第一篇：英語翻譯句子(自測用)

翻譯句子 M1 1.早上好,孩子們！歡迎來到七年級四班！

2.我十二歲，你呢？

3.你也是英國人嗎？

4.北京是中國的首都。

5.他多大了？

6.我母親不是醫(yī)生。她是一位老師。

___________________________________________________________ 7.我會踢足球和彈鋼琴。

___________________________________________________________ 8.這周末去游泳嗎？

____________________________________________________________ 9.北京春天天氣怎樣？

___________________________________________________________ 10.北京冬天天氣寒冷而且有風。

_____________________________________________________________ M2 1.Lily前面的男孩是誰？

2.挨著他的那個女子是誰？是他的姑媽。

3.那是Paul的兒子和女兒。

4.你爸爸的工作是什么？

5.我媽媽的父母在右邊。

6.你最喜歡的季節(jié)是什么？秋天

_____________________________________________________ 7.你爸爸的電話號碼是什么？

_________________________________________________________ 8.桌子上有蘋果嗎？不，沒有。

_________________________________________________________ 9.瓶子里有水嗎？

__________________________________________________________ 10.你們班上有多少學生？

_________________________________________________________________ M3 教室里有多少學生？ 在教室的前面有一個計算機。圖書館在操場的右邊。餐廳在教室的前面。

6.我們學校沒有圖書館。

___________________________________________________________ 7.在瑪麗的班里有40名學生。

____________________________________________________________ 8.看我的全家照。我在我爸媽的中間

___________________________________________________________ 9.請靠右行駛。

_________________________________________________________ 10我們學校有一個體育館，兩個圖書館和三個餐廳。

____________________________________________________________ M4 1 你的飲食健康嗎？ 冰箱里我們還有蔬菜嗎？ 吃太多的肉對孩子們不好。可口的雞湯對我們的健康有益。每天早上吃早餐很重要。爸爸媽媽每個周末都要去選購食物和飲料。假期去公園里野餐好嗎？

8.多吃蔬菜和水果對你的健康有好處。

______________________________________________________________ 9.吃太多的巧克力對你的健康有害。

______________________________________________________________ 10對于學生而言，努力學好英語是非常重要的。

_________________________________________________________________ M5 1.他們每天下午3:45回家。

2.我喜歡地理而且我地理學得不錯。

3.我們下午沒有音樂課。

4.我們十二點半在餐廳吃午飯。

5.你每晚幾點上床睡覺？

6.我們早晨6:00起床。

7.他們十點半上語文。

8.星期六上午我不寫作業(yè)。

9.我父母在家吃午飯。

10.我能用英語和朋友們交談。

M6 1.歡迎來到北京動物園。

2.這里有很多食物，比如，餃子，面條。

3.大熊貓每天吃三十公斤竹子和其他的植物。

4.斑馬是非洲動物。

5.看那邊的那頭大象，它吃植物和一點兒水果，但不吃肉。

6.全世界大約有200種猴子。

7.猴子生活在非洲、亞洲和美洲，它們吃肉、葉子、水果甚至鳥蛋。

8.老虎擅長游泳，但不會爬樹。

9.我們學校大約有2300個學生，其中300人住校。

10.動物園里的動物來自世界各地。M7 1.你多長時間去一次動物園？

2.我在網(wǎng)上與朋友交談，但是我不玩游戲。

3.大明的爸爸經(jīng)常在網(wǎng)上看電影。

4.我爸爸想制定假期的旅行計劃。

5.你與朋友分享你的蛋糕嗎？

6.母親節(jié)，我經(jīng)常給媽媽寄一些禮物。

7.我計劃暑假幫媽媽做很多家務(wù)。

8.你每周寫多少封電子郵件？

9.在網(wǎng)上，我搜索信息，做作業(yè)并查看我的電子郵件。

10.他也上網(wǎng)查詢火車時刻、制定旅行計劃并買票。

M8 1.湯姆上學從不遲到。

___________________________________________________________ 2.我的叔叔不經(jīng)常去聽音樂會。

____________________________________________________________ 3.麥克想要保持身體健康，所以他每天都在他家附近的一個公園鍛煉身體。____________________________________________________________ 4.我很高興收到你的來信，但是我恐怕不能參加你們的婚禮了。

_____________________________________________________________ 5.托尼的父母不去現(xiàn)場看足球比賽，他們通常在家看電視直播。

_____________________________________________________________ 6.你愿意來參加我的生日聚會嗎？是的，我愿意。

_____________________________________________________________ 7.她花很多錢買書。

_____________________________________________________________ 8.周末他們通常通過電視觀看足球比賽。

_______________________________________________________________ 9.在中國的生日聚會上你們通常做什么？

_______________________________________________________________ 10我想喝一杯加糖的咖啡。

_______________________________________________________________ M9 1.一位老奶奶正在下公交車。

_____________________________________________________________ 2.周六湯姆喜歡待在家里看電視。

_____________________________________________________________ 3.感謝你們的幫助。

_____________________________________________________________ 4.大明躺在海灘上曬太陽。

_____________________________________________________________ 5.晚上睡覺前，我們應(yīng)該向爸爸媽媽道聲晚安。

_____________________________________________________________ 6.他們正玩得很愉快。

_____________________________________________________________ 7.吉姆正站在中國的長城上。

_______________________________________________________________ 8.我們在照很多照片。

________________________________________________________________ 9.他這個時候正在北京拜訪朋友。

_________________________________________________________________ 10.感謝你從美國寄給我的明信片。

________________________________________________________________ M10 1.快點！我們上課要遲到啦！

_____________________________________________________________ 2.你應(yīng)該把書收拾整理好。

_____________________________________________________________ 3.你們在為期末考試做準備嗎？

_____________________________________________________________ 4.大掃除意味著掃去厄運。

_____________________________________________________________ 5.此刻，他們正在忙著做紅燈籠和學耍龍燈。

_____________________________________________________________ 6.此刻，我們正在為春節(jié)做準備。

_________________________________________________________________ 7.告訴我你們國家的一個節(jié)日。

___________________________________________________________________ 8.此刻，你在做什么？

_____________________________________________________________________ 9.我正在做大紅燈籠。

____________________________________________________________________ 10.我們學校緊挨著我家。

____________________________________________________________________

第二篇：商務(wù)英語翻譯自測

05355

商務(wù)英語翻譯試卷

第1套

I.Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points for each)

1.Rising damp, if not treated effectively, could in time cause extensive damage to the structure of your home, ruin decoration and furniture.A.如果處理不當，墻內(nèi)潮氣最終可能會對房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)造成大面積破壞，毀掉裝修和家具。

B.如果處理不當，墻內(nèi)潮氣最終可能會對房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)、裝修以及家具造成大面積破壞和損害。

C.如果處理不當，墻內(nèi)的潮濕氣體準時可能會對房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)造成大面積破壞，毀掉裝修和家具。

D.如果處理不當，墻內(nèi)的潮濕氣體準時可能會對房屋的結(jié)構(gòu)、裝修以及家具造成大面積破壞。

2.This contract is entered into as of the seventh day of March, 2002, by and between Lonk Co.Ltd., a corporation organized under the laws of the United States of America(hereinafter called the “Purchaser”), and Wingo Co.Group, a corporation organized under the laws of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter called the “Seller”).A.2002年3月7日，本合同由依照美國法律成立的龍科有限公司[以下簡稱甲方]和依照中華人民共和國法律成立的文果集團公司[以下簡稱乙方]訂立。

B.本合同由依照美國法律成立的龍科有限公司[以下簡稱甲方]和依照中華人民共和國法律成立的文果集團公司[以下簡稱乙方]之間于2002年3月7日訂立。

C.本合同由依照美國法律成立的龍科有限公司[以下簡稱買方]和依照中華人民共和國法律成立的文果集團公司[以下簡稱賣方]之間于2002年3月7日訂立。

D.2002年3月7日，本合同由依照美國法律成立的龍科有限公司[以下簡稱買方]和依照中華人民共和國法律成立的文果集團公司[以下簡稱賣方]訂立。

3.Multinational bank's services include issuing letter of credit, buying and selling foreign exchange, issuing banker's acceptances, accepting Eurocurrency deposits, making Eurocurrency loans, and assisting in the marketing of Eurobonds.A.跨國銀行提供的服務(wù)包括開立信用證、買賣外匯、開立銀行承兌、接受歐洲貨幣儲存、提供歐洲貨幣貸款以及發(fā)行歐洲貨幣債券。

B.跨國銀行提供的服務(wù)包括開立信用證、買賣外匯、開證行承兌、接受歐洲貨幣儲存、提供歐洲貨幣貸款以及發(fā)行推銷歐洲貨幣債券。

C.跨國銀行提供的服務(wù)包括開立信用證、買賣外匯、開立銀行承兌、接受歐洲貨幣儲存、提供歐洲貨幣貸款以及發(fā)行歐洲貨幣債券。

D.跨國銀行提供的服務(wù)包括開立信用證、買賣外匯、開證行承兌、接受歐洲貨幣儲存、提供歐洲貨幣貸款以及發(fā)行推銷歐洲貨幣債券。

4.Within 30 days after the signing and coming into effect of this contract, the Buyer shall proceed to pay the price for the goods to the Seller by opening an irrevocable L/C for the full amount of US$30,000 in favor of the Seller through a bank at export point so that the Seller may draw the sum in due time.A.賣方須于本合同簽字并生效后三十天內(nèi)通過出口銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤銷信用證支付全部貨款計30000美元，以便賣方及時提取款項。

B.賣方須于本合同簽字并生效后三十天內(nèi)通過出口地銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤銷信用證支付全部貨款計30000美元，以便買方及時提取款項。

C.買方須于本合同簽字并生效后三十天內(nèi)通過出口地銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤銷信用證支付全部貨款共計30000美元，以便賣方可以及時提取該筆貨款。

D.買方須于本合同簽字并生效后三十天內(nèi)通過出口銀行開立以賣方為收益人的不可撤銷信用證支付全部貨款30000美元，以便賣方可以及時提取該筆貨款。

5.China’s compliance with an intellectual-property accord is seen as a keen test of its sincerity in abiding by WTO rules.A.能否遵守國際知識產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議視為檢驗中國有無誠意遵守世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則的監(jiān)測手段。

B.能否遵守國際知識產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議，被視為檢驗中國有無誠意遵守世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則的試金石。

C.能否遵守國際知識產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議已經(jīng)視為檢驗中國有無誠意遵守世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則的試金石。

D.能否遵守國際知識產(chǎn)權(quán)協(xié)議，被視為檢驗中國有無誠意遵守世界貿(mào)易組織規(guī)則的監(jiān)測手段。

6.The new prosperity may represent a long, sustained plateau of brisk demand, plentiful jobs, and increased living standards.A.新的繁榮表現(xiàn)為一段時間持續(xù)較長的旺盛的需求、大量就業(yè)機會，生活水平也得到了改善。

B.新的繁榮可能表現(xiàn)為持續(xù)時間較長的旺盛需求、大量的就業(yè)機會，生活水平也得到了提高。

C.新的繁榮表現(xiàn)為一段時間持續(xù)較長的旺盛的需求、大量就業(yè)機會，生活水平也得到了提高。

D.新的繁榮表現(xiàn)為一段持續(xù)時間較長的旺盛需求、大量就業(yè)機會，生活水平也得到了改善。

7.Shippers are requested to note particularly the exceptions and conditions of this bill of lading with reference to the validity of the insurance upon their goods.A.承運人必須特別注意本提單內(nèi)與貨物保險效力有關(guān)的免責事項和條件。

B.承運人必須特別注意本提單內(nèi)與貨物保險效力有關(guān)的例外和條件。

C.托運人必須特別注意本提單內(nèi)與貨物保險效力有關(guān)的例外和條件。

D.托運人必須特別注意本提單內(nèi)與貨物保險效力有關(guān)的免責事項和條件。

8.The seller must supply the goods in conformity with the contract of sale, together with such evidence of conformity as may be required by the contract.A.賣方有責任供應(yīng)符合買賣合同所規(guī)定的貨物，如合同有規(guī)定，尚須提供貨物符合合同的要求的憑證。

B.賣方有責任供應(yīng)符合買賣所規(guī)定的貨物，如合同有規(guī)定，尚須提供貨物符合合同的要求的憑證。

C.賣方有責任供應(yīng)符合買賣合同所規(guī)定的貨物，如有規(guī)定，尚須提供貨物符合合同的要求的憑證。

D.賣方有責任供應(yīng)符合買賣所規(guī)定的貨物，如另有規(guī)定，尚須提供貨物符合合同的要求的憑證。

9.The home of your dreams awaits you behind this door.Whether your taste be a country manor estate or a penthouse in the sky, you will find the following pages filled with the world’s most elegant residences.A.打開門，等候著您的就是夢寐以求的家。無論您企盼的是一座鄉(xiāng)間宅第，抑或是一間摩天大樓的頂屋，翻開下面幾頁就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您選擇。

B.打開門，恭候著您的就是夢寐以求的家。無論您企盼的是一座鄉(xiāng)間領(lǐng)地，抑或是一間摩天大樓的頂屋，翻開下面幾頁就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您選擇。

C.打開門，恭候著您的就是夢寐以求的家。無論您企盼的是一座鄉(xiāng)間宅第，抑或是一間摩天大樓的頂屋，翻開下面幾頁就可以看到世界上最高雅的住處供您選擇。

D.打開門，恭候著您的就是夢寐以求的家。無論您企盼的是一座鄉(xiāng)間宅第，抑或是一間摩天大樓的頂屋，翻開下面幾頁就可以看到世界上最高雅的住宅供您選擇。

10.Unemployment in America(as of mid-1990)was running near 5.25 percent.That is somewhat higher than used to be considered full employment, but it is not a serious figure in the aggregate.A.1990年年中美國的失業(yè)率近5.25％。按以往充分就業(yè)的標準比例偏高，沒有達到充分就業(yè)。但就整體來說問題并不嚴重。

B.1990年年中美國的失業(yè)率近5.25％。按以往的標準，這個比例偏高，沒有達到充分就業(yè)。但就整體來說問題并不嚴重。

C.1990年年中美國的失業(yè)率近5.25％。以往充分就業(yè)的標準比例偏高，沒有達到充分就業(yè)。但就整體來說問題并不嚴重。

D.1990年年中美國的失業(yè)率近5.25％。以往的標準，這個比例偏高，沒有達到充分就業(yè)。但就整體來說問題并不嚴重。

II.Phrase Translation from English to Chinese(20 points, 1 point for each)

1.unfavorable balance of trade

2.bank portfolio

3.housing mortgages

4.barter trade

5.bills and forms

6.fiscal year

7.cargo insurance

8.carrying vessel

9.clean payment credit

10.clearance sale

11.accounting systems

12.comparative advantage

13.economic incentives

14.financial statements

15.bills of exchange

16.captioned goods

17.floating policy

18.international specialization

19.straight B/L

20.under separate cover

III.Translation Improvement from English to Chinese.For each English sentence, there is one or more errors in the translation provided.Please underline the error or errors, and then write the whole of your improved version in the space provided below.(20 points, 2 points for each)

1.原文：Commercial business is very profitable, and most radio and TV stations depend on the income.譯文：商事很賺錢，大部分電臺和電視臺都靠這部分收入而生存。

改進譯文：廣告是很賺錢的生意，大部分電臺和電視臺都靠廣告費收入而生存

2.原文：Worry about the possibility of less severe, but still debilitating, recessions persisted, however.譯文：然而，關(guān)于會出現(xiàn)雖不那么嚴重但仍能使經(jīng)濟疲軟的衰退的擔心仍然持續(xù)著。改進的譯文：然而，人們?nèi)匀粨臅霈F(xiàn)雖不那么嚴重但仍能使經(jīng)濟疲軟的衰退。

3.原文：Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract, the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.譯文：承包商依據(jù)適當?shù)姆苫蚍职贤趯碛械娜魏螜?quán)力不帶成見的條件下，應(yīng)該有權(quán)扣留或暫緩支付在不同情況下應(yīng)由承包商支付給分包商的任何全部或部分金額。

改進的譯文：在不影響按適用法律或分包合同享有任何權(quán)利的情況下，承包商有權(quán)扣留或暫緩支付承包商應(yīng)付給分包商的全部或部分到期金額。

4.原文：Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale, through which profit or economic surplus will be created.譯文：商務(wù)指生產(chǎn)、分配、銷售等一切活動的組合，通過它們利潤和經(jīng)濟盈余將被創(chuàng)造。改進的譯文：商務(wù)是指生產(chǎn)、分配、銷售等一切活動的組合，通過這些活動能創(chuàng)造利潤和經(jīng)濟盈余。

5.原文：Dickerson is an international marketing company specializing in fertilizers, chemicals, cocoa, pesticides, coal, agricultural products and many others.譯文：狄格森公司是一家國際營銷公司，專營化肥、化工產(chǎn)品、可可、殺蟲劑、煤炭、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品以及許多其他產(chǎn)品。

改進的譯文：狄格森公司是一家國際貿(mào)易公司，專營化肥、化工產(chǎn)品、可可、殺蟲劑、煤炭、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品以及許多其他產(chǎn)品

6.原文：We regret the four of the items enquired for in your Fax are unfortunately not available for export.譯文：很遺憾，貴方傳真所詢商品有4項無貨可供。

改進的譯文：很遺憾，貴方傳真所詢的4項商品均無貨可供。

7.原文：Without making foreign direct investment commitments, firms can engage in international business through exporting and importing, licensing of non-affiliated foreign firms, sale of technology, foreign management contracts, and selling turnkey projects.譯文：若沒有來自國外的直接投資，公司也可以通過出口和進口、非分支機構(gòu)國外公司的許可、技術(shù)銷售、國外管理合同以及銷售由承包商完全承包的工程等方式來從事國際商務(wù)活動。改進的譯文：若沒有對國外進行直接投資，公司也可以通過出口和進口、非分支機構(gòu)國外公司的許可、技術(shù)銷售、國外管理合同以及銷售由承包商完全承包的工程等方式來從事國際商務(wù)活動。

8.原文：The purpose of engineering is to create useful goods, to make them better, cheaper and more abundant.譯文：工程的目的是要創(chuàng)造有用的物品，使它們更好、更便宜、更充足。

改進的譯文：工程的目的是要創(chuàng)造有用的物品，使其質(zhì)量更好、價格更便宜、數(shù)量更充足。

9.原文：It is not surprising, then, that the world saw a return to a floating exchange rate system.Central banks were no longer required to support their own currencies.譯文：那時，世界各國又恢復浮動匯率就不足為奇了，各國中央銀行也就無須維持本幣的匯價了。

改進的譯文：在這種情況下, 世界各國又恢復浮動匯率就不足為奇了，各國中央銀行也就無須維持本幣的匯價了。

10.原文：The Contract is in octuplicate, four in the Chinese language and four in the English language.譯文：本合同一式8份，中文4份，英文4份。

改進的譯文：本合同一式8份，中英文版本各4份。

IV.Business letter Translation from English to Chinese(20 points)

SUNRISE GARMENT COMPANYDongfeng Boulevard, Tianjin 300026 P.R.C.June 22, 2000

Ms.Margaret Zenger

Director, Purchasing Division

Pan America Farment, Inc.529 Randaph Drive

New Orleans, Louisiana 70167

USA

Dear Ms.Zenger;

Thank you for your enquiry of June 5.We are pleased to know that you are interested in our raincoats.Our Rainbow range is popular not only because of its light weight but also because the material used has been specially treated to prevent excessive condensation on the inside surface.For the quantities you mention we are pleased to quote as follows:

Rainbow coats, men's, medium at $ 6.00 each$600.00

Rainbow coats, men's, small at $ 5.50 each$550.00

Rainbow coats, women's, medium at $ 5.00 each$500.00

Rainbow coats, women’s, small at $ 4.50 each$450.00

Total Amount:$2,100.00

Less 10 percent trade discount: $210.00

FOB Xingang Tianjin:$1,890.00

Freight: $69.00

Insurance: $14.50

Totals: $1,973.50

We will ship your order within three or four weeks after receiving it.We feel you may be interested in some of our other products and enclose a descriptive booklet for your reference.We look forward to receiving your order.Sincerely,Yi Yuan

Sales Manager

V.Contract translation from English to Chinese(20 points)

Any failure or delay in the performance by either party hereto of its obligations under this Agreement shall not constitute a breach hereof or give rise to any claims for damages if and to the extent that it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party

affected, including, but without limiting the generality of the forgoing, acts of governmental authority, acts of god, strikes or concerted acts of workmen, fires, floods, explosions, wars, riots, storms, earth?quakes, accidents, acts of a public enemy, rebellion, insurrection, sabotage, epidemic, quarantine restrictions, shortages of labour, materials or supplies, failures by contractors or subcontractors, transportation embargoes, failures or delays in transportation, rules, regulations, orders or directives of any government or any state, subdivision, agency or instrumentality thereof or the order of any court of competent jurisdiction.

第三篇：英語翻譯句子

1、這個村子離邊境很近，村民們一直擔心會受到敵人的攻擊。

1、隨著她個人生活的細節(jié)越來越多地被媒體披露出來，她不得The village is so close to the border that the villagers live 不辭去公司總經(jīng)理的職務(wù)。

As more and more details of her private life were disclosed in constant fear of attacks from the enemy.by the media, she was compelled to resign her post2、這個國家僅用了20年的時間就發(fā)展成了一個先進的工業(yè)強國。as general manager(or: resign as general manager / resign In only twenty years the country was transformed into an from the post of general manager)of the company.advanced industrial power.2、她對自己的新工作很滿意，因為這份工作正好與她的興趣相符。

3、這個公司已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為這個地區(qū)主要的化工生產(chǎn)基地之一。She is very satisfied with her new job as it coincides with The company has evolved into one of the major chemical her interests.manufacturing bases in this region.3、我買了這件襯衣，因為它的價格從300元減到了80元。

4、鑒于目前的金融形勢，美元進一步貶值（devalue）是不可避I bought this shirt because the price was reduced from 300 免的。yuan to 80 yuan.Given the current financial situation, it is inevitable that

4、為了把孩子們撫養(yǎng)成人，這位母親真是歷經(jīng)了各種磨難。the US dollor will be further devalued.To bring her children up, the mother really went through all

5、政府號召市民就控制水污染問題獻計獻策，但響應(yīng)卻不強烈。kinds of hardships.The government’s call for suggestions about the control of

5、警方在老太太的死亡案中已經(jīng)排除了他殺的可能性。water pollution produced very little response fromThe police have ruled out murder in the case of the old the citizens.lady’s death.6．天氣沒有出現(xiàn)好轉(zhuǎn)的跡象，所以政府號召我們做好防洪的準備。

6、市政府承諾將盡快采取有效措施，解決空氣污染問題。The weather showed no signs of getting better so the The municipality(municipal government)promised to take government called upon us to get prepared for floods.effective steps as soon as possible to solve the7、科學家曾一度認為沒有比原子更小的東西了，但現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)人problems of air pollution.都知道原子是由更小的粒子（particle）

7、因為腿部受傷，我沒有參加上個月學校舉行的網(wǎng)球錦標賽。構(gòu)成的。I did not go in for the Campus Tennis Championships held last At one time scientists thought there was nothing smaller month because of my injured leg.than an atom but now most people know that an atom8、要是能得到大多數(shù)女生支持的話，你贏得選舉成為學生會主席consists of even smaller particles.的機會是很大的。

8、這些同學對世界杯十分關(guān)注，每天至少花兩個小時看比賽的現(xiàn)If you can get the support of the majority of the girls, you 場直播。stand a good chance of winning the election andThe students are all very much concerned about the World Cup.becoming Chairman of the Students Union.Speaking at least two hours every day9、他寫的書并非都像這一本這么成功，所以我建議你從圖書館把He not only risked his own life to save the old man from the

burning house but made some room in his ownhouse for him to settle down.10、她從小就努力按照父母的教導去生活，形成了一整套為人處事的行為準則。

From childhood , she tried to live by the teachings of her parents and gradually accumulated a set of standardsof conduct.1、她是一位很能干的家庭主婦，但喜歡憑一時沖動購物，廚房櫥柜里總是堆滿亂七八糟的東西，最終還 是會丟棄的。

She is a very capable housewife but she likes to purchase things on impulse.Her kitchen cabinets are alwaysfull of clutter that will eventually be discarded.2、大學生應(yīng)該有決心過節(jié)儉生活，不要和別人比闊氣或追求時尚；要知道：錢這東西，只有積少才會成 多。

University students should have the resolve to live a frugal lifestyle and should not try to keep up with the

Joneses or follow trends and fads.They should know that only when you mind the pennies will the dollarstake care of themselves.3、這對夫妻都是大公司的高層管理人員，忙得沒有時間做飯，一星期至少有五天在外面吃飯。

The couple are high-ranking executives of big companies.They eat out at least five days a week due to thelack of time for home cooking.4、這兩處簽名十分相似，即使是有經(jīng)驗的專家恐怕也難辨別出它們之間的差別。

The two signatures appear all of a piece.Even experienced watching the live matches on TV.9、因為得不到貸款，無法按時開業(yè)，這家百貨商店損失慘重。The department store lost out because loans were very hard to come by and it could not start business on time.10、我們不能到那里散步，因為那里有一個海軍基地，禁止游客進入。We can’t to there for a walk because there is a navy base there, which is off limits to tourists.1、他的確懂得很多理論，但是，一碰到實際工作就顯得非常無知。He really know a lot about theory, but when it comes to actual work,he seems to be quite ignorant.2、最新調(diào)查表明，大多數(shù)市民支持政府再建一個新圖書館的計劃。The newest survey showed that the majority of citizens support/supported the goveronment’s plan to build alibrary.3、這兩個國家之所以能夠成功的達成科學家技術(shù)協(xié)定是因為有利于他們進行合作的好幾種因素一直在發(fā) 揮作用。The two countries could reach agreement successfully on scientific and technological cooperation becauseseveral factors favorable to their cooperation had been at work.4、我在上小學時候就看過那部電影，可就是一時想不出它的名字來。I saw the film when I in primary school, but just won’t come to mind this moment.5、盡管他每天工作12小時，他仍然陷于重重債務(wù)之中。He has been stuck with heavy debt though he works about twelve hours every day on average.6、有必要知道他的身高嗎？在我看來，這與他是否成為一個好的律師沒有關(guān)系。Is it necessary to know his height? To me，it is irrelevant to whether he can be a good lawyer or not.7、櫥柜被安裝在墻里，既節(jié)約空間，使用起來又方便。The cupboard is build into the wall so that it both saves space and is convenient to use.8、這些工人掙的錢比我們多，可話又說回來，他們的工作也危險得多。These worker can earn more than wo do, but the other side of the coin is that their job is more dangerous./

9、海倫在大學里學的是經(jīng)濟學，與此同時她把哲學作為第二專業(yè)來學習。Helen majors in economics at the university at the same time she studies philosophy as her second major.10、重要的是你們要自己發(fā)現(xiàn)問題和解決問題，我是否到現(xiàn)場無關(guān)緊要。What is the most important is that you must find out and solve the problems by yourselves.It makesno difference whether I go there or not.1、大多數(shù)人都堅信法庭一定會嚴懲那些銀行搶劫犯。Most people strongly believe that the court will no doubt punish the bank robbers severely.2、在為治療這種疾病而進行的長期探索中，醫(yī)療工作者克服了一個又一個困難。The medical workers overcame one difficulty after another in their long-term quest for a cure for the disease.3、根據(jù)所獲得的情報，警察封鎖了街道并且抓獲了搶劫銀行的罪犯。Acting on the information they received, the police closed off the streets and caught the bank robbers.4、聽說這家剛建成的電視機廠第一年就能生產(chǎn)50萬臺電視機，我們都感到驚訝。We were amazed at learning that the newly-built TV factory can produce 500,000 TV sets in the first year.5、政府正在調(diào)查這么多人下崗的原因，并設(shè)法幫助下崗工人就業(yè)。The government is looking into the causes of so many layoffs and is trying to help the laid-off workers to bere-employed.6、為了擴大產(chǎn)品的銷售，這家公司采取多種措施，開拓市場，改進業(yè)務(wù)。To expand the sales of its product, the company has taken up various measures to open up new markets and toimprove its services.7、他的學習荒廢（neglect）到如此程度，要在一個月趕上別的同學恐怕是不可能的。He has neglected his studies to such an extent that I am afraid it is impossible for him to catch up with theother students in a month.8、那家煙花爆竹廠由于未能遵守政府的安全條例上個月關(guān)門了。The fireworks factory was closed last month for failing to comply with the government safety regulations.9、我們的足球隊能否戰(zhàn)勝對手，好藥等到比賽結(jié)束后才知道。It remains to be seen whether our football team can beat its opponent.10、史密斯先生預(yù)言，新近發(fā)現(xiàn)的石油儲藏再加上新技術(shù)的利用，會讓原油的價格降下來。Mr.Smith predicted that the recent oil discoveries, together with the use of new technologies, would lead to adecline in the price of crude oil.它借出來讀一下。Not all the books he wrote were as successful as this one so I recommend that you borrow it from the libraryand read it.10、在2004年雅典奧運會上劉翔打破男子110米欄（110-meter hurdles）世界紀錄，獲得冠軍，這個紀 錄以前是由一個美國運動員保持的。At the 2004 Athens Olympic Games Liu Xiang won the championship of the man’s 110-meter hurdle andbroke the world record, which had been previously held by an American athlete.1、他試圖拯救這家瀕臨倒閉的企業(yè)，但失敗了。He attempted to save the enterprise which was on the verge of collapse but failed.2、總統(tǒng)已經(jīng)宣布，在第一個任期結(jié)束時不再謀求連任。The president has announced that he will not seek reelection at the end of his first term.3、那個年輕教師在激發(fā)學生努力學習方面很有技巧。The young teacher is skilled at motivating his students to study hard.4、她喜歡舉行社交聚會，只要能找到借口，她就隨時舉行。She loves giving parties and does so whenever she can find an excuse.5、要在這家公司找到一個管理職位，你恐怕至少要和50個人競爭。I’m afraid that you’ll have to compete with at least fifty people for an administrative post in this company.6、坦率的說，就算你對公司很忠誠，我覺得你得到提拔的機會也不大。To be frank, I don’t think you stand a good chance of getting promoted even if you are loyal to the company.7、很顯然，他的演講激發(fā)了觀眾對地震災(zāi)難中受害者的極大同情。It was obvious that his speech aroused the sympathy of the audience for the victims of the earthquake.8、盡管他反復向我保證他有能力推銷我們公司的產(chǎn)品，但在雇傭他之前我還要再面試他一次。Though he has repeatedly assured me of his ability to promote our company’s products, I’ll give him anotherinterview before hiring him.9、公司的投資之所以以失敗而告終是由于總經(jīng)理的決策錯誤，于是董事會（board of directors）覺定把他 從公司趕出去。The company’s investment ended in failure due to the wrong strategic decisions of the general manager and sothe board of directors decided to throw him out.10、我知道你累了，不過再堅持一會兒吧。再過半個小時我們就要到達頂峰了。I know you are tired but try to hang on a little bit longer.We will reach the peak in half an hour.1、這位駐聯(lián)合國大使被授權(quán)代表本國政府，處理與該國相關(guān)的所有外交事務(wù)。The ambassador to the U.N.was invested with full authority to deal with all the foreign affairs concerning hiscountry on behalf of his government.2、在火車上我一直在想期末考試的結(jié)果，知道乘務(wù)員提醒我目的地已經(jīng)到了。All the way on the train I had been preoccupied with the result of the term examination until the conductorreminded me of the arrival of my destination.3、雖然車禍死亡名單中有她丈夫的名字，但她仍不停在屋內(nèi)走來走去，急切地盼望他早點回到家里。Although her husband’s name did not appear on the list of the people who got killed in the traffic accident ,she kept walking to and fro , anxious to see him back home sooner.4、我正準備把合同翻譯成英語，突然意識到合同涉及的雙方都是中國公司。I was setting out to translate the contract into English when it dawned upon me that both parties involved wereChinese companies.5、聚會上人們盡情地唱歌跳舞，把生活中的煩惱拋到了九霄云外。At the party , people sang and danced with abandon , totally forgetting the troubles in their lives.6、懷著做一名宇航員的強烈愿望，杰克遜全身心地投入到長達兩年的艱苦體能訓練之中。With the great aspirations to become an astronaut , Jackson committed himself to the 2-year strenuousconstitution training.7、他的油畫取材于亙古永存的神話故事，反映了那個時期歐洲人的鑒賞趣味。His paintings ,drawing on timeless fairy stories ,exemplified the Europeans’ taste of that period.8、那個公共汽車司機不想承擔事故責任，所以千方百計把責任對到乘客身上。The bus driver didn’t want to take any responsibility for the accident and so he took every means to put theblame on the passengers on board.9、他不僅冒著生命危險把老人從熊熊燃燒的房子里救了出來，還把自家屋子騰出來讓他住下。

experts may find it difficult to identify anydifference between them.5、雜志的編輯把附在文后的圖片都刪掉了，因為該文的長度只能限制在兩頁之內(nèi)。

The editor of the journal cut out all the pictures attached to the article because the length of the article wasrestricted to only two pages.6、作為常務(wù)委員會成員，近三年來他一直在處理失業(yè)和交通問題。As a member of the standing committee , he has been tackling unemployment and traffic problems during thepast three years.7、老人生前立下遺囑，要把他一生的繼續(xù)作為獎學金獻給我們的學校。

The old man made a will before his death , giving away all his savings to our school as scholarships , adecision sanctioned by his children.8、那個醫(yī)生向他的病人保證，只要他連續(xù)服用這種藥三個月，每日三次，他的病就徹底好了。

The doctor assured his patient that if he took the medicine three times a day for three months without

interruption , he would recover from the illness for good.9、回顧過去的經(jīng)歷時，我才意識到四年的大學說是我一生中最無憂無慮的時刻。

Only when I looked back on my past experiences did I realize that my four-year period at university was themost care-free time in my life.10、要想在技術(shù)創(chuàng)新方面超過別人，我們必須時刻掌握科學技術(shù)領(lǐng)域所有的新思想和新發(fā)展。

If we want to excel others in technological innovation , we must keep track of all the new ideas and

developments in the field of science and technology.1、擔心老太太受不了精神上的打擊，警察在告訴她兒子在飛機失事中遇難的消息時盡量委婉。

Fearing that she couldn’t stand the blow, the police broke to the old woman as gently as possible the news ofher son’s death in the air crash.2、調(diào)查表明，那次車禍完全是由于司機違章駕駛造成的。

Investigations revealed that the road accident was caused solely by the driver who drove against trafficregulations.3、他和夏洛克（Shylock）一樣吝嗇。只要涉及到錢，他對朋友的所有承諾都絲毫沒有意義。

He is as mean as Shylock.When it comes to money,all the promises he’s made to his friends count fornothing.4、自去年以來，這家公司的產(chǎn)品就一直滯銷，但加速其倒閉的卻是最近的一筆不成功的外貿(mào)生意。

Since last year , the company has been unable to sell its products , but it was the recent unsuccessful foreigntrade deal that has tened its bankruptcy.5、他提前半個月訂票，以確保能夠按時回家和家人一起過春節(jié)。He booked his ticket half a month in advance to assure himself of going back home on time to spend theSpring Festival with his family.6、開始時，她對講出真相有顧慮，但最后她還是說出了藏在自己心底好幾年的秘密。

At first , she had some worries about telling the truth.However, at length, she spoke out the secret that she had kept in her heart for several years.7、海倫極力控制住自己的情緒，可她顫抖的雙手還是暴露了內(nèi)心的緊張.Hellen tried to control her mood , but her trembling hands betrayed her nervousness.8、安妮獲得了獎學金。在向父母報告這個喜訊時，盡管她說這沒什么了不起，可還是隱藏不住急于得到 父母夸獎的心情。

Annie was awarded a scholarship at school.When she told her parents the good news , she could not conceal

her eagerness for praise from them though she claimed that it was nothing special at all.9、營救隊隊長壓低聲音對我說，他對從礦難中救出更多幸存者已經(jīng)不抱太大的希望。

The leader of the rescue team told me under his breath that he had little hope of finding more survivors fromthe mine accident.10、二戰(zhàn)前期，德國潛艇（submarines）在大西洋橫沖直撞，但英國發(fā)明了雷達之后，他們就開始遭受沉 重損失。

In the early days of World War II , the German submarines ran riot in the Atlantic Ocean.However , when

radar was invented in Britain , the Germans began to suffer heavy losses

第四篇：英語翻譯句子

Unit 1: 1.她連水都不愿喝一口，更別提留下來吃飯了。（much less）

She wouldn't take a drink,much less would she stay for dinner.2.他認為我在對他撒謊，但實際上我講的是實話。（whereas）

He thought I was lyingto him,whereas I was telling the truth.3.這個星期天你每天都遲到，對此你怎么解釋？（account for）

How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 4.他們利潤增長的部分原因是采用了新的市場策略。（due to）

The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy.5.這樣的措施很可能會帶來工作效率的提高。（result in）

Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency.6.我們已經(jīng)在這個項目上投入了大量時間和精力，所以我們只能繼續(xù)。（pour into）

We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project,so we have to carry on.Unit 2 1.盡管她是家里的獨生女，她父母也從不溺愛她。（despite）

Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family,she is never abide by her parents.2.邁克沒來參加昨晚的聚會，也沒給我打電話做任何解釋。（nor）

Mike didn't come to the party last night,nor did he call me to give an explanation.3.坐在他旁邊的那個人確實發(fā)表過一些小說，但絕不是什么大作家。（next to;by no means）

The person sitting next to him did publish some novels,but he is by no means a great writer.4.他對足球不感興趣，也從不關(guān)心誰輸誰贏。（be indifferent to）

He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses.5.經(jīng)理需要一個可以信賴的助手，在他外出時，由助手負責處理問題。（count on）

The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence.6.這是他第一次當著這么多觀眾演講。（in the presence of sb）

This is the first time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience.Unit 3 1.你再怎么有經(jīng)驗，也得學習新技術(shù)。(never too...to)

You are never too experienced to learn new techniques.2.還存在一個問題，那就是派誰去帶領(lǐng)那里的研究工作。（Use an appositional structure）

There remains one problem,namely,who should be sent to head the research there.3.由于文化的不同，他們的關(guān)系在開始確實遇到了一些困難。（meet with）

There relationship did meet with some difficulty at the beginning because of cultural differences.4.雖然他歷經(jīng)沉浮，但我始終相信他總有一天會成功。（ups and downs;all along）

Though he has ups and downs,I believed all along that he would succeed someday.5.我對你的說法的真實性有些保留看法。（have reservations about）

I have some reservations about the truth of your claim.6.她長得并不特別高，但是她身材瘦，給人一種個子高的感覺。（give an illusion of）

She isn't particularty tall,but her slim figure gives an illusion of height.Unit 4 1.有朋自遠方來，不亦樂乎？（Use “it”as the formal subject）

It is a great pleasre to meet friends from afar.2.不管黑貓白貓，能抓住老鼠就是好貓。（as long as）

It doesn't matter whether the cat is black or white as long as it catches mice.3.你必須明天上午十點之前把那筆錢還給我。（without fail）

You must let me have the money back without fail by ten o'clock tomorrow morning.4.請允許我參加這個項目，我對這個項目非常感興趣。（more than+adjective）

Allow me to take part in this project:I am more than a little interested in it.5.人人都知道他比較特殊：他來去隨意。（Be free to do sth）

Everyone knows that he is special:He is free to come and go as he pleases.6.看她臉上不悅的神色，我覺得她似乎有什么話想跟我說。（feel as though）

Watching the unhappy look on her face,I felt as though she wished to say something to me.Unit 5 1.他說話很自信，給我留下了很深的印象。（Use “which”to refer back to an idea or situation）

He spoke confidently ,which impressed me most.2.我父親太愛忘事，總是在找鑰匙。（Use “so that”）

My father is so forgetful that he is always looking for his keys.3.我十分感激你給我的幫助。（be grateful for）

I'm very grateful to you for all the help you have given me.4.光線不足，加上地面潮濕，使得駕駛十分困難。（coupled with）

The bad light,coupled with the wet ground,made driving very difficult.5.由于缺乏資金，他們不得不取消了創(chuàng)業(yè)計劃。（starve of）

Being starved of funds,they had to cancel their plan to start a business.6.每當有了麻煩，他們總是依靠我們。（lean on）

They always lean on us whenever they are in trouble.Unit 6 1.就像機器需要經(jīng)常運轉(zhuǎn)一樣，身體也需要經(jīng)常鍛煉。（as...so..）

Just as a machine needs regular running,so does the body need regular exercise.2.在美國學習時，他學會了彈鋼琴。（while+V-ing）

He learned to play the piano while studying in the United States.3.令我們失望的是，他拒絕了我們的邀請。（turn down）

To our disappointment,he turned down our invitation.4.真實情況是，不管好還是壞，隨著新科技的進步，世界發(fā)生了變化。（for better or worse）

The reality is that,for better or worse,the world has changed with advance of new technologies.5.我班里的大多數(shù)女生在被要求回答問題時都似乎感到不自在。（ill at ease）

Most of the female students in my class appear to be ill at ease when they are required to answer questions.6.當?shù)卣撠熯\動會的安全。（take charge of）

The local government took charge of the security for the sports meeting.Unit 7 1.在會上，除了其他事情，他們還討論了目前的經(jīng)濟形似。（among other things）

At the meeting they discussed,among other things,the present economic situation.2.我對大自然了解得越多，就越癡迷于大自然的奧秘。（the more...the more...）

The more I learned about the nature,the more absorbed I became in its mystery.3.醫(yī)生建議說，有壓力的人要學會做一些新鮮有趣·富有挑戰(zhàn)性的事情，好讓自己的負面情緒有發(fā)泄的渠道。（recommend that..should..）

The doctor recommends that those stressed people should try something new,interesting and challenging in order to give their negative feelings an outlet.4.那個學生的成績差，但老師給他布置了更多的作業(yè)，而不是減少作業(yè)量。（instead of;cut down）

The teacher gives more homework to the student who has bad grades instead of cutting it down.5.相比之下，美國的父母更趨向于把孩子的成功歸因于天賦。（attribute to）

By contrast,American parents are more likely to attribute their children's success to natural talent.6.教師首先要考慮的事情之一是喚起學生的興趣，激發(fā)他們的創(chuàng)造性。（priority;stimulate）

One of a teacher's priorities is to stimulate students' interests and their creativity.Unit 8 1.她一點兒也不知道這幅畫有一天居然會價值100多萬美金。（Use “beginning”）

Little did she know that this picture would one day be worth more than a million dollars.2.雖然我理解你說的話，但是我不同意你在這個問題上的看法。（Use “while”in the sense of“although”）

While I understand what you say,I don't agree with you on the issue.3.我認為警察的職責就是保護人民。（be meant to do sth）

I think the police are meant to protect people.4.昨天我去看他，卻發(fā)現(xiàn)他已于幾天前出國了。（only to do sth）

I went to see him yesterday,only to find that he had gone abroad several days before.5.在每周例會上，每個人的發(fā)言都不能偏離會議議題（confine to）

At the weekly meeting,everyone must confine their remarks to the subject.6.要是我沒說那些愚蠢的話該多好！那時我太年輕，不能明辨是非。（if only;distinguish right from wrong）

If only I hadn't said those silly words!I was too young then to distinguish right from wrong.Unit 9 1.我確信自己一定會有出息，即使至今我還沒做出大的成績。（make sth of sb;even though）

I am sure that I will make something of myself,even though I have not achieved any major success so far.2.我這么多年來如此努力，我覺得自己應(yīng)該有個好的前途。（be entitled to）

I have been working hard for so many years;I feel I am entitled to a good future.3.當她丈夫離她而去，只留給她生活的殘局去收拾時，她的心智失常了。（pick up the pieces）

When her husband deserted her,leaving her with nothing but scattered pieces of life to pick up,she went insane.4.從我的立場看，母親當時過于嚴厲，并沒有顧及我的感受。（from one's standpoint）

From my standpoint,Mother was too hard on me then,without taking my feelings into account.5.當我登上事業(yè)的頂峰時，常縈繞在我心頭的是母親說過的話：“面對生活，不放棄。”（in face of）

When I reached the summit of my professional career,mother's words “Never be a quitter in face of life”were constantly in my mind.6.你應(yīng)該知道，不能在大街上踢足球。（know better）

You should know better than to play football in the street.Unit 10 1.整個事情我記得清清楚楚，就好像是昨天發(fā)生的一樣。（Use “as though ”and the subjunctive mood）

I remember the whole thing clearly as though it had happened yesterday.2.他們中哪個文章寫得最好，哪個就獲獎（whichever）

Whichever of them writes the best essay will win the prize.3.事實證明，那次預(yù)算為一年后工資上調(diào)做好了準備。（turn out;provide for）

It turned out that the budget provided for a salary increase one year later.4.日復一日，年復一年，她做著同樣的工作，但從不抱怨。（day after day）

She did the same job day after day and year after year,but she never complained.5.途中她忍受了種種艱難困苦；但什么都不能阻止她尋找失散的女兒。（keep sb.from doing sth）

She endure all kinds of hardships on the journey;nothing could keep her from finding her lost daughter.6.別跟那幫人混在一起，他們在光天化日之下干了很多壞事。（get mixed up;in broad daylight）

Don't get mixed up with that gang.They have committed many bad things in broad daylight.

第五篇：水文學介紹用,英語翻譯

Hydrology 水文學history

The first hydraulic project has been lost in the mists of prehistory.Perhaps some prehistoric man found that pile of rocks across a stream would raise the water level sufficiently to overflow the land that was the source of his wild food plants and water them during a drought.Whatever the early history of hydraulics, abundant evidence exists to show that the builders understood little hydrology.Early Greek and Roman writings indicated that these people could accept the oceans as the ultimate source of all water but could not visualize precipitation equaling or exceeding stream-flow.Typical of the ideas of the time was a view that seawater moved underground to the base of the mountains.There a natural still desalted water, and the vapor rose through conduits to the mountain tops, where it condensed and escaped at the source springs of the streams.Marcus Vitruvius Pollio(ca.100 B.C.)seems to have been one of the first to recognize the role of precipitation as we accept it today.最早的水利工程在有史以前就已經(jīng)銷聲匿跡了。也許史前的人曾發(fā)現(xiàn)橫貫河流的一堆石頭就能提高水位，足以淹沒作為生長野生食用植物源泉的土地，而這樣在干旱季節(jié)就能給植物澆水。不論水力學的早期如何，充分的的跡象表明，建造者們還不懂多少水文學知識。早期的希臘和羅馬文獻說明這些人承認海洋是一切水的主要源泉，但是不能想象降雨量會等于或超過河道徑流量。當時典型的想法是海水從地下流到山脈底部，那兒有一個天然蒸餾器除去水中的鹽分，水汽通過管道上升到山頂，在那里凝結(jié)，并從河流的源頭流走。M.V.波利歐（大約公元前100年）看來就是像我們今天這樣認識降水作用最早的人。

Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)was the next to suggest a modern view of the hydrologic cycle, but it remained for Pierre Perrault(1608-1680)to compare measured rainfall with the estimated flow of the Seine River to show that the stream-flow was about one-sixth of the precipitation.The English astronomer Halley(1656-1742)measured evaporation from a small pan and estimated evaporation from the Mediterranean Sea from these data.As late as 1921, however, some people still questioned the concept of the hydrologic cycle.達芬奇（1452-1519）是提出水文循環(huán)現(xiàn)代觀點的第二個人，但一直到P.貝羅特（1608-1680）才把觀測的雨量與估算的塞納河的徑流量進行比較，說明河川徑流量約為降雨量的1/6.英國天文家哈羅（哈雷）從一個小盤子中測得的蒸發(fā)量，并且用這一資料估算地中海的蒸發(fā)量。然而直到1921年，有一些人仍然對水文循環(huán)的概念表示懷疑。

Precipitation was measured in India as early as the fourth century B.C., but satisfactory methods for measuring stream-flow were a much later development.Frontinus, water commissioner of Rome in A.D.97, based estimates of flow on cross-sectional area alone without regard to velocity.In the United States, organized measurement of precipitation started under the Surgeon General of the Army in 1819, was transferred to the Signal Corps in 1870, and finally, in 1891, to a newly organized U.S.Weather Bureau, renamed the National Weather Service in 1970.Scattered stream-flow measurements were made on the Mississippi River as early as 1848, but a systematic program was not started until 1888, when the U.S.Geological Survey undertook this work.It is not surprising, therefore, that little quantitative work in hydrology was done before the early years of the twentieth century, when men such as Hortan, Mead, and Sherman began to explore the field.The great expansion of activity in flood control, irrigation, soil conservation, and related fields which began about 1930 gave the first real impetus to organized research in hydrology, as need for more precise design data became evident.Most of today’s concepts of hydrology date from 1930.印度早在公元前4世紀就測量降水量了，但是令人滿意的測量河道流量的方法很遲才得到發(fā)展。公元97年，羅馬水利專員福朗堤努斯只按橫斷面面積估算流量，而不考慮流速。在美國，有組織地測量降水量是1819年在陸軍軍醫(yī)總監(jiān)領(lǐng)導下開始的，1870年移交給通信兵團，最后，在1891你那移交給新改組的美國氣象局，該局于1970年改名為國家氣象局。早在1848年密西西比河上就進行分散的河道流量測量了，但是，直到1888年美國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局承擔這項工作時，才開始實施系統(tǒng)的觀測計劃。霍德、米德和謝爾曼等人在20世紀早期剛開始對這一領(lǐng)域進行探索，因此，在這時期之前，在水文方面沒有進行什么定量工作是不足為奇的。大約從1930年起，由于在防洪、灌溉、土地改良和有關(guān)領(lǐng)域中開展了大量活動，第一次為有組織地研究水文學提供了真正的動力，因為需要更精確的設(shè)計資料，這已是十分明顯的事了。大多數(shù)現(xiàn)代水文學的概念從1930年就開始有了。hydrology in engineering水文學在工程中的應(yīng)用

Hydrology is used in engineering mainly in connection with the design and operation of hydraulic structures.What flood flows can be expected at a spillway or highway culvert or in a city drainage system ? What reservoir capacity is required to assure adequate water for irrigation or municipal water supply during droughts? What effects will reservoirs, levees, and other control works exert on flood flows in a stream? These are typical of questions the hydrologist is expected to answer.在工程上，水文學主要用于水工建筑物的設(shè)計和運行，溢洪道、公路涵洞、或者城市排水系統(tǒng)會期望有什么樣的洪水流量？需要多大的水庫庫容才能保證干旱季節(jié)里有足夠的灌溉水量或城市供水呢？水庫、堤壩或其他控制工程對河流洪水流量有什么影響？這些典型的問題等待水文學家去解答。

Large organization such as federal and state water agencies can maintain staffs of hydrologic specialists to analyze their problems, but smaller offices often have insufficient hydrologic work for full-time specialists.Hence, many civil engineers are called upon for occasional hydrologic studies.It is probable that these civil engineers deal with a larger number of projects and greater annual dollar volume than the specialists do.In any event, it seems that knowledge of the fundamentals of hydrology is an essential part of the civil engineer’s training.像聯(lián)邦和州轄水利機構(gòu)這樣的大型組織，擁有一批水文專家來分析他們的問題，但較小的單位往往沒有足夠的水文工作給專職水文專家做。因此，許多土木工程師們應(yīng)邀進行臨時的水文研究。這些土木工程師處理的工程和年費用可能比水文專家還多。無論如何，水文學的基礎(chǔ)知識看來是培訓土木工程師所必不可少的一部分。subject matter of hydrology水文學研究的主要內(nèi)容

Hydrology deals with many topics.The subject matter as presented in this book can be broadly classified into two phases: data collection and methods of analysis.Chapter 2 to 6 deals with the basic data of hydrology.Adequate basic data are essential to any science, and hydrology is no exception.In fact, the complex features of the natural processes involved in hydrologic phenomena make it difficult to treat many hydrologic processes by rigorous deductive reasoning.One can not always start with a basic physical law and from this determine the hydrologic result to be expected.Rather, it is necessary to start with a mass of observed facts, analyze these facts, and from this analysis to establish the systematic pattern that governs these events.Thus, without adequate historical data for the particular problem area, the hydrologist is in a difficult position.Most countries have one or more government agencies with responsibility for data collection.It is important that the student learn how these data are collected and published, the limitations on their accuracy, and the proper methods of interpretation and adjustment.水文學研究很多問題。本書所介紹的主要內(nèi)容可大致分成兩個方面：收集資料和分析方法。2～6章研究水文學的基本資料。充足的基本資料是任何一個一門科學所不可少的，水文學也不例外。事實上，水文現(xiàn)象中也包含著許多自然過程的復雜特征，用嚴密的推理來處理許多水文現(xiàn)象是困難的。人們并不總是能夠從基本的自然法則出發(fā)，并由此來推求預(yù)期的水文結(jié)果。相反，從大量觀察的事實出發(fā)，分析這些事實，并根據(jù)分析建立控制這些事件的系統(tǒng)模型確實十分必要的。因此，對于沒有足夠歷史資料的特殊疑難地區(qū)，水文學家就將陷入困境。大多數(shù)國家有一個或更多的政府機構(gòu)負責收集資料，重要的是要讓學生學會這些資料是如何收集和刊出的，了解這些資料的精確度的局限性，學會整理分析和校正這些資料的專門的方法。

Typical hydrologic problems involve estimates of extremes not observed in a small data sample, hydrologic characteristic at locations where no data have been collected(such locations are much more numerous than sites with data), or estimates of the effects of man’s actions on the hydrologic characteristics of an area.Generally, each hydrologic problem is unique in that it deals with a distinct set of physical conditions within a specific river basin.Hence, quantitative conclusions of one

analysis are often not directly transferable to another problem.However, the general solution for most problems can be developed from application of a few relatively basic concepts.典型的水文問題包括估算小的數(shù)據(jù)樣本中無法觀測到的極值及估算無資料地區(qū)（這種地區(qū)比有資料的地區(qū)多得多）的水文特征值，或者估算人類活動對該地區(qū)水文特征值的影響。一般來說，每一個水文問題都是不同的，因為它涉及到特定流域內(nèi)特有的自然條件。因此，某種分析所得的定量結(jié)論常常不能直接移用到另一個問題上。然而，應(yīng)用一些比較基本的概念可以得出大多數(shù)問題都適用的一般解決方法。