第一篇：專八作文

Recently newspapers have reported that officials in a little-known mountainous area near Guiyang, Guizhou Province wanted to turn the area into a “central business district” for Guiyang and invited a foreign design company to give it an entirely new look.The design company came up with a blueprint for unconventional非傳統(tǒng)的, super-futuristic未來主義的 buildings.This has triggered off different responses.Some appreciate of the bold innovation of the design, but others held that it failed to reflect regional characteristics or local cultural heritage.What is your view on this? Write an essay of about 400 words.You should supply an appropriate title for your essay.In the first part of your essay you should state dearly your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details.In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary.Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness.Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.作文參考答案：

The important role of a city’s local conditions in the urban design

Recently there is a hot debate on a report that a foreign design company invited by a little-known mountainous area in Guiyang provided a design without paying too much attention to the city’s unique characteristics.Some people appreciate the bold innovation of the design but others do not like it.In my opinion, any urban design should take the city’s original cultural heritage into account.The designers should suit their design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources.<題目改寫>

First, a city’s regional characteristics or local cultural heritage are its symbol, its identity.In a mountainous area, too many unconventional, super-futuristic buildings will not be compatible with the city’s landscapes.Without these landscapes, it is just another so called modern city composed of concrete and steel.Take Beijing for example.In the past few years, Beijing has been removing a large number of such alleys traditionally called hutong, in order to make it become a real international city.But without these hutongs can this city still be called Beijing, an ancient capital? The disappearance of hutongs means the disappearance of a period of history, a cordial lifestyle, and even the disappearance of Beijing itself.Then Beijing will lose its uniqueness.<總分；舉例>

Second, it can help a city save a lot of money by suiting the design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources.This is especially important to small cities, like this one in a mountainous area near Guiyang.We all know Guiyang is a developing city, not very rich.Unconventional, super-futuristic buildings mean large need of money input.Then more burdens may be added to this city, which will run counter to the city’s original purpose of developing itself.Instead, if connections between a city’s culture and the various urban sectors, including housing, infrastructure and governance, are well made, the maximum economic benefits will be achieved.<總分；分析題目現(xiàn)狀>

Besides, the modernization should be a gradual process.More haste, less speed.Nonetheless, it should not be overlooked that the shortcomings of futuristic-style constructing outweigh its advantages brought.In conclusion, any urban design should take the city’s original cultural heritage into account.The designers should suit their design to local conditions and try to take advantage of the local resources.A scientific city design should be dependent on the city’s regional characteristics, on a case-by-case basis.Maybe We Have a Better Idea

Few things can add as much colors to the regional features of a city as the look of its CBD.Hence, we know Manhattan of Big Apple, Pudong of Shanghai.Indeed, they are the most typical sights projecting a skyline of a modern city.However, should a CBD in the world look all like? Who told us it should solely be made up of unconventional, super-futuristic buildings? And should they stand out from their surroundings? Answers to these questions are universally and unequivocally No.A CBD is not a detached but integral part of a city.To prevent it from being too extreme or monstrous, it supposedly goes with the general style of the rest parts of the city.In the past, we Chinese have learnt so many hard and painful lessons.We could have had a Beijing with more Chinese traditional characteristics, more valuable cultural heritage preserved and above all more integral and harmonious Tian An-men Square to present to the world.If our grand fathers had been more willing to listen to the advice of some personages, mankind could have known another Paris of a totally different style in the world.Secondly, with more and more mortals being aware of the value of eco-friendliness, those unconventional, super-futuristic buildings made especially of steel, concrete structures and other eco-unfriendly materials are being increasingly questioned, suspected and forsaken.A China southern city like GY should, perhaps, model its CBD on that of Davos rather than New York or Shanghai.Instead of erecting skyscrapers and towers, GY ought to make its CBD delicate and pleasing, offering bankers and businessmen from across the world comfortable and cozy offices.Finally, a trend that has caught on since some time ago is that regional is international.The world is world nowhere because of its unity and sameness but because of its diversity and variety.To add her own measure of colors to the world, CBD in GY should be local, regional and reflecting the distinctive features of the city.Just a look would give one familiar with her an intimacy “That’s GY all over!” The day when such a CBD is completed, she can be a resort of another sort riveting people all over the world doing business in the area while enjoying her beauty and warm comfort.Therefore, the municipal and city-developers ought to give it a serious thought before turning whatever foreign design company’s blue print to concrete and steel.Maybe we can come up with a better idea – a new type of CBD, eco-friendly, amiable and economical, might set a new precedent!

No one can have failed to notice the fact that Chinese culture has become increasingly diversified in the past decades.This can be embodied by evidences in many fields, one of which is architecture.Recently newspapers have reported that officials in a little-known mountainous area near Guiyang, Guizhou Province wanted to turn the area into a “central business district” for Guiyang and invited a foreign design company to give it an entirely new look.The design company came up with a blueprint for unconventional, super-futuristic buildings.This has aroused a heated debate.Some approve of the bold innovation of the design while others claimed that it failed to reflect regional characteristics or local cultural heritage.When asked of my opinion, I am inclined to agree with the former one, and I base my point of view on the following reasons.In the first place, an unconventional or exotic design is in accordance with the primary function of this area.As we are told, this lot of land is meant to be a “central business district”.As the name indicates, this area is intended for business, most possibly international business, which is imaginable in the context of the nation’s move of reform and opening-up to the outside world.Such being the case, an innovative and super-futuristic design of the areas is quite understandable, for it may demonstrate local people’s wish to embrace and integrate with other cultures around the world.More foreign investors might be attracted here, which is just the aim of this program.In the second place, allowing space for novel things is essential for the development of an area.The concept of ancient and modern or that of local and alien is relative.What seems ancient now used to be modern centuries ago;similarly, what looks exotic today might be deemed natural tomorrow.A person needs to accept new knowledge to grow and the same is true with an area or a country.While new things often meet with objections at first, they are mostly accepted and loved later.A number of examples can be listed, with the most striking ones being the art museum in Paris designed by Bei Luming, a Chinese architect, and the Opera House in Sydney, whose designer only received due respect years after his death.Admittedly, we should respect and treasure traditional and regional culture, inherit it and carry it on.However, preserving the old and traditional should not be the reason to refuse the new and modern.Bringing what has been discussed into conclusion, we may claim that it is understandable and acceptable for people in the above-mentioned area to adopt the foreign design.

第二篇：專八作文

【51Test.NET專業(yè)英語四級八級考試滿分作文】

Ambition

Ambition is the decision one makes and the resolution with which he carries out that decision.It provides us with the required driving force to accomplish any undertakings in our life.Just as Joseph Epstein, a famous American writer put it, “And as we decide and choose, so are our lives formed.” Indeed, once we make up our minds to choose to do something, then our life becomes meaningful and specifically orientated.This notion of life, as far as I observe, is closest to truth and does apply to almost all aspects of life.First things first, ambition renders us a sense of mission.No matter what decision you make you have to be responsible for your choice.Your choice procures you a sense of orientation, or more specially a sense of mission.And only a strong mission may enable one to accomplish greatness.Caesar of the ancient Roman Empire was urged by his ambition “I came, I saw, I conquered.” And became an unrivaled empire builder in the history of Rome.John Milton, stimulated always by his ambition that aimed at writing some “mighty lines” which England would unwillingly forget, had in due time secured his position as the second Shakespeare in the history of English literature.In the second place, ambition can bring one’s potentials to the full.Ambition may well serve as a catalyst activating one’s dormant potentials.Without ambition one’s potentials will remain slumbering like a dormant volcano.A case in point is Ms Zhang Haidi, a Chinese Helen Keller.It was her ambition to be a useful person has turned the almost paralyzed Zhang Haidi into a well-accomplished figure whose achievements would dwarf those of some normal people aim at the sun, though, at worst, they may probably land on the moon.Influential as it is upon us, however, ambition must be channeled in the right direction.If wrongly directed, one’s ambition may bring havoc on him and others.Hitler, whose ambition was to conquer Europe by whattever evil means, finally turned him into a demon.It was this demon that almost cast Europe into an unfathomable abyss of anguish and suffering.Another case is Macbeth whose ambition was to become the king of Scotland.However, his ambition was materialized by the murder of King Duncan.Consequently, unbearable guilt and psychological agony drove him to his tragic doom.To sum up, ambition can benefit us tremendously if wisely and correctly channeled, otherwise it may ruin others and ourselves.A poet says: life can be bad;life can be good;life can be dirty;life can be sad,;life can even be painful.In my mind’s eye, a person can make his life beautiful, meaningful and rewarding and stand out as a respectable personage if he is motivated by a well-orientated ambition.開篇模板1【51Test.NET專業(yè)英語四級八級考試】 這篇關于英語專業(yè)八級考試翻譯技巧講解，是無憂考網(wǎng)特地為大家整理的，希望對大家有所幫助！

英漢兩種語言在句法、詞匯、修辭等方面均存在著很大的差異，因此在進行英漢互譯時必然會遇到很多困難，需要有一定的翻譯技巧作指導。常用的翻譯技巧有增譯法、省譯法、轉換法、拆句法、合并法、正譯法、反譯法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重組法和綜合法等。這些技巧不但可以運用于筆譯之中，也可以運用于口譯過程中，而且應該用得更加熟練，因為口譯工作的特點決定了譯員沒有更多的時間進行思考。

1增譯法：

指根據(jù)英漢兩種語言不同的思維方式、語言習慣和表達方式，在翻譯時增添一些詞、短句或句子，以便更準確地表達出原文所包含的意義。這種方式多半用在漢譯英里。漢語無主句較多，而英語句子一般都要有主語，所以在翻譯漢語無主句的時候，除了少數(shù)可用英語無主句、被動語態(tài)或“There be…”結構來翻譯以外，一般都要根據(jù)語境補出主語，使句子完整。英漢兩種語言在名詞、代詞、連詞、介詞和冠詞的使用方法上也存在很大差別。英語中代詞使用頻率較高，凡說到人的器官和歸某人所有的或與某人有關的事物時，必須在前面加上物主代詞。因此，在漢譯英時需要增補物主代詞，而在英譯漢時又需要根據(jù)情況適當?shù)貏h減。英語詞與詞、詞組與詞組以及句子與句子的邏輯關系一般用連詞來表示，而漢語則往往通過上下文和語序來表示這種關系。因此，在漢譯英時常常需要增補連詞。英語句子離不開介詞和冠詞。另外，在漢譯英時還要注意增補一些原文中暗含而沒有明言的詞語和一些概括性、注釋性的詞語，以確保譯文意思的完整。總之，通過增譯，一是保證譯文語法結構的完整，二是保證譯文意思的明確。

如：

（1）What about calling him right away？

馬上給他打個電話，你覺得如何？（增譯主語和謂語）

（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations．

要是我能看到四個現(xiàn)代化實現(xiàn)該有多好啊！（增譯主句）

（3）Indeed，the reverse is true

實際情況恰好相反。（增譯名詞）

（4）

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights．

就是法西斯國家本國的人民也被剝奪了人權。（增譯物主代詞）

（5）While the magistrates were free to burn down house，the common people were forbidden to light lamps．

只許州官放火，不許百姓點燈。

（增譯連詞）

（6）這是我們兩國人民的又一個共同點。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries．（增譯介詞）

（7）在人權領域，中國反對以大欺小、以強凌弱。

In the field of human rights，China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak．（增譯暗含詞語）

（8）三個臭皮匠，合成一個諸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind．（增譯注釋性詞語）

2．省譯法：

這是與增譯法相對應的一種翻譯方法，即刪去不符合目標語思維習慣、語言習慣和表達方式的詞，以避免譯文累贅。增譯法的例句反之即可。

又如：

（1）You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing．

你在北京訪問期間就住在這家飯店里。（省譯物主代詞）

（2）I hope you will enjoy your stay here．

希望您在這兒過得愉快。（省譯物主代詞）

（3）中國政府歷來重視環(huán)境保護工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection．（省譯名詞）

3． 轉換法：

指翻譯過程中為了使譯文符合目標語的表述方式、方法和習慣而對原句中的詞類、句型和語態(tài)等進行轉換。具體的說，就是在詞性方面，把名詞轉換為代詞、形容詞、動詞；把動詞轉換成名詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞；把形容詞轉換成副詞和短語。在句子成分方面，把主語變成狀語、定語、賓語、表語；把謂語變成主語、定語、表語；把定語變成狀語、主語；把賓語變成主語。在句型方面，把并列句變成復合句，把復合句變成并列句，把狀語從句變成定語從句。在語態(tài)方面，可以把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)。如：

（1）我們學院受教委和市政府的雙重領導。

Our institute is co－administrated by the States Education Commission and the municipal government．（名詞轉動詞）

（2）Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children．

孩子們看電視過多會大大地損壞視力。（名詞轉動詞）

（3）由于我們實行了改革開放政策，我國的綜合國力有了明顯的增強。

Thanks to the introduction of our reform and opening policy，our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved．（動詞轉名詞）

（4）I’m all for you opinion．

我完全贊成你的意見。（介詞轉動詞）

（5）The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people．

改革開放政策受到了全中國人民的擁護。（動詞轉名詞）

（6）In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment．

作者在文章中，對人類疏忽自身環(huán)境作了批評。（形容詞轉名詞）

（7）In some of the European countries，the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance．

在有些歐洲國家里，人民享受最廣泛的社會福利，如醫(yī)療保險等。（被動語態(tài)轉主動語態(tài)）

（8）時間不早了，我們回去吧！

We don’t have much time left． Let’s go back．（句型轉換）

（9）學生們都應該德、智、體全面發(fā)展。

All the students should develop morally，intellectually and physically．（名詞轉副詞）

4． 拆句法和合并法：

這是兩種相對應的翻譯方法。拆句法是把一個長而復雜的句子拆譯成若干個較短、較簡單的句子，通常用于英譯漢；合并法是把若干個短句合并成一個長句，一般用于漢譯英。漢語強調意合，結構較松散，因此簡單句較多；英語強調形合，結構較嚴密，因此長句較多。所以漢譯英時要根據(jù)需要注意利用連詞、分詞、介詞、不定式、定語從句、獨立結構等把漢語短句連成長句；而英譯漢時又常常要在原句的關系代詞、關系副詞、主謂連接處、并列或轉折連接處、后續(xù)成分與主體的連接處，以及意群結束處將長句切斷，譯成漢語分句。這樣就可以基本保留英語語序，順譯全句，順應現(xiàn)代漢語長短句相替、單復句相間的句法修辭原則。如：

（1）Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States．

同中國加強合作，符合美國的利益。（在主謂連接處拆譯）

（2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world．

我要感謝你們無與倫比的盛情款待。中國人民正是以這種熱情好客而聞明世界的。（在定語從句前拆譯）

（3）This is paarticularly true of the countries of the commonwealth，who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account

英聯(lián)邦各國尤其如此，它們認為英國加入歐共體，將能保證歐共體的政策照顧到它們的利益。（在定語從句前拆譯）

（4）中國是個大國，百分之八十的人口從事農業(yè)，但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一，其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。

China is a large country with four－fifths of the population engaged in agriculture，but only one tenth of the land is farmland，the rest being mountains，forests and places for urban and other uses．（合譯）

5．正譯法和反譯法：

這兩種方法通常用于漢譯英，偶爾也用于英譯漢。所謂正譯，是指把句子按照與漢語相同的語序或表達方式譯成英語。所謂反譯則是指把句子按照與漢語相反的語序或表達方式譯成英語。正譯與反譯常常具有同義的效果，但反譯往往更符合英語的思維方式和表達習慣。因此比較地道。如：

（1）在美國，人人都能買到槍。

In the United States，everyone can buy a gun．（正譯）

In the United States，guns are available to everyone．（反譯）

（2）你可以從因特網(wǎng)上獲得這一信息。

You can obtain this information on the Internet．（正譯）

This information is accessible/available on the Internet．（反譯）

（3）他突然想到了一個新主意。

Suddenly he had a new idea．（正譯）

He suddenly thought out a new idea．（正譯）

A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him．（反譯）

（4）他仍然沒有弄懂我的意思。

He still could not understand me．（正譯）

Still he failed to understand me．（反譯）

（5）無論如何，她算不上一位思維敏捷的學生。

She can hardly be rated as a bright student．（正譯）

She is anything but a bright student．（反譯）

（6）Please withhold the document for the time being．

請暫時扣下這份文件。（正譯）

請暫時不要發(fā)這份文件。（反譯）

6．倒置法：

在漢語中，定語修飾語和狀語修飾語往往位于被修飾語之前；在英語中，許多修飾語常常位于被修飾語之后，因此翻譯時往往要把原文的語序顛倒過來。倒置法通常用于英譯漢，即對英語長句按照漢語的習慣表達法進行前后調換，按意群或進行全部倒置，原則是使?jié)h語譯句安排符合現(xiàn)代漢語論理敘事的一般邏輯順序。有時倒置法也用于漢譯英。如：

（1）At this moment，through the wonder of telecommunications，more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world．

此時此刻，通過現(xiàn)代通信手段的奇跡，看到和聽到我們講話的人比整個世界歷史上任何其他這樣的場合都要多。（部分倒置）

（2）I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community．

我堅信，英國依然應該是歐共體中的一個積極的和充滿活力的成員，這是符合我國人民利益的。（部分倒置）

（3）改革開放以來，中國發(fā)生了巨大的變化。

Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy．

寫作要點 1.審題

在寫作考試中要寫出符合題目要求，高質量的作文，第一步是審題。所謂審題，就是通過閱讀寫作題目及相關信息或要求，正確領會題目的含義，了解題目要求，為構思合乎具體寫作要求的文章框架打下基礎。

數(shù)年來八級寫作項目已形成自身的特色。這個特色就是，該項目內的幾個部分（觀點、情景、標題、寫作要求）具有內在的聯(lián)系，從而構成一個整體。因此，審題就意味著不是僅僅瀏覽一個標題，而是要兼顧其它部分。只有這樣，學生才能真正明確寫作目的，領會寫作要求。

以1997年的八級考試寫作項目為例。該年的標題是 SOWING THE SEEDS，NURTURING GROWTH ANDHARVESTING THEREWARDS。如果我們孤立地看題目的話，就很難領會該篇作文的具體要求和目的。但是，一旦我們把標題與前面的情景與觀點部分聯(lián)系起來，這個標題的含義就變得清晰了：它要求學生用標題所含的耕作過程來比擬獲得大學學業(yè)成就的過程。同時，對具體語篇模式的要求（即ANALOGY）也顯示在這部分中間。至于對作文修辭框架的要求，則出現(xiàn)在標題下面的一段文字中。

總而言之，提高審題的準確性有利于學生理解題目含義，了解寫作要求，進而有針對性地構思作文內容、布局等。然而，在歷年寫作閱卷中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，審題有誤仍是學生經(jīng)常犯的錯誤之一。歸納起來有以下幾點：

1）不熟悉八級寫作的設計特點，以為只看標題即可著手寫作。這常常導致在文章內容上出現(xiàn)嚴重偏差。

2）對情景觀點部分的理解一知半解，未經(jīng)仔細斟酌就提筆寫作文。這往往會造成學生采用錯誤的語篇模式。

3）忽略寫作項目中對作文修辭框架的提示。這容易使得作文思路或結構混亂或失衡。

2.行文的統(tǒng)一性和連貫性

一篇優(yōu)秀的作文應該具有以下兩個特點。就八級寫作項目而言，這主要體現(xiàn)在作文的內容和框架上。按照寫作要求，一篇合格的作文由三個部分組成。第一部分包括作者的論點（THE SISSTATEMENT）。論點應明確、清楚。第二部分是作文的主體。這部分的要求是通過恰當、合適的語篇模式（如：CAUSE ANDEFFECT，COMPARISON ANDCONTRAST，等等）來論證前面提出的論點。論證的過程要做到結構嚴謹、層次分明、合乎邏輯。要做到結構嚴謹，就需要學生在寫作中抓住中心，并圍繞中心展開討論。結構嚴謹?shù)淖魑耐瑫r也應是層次分明的作文。為了使論證過程具有說服力，作文應采用一種層次結構。

所謂層次結構指構成語篇的句子或者各段之間在邏輯意義上存在著一種主從關系，它們或者是解釋關系，或者是因果關系，或者是總分關系。書卷語體通常屬于這類結構，即一個語篇往往由不同層次的語段構成。此外，作文應有邏輯性，文中觀點的闡述要合乎情理，觀點之間的銜接要自然、順暢。第三部分為作文的結尾。一篇思想內容完整的作文離不開一個好的結尾。一般來說，結尾部分的內容應為前面部分的總結。因此，這部分應與前面部分保持論點上的一致性和統(tǒng)一性。結尾部分忌諱的是牛頭不對馬嘴，前后沒有連貫性，因而破壞作文的完整性。

3.語言的規(guī)范性和準確性

作文的思想內容都必須通過語言形式來表達。八級作文要求語言得體、通順，無重大語法錯誤。如果作文句不成句，用詞不當，語法錯誤連篇，就很難將作者的意圖表達清楚。

但是，歷年來的寫作項目反映出學生在作文的統(tǒng)一性、連貫性和語言的規(guī)范性方面還普遍存在一些問題。概括起來有以下幾點：

l）作文中的論點未展開。這主要表現(xiàn)為沒有按照要求在第一部分中闡明觀點，而是東拉西扯，寫了與題目有關或無關的細節(jié)或現(xiàn)象。比如在以 INSUPPORT OF DORMITORYPOLICIES為題的作文中，一些學生不是開門見山地點明主題思想，而是列舉了一些寢室里的情況或評論一些不良現(xiàn)象。最后由于篇幅有限，就在結束時提一句寢室制度就草草收尾。

2）作文結構不嚴謹，段落沒有主題句，且句際段落關系不明顯。這種現(xiàn)象在考生的作文中中帶有一定的普遍性。有些學生在寫作時沒有理清思路，按照一定的邏輯框架寫，而是想到什么就寫什么，因此文章顯得松散。

3）作文首尾不一致。作文開頭與結尾部分內容銜接不上，或自相矛盾。

4）作文缺乏連貫性（COHERENCE）。在對歷年考生作文的分析中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)以下幾個現(xiàn)象：A.差的作文中簡單句多，而好的作文中則少；

B.差的作文中從句和連詞出現(xiàn)的頻率大大低于好的作文；

C.差的作文中各種照應的使用低于好的作文；

D.差的作文中關鍵詞和同義／近義詞出現(xiàn)的頻率低于好的作文。

以上部分簡單地討論了八級寫作項目的要求、預期達到的標準以及學生作文中反映出來的一些帶有共性的問題。在結束之前，我們就如何提高寫作能力談幾點看法：

1、寫作能力的培養(yǎng)要從最基本的做起，一步一個腳印，扎實地進行基本功訓練。

2、就八級寫作項目而言，要提高駕馭文章整體思路的能力就要加強邏輯思維訓練，通過各類寫作手法的操練來提高這方面的能力。此外，要提高語言的準確性，學會使用各種語篇紐帶，如 LOGICAL、GRAMMATICAL、SEMANTICCONNECTORS，使作文思路清晰，論點鮮明，例證充分，語言得體，真正達到寫作的要求。

英譯漢注意的問題

【51Test.NET-專業(yè)英語四級八級考試】

一、不合習慣的說法

不同的民族有不同的習慣和表達方法。一句話，一個詞，在一個國家表達的是好意，引起人們好的聯(lián)想和情感，在另一個國家轉達的可能是壞意，引起人們不好的聯(lián)想和情感。如果翻譯不注意，就有可能引起誤解或不快。而如果我們注意這些差異，在譯文中加以運用，就可以收到較好的效果。在翻譯不涉及政治、經(jīng)濟等重要問題，只涉及生活習慣、日常用語時，可以更靈活些，按照譯入語的習慣說法表達意思。

1、見面問候

中國人見面時喜歡問：吃過了嗎? Have you had breakfast(lunch, supper)?到哪去?Where areyougoing?這都不是外國人在見面問候時會問的問題。如果見面就問外國人“到哪里”，人家會以為你要了解人家的私事，對你會產生反感。外國人喜歡問：“你好嗎?”這句話可以有不少表達方法，如How are you? How do you do ?How have you been doing?Hello!Hey!等。用哪一句來表達你的問候，取決于你與被問候人的關系密切程度。總之，這一類的問候語，直譯可能會讓人感到莫名其妙，還是按外國人的習慣翻譯較好。

2、對病人的問候

中國人喜歡對病人深表同情。但外國人則輕易不愿表現(xiàn)出其弱的一面，對他們表達過分同情的話未必會收到好的效果。例如：中國人在聽說一個人生病后可能會說：得知貴體欠佳，深感不安和關切。直譯：I was rather disturbed by and concerned about yourillness.但這樣翻譯會使感到病情很重，只能加重病人的顧慮，達不到安慰病人的目的。按照英文的表達習慣，可譯為：I am sorry tohear about your illness and wish you a speedyrecovery.這樣翻譯既表達了講話者的難過心情，又表達了希望病人盡快康復的愿望。

3、對待他人的表揚和感謝

在受到表揚或感謝時，中國人往往比較謙虛，會說：“這沒什么。”“這是我應該做的。”或者，“哪里，哪里，我還做得很差。”如果直譯：It isnothing.This is my duty.This is what I should do.Well, I have notdone very well.There is still much to beimproved.所有這些謙恭的話，在外國人聽起來，都會顯得做作。西方人通常會說：It’s my pleasure.Thank you for your kind words.I feel flattered.翻譯這些話時，宜根據(jù)西方的習慣來譯。

4、迎接外賓時

中國人迎接遠道而來的客人時常常會說：“一路上辛苦了。累不累?”You must have been tired after thelongflight(journey)而外國人喜歡在別人面前顯得年輕、有朝氣，不喜歡被人認為體弱，或有疲勞感。因此，上述問候話直譯效果不好，可譯成：How was the flight? Have you had a pleasant flight?或者You have had along flight.二、不夠委婉的語氣

有時有人講話比較直率、唐突，直譯可能會使人感到不太客氣，甚至會失禮。譯員應學習委婉說法，在翻譯時把握好語氣。但為外交斗爭需要而使用針鋒相對的語言除外。

例1 中國可作為貴國資源性產品的穩(wěn)定市場，同時中國的許多工業(yè)產品可滿足貴國市場的需要。

直譯：Your resource-based products can find a stable market in China andChinese industrial products can meet the needs of yourmarket.這么直譯也許會讓人擔心，以為我們的工業(yè)品要去占領他們的市場。同樣的意思可以翻得更客氣一些。如：You may find astable market in China for your primary products and may also get anumber of industrial products from China to meet some of your needs.例2 我想向大家介紹一下你們所關心的經(jīng)濟問題。

直譯：I wish to talk on China’s economic development in which you are interested.這樣翻譯，顯得講話者太肯定聽眾會對他所講內容感興趣。盡管講話者知道聽眾是有興趣的，但說得客氣氣一點效果更好。可譯為：I would liketo brief you on China’s economic development, which might be ofinterest to you.另外，我們打交道的人大多是上層人士，我們必須學會使用禮貌文雅的語言，否則，會產生距離、反感，從而失去朋友，有損我形象。

1974年，加拿大“白求恩紀念委員會”訪華代表團中有一位團員對我接待官員說，我方翻譯像警察，原因是那天早晨，翻譯到他房間對他說： Youhave breakfast at 8, get your luggage downstairs at 8:30 and leave herefor the airport at 9.OK?語言簡單、生硬、不禮貌，給外賓留下了不好的印象。建議對外賓說：Breakfast is at8.Would you please get your luggage downstairs at 8:30?we are going toleave here for the airport at 9.曾有一位女翻譯招呼外賓時，大聲喊叫“Hello”而不知道說：“Excuse me”，在宣布事情時總是：Attentionplease.而不是說：Ladies and Gentlemen, may I have your attentionplease.結果一位外賓對此感到不快，說：I don’t want to talk to that wildgirl.要人幫忙時，我們時常會說：你能告訴我到×××地方怎么走嗎?你能說英語嗎?等。如果英文譯成：Can you tell me howto get to……?Can you speakEnglish?那將是很不客氣的問話。對方會以為你懷疑他的能力。因為英文字can表示能力。如果改為could,含義就不同了。可以譯為：Couldyou please tell me how to get……? Do you speakEnglish?一個陌生人問你如何去某地時，你很可能傳說：“最好坐公共汽車去。”如將這句話譯為You’d better take abus,聽起來不夠禮貌。因為You’d better……這個句型含有You have a duty to do something,或Youhave an obligation to…的意思。是一種命令語氣，常用于晚輩或下屬。因此，這樣翻譯不夠禮貌。這句話有許多客氣的表達方法。

如：I suggest you take a bus.It might be better to take a bus.Perhaps you might like to take a bus.Why not take a bus?

I think the best way is by bus.總之，我們翻譯工作者必須學會禮貌用語，委婉表達法。中國駐悉尼總領事段津在談到對外往的溝通藝術時曾介紹了一些禮貌用語。如：在對別人的意見表示不同看法時可以說：

I have to disagree with you, but I would think…或者Well, there’s apoint in what you said, but …對某件事表示不同意見時，可以說：Would it not be betterif…請別人幫忙時，可以說：Could you do me a favour, 或者Excuse me ,I have aproblem,…等等。在絕別人要求時，可以說：I am afraid it doesn’t work.或者I wonder whetherit will work, but I’ll try my best.一些學識淵博、經(jīng)驗豐富的外交官非常善于使用委婉客氣的語氣來表達不同意見。譬如，一個外國代表團在一次國際會議上，是這樣對一個國際會議領導職位侯選人的提名表示不同意見的。他說：

“As an experienced Minister with a distinguished record of service,we are confident that he has all the attributes to be an outstandingpresident of this Conference…but I have to place before you some of thereservations that we have about this nomination.If I may, I will sharewith you some of our concerns.Such a presidency will be misread bythose outside the ILO as signaling that…”

可以譯為：他是一位有經(jīng)驗的部長，并做出了出色的成績。我們相信，他完全具有條件，可以成為一個杰出的會議主席。但是，我不是不陳述我們對于這一提名的保留意見。請允許我向你們談談我們所關注的一些問題。這一主席的提名會被國際勞工組織以外的人誤解為發(fā)出一個……的信號。”這位團長既清楚地表達了反對意見，但又講得非常委婉、客氣。這些表達方法很值得我們學習、借鑒。

三、動詞使用不當

英語動詞往往有其特定的用法。如不熟悉，就會出錯。以下僅舉兩例來說明動詞的不同形態(tài)、類型。

例1 Welcome

中文中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)，“歡迎某人做某事”的句子，按中文語序翻譯這樣的句子，往往會出現(xiàn)中式英文。北京長安街兩個大飯店門前大牌子上有兩條表示歡迎的大標語：“北京歡迎您”、“國際飯店歡迎您”。同時又用英語書寫了這兩條標語的意思：

Beijing Is Waiting for You(北京正等著您)和International Hotel WelcomesYou.中國民航贈送的挎包上曾印有中、英文的歡迎詞：歡迎乘坐中國民航，Welcome you to flyCAAC.英語中的“歡迎”通常使用”welcome"這個詞。Welcome作動詞時有兩種形式可用：動詞+賓語，動詞+賓語+副詞短語。

習慣上可以譯為welcome somebody to somewhere,或welcome to aplace.顯然上述譯法不符合這個英文詞的通常表達習慣。應譯為：Welcome to Beijing, Welcome toInternational Hotel 和Welcome to fly CAAC。如要翻譯“歡迎貴國工商界人士到中國去投資”，不能譯為：Wewelcome people from the business community of your country to makeinvestment in China.可譯為：i)People from the business community here inthis country are welcome to make investment in China.或ii)We hope thatpeople from the business community here in this country will go andinvest in China.四、禁語的譯法

任何社會都會有一些要求大家遵循的行為準則。如：公共場合不準吸煙、不準亂扔果皮紙屑、不準大聲喧嘩等。有些單位還根據(jù)本單位情況制定一些規(guī)則。如何翻譯禁語是需要注意的又一個重要問題。中文禁語比較嚴肅，用詞直截了當，以體現(xiàn)其法律效力。而外國人有時以比較婉轉的口吻表達同樣的意思。我們應盡量以譯入語禁語的習慣表達方式來翻譯禁語，并力求簡潔。請比較下述兩例的兩種譯法，第一種譯法是我國一些地方標出的譯文。第二種譯法是建議譯文。

例1 禁止拍照

Forbid photograph

No Photos

例2 禁止吸煙

Forbid Smoking

No Smoking或者Thank you for not smoking.

第三篇：2012專八作文

Be ware our favorite telephone

Do you like phones? When college students are asked this question, and I suppose what they will answer.The recent survey about college student’s attitude toward phones aroused my interest.A result that what college students like phone most is that they can reach others and what they like least is that others can reach them is given by a professor.I am partially agree with the professor’s opinion as a college students and a member among the been surveygroup, what I like phone most is that I can reach others and what Ilike least is not others can reach me but it brings mepotential problems.In modern society, I can’t get by without my cell phone and I view it as a necessary tool to reach others.To begin with, I came to college and I am away from my families.Cell phones allow parental communication which can make me feel more secure.Besides, even if the crime rates are low, as a student I may find myself in situations where I feel unsafe.Phones allow me to all for help when I feel unsafe.Cell phones allow me to call for help when I feel I need an escort.In a real emergency, where I need medical attention, a cell phone could prove lifesaving, and it brings me a safe.what’s more telephones allow me to have an always –on connection to my social network.I can use short time and few words to reach others at any time.I like phones which really bring me great convenience.However, for me, what I like phone least is that it brings me potential problems.I waste lots of time on mobile phones, obsessing with the QQ zone, wrapping in the games, chatting with others and so on.These are the visible effects.I think others also have this problem.What’s worse, phone brings indifference and distance between us, and this invisible effect is more awful.when my friend sand I have no phones, we get together playing and talking, but now we talking little when we get together.Everyone has a small screen, and we prefer engraining in the virtual world rather than communicating with our friends sitting beside us.A group of people sit together and play without communication.How awful that was.It is telephone that reducing our communication and bringing a gap between us.I found the telephone is the real subtle poison which is destroying people’s relationship.but few of us has realized this.Most of us just see it’s advantages and college students are addicted into it.Beware our favorite phone which is destroying our relationship.As college students we need realizing this and using our phone properly.

第四篇：專八作文諺語

1.Knowledge is power.知識就是力量。（培根）

2.Knowledge is the food of the soul.知識是心靈的食糧。(柏拉圖)

3.Activity is the only road to knowledge.行動是通往知識的唯一道路。（蕭伯納）

4.Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it.知識是寶庫，而實踐是開啟寶庫的鑰匙。

5.A free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books.一個自由的人除了從書本上獲取知識外還可以從許多特別的來源獲取知識。（杰斐遜）

6.a little learning is a dangerous thing.學問淺薄，如履薄冰。（pope）

7.a young idler, an old beggar.少壯不努力老大徒傷悲。8 there is no royal road to learning.學無談坦途。

時事篇

Currency market 匯市Death toll死亡數(shù)

Diplomatic tie外交關系Economic recovery經(jīng)濟復蘇

Ethnic groups少數(shù)民族Global economy世界經(jīng)濟 Hijack 劫機Nuclear weapon 核武器

Open fire開火Peace-keeping force維和部隊 Rioting and looting 暴動和搶劫

Weapon inspection武器核查

United nations convention on the law of the sea 聯(lián)合國海洋公約法

NATO North Atlantic treaty organization北大西洋公約組織 Document released by由。。發(fā)布的消息

Educational circles教育界Financial quarters金融界方面 Authoritative information官方消息

Foreign ministry spokesman外交部發(fā)言人

Press spokesman新聞發(fā)言人

Government official 政府官員

Government statement政府聲明

Authoritative sources權威人

Diplomatic sources外交人士

Highly-placed sources高層消息靈通人士

Judicial circles司法界In-group sources圈內人士 Military sources軍方人士Police sources警方人士 Reliable sources消息可靠人士

The quarters concerned有關方面

Unconfirmed report未經(jīng)證實的消息

Acting president代總統(tǒng)Administration party執(zhí)政黨 Advisory body顧問團All-out ban全面禁止

Blanket ballot全面選舉Censure vote不信任投票 Absolute majority絕對多數(shù)Abstain from voting棄權 Appropriate authorities 有關當局

Conservative party保守黨

Construction of a clean government廉政建設

Crash program應急計劃Criminal law刑法

Crude oil原油Bubble economy泡沫經(jīng)濟

Cabinet re-shuffle內閣改組Chartered plane包機 China’s actual conditions中國國情Assembly hall會議廳 Peaceful co-existence和平共處Reciprocal visits互訪 Tenure of office任職期Knowledge economy知識經(jīng)濟 Accredited journalist特派記者Back alley news小道消息 Box花邊新聞Cover girl封面女郎

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第五篇：專八作文模擬On_The_Most_Essential_Social_Value

The Most Essential Social Value

When it comes to the most essential social value for China in the 21st century different people tend to regard different ones as the key one.Some claim that

hard-wording is too important to deny, while others insist that people cant emphasize the importance of freedom too much.As far as I am concerned, independent is the most significant social value.To begin with, the main generation of 21st century is the ones who born under the family planning policy.It is obvious that most people of this generation have no brother of sister.As a result, they are brought up to believe that they can only depend on themselves to work out their own problems.Furthermore, they believe the motto that “every one for oneself equals all ones for the society”.As a result, their view of social value, independent, must be the central one in the future.What’s more, in the 21st century, there is no doubt that China will have more and more culture exchange with western countries.Therefore, western social values will rush into China and greatly influences Chinese traditional values.As one of the most important social value of western countries, independent might exert positive impact on the values held by the Chinese, and finally will be accept.Last but not least, with the rapid development of economic, there is a dramatic rise of competition between people and people in every aspects of the society.Although co-operation plays an undoubtedly significant role, independent is

becoming more significant day by day.For instance, Chinese education system is focusing its attention on the individual qualities instead group qualities.Another instance is that there sprung out a large number of young people who don’t want to live with their parents as the traditional generation did, because the young generations want to live a more independent life.Taking into account all the relevant factors, which affect and contribute to the current situation, we may safely conclude that the most essential value for China in 21st century is independent.Many reliable information points the fact that Chinese people are becoming independent even a little selfish.We have to accept the fact no matter how astonishing it might sound.However, as one of the new generation, I

strongly believe that young people in the new century will achieve the balance

between independent and co-operation, as well learn to devote themselves to country and family.