducational.33.Two-year college were originally called “_____ colleges”, but now they are called “_____ colleges”.34.A four-year college is often called a “_____ _____ college” or a “college of _____ and _____”.35.One of the measurements for an undergraduate in academic progress is credit or “credit hours”, or “_____”.36.VOA has _____ broadcasting stations, sending news to the whole world in _____ languages

day and night.37.The first music in the American colonies was _____ music.38.Jazz music developed out of the music of the early American _____.39._____ _____ was considered the father of American literature.40.Hawthorne’s best novel is The _____ _____.41._____ _____ is the pen name of Samuel L.Clements.42.Whitman is remembered for his poems The _____ of _____.43.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered _____ _____’s masterpiece.44.Ernest Hemingway belonged to the _____ generation.45.The best novel written by Theodore Dreiser is “_____ _____ _____”.46.The novel Martin Eden was written by _____ _____.47._____ _____ became pessimistic and committed suicide at the age of 40.48.The two main successful novels written by Sinclair Lewis are “_____ _____” and “_____”.49.“_____ _____ _____ _____ _____” earned Ernest Hemingway a Nobel Prize in literature.III.Define the Following Terms

1.credit

2.The Library of Congress

3.spectator sports

4.Jazz music

5.VOA

IV.Answer the Following Questions

1.What do American schools lay emphasis on?

2.What are the characteristics of American literature during the 17th and 18th centuries?

英語考研英美概況模擬題

（八）美國文化部分答案：

Part III

I.BCBABABBCBAABAABAABAAABAABAABCADCCBAB

II.1.6bachelorHarvard60sophomore1/4instructorsprivateCongressHyde Master’sWashingtonEarly BirdAssociatedReaders’ Digest41Footballspectator bowling1958NobelNew YorkartistHollywoodromanticNationNegroes18masterCaliforniaundergraduate85Junior, Communityliberal arts, arts, sciencepoints16churchNegroesWashington IrvingScarlet LetterMark Twain Leaves, GrassMark TwainlostThe American TragedyJack LondonJack LondonMain Street, BabbitThe Old Man and the Sea

第三篇：人教版語文八文學(xué)知識(shí)

三、八年級(jí)語文上學(xué)期每課知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納

第一單元

一 新聞兩則 毛澤東

1、《人民解放軍百萬大軍橫渡長江》導(dǎo)語：人民解放軍百萬大軍從一千余華里的戰(zhàn)線上，沖破敵陣，橫渡長江。西起九江，東至江陰，均是人民解放軍渡江區(qū)域。（從中可以看出人民解放軍的兵力，戰(zhàn)況，戰(zhàn)線。）

2、《中原我軍解放南陽》導(dǎo)語：在人民解放軍偉大的勝利的攻勢(shì)下，南陽守?cái)惩趿柙朴谒娜障挛鐥?/p>

城南逃，我軍當(dāng)即占領(lǐng)南陽。

3、新聞常識(shí)： ①六要素（也就是記敘要素）：人物、時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、事件發(fā)生的原因、經(jīng)過、結(jié)果。②結(jié)構(gòu)的五個(gè)部分：即標(biāo)題、導(dǎo)語、主體、背景、結(jié)語。導(dǎo)語是新聞開頭的第一段或第一句話，它扼要地揭示了新聞的核心內(nèi)容；主體是新聞的軀干，它用充實(shí)的事實(shí)表現(xiàn)了主題，是對(duì)導(dǎo)語的進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)展和闡釋；背景指的是新聞發(fā)生的社會(huì)環(huán)境和自然環(huán)境。背景和結(jié)語有時(shí)暗含在主體中。

4、①時(shí)間：1949年4月20日—1949年4月22日②地點(diǎn)：西起九江（不含），東至江陰③人物：人民解放軍百萬大軍④原因：解放全中國⑤經(jīng)過：三路大軍渡江情況⑥結(jié)果：順利渡過長江

5、①時(shí)間：1948年11月4日下午②地點(diǎn)：南陽③人物：中原我軍

④原因：我軍勝利的攻勢(shì)下⑤經(jīng)過：我軍擊敗蔣軍，建立了七個(gè)根據(jù)地，實(shí)行減租減息⑥結(jié)果：敵人節(jié)節(jié)敗退，我軍幾乎解放全河南

二、蘆花蕩 孫犁

1、選自《孫犁文集》，本文是孫犁的“白洋淀故事之二”“之一”是他的另一篇小說《荷花淀》。孫

犁：小說家，散文家，其清新的文風(fēng)被稱為“荷花淀派”。

2、老頭子：外貌描寫，行動(dòng)、語言等描寫。

3、老頭子：老當(dāng)益壯，充滿活力，精干堅(jiān)韌，智勇雙全，出奇制勝，愛憎分明，愛國，過于自信

和自尊（性格核心）。

4、寫景的作用：渲染環(huán)境氣氛，烘托人物的精神世界，加強(qiáng)抒情韻味。

5、重點(diǎn)：①景物描寫②人物性格：愛國抗日，自尊自信，愛憎分明，智勇雙全。

三 蠟燭 西蒙諾夫

1、西蒙諾夫(1915-1979),蘇聯(lián)作家。

2、主題：謳歌了南斯拉夫人民對(duì)蘇聯(lián)紅軍的深厚感情，贊美了跨越國界、情同母子的深情和戰(zhàn)斗的友誼。

3、感動(dòng)的原因：①老婦人年老體弱，掩埋烈士非常吃力②環(huán)境很危險(xiǎn)，炮火連天 ③點(diǎn)在墳頭的蠟燭有特殊意義④老婦人像掩埋親人一樣掩埋烈士

4、記敘的線索：炮火 為人物活動(dòng)設(shè)置了一個(gè)典型環(huán)境，寫出了德國人的瘋狂，突出了老婦人的不顧生死、臨危不懼

5、黑色大圍巾 表示了沉痛哀悼的感情

6、老婦人的動(dòng)作 爬 跪 說明了她年老體弱，行動(dòng)不便

四 就英法聯(lián)軍遠(yuǎn)征中國給巴特勒上尉的信

1、選自《雨果文集》雨果（1802-1885）法國作家代表作品有小說《巴黎圣母院》《悲慘世界》《九三年》等。

2、巴特農(nóng)神廟：希臘最負(fù)盛名的古建筑，位于雅典衛(wèi)城之上，原為供奉雅典娜女神的神廟。

3、伏爾泰：法國思想家，著有哲理小說《老實(shí)人》《天真漢》。

4、雨果的態(tài)度、立場(chǎng)：譴責(zé)英法聯(lián)軍的強(qiáng)盜行徑，同情中國所遭受的空前劫難。

5、課文結(jié)構(gòu)：1-4段 贊美圓明園5-10段 譴責(zé)侵略者

6、更徹底，更漂亮??豐功偉績(jī)！收獲巨大！（反語）

五親愛的爸爸媽媽

1、薩特（1905-1980），法國哲學(xué)家，作家，評(píng)論家，有哲學(xué)著作《存在于虛無》等。

2、凄風(fēng)。苦雨。天昏。地暗。（渲染氛圍，無限悲哀）

3、悲哀：殘酷的歷史使人悲哀

4、美麗：人民不忘歷史，成千上萬的人來紀(jì)念死者

5、真實(shí)：眼前所見一切

6、荒繆：47年前納粹認(rèn)為種族有優(yōu)劣之分，已優(yōu)等民族自居，要消滅劣等民族。

7、迪桑卡的詩（對(duì)德國法西斯暴行的最深刻的控訴）

8、明赫白：真誠的懺悔

9、日本人：自私的狡辯

第二單元

六 阿長與《山海經(jīng)》

1、選自《朝花夕拾》（《魯迅全集》）。

2、本文寫了：①阿長稱呼的由來②“大”字睡相③元旦的古怪儀式④買《山海經(jīng)》★⑤一些繁瑣的道理⑥講“長毛”的故事★

3、阿長：①對(duì)孩子傾注一片心血的人②一個(gè)不幸而又熱望一生平安的勞動(dòng)?jì)D女③一個(gè)沒有文化的粗人，卻是民間文化的載體（如吉利文化，避諱修辭，珍惜勞動(dòng)成果，講究形象）

4、描寫阿長：外貌、語言、行動(dòng)、神態(tài)。

5、“我”的心理：對(duì)阿長的隔膜和輕視。

七 背影

1、選自《朱自清散文全集》。朱自清（1898-1948），字佩玄，江蘇揚(yáng)州人。散文家、詩人、學(xué)者。

作品收在《朱自清全集》里。

2、本文抒發(fā)了父親對(duì)兒子的疼愛和兒子對(duì)父親的感念之情。

3、背影的四處描寫：①開門見山，有一種濃厚的感情氛圍②望父買橘③父子分手④呼應(yīng)開頭，作

者對(duì)老夫的思念之情不能自已

4、父親的外貌描寫：穿戴→照應(yīng)開頭所寫家境；與我的紫毛大衣形成對(duì)比。

5、“我”用自己的情感烘托父親的背影，我的情感：激動(dòng)，感激，感動(dòng)，心疼，愧疚??

6、流淚：徐州奔喪——悲哀之淚 望父買橘——感動(dòng)之淚 父子分手——惆悵之淚 別后思父——傷心之淚

八 臺(tái)階

1、選自小說集《臺(tái)階》。

2、舊臺(tái)階（1-6）三級(jí)青石板地位低

新臺(tái)階（18-29）九級(jí)水泥地位高

3、父親的性格：倔強(qiáng)，勤勞，堅(jiān)強(qiáng)，儉樸，謙卑

4、作者對(duì)父親的感情混雜了敬仰，贊嘆和同情。

九 老王

1、選自《楊絳散文》楊絳散文集：《干校六記》《將飲茶》 譯有《堂吉柯德》

2、鑲嵌：比喻，夸張，強(qiáng)調(diào)了老王步履維艱，身體僵直

3、強(qiáng)笑：準(zhǔn)確而含蓄，透露了老往自己變成這個(gè)樣子，還送東西老謝我們，心里又說不出的辛酸和感激。

4、那是一個(gè)幸運(yùn)的人對(duì)一個(gè)不幸者的愧怍：一個(gè)社會(huì)有幸運(yùn)者和不幸者，幸運(yùn)者有責(zé)任去幫助不

幸者，關(guān)注他們的命運(yùn)，改善他們的處境，讓他們過上好日子。作者之所以“愧怍”因?yàn)樽髡咦鳛樾疫\(yùn)者對(duì)老王的關(guān)心還不夠。

5、生活情況：①職業(yè)，謀生手段②生理缺陷，謀生的困難③居住條件差

6、交往的事：①帶送冰塊②送錢先生上醫(yī)院不收錢③臨死前送香油和雞蛋

7、老王：老實(shí)厚道，心地善良，知恩圖報(bào)，孤苦伶仃。

8、“前任”：大詞小用，用詞簡(jiǎn)潔之至，且又風(fēng)趣。

9、楊絳全家有人道主義思想，有平等觀念。

十 信客

1、選自《秋雨散文》。信客，鄉(xiāng)村過去沒有郵局，對(duì)外通信往來主要靠從事這種特殊職業(yè)的人。

2、余秋雨著有《文化苦旅》《山居筆記》《秋雨散文》《千年一嘆》《文明的碎片》。

余秋雨的寫作風(fēng)格：典雅，質(zhì)樸，暢達(dá)

3、本文寫了信客從業(yè)緣起，信客生涯，轉(zhuǎn)業(yè)之后

4、信客生涯：①新老信客談從業(yè)之苦（總領(lǐng)）②工作繁忙③傳遞噩耗，料理后事，送遺物④代寫書信

5、本文概括地寫了信客在謀生者死后當(dāng)代理人，具體地寫了一次遭誣陷的事

6、信客：誠實(shí)無私，任勞任怨，克盡職守，待人寬容，善良厚道，通達(dá)世理

7、老信客 略寫 暗線寫老信客一生命運(yùn) 贊賞和同情

8、年輕信客 詳寫 明線寫年輕信客生涯 贊頌和褒揚(yáng)

第三單元

1、說明文分類：事物說明文、事理說明文

2、說明順序：時(shí)間，空間，邏輯

3、說明方法及作用：①下定義：揭示??的本質(zhì)特征②分類別：條理清楚，界限分明③舉例子：

具體、真切給讀者留下鮮明、深刻的印象。④作比較：突出??特征給讀者留下深刻的印象⑤打比方：生動(dòng)形象 ⑥列數(shù)字：準(zhǔn)確說明⑦引用：使說明內(nèi)容更充實(shí)。

十一 中國石拱橋

1、第一段中心句：石拱橋的橋洞成弧形，就像虹。

2、邏輯順序: ①石拱橋的總體特征：形式優(yōu)美，結(jié)構(gòu)堅(jiān)固，歷史悠久②具體介紹兩座橋

③我國石拱橋取得如此大成就的原因，取得的成就

3、趙州橋（邏輯順序）：①地理位置②修建年代③結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)（用列數(shù)字、打比方、引用、做詮釋等說明方法）

4、特點(diǎn)：①全橋只有一個(gè)大拱，長達(dá)37.4米，像一張弓。②大拱的兩肩，各有兩個(gè)小拱

③大拱有28到拱圈拼成④形式優(yōu)美

5、盧溝橋說明方法：列數(shù)字，引用，舉例子，下定義，摹狀貌，作比較

6、寫盧溝橋的結(jié)構(gòu)：①地理位置②修建年代③結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

十二 橋之美（說明性小品）

1、畫之美：①畫面要有點(diǎn)、線、面構(gòu)成②和周圍景物既對(duì)照又不失和諧

2、吳冠中：畫家，代表作有《長江三峽》《魯迅的故鄉(xiāng)》《獅子林》

3、本文使用的說明方法：舉例子，列數(shù)字，摹狀貌

4、橋往往擔(dān)任了聯(lián)系形象的重疊及交錯(cuò)的角色

5、凡是起到構(gòu)成及聯(lián)系之關(guān)鍵作用的形象，其實(shí)也就具備了橋之美！

十三 蘇州園林 葉圣陶

1、蘇州四大園林：宋代滄浪亭、元代獅子林、明代拙政園、清代留園

2、說明順序：邏輯順序①從全文看：從整體到局部②從各部分看：由大到小，由主到次（四個(gè)講究，三個(gè)注意）

3、說明方法：舉例子，作比較，打比方，引用，分類別

4、蘇州園林的特點(diǎn)：無論站在那個(gè)點(diǎn)上，眼前總是一幅完美的圖畫。

5、總起下面幾個(gè)自然段的一句話：他們講究亭臺(tái)軒榭的布局，講究假山池沼的配合，講究花草樹

木的映襯，講究近景遠(yuǎn)景的層次。

6、全文總綱：他們惟愿游覽者得到“如在圖畫中”的美感。

十四 故宮博物院

1、說明對(duì)象：故宮博物院

2、說明順序：空間順序（由南到北，有中間到兩邊）

3、說明對(duì)象故宮博物院的特征：規(guī)模宏大、形體壯麗、建筑精美、布局統(tǒng)一。

4、龍：突出皇帝的威嚴(yán)

十五 說“屏” 陳從周1、本文運(yùn)用的說明方法：下定義，舉例子，分類別，印用

2、屏的作用：①屏可以分隔室內(nèi)室外 ②藝術(shù)點(diǎn)綴 ③可以擋風(fēng)

3、屏的定義：屏者，障也，可以緩沖一下視線。

4、課文里多處引用古詩詞的好處：做文章具有很濃厚的詩意和韻味

第四單元

十六 大自然的語言 竺可楨

1、本文說明語言：準(zhǔn)確，周密，簡(jiǎn)潔，生動(dòng)優(yōu)美，典雅。

2、說明方法：舉例子（最多）

3、說明順序：邏輯順序。由現(xiàn)象引出原理（由表及里）

4、大自然的語言：物候現(xiàn)象，更形象化

5、這樣看來，花香鳥語，草長鶯飛，都是大自然的語言：說明以一些普通的自然現(xiàn)象在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)

中起到了預(yù)報(bào)農(nóng)時(shí)的作用。

6、草木枯榮、候鳥來去等自然現(xiàn)象稱為物候。

7、利用物候知識(shí)來研究農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的科學(xué)稱為物候?qū)W。

8、物候現(xiàn)象的來臨的決定因素（由主到次，由大到小）：緯度，經(jīng)度，高下的差異（空間因素），古今的差異（時(shí)間因素）。

大林寺桃花：人間四月芳菲盡，山寺桃花始盛開。長恨春歸無覓處，不知轉(zhuǎn)入此中來。

十七 奇妙的克隆

1、四個(gè)小標(biāo)題：使得層次分明，條理清晰。

2、本文說明順序：邏輯順序

3、說明方法：引用，舉例子，列數(shù)字，下定義，做詮釋

4、一個(gè)細(xì)菌經(jīng)過20分鐘左右就可以一分為二；一根葡萄枝切成十段就可以變成十株葡萄?（化高深為淺顯易懂）

5、生物靠自身的一分為二或自身的一小部分的擴(kuò)大來繁衍后代，這就是無性繁殖。

6、凡來自一個(gè)祖先，無性繁殖出一個(gè)群體，也叫“克隆”。這種來自一個(gè)祖先的無性繁殖的后代群體也叫“無性繁殖系”。

7、克隆鯽魚出世前后（克隆的實(shí)驗(yàn)）生物順序

8、本節(jié)說明技術(shù)在不斷發(fā)展，為下文作鋪墊。

9、鯽魚（魚類）→蟾蜍（兩棲類）→老鼠（哺乳類）（從低等到高等）

10、克隆綿羊“多利”標(biāo)志著：○1標(biāo)志著克隆技術(shù)取得了新的成就○2既是人類的福音，又是人類的噩兆。

11、克隆技術(shù)牽涉到倫理道德問題。

12、克隆技術(shù)的利：○1可以繁殖“高附加值牲畜” ○2挽救珍稀動(dòng)物○3防治人類疾病，延長人類壽命 ??這也就是用克隆法為人類自身提供“配件”。擬物，強(qiáng)調(diào)其作用

十八 阿西莫夫短文兩篇

阿西莫夫（1920-1992），美國著名科普作家和科學(xué)幻想小說家。

《恐龍無處不在》

1、說明方法：舉例子，下定義，列數(shù)字，打比方

2、語言特色：①行文中放在括號(hào)里的補(bǔ)充說明文字多②多處運(yùn)用了設(shè)問句③采用舉例子，打比方的說明方法，使文章更加生動(dòng)形象，明白如畫。

3、不同科學(xué)領(lǐng)域之間是緊密相連的。在一個(gè)科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的新發(fā)現(xiàn)肯定會(huì)對(duì)其他領(lǐng)域產(chǎn)生影響。（總領(lǐng)

全文，是全文的邏輯基礎(chǔ)）

4、南極發(fā)現(xiàn)恐龍化石（考古學(xué)、生物學(xué)）→→板塊構(gòu)造理論（地質(zhì)學(xué)）

5、現(xiàn)代的兩棲動(dòng)物（青蛙和蟾蜍是人人皆知的現(xiàn)代兩棲動(dòng)物）：舉人們熟悉的例子來使概念更淺顯易懂。

6、本文的專業(yè)術(shù)語：使文章更有權(quán)威性，科學(xué)性

7、泛大陸（熱帶、溫帶）→分裂成四部分→南極大陸（其中一個(gè)）→極地

8、如果看一張地圖，并假定把非洲和南美洲拼合在一起，你就會(huì)看到它們拼合的多么天衣無縫：

補(bǔ)充說明了大陸漂移說的一個(gè)顯而易見的證據(jù)。

被壓扁的沙子

1、在過去的9年里，科學(xué)家們一直對(duì)6500萬年前恐龍滅絕的一個(gè)新觀點(diǎn)爭(zhēng)論不休，這個(gè)問題最終

也許會(huì)得到解決。“也許”表示估計(jì)“最終”表明作者的信心

2、萬一哪天某個(gè)星體要撞擊地球，我們也許會(huì)知道如何來避免這種撞擊：強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)研究的現(xiàn)實(shí)意

義，同時(shí)體現(xiàn)了作者的幽默。

3、因?yàn)樗故⒅挥性谧矒粝虏判纬桑杂杀粔罕獾纳匙樱ㄋ故ⅲ┩茖?dǎo)出恐龍滅絕的原因（撞擊說）

4、兩文作比較：①說明順序 邏輯順序 從現(xiàn)象到本質(zhì)（原理）②說明方法 舉例子（最多）打比方、作比較、列數(shù)字③說明內(nèi)容 1用南極發(fā)現(xiàn)鳥臀目恐龍化石證明板塊構(gòu)造說 2用“斯石英”證明恐龍滅絕是由撞擊形成的④說明語言 邏輯性強(qiáng)，簡(jiǎn)明精煉，風(fēng)趣幽默

十九 生物入侵者

1、事理說明文通常用邏輯順序

2、本文說明方法：舉例子，下定義，列數(shù)字，打比方。

3、專家們把這種原本生活在異國他鄉(xiāng)、通過非自然途徑遷移到新的生態(tài)環(huán)境中的“移民”稱為“生

物入侵者”（生動(dòng)形象的說明這一類“移民”會(huì)給人類和自然造成很大的危害）

4、生物入侵者的危害：1破壞生態(tài)系統(tǒng)

2造成經(jīng)濟(jì)損失沒有天敵危害

3物種多樣性遭破壞 兩個(gè)因素

不受同類食物競(jìng)爭(zhēng)

5、不同科學(xué)家的不同態(tài)度：①經(jīng)過“物競(jìng)天擇”，可制約生物入侵者，達(dá)到新的平衡.②任由發(fā)展，會(huì)給當(dāng)?shù)氐娜祟惡妥匀辉斐芍卮蟮奈：?/p>

二十落日的幻覺

1、第2段主要運(yùn)用描寫的表達(dá)方式，這樣寫的好處是。生動(dòng)、形象，使文章文學(xué)性、可讀性更強(qiáng)。

2、第3段在全文結(jié)構(gòu)上屬于過渡句，在內(nèi)容上起著承上啟下的作用。

3、第4段中“1871年?? 10倍以上。”的句子主要運(yùn)用了舉例子、作比較什么說明方法。這樣寫的好處是增強(qiáng)文章的可信度，鮮明有效地說明了短波光散射比長波光強(qiáng)。

4、第5段中的“這種奇妙的大氣光學(xué)現(xiàn)象”指的是“由于地球表面??暗弧上的亮弧。”（第5段開頭部分）

5、這四段內(nèi)容在解釋落日的各種幻覺現(xiàn)象時(shí)主要遵循由現(xiàn)象到原理的邏輯順序

第四篇：概況試題-美國

1、Puritanism

Puritans were those who followed the doctrine of John Calvin and wanted to purify the Church of England.They believe that human beings were predestined by God before they were born.Some were God's chosen people while others were damned to hell.No church nor good works could save people.The sign of being God's elect was the success in his work or the prosperity in his calling.They also argued that everyone must read the Bible in order to find God's will and establish a direct contact with God.These beliefs had great impact on American culture.2.the American Revolution

Between 1689 and 1815, france and Britain fought Seven Years’ war, and North American was drawn into everyone of them.Britain’s victory led directly to a conflict with its American colonies.The British government argued that Britain had spent large sums of money to defend their American colonies in those wars, and that the colonists therefore should pay a part of those expenses.So the british government began to charge new taxes.But the colonists refused to obey the british laws and cry” no taxation without representation”.On April 19,1775,the first shot was fired when 700 British soldiers went to capture a colonial arms depot in a small town of Concord near Boston.The American War of Independence began.And the war came to an end in 1781 with the victory of north american.The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1783 and Britian had to recognize the independence of the United States.A new nation was thus born.3.the Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence was mainly drafted by Thomas Jefferson and adopted by the Congress on July 4,1776,when the people of 13 English colonials in North America were fighting for their freedom and independence from the British colonial rule.The document declared that all men were equal and that they were entitled to have some unalienable rights such as life,liberty and the pursuit of happiness.It also explained the philosophy of government:the powers of governments came from the consent of the governed and the purpose of governments were to secure the rights mentioned above.The theory of politics and the guiding principles of the American Revolution mainly came from John Locke.4.American Constitution

The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America.The Constitution is the framework for the organization of the United States government and for the relationship of the federal government with the states, citizens, and all people within the United States.The Constitution creates the three branches of the national government: a legislature, the bicameral Congress;an executive branch led by the President;and a judicial branch headed by the Supreme Court.The Constitution specifies the powers and duties of each branch.The Constitution reserves all unenumerated powers to the respective states and the people, thereby establishing the federal system of government.5.checks and balances

When Americans talk about their three-part national government, they often refer to what they call its system of “checks and balances”.This system works in many ways to keep serious mistakes from being made by legislative branch or executive branch or judicial branch.6.Federalism

Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States.American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism.In “Federalist No.46,” James Madison asserted that the states and national government “are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different powers.” Alexander Hamilton, writing in “Federalist No.28,” suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit: “If their [the peoples'] rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.”

7.the Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.The Bill of Rights was passed to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech,the right to assemble in public places,the right to own weapons and so on.8.Political parties in the US

Political parties are organized groups of people who share a set of ideas about how the US should be governed and who work together to have members of their group elected in order to influence the governing of the country.today ,the US has two major political parties.one in the Democratic Party,which evolved out of Thomas Jefferson's party,formed before 1800.the symbol of the party is the donkey.the other is the Republican Party,which was formed in the 1850s,and its symbol is the elephant.9、the roots of affluence in America

No single factor is responsible for the success of American business and industry.Bountiful resources,the geographical size of the country and population trends have all contributed to these success.Religious,social and political traditions;the institutional structures of government and business;and the courage,hard work and determination of countless entrepreners and workers have also played a part.10.American industrial revolution

After independence, America was principally an agricultural country.The industrial revolution in England brought many changes to American industry between 1776 and 1860.One key development was the introduction of the factory system.A second development was the “American system” of mass production.A third development was the application of new technologies to industrial task.A fourth development was the emergence of new forms of business organization—the bank and the corporation.11.Civil Rights Movement

The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.In many situations it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.In some situations it was accompanied, or followed, by civil unrest and armed rebellion.The process was long and tenuous in many countries, and many of these movements did not fully achieve their goals although, the efforts of these movements did lead to improvements in the legal rights of previously oppressed groups of people.12.Martin luther King

Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.King is often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism.A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career.He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president.King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history.13.Counterculture

In the wake of the Free Speech Movement and the New Left,there appeared a phenomenon that historians called the “counterculture.”the counterculture rejected capitalism and other American principles.they had morals different from those taught by their parents.some groups of youth tried to construct different ways of life.among the most famous were the hippies.they sought new experience through dropping out,and drug taking.but it was music,rock music in particular,that became the chief vehicle for the counter cultural assault on the traditional American society.the counterculture exerted a great influence upon people's attitudes toward social morals,marriage,career and success.14、Hippies

The hippies called themselves “the love generation.” Hippiness became their only goal in life.Their music was different from any other music, and the words they sang sounded rebellious to older people.Small groups of youth lived together in cities like San Francisco,turning their lives into one big party.They wore long hair,strange and colorful clothes and many of them used drugs.They went in huge numbers to rock music concerts, and tyey made very interesting news on TV.15.Multiculturalism in Canada

Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the Canadian government during the prime ministership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.Multiculturalism is reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

第五篇：美國概況習(xí)題

美國概況

Part One Geography

Chapter IIPopulation

Exercises

? New York is the largest state in the US.(T/F)

? Why is the U.S.A.called “Melting Pot”?

Answers

? F(Alaska)

? Because the U.S.A.is country where there are many different races, and these races mixed and assimilated after they

immigrated into this country “Melting Pot” just signifies this mixture and assimilation.Chapter VReligion in the U.S.A.Exercises

? The popular American belief is___

A.part-time working

B.self-made man

C.manual labor

D.being extravagant

? The largest religious group in America is___

A.Roman CatholicsB.Protestants

C.OrthodistsD.Presbyterians

?the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

Answers

? BB

?the American spirit of “do-it-yourself”:

People are proud of doing everything by themselves.Most of the American families seldom hire people to do housework though they are rich.They try to do what they can do, such as housework, gardening and they enjoy doing them.Part twoHistory

Chapter IColonization of North America

Exercises

? The history of the U.S.is generally agreed to have begun in the year of ____

A.1620B.1607C.1776D.1492

? The turning point of the War of Independence was the Battle of ___in 1777.A.YorktownB.Saratoga

C.Bunker HillD.Lexington

? Lexington Fire was the ___of American War of Independence

A.turning pointB.endingC.causeD.prelude

Answers

BBD

Chapter IVThe American Civil War(1861-1865)

Exercises

? Abraham Lincoln

? In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important measures.One

was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.Homework

? Why was there the New Deal program? What was it? And how did it aid the recovery of the American economy? ? What important measures did Abraham Lincoln take during the Civil War? How do you evaluate them?

Chapter VThe U.S.Imperialism and the First World War

Exercises

? The first imperialist war took place between theU.S.and ___in 1898.A.BritainB.FranceC.SpainD.Mexico

? The “Big Stick” Policy was advanced by President___.A.Theodore RooseveltB.Franklin Roosevelt

C.William MckinleyD.Thomas Woodrow Wilson

? President Franklin D.Roosevelt proposed a well-knownpolicy called___ to save the economic situation.A.the Open Door PolicyB.the New Deal

C.Good Neighbor PolicyD.the “Big Stick”

AnswersCAB

PartTheresociallife

Chapter IIICustoms and Traditions

Exercises

? Easter:

Easter falls on the first Sunday after the full moon, in March or in April.It commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus.The custom of dying eggs is very popular among children.The main meat on Easter Sunday are lamb and ham.? Thanksgiving Day:

It falls on the fourth Thursday of November.It is a holiday on which God is thanked for the crops which have been safely gathered.? Abraham Lincoln

? In 1860 Abraham Lincoln was elected president, an anti-slavery president.He played a very important

measures.One was the Homestead Bill, the other was Emancipation Proclamation in every field.In 1864, he was reelected president.He was assassinated in April 13,1865.He saved the Union and most Americans considered him a great national hero.