第一篇：高爾夫球中英文詞匯

高爾夫球中英文詞匯1

Ace 一擊入穴

Address 瞄球、擊球準(zhǔn)備。瞄準(zhǔn)擊球 Addressing the ball 瞄球站好位，準(zhǔn)備擊球。Advice 指導(dǎo) against logy 加一桿賽 Against par 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊球比賽

Albatross 雙鷹；比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿少三桿。All stroke 全力揮棒

Angel golf 天使高爾夫球運(yùn)動/小型高爾夫球運(yùn)動

Anti-shank 免於斜飛球桿設(shè)計(jì)成可以消除以桿頭跟部（插鞘）擊球的可能 pado shot 輕擊球, 打近球 Approach 擊接近球, 接近球 Approach近距離切球切球上果嶺。

Approach近距離切球，從球道上或粗草區(qū)切球上果嶺。Apron 花道果嶺周圍修剪過的短草區(qū)

Apron 花道（果嶺最入口處）球洞區(qū)四周草坡，草地四周下垂斜面。與果嶺接界的草坡（草比球道草短，比果嶺長）, 球穴周圍草坡 Arc 飛行弧線

Arc 桿頭弧線，揮桿時，桿頭經(jīng)過的軌道 Arms and shoulders 肩臂動作 Army 讓分棒球

Arwy 計(jì)分桿數(shù)（前九洞的成績?nèi)Q於handleap）Atert 正確記號（比賽結(jié)束後記分員檢查記分卡證明）Attest 證明, 成績

Average golfer 一般水平選手 Away ball 開球離球洞最遠(yuǎn)的球。開球最先打的那個球。Away 離穴最遠(yuǎn)的球, 離穴最遠(yuǎn)而先擊的球 Baby golf 小型高爾夫球賽 back sole 朝后桿頭底部

back spin 逆飛球繞后轉(zhuǎn)球（由于桿面不正造成）桿頭擊球低造成回旋球；用鐵桿下?lián)羟蚍葱D(zhuǎn)的后旋 Back spin 下旋球（後旋球）Back Swing 上桿, 后揮桿

Back Tee 發(fā)球區(qū)（職業(yè)男選手比賽時）, 后方球座 Backspin 回旋球, 強(qiáng)后旋球

Baff 以球棒底端刮地?fù)羟? 以球棒底端刮地使球高飛 Baffy 4 四號球木頭球棒 Baffy 5 5 號棒

Baffy 四號木桿堅(jiān)固的木桿，已被淘汰，類似現(xiàn)代的3號或4號木桿。這是代替更早期的高飛球桿（baffing spoon），桿面斜角使得球道上的球可以飛高。balance point（球桿）平衡點(diǎn)

Balata 橡膠自然或合成化合物用以制造高水平高爾夫球的表面。它的軟度與彈性的特質(zhì)可以產(chǎn)生高旋轉(zhuǎn)率，甚為巡回賽選手所偏愛 Ball above stance 球高于站位 Ball below the stance 球低于站位 Ball mark 球跡

Ball on down-slope 斜下坡球 Ball on up-slope 斜上坡球 Bang 扣擊

Baseball grip 棒球式握棒法, 自然握棒法 Beach 沙土障礙 Bentgrass 常綠草 Bermuda grass 百慕大草 Best ball match :”最好的球”比賽 Best ball 最好的球 Birdie 博蒂或稱為小鳥球某洞的成績低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿一桿 Birdie 小鳥球, 三擊入穴 Bisk 每場讓一擊或幾擊 Bite 強(qiáng)后旋球 black shaft 碳纖維桿身 Black 碳纖維木桿

Blast 從沙坑打出球，沙坑爆發(fā)桿, 猛然大力擊球 blind hole 盲洞（因地勢遮掩而看不到）Blind nassau 兩組分區(qū)賽

Bogey competition 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊數(shù)與個人擊數(shù)的比分賽

Bogey 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分?jǐn)?shù), 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊數(shù), 超一擊, 每洞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿數(shù), 超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿數(shù)的一擊 Bogie 柏忌某洞的成績高于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿一桿 Bogie 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊數(shù) Bone 插進(jìn)棒頭的羊角 Borrow 擊球略偏 Bottle golf 兒童高爾夫球 Brace up 緊握球棒 Brassie 2號球棒

Break-club 可能破壞球棒的障礙物 Bulger face 鼓式擊球面 Bulk 大部分

Bunker 洞, 障礙, 把球打入洞內(nèi)

Bunker 沙坑場地上一大片凹地，通常布滿沙子，是一種障礙，沙障 Bye hole 無需再擊穴 Bye 余穴 Caddie bag 球棒袋 Caddie Fee 桿弟費(fèi)

Caddie 桿弟或球童。服務(wù)員 Caddy 桿弟或球童。服務(wù)員

Calkin’s handicap system 卡爾金式讓分賽制 Calkin''s handicap system 卡爾金式差點(diǎn)比賽制 Callaway handicap system 卡羅韋差點(diǎn)制 Card 比分卡 Carpet “地毯”

Carried honor 優(yōu)先開球權(quán) Carry over 重賽

Carry 飛越/飛行距離這是指擊球處與落地點(diǎn)的距離。當(dāng)小白球被擊出飛越水塘或沙坑，則稱飛越障礙。Casual water 臨時出現(xiàn)的水區(qū) Casual Water 臨時積水區(qū)

Casual water 臨時積水區(qū)臨時的雨水或者滴水系統(tǒng)積水，并不是一種障礙。Chief 1 1號木頭球棒 Chin 切削擊,近穴擊 Chip in近擊入穴

Chip shot 打出滾地球讓球滾進(jìn)球洞 Chip shot近穴擊球, 切削擊球

Chip 起撲擊向果嶺的高球，滾的距離比空中飛行的距離遠(yuǎn)。Chip 起撲這是低的帶跑球，通常從果嶺邊擊向旗桿洞口。Chipper 起撲桿球桿桿面較垂直用以從果嶺邊擊出低的起撲球 Claim 抗議（比賽中對方違反規(guī)則所提出的意見）Clean 不切草皮的打法

Clean 直接擊球（不傷及草地的擊球方式）

Cleek 鐵桿源自蘇格蘭的名詞，用以描述鐵桿，大約相等於現(xiàn)今的2號鐵桿，雖然有些不同。亦包括了短鐵桿，長鐵桿，開球鐵桿，與推桿鐵桿。又稱:短擊鐵頭木棒, 4號木棒 Close lie 球停在硬地上

Close look at the swing 頭眼神與揮桿動作協(xié)調(diào)一致 Close stance 預(yù)備姿勢 Close 封閉式站姿 Closed 關(guān)閉面 Club face 棒頭擊球面 Club head 棒頭 Club house 會館 Club 球棒 Club 球桿 Cock 曲腕

Compact swing 揮棒動作小而有力 Compression 球的硬度 Control shot 控制擊球方向 Cop 障礙頂部

Couch grass 茅草被認(rèn)為是雜草，有長而蔓延的草根。橫切球道障礙物 Course record 球場最佳記錄 Course 高爾夫球場

Cross bunker 橫跨的沙坑系指跨越球道的沙坑。Cross wind from left 利用左斜風(fēng)擊球 Cross wind from right 利用右斜風(fēng)擊球 Cup up 打高球 Cup 球穴, 球洞 Cuppy lie 打進(jìn)洼地 Curling under 打左旋球

Cut shot 切擊球擊球的方式使得小白球順時鐘旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生由左飛向右的彎曲飛行。這可能是有計(jì)劃的，也可能是個錯誤擊球。Cut 入圍錯過入圍指成績不夠好，通常在72洞的巡回賽，前36洞的成績決定入圍資格以進(jìn)入最後兩天的決賽

Dead 十分接近球洞點(diǎn) Deck golf 甲板高爾夫球 Deuce 兩桿入穴 Devot 球在小坑

Distance only 繼續(xù)打出界的球 Ditch 溝 Ditch 球路溝渠

Divot 棒頭削去的一塊草皮

Divot 草皮斷片球桿擊球時削起的一片草皮。Divot 草皮斷片這是於擊球時被球桿削起的一片草皮 Divot 桿頭削去草皮、草痕 Dog leg 狗腿形

Dogleg Hole 狗腿洞指球道在中途急劇改變方向，通常在開球的落點(diǎn)處改變方向?？赡苁亲髲?，也可能是右彎 Dogleg 狗腿洞高爾夫球洞，在抵達(dá)果嶺之前，左右轉(zhuǎn)彎改變方向。

Dormie 多米這是比洞賽用的名詞，指某位選手領(lǐng)先的洞數(shù)與未賽洞數(shù)相等而勝利在握時 Dormie 領(lǐng)先穴數(shù)和剩余穴數(shù)相等 Dorwy 領(lǐng)先球洞剩余球洞相同 Dot 球面小色點(diǎn)

Double Bogey 雙柏忌；高出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿二桿 Double bogie 雙柏忌某洞高出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿兩桿。Double duty iron 9號鐵頭球棒

Double Eagle 雙鷹；美國用詞，指某洞的成績比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿低三桿。在英國則稱為信天翁

Double Green 雙洞果嶺兩個旗桿洞共用一個推桿果嶺，通常兩個球洞方向相反。這是早期的高球運(yùn)動的遺風(fēng)，當(dāng)時擊球是在同一個球道來回?fù)羟?Double home in one 再次一棒入穴 Down blow 向下?lián)羟?Down hill lie 球停在下坡上 Down Swing 下桿,向下?lián)]桿 Down 落后擊數(shù), 輸?shù)难〝?shù) Draw 左曲球擊出的球，右手球手擊球曲線柔和偏向左邊，或者左手握桿型球手擊球的線路柔和偏向右邊。球運(yùn)行的曲線沒有左旋球那樣劇烈。Draw 左曲球,異側(cè)曲線球, 斜擊球 Dribble putt 多次擊球向穴 Drive 發(fā)球, 打遠(yuǎn)球, 打遠(yuǎn)賽 Driver 木頭球桿

Driver 一號木桿通常在大多數(shù)球洞用一號木桿從球座開球。

Driver 一號木桿這種球桿有長的柄與較小角度的桿頭用以從梯臺開球以達(dá)到最大的距離 Driving contest 打遠(yuǎn)賽 Driving into wind 風(fēng)中打遠(yuǎn)球 Driving iron 1號鐵頭球棒 Driving Range 練習(xí)場 Driving shot 木頭球棒擊球 Drop 拋球, 擊球入穴 Dub 擊球失誤 Duff 漏擊, 擊球失誤 Dynamite 厚棒頭球棒

Eagle 老鷹某洞的成績低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿兩桿。

Eagle 老鷹指某一洞的成績低於標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿兩桿低於標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿二桿 Eclectic competition 折衷比賽 Edge 果嶺邊緣 Eeclectic score 折衷分 Entrance fee 入場賽 Entry 申請 Even par 滿擊數(shù) Even 總桿數(shù)平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿 Event 比賽項(xiàng)目 Evergreen 常綠草地 Explosion shot 爆發(fā)力擊球 Extra hole 加賽穴 Face 球桿面

Fade 右偏球, 低曲球, 斜擊球

Fade 右曲球擊出的球，右手球手擊球曲線柔和偏向右邊，或者左手握桿型球手擊球的線路柔和偏向左邊。球運(yùn)行的曲線沒有右旋球那樣劇烈。

Fairway wood 球道用的木桿

Fairway 球道位于球座和果嶺之間經(jīng)常除草的區(qū)域

Fairway 球道這是位於梯臺與果嶺間經(jīng)常除草的區(qū)域，在球道邊界有半粗草區(qū)即較長的草地或粗草區(qū)即不經(jīng)修翦的草區(qū)。Fast green 快速滑球果嶺 Fault in swing 錯誤揮桿動作

Feathery 羽毛制高爾夫球這是早期的高爾夫球以煮沸過的羽毛充塞在小皮囊里，很容易損耗，於1880年中期較便宜的古塔球發(fā)明之後便被淘汰了 Feature hole 特征穴 Feet and legs 腿腳動作

Fescue 牛毛草這是一種細(xì)葉深根的草種，在英倫三島的濱海球場或石南地球場常見的草種，容易抗乾旱，提供果嶺很理想的表面草皮 Finger grip 手指握棒法 Finish 完成任務(wù)

Fired egg lie 埋在沙土中的球 First nine 前九穴

Flag competition 擊遠(yuǎn)比賽 Flag stick 旗桿

Flagstick 旗桿頂上系旗的一根細(xì)桿，放置在球洞洞杯中央，以表示果嶺上球洞洞杯的位置。也稱為pin。Flange sole 厚底鐵頭球棒 Flat course平坦球場 Flat lie 球停在平地上 Flat swing平面揮桿指上桿時球桿的位置比較水平而較不垂直，通常這種揮桿方式被視為錯誤的方法，不過有很多優(yōu)秀選手也采平面揮桿，包括班．侯根 Flight 飛球距離 Fluff 擊球失誤 Fly ball 高飛球 Fog 苔草地

Follow through 隨球動作, 前揮桿 Follow wind 順風(fēng) Foozle 失誤的一擊 Fore caddie 前方服務(wù)員 Fore 躲開 Fore 躲開!

Fore 前方注意警告用語，用來提醒處于球飛行線路中的或者在打球球路上的任何人。Form 揮棒姿勢

Forward press 前壓, 擊球前身體的前傾 Founder 球打入泥地

Fourball 四人球賽。系指一種比賽包括四個球員，兩人一組，由每組的兩位球員輪流打擊同一個球。比賽之初每一組自行決定由哪一位擊出第一個開球，之後的球洞由兩人輪流開球 Fours 雙打比賽, 參加雙打者

Foursome 四人組系指一種比賽包括四個球員，兩人一組，每位球員打擊自己的球

Free drop 自由拋球從不可移動的障礙物拋球而不受罰，或依高爾夫規(guī)則所規(guī)定之情況進(jìn)行自由拋球 Front nine 前九洞系指18洞球場的前九洞。後九洞則稱為Back nine Front tee 前方球座 Full set 一掏球棒 Full shot 全力擊球 Full swing 全力揮棒 Furrow 障礙平整后的痕跡 General rule 基本規(guī)則。Glass lunker 草地障礙物 Gloves 手套 Go 剩余穴數(shù) Gobble 快擊球入穴 Golf bag 高爾夫球袋 Golf ball 高爾夫球

Golf cart 高爾夫手推車, 高爾夫機(jī)動車 Golf club 高爾夫球棒,高爾夫球俱樂部 Golf course 高爾夫球場 Golf dom 高爾夫球界 Golf links 高爾夫球場

Golf 高爾夫球, 高爾夫運(yùn)動, 打高爾夫球 Golfer driving 球員揮棒擊球 Golfer 高爾夫手/運(yùn)動員 Golfing 高爾夫運(yùn)動, 打高爾夫球 Goose neck 棒頸 Graphite(Carbon fibre)石墨（碳纖）由碳纖物質(zhì)所層層結(jié)合產(chǎn)生極為堅(jiān)強(qiáng)但重量很輕的材質(zhì)是制造高爾夫球桿柄的理想材料，也漸用於桿頭的制造 Grass bunker 綠草洼地 Grassed 棒頭擊球面微向后斜的 Green fee 果嶺費(fèi) Green keeper 果嶺管理者 Green some 一球比賽

Green 果嶺經(jīng)過緊密割草，特別光滑，推桿用的草地。當(dāng)中挖有一個球洞。

Green 果嶺。經(jīng)過緊密割草、特別準(zhǔn)備用為推桿用的草地，當(dāng)中挖有一個球洞。果嶺與球道由邊緣地區(qū)分開，果嶺邊緣的草比果嶺長但比球道短。原先“Green”系指整個球場，因此一個“三果嶺”巡回賽系指一個選手在三個球場擊球

Grip 握把

Grooved swing 正確的揮棒動作 Gross 實(shí)得分, 總分, 總擊數(shù) Gross 總桿 Ground 棒頭觸地

Grounding 觸地球桿底部接觸球后面的地，準(zhǔn)備擊球。Guiding post 標(biāo)志桿

Guttie 古塔球這是1848年發(fā)明的高爾夫球，由古塔波膠制成，這是一種由馬來西亞的橡膠樹種的乳液所制成的橡皮似的物質(zhì)。Half a match平局

Half a stroke 每隔一球讓一擊 Half one 每隔一穴讓一球 Half round 半場 Half set 半套球棒 Half 半場

Halve a match 打成平手 Halve 同分, 擊數(shù)相同 Halved match 同分賽

Hand and wrist action 手腕動作 Hand down 手向下移 Handicap 差點(diǎn)

Handicap 差點(diǎn)從一個球員的總桿數(shù)中減分，以抵消技術(shù)優(yōu)勢，從而使不同級別的球員能夠公平競爭。Hanging ball 停在斜坡上的球 Hazard 球路障礙

Hazard 障礙用來表示球道上沙障（沙坑）或水障區(qū)的術(shù)語。Hazards 障礙 Head still 頭部不動 Head 桿頭

Heel down 足踵落地 Heel 以棒頭根部擊球失誤 High handicap 多讓分

Hit through 揮棒余勢,隨球動作 Hitting area 擊球區(qū), 擊球位置

Hole down 凈負(fù)洞數(shù)（分洞比賽時所輸?shù)那蚨磾?shù) Hole down 凈負(fù)分?jǐn)?shù) Hole in one 一桿進(jìn)洞 Hole in one 一擊入穴 Hole match 每穴決定勝負(fù) Hole out 向穴內(nèi)擊球 Hole up 敬勝穴數(shù)

Hole 球洞,一般系指梯臺與果嶺間的整個區(qū)域，但也可指在果嶺上標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直徑41/4英寸（108厘米）的特定目標(biāo)區(qū) Hole 球穴, 得分, 球洞 Home course 主方賽場, 本場

Home link 主方賽場, 自己所屬俱樂部的球場 Home 第18穴, 最后一穴 Honor 優(yōu)先發(fā)球者

Honor 優(yōu)先發(fā)球者在前一球洞中得分最低者獲得的從球座先開球的優(yōu)先權(quán)。Honor 優(yōu)先擊球權(quán)

Honorable member 榮譽(yù)會員 Hook spinning 左曲線擊球

Hook 左曲球,指擊球極端彎向左方，是由反時鐘方向的旋轉(zhuǎn)所造成，或是有計(jì)劃性，或是出於疏忽 Hook 左曲線球, 斜擊球

Hook 左旋球指右手型球員擊球極端偏向左方或者左手握桿型球員擊球極端偏向右方，其偏離程度甚于左曲球。Hose, hosel 鐵頭插座

Hosel 插鞘系指鐵桿桿頭的插座用以連結(jié)鐵桿桿頭與鐵柄 House caddie 場地服務(wù)員 Hummock 草皮小丘 Impact face 擊球面 Impact 擊球的瞬間 In 後九洞,后九穴 In-course 后九穴, 后半場 Indoor golf 室內(nèi)高爾夫球 Indoor 室內(nèi)

Inland course 內(nèi)地球場 Inland course 內(nèi)地球場

Inside out 由內(nèi)側(cè)向外側(cè)揮桿, 內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)外揮短棒 Intentional slice 定向曲線球 Interlocking grip 連鎖握棒法 In-to-out 內(nèi)向外揮桿 Invitation warch 邀請賽

Iron club 鐵桿﹝比賽時所有球桿不能超過14支﹞, 鐵頭球棒 Iron slot 鐵頭球棒擊球 Iron 鐵桿, 鐵頭短球棒, Jerk 猛擊（用力擊球）

Jerking 猛擊球。用桿柄及頭部連接處擊球 Jigger 10號鐵桿或11號鐵桿,鐵頭球棒 Just middle 正中球心

Ace 一擊入穴

Address 瞄球、擊球準(zhǔn)備。瞄準(zhǔn)擊球

Address 瞄球，擊球準(zhǔn)備動作

Addressing the ball 瞄球 站好位，準(zhǔn)備擊球。

Advice 對別人的打法或其他技術(shù)上的事項(xiàng)提出建議

Advice 指導(dǎo)

Again 重新?lián)羟?，Play again 的縮寫

Against logy 加一桿賽

Against par 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊桿賽，以規(guī)定擊球次數(shù)作對象，來決定勝負(fù)。各球洞規(guī)定“擊球次數(shù)”和“實(shí)際擊球次數(shù)”之比，得勝球洞越多越好

Against par 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊球比賽

Against wind 逆風(fēng)、頂風(fēng)

Albatross 雙鷹；比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿少三桿。

Albtross 雙鷹，比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿少三桿

All stroke 全力揮棒

Angel golf 天使高爾夫球運(yùn)動/小型高爾夫球運(yùn)動

Anti-shank 免於斜飛 球桿設(shè)計(jì)成可以消除以桿頭跟部（插鞘）擊球的可能

Approach近距離切球，從球道上或粗草區(qū)切球上果嶺。

Approach近距離切球，即在果嶺附近要把球打上果嶺

Approach近距離切球 切球上果嶺。

Approach 擊接近球, 接近球

Approach cleek 輕擊球桿，鐵桿的一種，作推球進(jìn)洞之用

Approach part 輕擊區(qū)推桿，使球靠近小旗竿的長推桿

Approach shot 輕擊球, 打近球

Approve 比賽結(jié)束之署名

Apron 花道（果嶺最入口處）球洞區(qū)四周草坡，草地四周下垂斜面。與果嶺接界的草坡（草比球道草短，比果嶺長）, 球穴周圍草坡;

Apron 球洞四周草坡，草地四周下垂斜面

Apron 花道 果嶺周圍修剪過的短草區(qū)

Arc 桿頭弧線，揮桿時，桿頭經(jīng)過的軌道

Arc 飛行弧線

Arms and shoulders 肩臂動作

Army 讓分棒球

Arwy 計(jì)分桿數(shù)（前九洞的成績?nèi)Q於handleap）

Atert 正確記號（比賽結(jié)束後記分員檢查記分卡證明）

Atert 正確記號（比賽結(jié)束后記分員檢查記分卡證明“無誤”）

Attend 陪伴（桿弟陪伴之意）

Attest 證明, 成績

Average golfer 球技中等者（差點(diǎn)15～20者）

Average golfer 一般水平選手

Away 離穴最遠(yuǎn)的球, 離穴最遠(yuǎn)而先擊的球;

Away ball 開球 離球洞最遠(yuǎn)的球。開球最先打的那個球。

Baby golf 小型高爾夫球賽

Back朝后；向后；背部；后9洞，“走后門”推桿（球從球洞后沿進(jìn)洞）

Back door“走后門”推桿（球從球洞后沿進(jìn)洞）Back luck球運(yùn)欠佳

Back nine后9洞

Back side18洞球場的后9洞

Back sole朝后桿頭底部

back sole 朝后桿頭底部

Back spin逆飛球繞后轉(zhuǎn)球（由于桿面不正造成）；桿頭擊球低造成回旋球；用鐵桿下?lián)羟蚍葱D(zhuǎn)的后旋

back spin 逆飛球繞后轉(zhuǎn)球（由于桿面不正造成）桿頭擊球低造成回旋球；用鐵桿下?lián)羟蚍葱D(zhuǎn)的后旋

Back spin 下旋球（後旋球）

Back stroke上揮

Back swing后揮桿；上揮；上桿

Back Swing 上桿, 后揮桿

Back tee后方球座；正式比賽使用開球區(qū)，后方發(fā)球區(qū)

Back Tee 發(fā)球區(qū)（職業(yè)男選手比賽時）, 后方球座

Back weight桿頭背面加重

Backspin 回旋球, 強(qiáng)后旋球

Bad weather壞天氣

Baff 以球棒底端刮地?fù)羟? 以球棒底端刮地使球高飛;

Baffing-spoon桿身最短，桿面傾角最大的木桿

Baffy 四號木桿 堅(jiān)固的木桿

Baffy 4 四號球木頭球棒

Baffy 5 5 號棒

Baffy4號或5號木桿（桿面相當(dāng)窄），已被淘汰，類似現(xiàn)代的3號或4號木桿。這是代替更早期的高飛球桿（baffing spoon），桿面斜角使得球道上的球可以飛高。Bag球桿袋；球具包；球包

bag 球袋

Bag boy球包拖車

Bag stand球包支架

Bail out近距離擊球

Balance平衡

balance point（球桿）平衡點(diǎn)

Balata樹膠；制造高爾夫球表面的自然或合成化合

Balata 橡膠 自然或合成化合物用以制造高水平高爾夫球的表面。它的軟度與彈性的特質(zhì)可以產(chǎn)生高旋轉(zhuǎn)率，甚為巡回賽選手所偏愛

Ball above stance 球高于站位

Ball below the stance 球低于站位

Ball mark 球跡

Ball on down-slope 斜下坡球

Ball on up-slope 斜上坡球

Bang 扣擊

Baseball grip 棒球式握棒法, 自然握棒法

Beach 沙土障礙

Bentgrass 常綠草

Bermuda grass 百慕大草

Best ball 最好的球

Best ball match :”最好的球”比賽

Birdie 博蒂或稱為小鳥球 某洞的成績低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿一桿

Birdie 小鳥球, 三擊入穴

birdie 低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿一桿

Bisk 每場讓一擊或幾擊

Bite 強(qiáng)后旋球

Black 碳纖維木桿

black shaft 碳纖維桿身

Blast 從沙坑打出球，沙坑爆發(fā)桿, 猛然大力擊球

blind hole 盲洞（因地勢遮掩而看不到）

Blind nassau 兩組分區(qū)賽

Bogey 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分?jǐn)?shù), 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊數(shù), 超一擊, 每洞的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿數(shù), 超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿數(shù)的一擊;

bogey 高于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿一桿

Bogey competition 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊數(shù)與個人擊數(shù)的比分賽

Bogie 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊數(shù)

Bogie 柏忌 某洞的成績高于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿一桿

Bone 插進(jìn)棒頭的羊角

Borrow 擊球略偏

Bottle golf 兒童高爾夫球

Brace up 緊握球棒

Brassie 2號球棒

Break-club 可能破壞球棒的障礙物

Bulger face 鼓式擊球面

Bulk 大部分

Bunker 沙坑 場地上一大片凹地，通常布滿沙子，是一種障礙，沙障

Bunker 洞, 障礙, 把球打入洞內(nèi)

bunker 沙坑

Bye 余穴

Bye hole 無需再擊穴

Caddie 桿弟或球童。服務(wù)員

Caddie bag 球桿袋

Caddie bag 球棒袋

Caddie cart 球童運(yùn)球具袋的手拉小車

Caddie fee 球童費(fèi)

Caddie Fee 桿弟費(fèi)

Caddie master 球童長，球童主管

Caddie(Caddy)球童

Caddie-girl 女球童

Caddy 桿弟或球童。服務(wù)員

Caddy training 球童培訓(xùn)

Calkin’s handicap syste 卡爾金式差點(diǎn)比賽制

Calkin’s handicap system 卡爾金式讓分賽制

Calkin's handicap system 卡爾金式差點(diǎn)比賽制

Callaway handicap system 卡羅韋差點(diǎn)制

Callaway handicap system 卡羅韋差點(diǎn)制

Canada Cap 加拿大杯（世界杯的前身）

Captain 隊(duì)長，領(lǐng)隊(duì)

Car 四輪球車

Carbon 碳纖維

Card 記分卡

Card 比分卡

Career 比賽生涯

Career earning 終生獎金總額

Career highlights 運(yùn)動生涯杰出表現(xiàn)

Career largest paycheck 運(yùn)動生涯中所獲獎金額最大的支票

Career money 終生獎金總額

Carpet “地毯”

Carried honor 優(yōu)先開球權(quán)

Carry 飛越/飛行距離;這是指擊球處與落地點(diǎn)的距離。當(dāng)小白球被擊出飛越水塘或沙坑，則稱飛越障礙。

Carry over 重賽

Casual water 臨時出現(xiàn)的水區(qū)

Casual water 臨時積水區(qū) 臨時的雨水或者滴水系統(tǒng)積水，并不是一種障礙。

Casual Water 臨時積水區(qū)

Chief 1 1號木頭球棒

Chin 切削擊,近穴擊

Chip 起撲 擊向果嶺的高球，滾的距離比空中飛行的距離遠(yuǎn)。

Chip 起撲 這是低的帶跑球，通常從果嶺邊擊向旗桿洞口。

Chip in近擊入穴

Chip shot 打出滾地球讓球滾進(jìn)球洞

Chip shot近穴擊球, 切削擊球

Chipper 起撲桿 球桿桿面較垂直用以從果嶺邊擊出低的起撲球

Claim 抗議（比賽中對方違反規(guī)則所提出的意見）Clean 直接擊球（不傷及草地的擊球方式）

Clean 不切草皮的打法

Cleek 鐵桿 源自蘇格蘭的名詞，用以描述鐵桿，大約相等於現(xiàn)今的2號鐵桿，雖然有些不同。亦包括了短鐵桿，長鐵桿，開球鐵桿，與推桿鐵桿。又稱:短擊鐵頭木棒, 4號木棒;

Close 封閉式站姿

Close lie 球停在硬地上

Close look at the swing 頭眼神與揮桿動作協(xié)調(diào)一致

Close stance 預(yù)備姿勢

Closed 關(guān)閉面

Club 球棒

Club face 棒頭擊球面

Club head 棒頭

Club house 會館

Cock 曲腕

Compact swing 揮棒動作小而有力

Compression 球的硬度

Control shot 控制擊球方向

Cop 障礙頂部

Couch grass 茅草 被認(rèn)為是雜草，有長而蔓延的草根。橫切球道障礙物

Course 高爾夫球場

course 進(jìn)場

Course record 球場最佳記錄

Cross bunker 橫跨的沙坑 系指跨越球道的沙坑。

Cross wind from left 利用左斜風(fēng)擊球

Cross wind from right 利用右斜風(fēng)擊球

Cup 球穴, 球洞

Cup up 打高球

Cuppy lie 打進(jìn)洼地

Curling under 打左旋球

Cut 入圍 錯過入圍指成績不夠好，通常在72洞的巡回賽，前36洞的成績決定入圍資格以進(jìn)入最後兩天的決賽

Cut shot 切擊球 擊球的方式使得小白球順時鐘旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生由左飛向右的彎曲飛行。這可能是有計(jì)劃的，也可能是個錯誤擊球。

Dead 十分接近球洞點(diǎn)

Deck golf 甲板高爾夫球

Deuce 兩桿入穴

Devot 球在小坑

Distance only 繼續(xù)打出界的球

Ditch 球路溝渠

Ditch 溝

Divot 桿頭削去草皮、草痕

Divot 草皮斷片 這是於擊球時被球桿削起的一片草皮

Divot 草皮斷片 球桿擊球時削起的一片草皮。

Dog leg 狗腿形

Dogleg 狗腿洞 高爾夫球洞，在抵達(dá)果嶺之前，左右轉(zhuǎn)彎改變方向。

Dogleg Hole 狗腿洞 指球道在中途急劇改變方向，通常在開球的落點(diǎn)處改變方向?？赡苁亲髲?，也可能是右彎

Dormie 領(lǐng)先穴數(shù)和剩余穴數(shù)相等

Dormie 多米 這是比洞賽用的名詞，指某位選手領(lǐng)先的洞數(shù)與未賽洞數(shù)相等而勝利在握時 Dorwy 領(lǐng)先球洞剩余球洞相同

Dot 球面小色點(diǎn)

Double Bogey 雙柏忌；高出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿二桿

double bogey 高于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿兩桿

Double bogie 雙柏忌 某洞高出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿兩桿。

Double duty iron 9號鐵頭球棒

Double Eagle 雙鷹； 美國用詞，指某洞的成績比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿低三桿。在英國則稱為信天翁

Double Green 雙洞果嶺 兩個旗桿洞共用一個推桿果嶺，通常兩個球洞方向相反。這是早期的高球運(yùn)動的遺風(fēng)，當(dāng)時擊球是在同一個球道來回?fù)羟?/p>

Double home in one 再次一棒入穴

Down 落后擊數(shù), 輸?shù)难〝?shù)

Down blow 向下?lián)羟?/p>

Down hill lie 球停在下坡上

Down Swing 下桿,向下?lián)]桿

Draw 左曲球 擊出的球，右手球手擊球曲線柔和偏向左邊，或者左手握桿型球手擊球的線路柔和偏向右邊。球運(yùn)行的曲線沒有左旋球那樣劇烈。

Draw 左曲球,異側(cè)曲線球, 斜擊球

Dribble putt 多次擊球向穴

Drive 發(fā)球, 打遠(yuǎn)球, 打遠(yuǎn)賽

Driver 一號木桿 這種球桿有長的柄與較小角度的桿頭用以從梯臺開球以達(dá)到最大的距離

Driver 一號木桿 通常在大多數(shù)球洞用一號木桿從球座開球。

Driver 木頭球桿

Driving contest 打遠(yuǎn)賽

Driving into wind 風(fēng)中打遠(yuǎn)球

Driving iron 1號鐵頭球棒

Driving Range 練習(xí)場

Driving shot 木頭球棒擊球

Drop 拋球, 擊球入穴

Dub 擊球失誤

Duff 漏擊, 擊球失誤

Dynamite 厚棒頭球棒

Eagle 老鷹 指某一洞的成績低於標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿兩桿低於標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿二桿

Eagle 老鷹 某洞的成績低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿兩桿。

eagle 低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿兩桿

Eclectic competition 折衷比賽

Edge 果嶺邊緣

Eeclectic score 折衷分

Entrance fee 入場賽

Entry 申請

Even 總桿數(shù)平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿

Even par 滿擊數(shù)

even par平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿

Event 比賽項(xiàng)目

Evergreen 常綠草地

Explosion shot 爆發(fā)力擊球

Extra hole 加賽穴 Face 球桿面

Fade 右曲球 擊出的球，右手球手擊球曲線柔和偏向右邊，或者左手握桿型球手擊球的線路柔和偏向左邊。球運(yùn)行的曲線沒有右旋球那樣劇烈。

Fade 右偏球, 低曲球, 斜擊球

Fairway 球道 這是位於梯臺與果嶺間經(jīng)常除草的區(qū)域，在球道邊界有半粗草區(qū)即較長的草地或粗草區(qū)即不經(jīng)修翦的草區(qū)。

Fairway 球道 位于球座和果嶺之間經(jīng)常除草的區(qū)域

fairway 球道

Fairway wood 球道用的木桿

Fast green 快速滑球果嶺

Fault in swing 錯誤揮桿動作

Feathery 羽毛制高爾夫球 這是早期的高爾夫球以煮沸過的羽毛充塞在小皮囊里，很容易損耗，於1880年中期較便宜的古塔球發(fā)明之後便被淘汰了

Feature hole 特征穴

Feet and legs 腿腳動作

Fescue 牛毛草 這是一種細(xì)葉深根的草種，在英倫三島的濱海球場或石南地球場常見的草種，容易抗乾旱，提供果嶺很理想的表面草皮

Finger grip 手指握棒法

Finish 完成任務(wù)

Fired egg lie 埋在沙土中的球

First nine 前九穴

Flag competition 擊遠(yuǎn)比賽

Flag stick 旗桿

Flagstick 旗桿 頂上系旗的一根細(xì)桿，放置在球洞洞杯中央，以表示果嶺上球洞洞杯的位置。也稱為pin。

Flange sole 厚底鐵頭球棒 Flat course平坦球場

Flat lie 球停在平地上

Flat swing平面揮桿 指上桿時球桿的位置比較水平而較不垂直，通常這種揮桿方式被視為錯誤的方法，不過有很多優(yōu)秀選手也采平面揮桿，包括班．侯根

Flight 飛球距離

Fluff 擊球失誤

Fly ball 高飛球

Fog 苔草地

Follow through 隨球動作, 前揮桿

Follow wind 順風(fēng)

Foozle 失誤的一擊

Fore 前方注意 警告用語，用來提醒處于球飛行線路中的或者在打球球路上的任何人。

Fore 躲開

Fore 躲開!

Fore caddie 前方服務(wù)員

Form 揮棒姿勢

Forward press 前壓, 擊球前身體的前傾

Founder 球打入泥地

Fourball 四人球賽 系指一種比賽包括四個球員，兩人一組，由每組的兩位球員輪流打擊同一個球。比賽之初每一組自行決定由哪一位擊出第一個開球，之後的球洞由兩人輪流開球

Fours 雙打比賽, 參加雙打者

Foursome 四人組 系指一種比賽包括四個球員，兩人一組，每位球員打擊自己的球

Free drop 自由拋球 從不可移動的障礙物拋球而不受罰，或依高爾夫規(guī)則所規(guī)定之情況進(jìn)行自由拋球

Front nine 前九洞 系指18洞球場的前九洞。後九洞則稱為Back nine

Front tee 前方球座

Full set 一掏球棒

Full shot 全力擊球

Full swing 全力揮棒

Furrow 障礙平整后的痕跡

gaddie 桿弟

General rule 基本規(guī)則。

Glass lunker 草地障礙物

glove 手套

Gloves 手套

Go 剩余穴數(shù)

Gobble 快擊球入穴

Golf 高爾夫球, 高爾夫運(yùn)動, 打高爾夫球

Golf bag 高爾夫球袋

Golf ball 高爾夫球

Golf cart 高爾夫手推車, 高爾夫機(jī)動車

Golf club 高爾夫球棒,高爾夫球俱樂部

Golf course 高爾夫球場

Golf dom 高爾夫球界

Golf links 高爾夫球場

Golfer 高爾夫手/運(yùn)動員

Golfer driving 球員揮棒擊球

Golfing 高爾夫運(yùn)動, 打高爾夫球 Goose neck 棒頸

Graphite(Carbon fibre)石墨（碳纖）由碳纖物質(zhì)所層層結(jié)合產(chǎn)生極為堅(jiān)強(qiáng)但重量很輕的材質(zhì)是制造高爾夫球桿柄的理想材料，也漸用於桿頭的制造

Grass bunker 綠草洼地

Grassed 棒頭擊球面微向后斜的

Green 果嶺 經(jīng)過緊密割草、特別準(zhǔn)備用為推桿用的草地，當(dāng)中挖有一個球洞。果嶺與球道由邊緣地區(qū)分開，果嶺邊緣的草比果嶺長但比球道短。原先“Green”系指整個球場，因此一個“三果嶺”巡回賽系指一個選手在三個球場擊球

Green 果嶺 經(jīng)過緊密割草，特別光滑，推桿用的草地。當(dāng)中挖有一個球洞。

Green fee 果嶺費(fèi)

Green keeper 果嶺管理者

Green some 一球比賽

Grip 握把

Grooved swing 正確的揮棒動作

Gross 實(shí)得分, 總分, 總擊數(shù)

Gross 總桿

gross 總桿數(shù)

Ground 棒頭觸地

Grounding 觸地 球桿底部接觸球后面的地，準(zhǔn)備擊球。

Guiding post 標(biāo)志桿

Guttie 古塔球 這是1848年發(fā)明的高爾夫球，由古塔波膠制成，這是一種由馬來西亞的橡膠樹種的乳液所制成的橡皮似的物質(zhì)。

Hack：猛砍亂打 尤指球在長草或球位不佳情況下猛砍亂打、不完全的擊球或球打得很差。Hacker是指球技很差的球手，通常指打球時常常直接砍草而打不到球的球手。

Half 半場

Half a match平局

Half a stroke 每隔一球讓一擊

Half one 每隔一穴讓一球

Half round 半場

Half set 半套球棒

Halve 同分, 擊數(shù)相同

Halve a match 打成平手

Halved match 同分賽

Hand and wrist action 手腕動作

Hand down 手向下移

Handicap 差點(diǎn) 從一個球員的總桿數(shù)中減分，以抵消技術(shù)優(yōu)勢，從而使不同級別的球員能夠公平競爭。

Handicap 差點(diǎn)

handicap 差點(diǎn)

Hanging ball 停在斜坡上的球

Hazard 球路障礙

Hazard 障礙 用來表示球道上沙障（沙坑）或水障區(qū)的術(shù)語。

Hazards 障礙

Head 桿頭

Head still 頭部不動

Heel 以棒頭根部擊球失誤

Heel down 足踵落地

High handicap 多讓分

Hit through 揮棒余勢,隨球動作 Hitting area 擊球區(qū), 擊球位置

Hole 球洞,一般系指梯臺與果嶺間的整個區(qū)域，但也可指在果嶺上標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直徑41/4英寸（108厘米）的特定目標(biāo)區(qū)

Hole 球穴, 得分, 球洞

hole 球洞

Hole down 凈負(fù)洞數(shù)（分洞比賽時所輸?shù)那蚨磾?shù)

Hole down 凈負(fù)分?jǐn)?shù)

Hole in one 一擊入穴

hole in one 一桿進(jìn)洞

Hole match 每穴決定勝負(fù)

Hole out 向穴內(nèi)擊球

Hole up 敬勝穴數(shù)

Home 第18穴, 最后一穴

Home course 主方賽場, 本場

Home link 主方賽場, 自己所屬俱樂部的球場

Honor 優(yōu)先發(fā)球者 在前一球洞中得分最低者獲得的從球座先開球的優(yōu)先權(quán)。

Honor 優(yōu)先發(fā)球者

honor 先擊球者

Honorable member 榮譽(yù)會員

Hook 左曲線球, 斜擊球

Hook 左旋球 指右手型球員擊球極端偏向左方或者左手握桿型球員擊球極端偏向右方，其偏離程度甚于左曲球。

Hook 左曲球,指擊球極端彎向左方，是由反時鐘方向的旋轉(zhuǎn)所造成，或是有計(jì)劃性，或是出於疏忽

Hook spinning 左曲線擊球

Hose, hosel 鐵頭插座

Hosel 插鞘 系指鐵桿桿頭的插座用以連結(jié)鐵桿桿頭與鐵柄

House caddie 場地服務(wù)員

Hummock 草皮小丘

Impact 擊球的瞬間

Impact face 擊球面

In 後九洞,后九穴

In-course 后九穴, 后半場

In-to-out 內(nèi)向外揮桿

Indoor 室內(nèi)

Indoor golf 室內(nèi)高爾夫球

Inland course 內(nèi)地球場

Inside out 由內(nèi)側(cè)向外側(cè)揮桿, 內(nèi)轉(zhuǎn)外揮短棒

Intentional slice 定向曲線球

Interlocking grip 連鎖握棒法

Invitation warch 邀請賽

Iron 鐵桿, 鐵頭短球棒，Iron club 鐵桿﹝比賽時所有球桿不能超過14支﹞, 鐵頭球棒

Iron slot 鐵頭球棒擊球

Jerk 猛擊（用力擊球）

Jerking 猛擊球。用桿柄及頭部連接處擊球

Jigger 10號鐵桿或11號鐵桿,鐵頭球棒

Juicy lie：指厚實(shí)的好球位，即球進(jìn)入深草或厚草區(qū)里，位于蓬松、毛茸茸的草上，其貼地情況良好。Just middle 正中球心

Kick 反彈球（球落反彈）

Kill 用力出球

Knee action：膝部動作 這一動作非常重要，在上桿、擊球、送桿和完成揮桿的過程中起著非常重要的作用。

Kweek grass 庫克草 南非土產(chǎn)的優(yōu)良草種。較不適合作為高爾夫球場草皮因?yàn)榉浅ｋy以擊球

Ladies’ tee 女用球座

Ladies par 女子標(biāo)準(zhǔn)棒數(shù)

Last call 最後比賽

Last hole 最後一洞, 最后一穴, 決定勝負(fù)的最后一擊

Last nine 后九穴

Lateral water hazard：側(cè)面水障礙 通常為長方形，位于球道兩側(cè)，與球道平行。這種水障礙與一般水障礙有區(qū)別，后者橫跨球道中央。

Lateral water hazard 側(cè)面水障礙

Laterally motion 腰部橫轉(zhuǎn)動作

Laterd 球棒末端擊球

left leg hole 左狗腿洞

Lie 球位置 系指擊球後小白球落點(diǎn)的位置情況。球位有好有壞，依其擊球距離而定，或在草皮上，或在沙坑里.棒頭的彎度, 好打的球頂, 球落地的狀態(tài).Lie 球位置 球落點(diǎn)的位置。

Like 兩人擊數(shù)相同

Like-as-we-like 兩方擊數(shù)相等

Links 濱海球場 指高爾夫球場建立在沿著海邊延伸的土地上。濱海土地通常位置較低，擁有沙丘支持著良好、抗鹽的草皮。這個名稱可能是由濱海地勢連接海灘與離海較遠(yuǎn)的農(nóng)耕地這個事實(shí)所衍生的.高爾夫球場.Linksman 打高爾夫球者, Lip 洞邊

Liquid ball 液體心球

List action 手腕動作

Local knowledge 了解球路情況

Loft 球桿面之角度

Loft 桿面斜角 系指球桿面與垂直線間的斜角。斜角隨著鐵桿號碼而增大得以產(chǎn)生較高的飛行軌道而距離漸短，擊球高度，高擊，傾斜角度。

Lofted 擊向空中的球，騰空的

Lofter 斜角球桿 早期的球桿，斜角與現(xiàn)今的5號或6號鐵桿相當(dāng)，用以擊球產(chǎn)生高軌道。又稱為斜角鐵桿，用以替代四號木桿以擊出近距離切球以登上果嶺；高爾夫球棒

Lofting mashie 鐵頭球棒

Long ball 長球，遠(yuǎn)球

Long hole 長距離球穴

long hole 長洞

Long iron 長鐵桿 系指現(xiàn)代的鐵桿，其桿面斜角較小，這是設(shè)計(jì)來再球道上擊出又常又準(zhǔn)的一球

Long putt 長打入穴

Long shot 長打，遠(yuǎn)打

Loop 高飛球弧線

Loose grip 松握，輕握

Loose impediment 非固定障礙物

Loose impediments 可移動障礙物 自然物體，并不是固定的或者生長的或者附著在球上的東西，包括沒有嵌入土中的石頭、樹葉、嫩枝、樹枝、糞便、爬蟲、昆蟲、或者由它們堆成的小土堆。

Lost ball 丟失球

Lost ball 遺失球(五分鐘內(nèi)找不到球)Lost hole 輸?shù)舻难?/p>

Low handicap 少讓分

LPGA 女子職業(yè)高爾夫協(xié)會 是Ladies Professional Golf Assocotion的字頭簡寫

Mallet head putt 木槌形棒頭的球棒

Mark 在果嶺上的球要拿起來時必須做的記號

Mark the ball 在球上做標(biāo)志

Marker 記分員 記分人員。球標(biāo)志用來表示球在果嶺上位置的硬幣或者類似物體。球座標(biāo)志用來確定開球區(qū)的前向極限。

Mashie 鐵投球桿（五號鐵桿）這是1880年代後期出現(xiàn)的鐵桿。它的桿頭斜度與現(xiàn)今5號鐵桿類似。泰勒氏是第一位被公認(rèn)使用鐵頭球桿最佳的一位選手

Match play 比洞賽 競賽的形式系以贏得的球洞數(shù)作為勝利者的裁決，而不以總得數(shù)為準(zhǔn)。另外的方式即為總桿賽

Matched club 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)球棒

Medal match 擊數(shù)比賽

Medal play 擊數(shù)比賽

Medal score 全場總分

Medallist 預(yù)賽中成績最佳者

Medium hole：中距洞 即Par4、距離為251-470碼的洞。一般來講，在18洞中，中距洞約為10個。

Medium iron 中鐵桿近代鐵桿用以近距切球登上果嶺，可以擊出具有適當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確性的中距離的飛行距離

mid mashie 3號鐵頭球棒/鐵桿

Midget golf 小型高爾夫球運(yùn)動

Midiron 2號鐵頭球棒/鐵桿

Miniature golf 小型高爾夫球運(yùn)動

Missed shot 漏擊，擊球失誤

Mixed foursome 混合四人組 指四人組球賽，每隊(duì)由一位男子選手與一位女子選手所組成

Mixed foursome 混合四人賽

Mongrel iron 厚鐵頭球棒/鐵桿

Morning test 以首洞成績定勝負(fù)賽

Mulligan 讓一擊

Narrow blade 窄鐵頭球棒

Natural golfer 正確姿勢高爾夫球員，天才高爾夫球員

Natural grip 自然握桿法

Near pin contest近洞賽

Neck 桿頭，棒頸

Net 凈桿，余數(shù)，凈數(shù)

Net score 凈桿數(shù)

Neutral grip：中性握桿法 即兩手手背均在桿身兩側(cè)，而不在桿身底下的握桿方法。

Never up never in!差一點(diǎn)，不入穴

Niblick 鐵投球桿（九號鐵桿）早期的斜角鐵桿，已經(jīng)絕跡了，大約類似現(xiàn)今的九號鐵桿。有一個較重的桿頭與寬的桿面用以從困難的球位就球或從障礙區(qū)擊出。

Nineteen hole 19穴

No return 中途棄權(quán), 未回終點(diǎn)

Nose 棒前端

O.B 出界：

O.B out of bounds 出界

Observer 助理裁判員

Obstacle golf 障礙高爾夫球運(yùn)動 Odd 比對手多一擊

Odds 差距（勝負(fù)距離）

Off 失調(diào)

off the pace 落後 這是美式形容詞用以描述在巡回賽中某位選手落後領(lǐng)先者的桿數(shù)，例如“落後兩桿”

Official handicap 公開讓分，正式讓分

On 球擊上了果嶺

One off three 三穴讓一擊

One off two 兩穴讓一擊

One on 一擊打上球穴草地

One piece swing 連續(xù)揮棒擊球動作

One put 一擊入穴

One shot hole 一擊可到球穴

One-ball team golf 兩隊(duì)高爾夫球

Open 球桿開放面

Open 公開賽 開放式站姿

Open face 棒開放桿面

Open stance 開發(fā)位

Orthodox 傳統(tǒng)打法

Out 前九洞

Out of Bounds 界外球（O.B）

Out of bounds 界外球

Out of course 前九洞

Out-course 前九穴，前半場

Out-of-bounds 出界 高爾夫球場界外區(qū)，通常用柱子或者柵欄標(biāo)示。

Outbounds 禁止擊球區(qū)

Outside 球的飛行線同側(cè)

Outside agency 局外人員

Outside in 由外側(cè)向內(nèi)側(cè)揮桿

Outside in 外內(nèi)揮棒

Over 超穴球，過穴球

Over club 超規(guī)定球棒

Over clubbing 超號球桿 選擇過大號的球桿以致?lián)羟蚓嚯x超出想擊出的距離

Over one 總桿數(shù)比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿多一桿

Over par 超過規(guī)定擊數(shù)

Over par 高於標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿

Over Par 超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)球, 超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊樹

over par 超過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿數(shù)

Over spin 上旋球

Over swing 揮棒過度

Over two 多二桿，其余類推

Overdrive 擊球過遠(yuǎn)

Overlap 疊用球棒

Overlapping grip 疊指握棒

Overplay 擊得過遠(yuǎn)

Palm grip 手掌握棒法 Par 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)擊數(shù)，擊球規(guī)定數(shù)

Par平標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿 為某一球洞預(yù)估的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿數(shù)，這是依球洞的長度與第一流選手在正常情況下完成某一洞需要擊出的桿數(shù)

Par 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿 某一球洞或球場預(yù)先估計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿數(shù)，其數(shù)值由球洞長度加上每個果嶺兩個推桿數(shù)確定。

par 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿

Part 推桿

Pass 超越

Peg tee 釘形球座

Penalty 處罰罰桿

Penalty stroke 罰一擊/桿

PGA 職業(yè)高爾夫協(xié)會 這是Professional Golfer's Association的字首語簡寫

Pick and shovel 掘擊

Pin 旗桿 見Flagstick

Pin 旗桿

Pitch 擊成下旋高球

Pitch 劈起球 將球擊向果嶺，球空中飛行的距離遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于球轉(zhuǎn)動的距離。

Pitch and run 把球打上草地滾到近穴處

Pitch out 球棒末端擊球

Pitch shot 劈起球

Pitch shot 高球

Pitcher 7號鐵頭球棒

Pitcher niblick 8號鐵頭球棒

Pitching 劈起﹝劈起桿、挖起桿﹞ 以具有桿面斜角的球桿擊向果嶺，小白球飛行終了時，球滾動的距離很小

Pitching mashie 短球棒

Pitching wedge 短挑會旋球棒

Place 置球

Placement 定位球

Play down a severe slope 擊中斜坡球

Play from slope 斜面擊球

Play short shot into the wind 風(fēng)中擊短球

Play the like 差一擊時擊球

Play the odd 擊數(shù)相同后擊球

Play up severe slope 擊中斜坡球

Play-club 1號鐵頭球棒

Play-off 加賽

Playclub 擊球桿 開球桿的舊名詞，是十九世紀(jì)末的常用名詞。大約類似目前的 一號木桿或二號木桿

Player 與賽者

Playing out of thick rough 把球擊出場上的障礙區(qū)

Plugged ball 陷入沙中的球

Point tourney 計(jì)分比賽

Pole 旗桿

Pot bunker 壺狀沙坑 面積小而圓又深陷的沙坑，在傳統(tǒng)的英國濱海球場常發(fā)現(xiàn)的，例如圣．安卓的老球場

Practice stroke 擊球練習(xí)

Pro line goods 球具店，高爾夫球俱樂部內(nèi)的專賣店上揮桿時左手和左臂內(nèi)旋、右手和右臂外旋的動作

Provisional ball 暫定球 球員認(rèn)為他的第一次擊球可能出界或者掉入水障后所擊出的第二個球。

Provisional ball 臨時球

Public course公眾球場指對任何人都開放的非會員制球場

Pull 拉擊球，拉出式擊球擊球后球直飛向擊球方向線左側(cè)的失誤球

Pull shot 拉擊球，拉出式擊球左手球員則相反

Pull-hook 左手球員擊球時球飛向目標(biāo)線的左側(cè)，并由於側(cè)旋帶有向左的曲線指打出去的低球像兔子一樣跳動著前進(jìn) 2.小有成就的業(yè)余高爾夫球，具有一定才能的業(yè)余的高爾夫球員 3.沒有取得免除選撥資格，必須參加預(yù)選才有可能取得參加巡回賽資格的職業(yè)球員

Radiused sole 弧形桿底、鐵桿底部呈弧形的狀態(tài)

Rake 1.鐵桿的一種，有較大的桿面傾角，由桿面底部向上有堅(jiān)直的鋸齒形溝槽，用于打位 于水中或者沙坑中的球 現(xiàn)在已不再使用2.沙耙同driving range

Ranking 名次，排名

Rap 果斷而有力地推擊

Read 閱讀球洞區(qū)，認(rèn)真察看和理解球洞區(qū)的起伏和草紋

Recall 撤消同dimple

Record 1.記錄/球場記錄2.計(jì)分

Recover 救球，挽救性擊球規(guī)則上對[裁判員]的定義為： [裁判員]是指由委員會指定的與球員同行、判定事實(shí)問題、并執(zhí)行規(guī)則的人員

Regular 標(biāo)示球桿桿身硬度的符號，表示桿身硬度為一般標(biāo)準(zhǔn)硬度

Regulation 打出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿

Release 還原動作指建有各種綜合休閑設(shè)施的高爾夫球場

Reverse overlapping grip 反重疊式握桿球在球洞邊環(huán)繞而過沒有進(jìn)洞

Ring mashie 古典球桿的一種，主要是為了將水中的球打出，其特點(diǎn)為球桿表面開有條形孔洞

Roll 1.滾動/球落選以后的滾動 2.推擊出的球沿著地面平滑地前進(jìn)，滾動很小 3.木桿桿面表面的弧形狀態(tài) 4.在揮桿過程中手腕的回旋動作 5.在揮桿動作中使手腕回旋

Roll in 推擊入洞

Roll over 擊球后手臂轉(zhuǎn)動

Roll over 轉(zhuǎn)腕動作球場上草或其他植物明顯長于球道上的草的區(qū)域

Rough 粗草區(qū) 位于球道一側(cè)或者兩側(cè)的球洞部分，鄰近球座、果嶺和障礙，沒有經(jīng)過修剪的草區(qū)。

Rough 粗草區(qū) 指沿著球道邊不割草的粗草區(qū)，用以處罰偏離的擊球

rough 粗草區(qū)

Round 回合﹝一回合18洞﹞，場

Round 輪滾動球一般球位于球洞區(qū)周緣處或球與球洞區(qū)之間草修剪得短而整齊且地面十分平坦時以及球位于裸地上時使用，其打尖接近于推桿的打法，是球洞區(qū)周圍近距離打法中最安全可靠、準(zhǔn)確性最高的，甚至可以把它看成是延長至球洞區(qū)外的推擊球。

Running shot近距離滾動球的擊球

S Swing 揮桿

Sand green 沙地球場 Sand tee 沙土球座

Sand trap 沙坑類的障礙物

Sand trap 沙土障礙

Sand wedge 沙土障礙球棒

Sand wedge 沙坑挖起桿 桿面極大的球桿，又名沙坑鐵桿，有一很寬的凸緣設(shè)計(jì)來從沙坑中擊球。寬的凸緣可以使球桿頭從沙坑中擊出球。美籍選手金．沙拉森被認(rèn)為是沙坑桿的發(fā)明者。

Sandblaster 沙土障礙

Scare 棒頭

Scissors action 剪式擊球法

Sclaff 球棒擦地?fù)羟?/p>

Scoop 挖泥機(jī) 由馬匹拉曳的車輛，是早期建造高球場用來挖土的Scoop 鏟擊球

score card 記分卡

Score Cards 計(jì)分卡

Scotch four 雙打比賽

Scratch平打，未讓桿

Scratch player 不需讓分的選手

Scruff 擦過草地

Seaside course 海濱球場

Selective drive 選擇性擊球

Seven iron 7號鐵頭球棒/鐵桿

Shaft 球棒桿部

Shaft 桿身

Shag 拾球集中

Shank 棒擊球

Short 球未打遠(yuǎn)，球停在穴前

Short cut 縮短球路

Short game 擊近球技術(shù)

Short game 短擊 系指離果嶺100碼內(nèi)的擊球，特別指起撲球，沙坑球，和推桿

Short hole 短距離球穴

short hole 短洞

Short iron 鐵頭短棒

Short iron 短鐵桿 桿面有斜角的鐵桿，用以近距切球上果嶺，或擊球越過障礙區(qū)或障礙物

Shot 擊球

Shut face 棒頭底部朝地

Side hill lie 停在球穴側(cè)坡上的球

Side spin 側(cè)旋球

Single 單差點(diǎn)

Single player 讓十棒內(nèi)的球員

Sink 擊球入穴

Six iron 6號鐵頭球棒

Slance 擊球姿勢

Slice 右曲線球

Slice 右旋球 右手型球手擊出的劇烈偏向右邊的球或者左手握桿型球手擊出的劇烈偏向左邊。其劇烈程度甚于右曲球。

Slice 右曲球 擊球帶有相當(dāng)順時鐘旋轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)致劇烈向右彎曲

Slice spinning 右曲線擊球

Slow back 向后慢揮球棒

Small size 小號球

Smoke ball 彩球

Socket 球桿后部擊球，棒頸

Sole 棒頭底面

Spectacle bunker 最難過的障礙

Splash shot 濺擊

Spoon 棒鉤，3號木頭球棒

Spoon 木桿 具有桿面斜角的球道木桿，相當(dāng)於現(xiàn)代之三號木桿

Square stance 側(cè)立擊球姿勢

Stance 擊球姿勢 瞄球時腳站立的位置。

Stance 站位

Start 出發(fā)臺

Starting order 開球順序

Stiff 僵硬

Stone-dead 停止不動

Stop 強(qiáng)后旋

Straddle 開立過寬

Stroke 擊球 球桿頭部前移，旨在擊球。

Stroke 擊球

Stroke competition 擊數(shù)比賽

Stroke play 擊數(shù)比賽

Stroke play 總桿賽 系指比賽的形式，比較每一位參賽球員完成一回合所需的總桿數(shù)，以最少桿數(shù)者為優(yōu)勝。再職業(yè)巡回賽中，總桿賽以大幅取代比洞賽。

Stymie 妨礙球 這是一種情況，當(dāng)某位選手的球阻擋另一位選手的球通往旗桿球洞路徑。被阻擋的選手被要求得擊越妨礙球。妨礙球是由美國高球與皇家古典高爾夫俱樂部於1951年所訂立。

Stymie /stymy 妨礙球，場阻礙球

Sudden death 驟死延長賽

Sunday death hole 加賽穴，決勝穴

Sunday golfer 星期天打高爾夫球的人

Surlyn 舍林 是一種熱塑形樹脂的商標(biāo)，類似天然橡膠，用於高爾夫球的制造。這市極富彈性的物質(zhì)而不會被球桿所擊壞。

Sweep 掃擊

Sweep spot 棒頭擊球面的中心點(diǎn)

Sweet Spot 甜蜜點(diǎn) 試指高爾夫球桿面上精準(zhǔn)的一點(diǎn)，通常在中心點(diǎn)，擊球時可以傳達(dá)最大可能的能量。一個球被此點(diǎn)擊中將比被其他點(diǎn)擊中可以飛行的更遠(yuǎn)

Swing 揮棒，揮桿

Swing arc：揮桿弧 揮桿過程中由球桿桿頭劃出的弧形軌跡，一般為橢圓形或圓形。揮桿弧的大小、形狀、與地面所成的角度等因球桿的長短、揮桿的技術(shù)類型的不同而有所差別。

Swing exercise 揮棒/揮桿練習(xí)

Take back 向後拉桿、開始上揮。

Tee 開球球座 球離開發(fā)球區(qū)之前所放置的小座子。發(fā)球區(qū)本身有時候也被稱為開球球座?，F(xiàn)在一般直接稱為“球座”或“梯臺”。

Tee 開球球座 系指在每一洞擊出第一桿的地區(qū)，經(jīng)過密集的割草。亦指置球座

Tee 開球處，球座

Tee area 開球區(qū)

Tee box 開球區(qū)

Tee ground 開球區(qū)

tee ground 發(fā)球臺

Tee mark 球座標(biāo)志

Tee off 開球

Tee shot 開球

Tee up 放在秋座上

Teeing 球座

Teeing ground 開球區(qū)，球場

Teeing ground 發(fā)球區(qū)

Temporary green 臨時球場

Ten-yard line 十碼線

Third 第三穴讓一擊

Three ball march 三人比賽

Three ball match 三球賽

Three more 多三擊

Three some 三人賽，一對二

Three-quarter swing 四分之三向后揮棒

Through the green 中間球路

Tie平手

Tip： 球桿桿身最細(xì)、插入桿頭的部分。

Toe 球棒突出部分

Tom Thumb golf 庭園式小型高爾夫球比賽

Tomstone golf 立旗比賽，打遠(yuǎn)比賽

Top 指擊至球的上方而造成失誤之擊球

Top 球桿擊到球上部

Top 削頂球

Top heavy 棒頭沉

Top of swing 上頂點(diǎn)指揮

Top swing 向后揮棒的頂點(diǎn)

Topspin 上旋球

Torsion 扭力

Trap 沙坑，障礙，沙土障礙

Trap 砂坑

Triple bogey 高於標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿三桿

Two-shotter 兩擊穴位

Uncock 非曲腕揮桿

Under average 差數(shù)計(jì)分

Under club 短球桿

Under clubbing 使用小號球棒

Under handicap 差數(shù)加讓分?jǐn)?shù)的計(jì)分法

Under handicap 差點(diǎn)計(jì)分

Under one 總桿數(shù)比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿少一桿，其余類推

Under par 低於標(biāo)準(zhǔn)桿

Undulation 球道

Unplayble 死球

Up 領(lǐng)先穴數(shù)

Up and down 地面的起伏

Up hill lie 球停在上坡路上

Up to go 一種比賽成績表示法

Upper blow 向上擊球

Upright lie近90度的棒頸

Upright swing 高揮棒，直舉揮棒

Upswing 向后揮棒

USGA 美國高爾夫協(xié)會 是United States Golf Association的字頭語縮寫

USPGA 美國職業(yè)高爾夫協(xié)會 是United States Professional Golfer's Association的字頭語縮寫

V shape V 型握法

Vardon grip 瓦登握桿法 這是一種握桿法以右手小指疊在左手無名指之上的握桿法。系由哈利．瓦登所推廣，雖然不是它發(fā)明的

Veil grip 反疊指握棒法

Violent dig 掘出障礙球

Violent dig 掘擊

Waggle 準(zhǔn)備活動

water harzard 池糖

Water hazard 水障礙 高爾夫球道上的河流、湖泊、池塘或者小溪，通常用柱子標(biāo)出障礙界限。

Water hazard 積水處 如小河.水潭

Water hazards 水障礙，水坑障礙區(qū)

Wedge 挖起桿，楔形棒頭

Well out!打得好！打出沙坑的好球

Whipping 纏繞綁法 用上蠟的線纏繞桿身與桿頭銜接的地方?，F(xiàn)代科技已不需如此做

Whipping 纏繩 Whippy 軟球桿

Wind-up 向上揮桿時身體扭轉(zhuǎn)

Wing lunber 草坪地帶兩側(cè)障礙

Winning shot 決定勝負(fù)的擊球

Winter green 冬季場地

Winter Rules 冬季規(guī)則

Wood 木頭球棒木柱，球柱

Wood shot 木頭球棒擊球

Wooden club 木桿

Woods 木桿

World cup 世界盃

Wrist shot 腕力擊球

Wrong ball 對方的球

Yard 碼

Yard post 距離標(biāo)志

Yardage 碼距

Yips 易普 神經(jīng)失常破壞了推桿的能力，使得推桿a時抽動或急拉

第二篇：中英文簡歷詞匯

中英文大學(xué)課程對照表：

應(yīng)用生物學(xué) Applied Biology 醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù) Medical Technology

細(xì)胞生物學(xué) Cell Biology 醫(yī)學(xué) Medicine

生物學(xué) Biology 護(hù)理麻醉學(xué) Nurse Anesthesia

進(jìn)化生物學(xué) Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科學(xué) Oral Surgery

海洋生物學(xué) Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科學(xué) Oral/Dental Sciences

微生物學(xué) Microbiology 骨科醫(yī)學(xué) Osteopathic Medicine

分子生物學(xué) Molecular Biology 耳科學(xué) Otology

醫(yī)學(xué)微生物學(xué) Medical Microbiology 理療學(xué) Physical Therapy

口腔生物學(xué) Oral Biology 足病醫(yī)學(xué) Podiatric Medicine

寄生物學(xué) Parasutology 眼科學(xué) Ophthalmology

植物生物學(xué) Plant Physiology 預(yù)防醫(yī)學(xué) Preventive Medicine

心理生物學(xué) Psychobiology 放射學(xué) Radiology

放射生物學(xué) Radiation Biology 康復(fù)咨詢學(xué) Rehabilitation Counseling

理論生物學(xué) Theoretical Biology 康復(fù)護(hù)理學(xué) Rehabilitation Nursing

野生生物學(xué) Wildlife Biology 外科護(hù)理學(xué) Surgical Nursing

環(huán)境生物學(xué) Environmental Biology 治療學(xué) Therapeutics

運(yùn)動生物學(xué) Exercise Physiology 畸形學(xué) Teratology

有機(jī)體生物學(xué) Organismal Biology 獸醫(yī)學(xué) Veterinary Sciences

生物統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué) Biometrics 牙科衛(wèi)生學(xué) Dental Sciences

生物物理學(xué)

Biophysics 牙科科學(xué) Dentistry

生物心理學(xué) Biopsychology 皮膚學(xué) Dermatology

生物統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué) Biostatistics 內(nèi)分泌學(xué) Endocrinology

生物工藝學(xué) Biotechnology 遺傳學(xué) Genetics

生物化學(xué) Biological Chemistry 解剖學(xué) Anatomy

生物工程學(xué) Biological Engineering 麻醉學(xué) Anesthesia

生物數(shù)學(xué) Biomathematics 臨床科學(xué) Clinical Science

生物醫(yī)學(xué)科學(xué) Biomedical Science 臨床心理學(xué) Clinical Psychology

細(xì)胞生物學(xué)和分子生物學(xué) Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病護(hù)理學(xué) Psychiatric Nursing

name 姓名 alias 別名 pen name 筆名 date of birth 出生日期 birth date 出生日期 born 出生于 birth place 出生地點(diǎn) age 年齡 native place 籍貫 province 省 city 市 autonomous region 自治區(qū) prefecture 專區(qū) county 縣 nationality 民族，國籍 citizenship 國籍 duel citizenship 雙重國籍 address 地址 current address 目前地址 present address 目前地址 permanent address 永久地址 postal code 郵政編碼 home phone 住宅電話 office phone 辦公電話 business phone 辦公電話 Tel.電話 sex 性別 male 男 female 女 height 身高 weight 體重 marital status 婚姻狀況 family status 家庭狀況 married 已婚 single/unmarried 未婚 divorced 離異 separated 分居 number of children 子女人數(shù) none 無 street 街 lane 胡同，巷 road 路 district 區(qū) house number 門牌 health 健康狀況 health condition 健康狀況 blood type 血型 short-sighted近視 far-sighted 遠(yuǎn)視 color-blind 色盲 ID card No.身份證號碼 date of availability 可到職時間 available 可到職 membership 會員，資格 president 會長 vice-president 副會長 director 理事 standing director 常務(wù)理事 secretary general 秘書長 society 學(xué)會 association 協(xié)會 research society 研究會

教育程度詞匯

education 學(xué)歷 educational background 教育程度 educational history 學(xué)歷 curriculum 課程 major 主修 minor 副修 educational highlights 課程重點(diǎn)部分 curriculum included 課程包括 specialized courses 專門課程 courses taken 所學(xué)課程 courses completed 所學(xué)課程 special training 特別訓(xùn)練 social practice 社會實(shí)踐 part-time jobs 業(yè)余工作 summer jobs 暑期工作 vacation jobs 假期工作 refresher course 進(jìn)修課程 extracurricular activities 課外活動 physical activities 體育活動 recreational activities 娛樂活動 academic activities 學(xué)術(shù)活動 social activities 社會活動 rewards 獎勵 scholarship 獎學(xué)金 “Three Goods” student 三好學(xué)生 excellent League member 優(yōu)秀團(tuán)員 excellent leader 優(yōu)秀干部 student council 學(xué)生會 off-job training 脫產(chǎn)培訓(xùn) in-job training 在職培訓(xùn) educational system 學(xué)制 academic year 學(xué)年 semester 學(xué)期（美）term 學(xué)期（英）president 校長 vice-president 副校長 dean 院長 assistant dean 副院長 academic dean 教務(wù)長 department chairman 系主任 professor 教授 associate professor 副教授 guest professor 客座教授 lecturer 講師 teaching assistant 助教 research fellow 研究員 research assistant 助理研究員 supervisor 論文導(dǎo)師 principal 中學(xué)校長（美）headmaster 中學(xué)校長（英）master 小學(xué)校長（美）dean of studies 教務(wù)長 dean of students 教導(dǎo)主任 dean of students 教導(dǎo)主任teacher 教師 probation teacher 代課教師 tutor 家庭教師 governess 女家庭教師 intelligence quotient 智商pass 及格 fail 不及格 marks 分?jǐn)?shù) grades 分?jǐn)?shù) scores 分?jǐn)?shù) examination 考試 grade 年級 class 班級 monitor 班長 vice-monitor 副班長 commissary in charge of studies 學(xué)習(xí)委員 commissary in charge of entertainment 文娛委員 commissary in charge of sports 體育委員 commissary in charge of physical labor 勞動委員 Party branch secretary 黨支部書記 League branch secretary 團(tuán)支部書記 commissary in charge of organization 組織委員 commissary in charge of publicity 宣傳委員 degree 學(xué)位 post doctorate 博士后 doctor(Ph.D)博士 master 碩士 bachelor 學(xué)士 student 學(xué)生 graduate student 研究生 abroad student 留學(xué)生returned student 回國留學(xué)生 foreign student 外國學(xué)生 undergraduate 大學(xué)肄業(yè)生senior 大學(xué)四年級學(xué)生；高中三年級學(xué)生 Junior 大學(xué)三年級學(xué)生；高中二年級學(xué)生 sophomore 大學(xué)二年級學(xué)生；高中一年級學(xué)生 freshman 大學(xué)一年級學(xué)生 guest student 旁聽生（英）auditor 旁聽生（美）government-supported student 公費(fèi)生 commoner 自費(fèi)生 extern 走讀生 day-student 走讀生 intern 實(shí)習(xí)生 prize fellow 獎學(xué)金生 boarder 寄宿生 classmate 同班同學(xué) schoolmate 同校同學(xué) graduate 畢業(yè)生

工作經(jīng)歷詞匯

accomplish 完成（任務(wù)等）achievements 工作成就，業(yè)績adapted to 適應(yīng)于adept in 善于administer 管理advanced worker 先進(jìn)工作者 analyze 分析appointed 被任命的assist 輔助authorized 委任的；核準(zhǔn)的 be promoted to 被提升為 be proposed as 被提名為；被推薦為behave 表現(xiàn)breakthrough 驚人的進(jìn)展，關(guān)鍵問題的解決break the record 打破記錄business background 工作經(jīng)歷business experience 工作經(jīng)歷business history 工作經(jīng)歷 conduct 經(jīng)營，處理control 控制cost 成本；費(fèi)用create 創(chuàng)造decrease 減少demonstrate 證明，示范design 設(shè)計(jì)develop 開發(fā)，發(fā)揮devise 設(shè)計(jì)，發(fā)明direct 指導(dǎo)double 加倍，翻一番 duties 職責(zé)earn 獲得，賺取effect 效果，作用eliminate 消除employment experience工作經(jīng)歷employment record 工作經(jīng)歷employment 工作enlarge 擴(kuò)大enliven 搞活enrich 使豐富establish 設(shè)立（公司等）；使開業(yè)；確立evaluation 估價，評價excellent League member 優(yōu)秀團(tuán)員 excellent Party member 優(yōu)秀黨員execute 實(shí)行，實(shí)施 expand 推廣；擴(kuò)大expedite 加快；促進(jìn)experience 經(jīng)歷exploit開發(fā)（資源，產(chǎn)品）export 出口found 創(chuàng)立generate 產(chǎn)生good at 擅長于 guide 指導(dǎo)；操縱implement 完成，實(shí)施import 進(jìn)口improve 改進(jìn)，提高increase 增加influence 影響initiate 創(chuàng)始，開創(chuàng)innovate 改革，革新inspired 受啟發(fā)的；受鼓舞的 install 安裝integrate 使結(jié)合；使一體化introduce 采用，引進(jìn)invent 發(fā)明 invest 投資 job title 職位justified 經(jīng)證明的；合法化的 launch 開辦（新企業(yè)）lead 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)lengthen 延長lessen 減少（生產(chǎn)成本）level 水平localize 使地方化maintain 保持；維修make 制造manage 管理，經(jīng)營manufacture 制造mastered 精通的modernize 使現(xiàn)代化motivate 促進(jìn)，激發(fā) negotiate 談判nominated 被提名的；被任命的 occupational history 工作經(jīng)歷operate 操作，開動（機(jī)器等），經(jīng)營（廠礦）organize 組織 originate 創(chuàng)始，發(fā)明 overcome 克服（困難等）participate in 參加perfect 使完善；改善 perform 執(zhí)行，履行plan 計(jì)劃 position 職位professional history 職業(yè)經(jīng)歷 professional 職業(yè)經(jīng)歷profit 利潤promote 生產(chǎn)，制造promote 推銷（商品）；創(chuàng)立（企業(yè)）等 provide 提供，供應(yīng)raise 提高reach 達(dá)到realize 實(shí)

現(xiàn)（目標(biāo)等）；獲得（利潤）receive 收到，得到，接受recognize 認(rèn)清（職責(zé)等）recommended 被推薦的；被介紹的 reconsolidate 重新鞏固；重新整頓reconstruct 重建 recorded 記載的recover 恢復(fù)；彌補(bǔ) rectify 整頓，調(diào)整redouble 加倍，倍增 reduce 減少，降低（成本等）refine 精練，精制 reform 改革regenerate 更新，使更生registered 已注冊的 regularize 使系統(tǒng)化 regulate 控制（費(fèi)用等）rehandle 重鑄；重新處理 rehash 以新形式處理（舊材料）reinforce 加強(qiáng)reckon 計(jì)算（成本等）renew 重建，換新renovate 革新；修理 repair 修復(fù)，修補(bǔ)replace 接替，替換 representative 代表，代理人research 調(diào)查，研究resolve 解決responsibilities 職責(zé)second job 第二職業(yè)set 創(chuàng)造（紀(jì)錄等）settle 解決（問題等）shorten 減低......效能show 顯示,表明 significant 重要的,有效的simplify 簡化,精簡 solve 解決sort out 清理specific experience 具體經(jīng)歷speed up 加速 sponsor 主辦spread 傳播,擴(kuò)大 standard 標(biāo)準(zhǔn),規(guī)格 streamline 把......設(shè)計(jì)流線型strengthen 加強(qiáng),鞏固 study 研究succeed 成功 supervise 監(jiān)督,管理supply 供給,滿足(需要)systematize 使系統(tǒng)化target 目標(biāo),指標(biāo) test 試驗(yàn),檢驗(yàn)top 頭等的,最高的 total 總數(shù),總額translate 翻譯,轉(zhuǎn)化 travel 旅行unify 使成一體,統(tǒng)一 use 使用，運(yùn)用useful 有用的 utilize 利用 valuable 有價值的vivify 使活躍 well-trained 訓(xùn)練有素的work experience 工作經(jīng)歷 work history 工作經(jīng)歷work 工作,起作用working model 勞動模范 worth 使......錢的,有......價值的個人品質(zhì)詞匯

able 有才干的，能干的 active 主動的，活躍的 adaptable 適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的 adroit 靈巧的，機(jī)敏的 aggressive 有進(jìn)取心的 alert 機(jī)靈的ambitious 有雄心壯志的 amiable 和藹可親的 amicable 友好的 analytical 善于分析的 apprehensive 有理解力的 aspiring 有志氣的，有抱負(fù)的 audacious 大膽的，有冒險精神的 capable 有能力的，有才能的 careful 辦事仔細(xì)的 candid 正直的 charitable 寬厚的 competent 能勝任的 confident 有信心的 conscientious 認(rèn)真的，自覺的 considerate 體貼的 constructive 建設(shè)性的 contemplative 好沉思的 cooperative 有合作精神的 creative 富創(chuàng)造力的 dashing 有一股子沖勁的，有拼搏精神的 dedicated 有奉獻(xiàn)精神的 devoted 有獻(xiàn)身精神的 dependable 可靠的 diplomatic 老練的，有策略的 disciplined 守紀(jì)律的 discreet（在行動，說話等方面）謹(jǐn)慎的 dutiful 盡職的 dynamic 精悍的 earnest 認(rèn)真的 well-educated 受過良好教育的 efficient 有效率的 energetic 精力充沛的 enthusiastic 充滿熱情的 expressive 善于表達(dá) faithful 守信的，忠誠的 forceful（性格）堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的 frank 直率的，真誠的 friendly 友好的 frugal 儉樸的 generous 寬宏大量的 genteel 有教養(yǎng)的 gentle 有禮貌的 hard-working 勤勞的 hearty 精神飽滿的 honest 誠實(shí)的hospitable 殷勤的 humble 恭順的 humorous 幽默的 impartial 公正的 independent 有主見的 industrious 勤奮的ingenious 有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的 initiative 首創(chuàng)精神have an inquiring mind 愛動腦筋 intellective 有智力的intelligent 理解力強(qiáng)的 inventive 有發(fā)明才能的，有創(chuàng)造力的 just 正直的kind-hearted 好心的 knowledgeable 有見識的 learned 精通某門學(xué)問的 liberal 心胸寬大的 logical 條理分明的 loyal 忠心耿耿的 methodical 有方法的 modest 謙虛的 motivated 目的明確的objective 客觀的 open-minded 虛心的 orderly 守紀(jì)律的 original 有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的 painstaking 辛勤的，苦干的，刻苦的 practical 實(shí)際的 precise 一絲不茍的 persevering 不屈不撓的punctual 嚴(yán)守時刻的purposeful 意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的 qualified 合格的 rational 有理性的 realistic 實(shí)事求是的reasonable 講道理的 reliable 可信賴的 responsible 負(fù)責(zé)的 self-conscious 自覺的 selfless 無私的 sensible 明白事理的sincere 真誠的 smart 精明的 spirited 生氣勃勃的 sporting 光明正大的 steady 塌實(shí)的 straightforward 老實(shí)的 strict 嚴(yán)格的 systematic 有系統(tǒng)的 strong-willed 意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的 sweet-tempered 性情溫和的 temperate 穩(wěn)健的 tireless 孜孜不倦的英文簡歷的基本內(nèi)容

1.個人情況：Name, Sex, Date of Birth, Place of Birth, Permaanent Domicile, Nationality, Martial Status, Children, Religion, Party Affiliation, Health, Height, Weight, Present Address, Permanent Address.2.職業(yè)意向:Objective/or: Position Wanted: A position as English Instructor, preferably handling students from the intermediate to the advanced levels

3.資歷: QUALIFICATIONS: Bachelor of Arts in Business Administration, major in marketing.4.經(jīng)歷(Job Experience）:一般逆序?qū)憽?/p>

Job Experience

5/86-12/86 University of California Press, Berkeley, California

Editorial and Marketing Trainee

5/86-8/86 Wyatt and Duncan Interiors, Berkeley, California

Sales Clerk

5.文化程度(Education):一般逆序?qū)?，可以包括主要課程。例如：

Master of Science with concentration in Electronics,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from Sept.,1985 to June, 1987

Bechelor of Science

Beijing University, Department of Electrical Engineering, from Sept.,1981 to July, 1985

6.技術(shù)資歷與特長(Technical Qualifications/ Special Skills)

7.著作及專利(Publications and Patents)

8.社會活動(Social Activity)

9.榮譽(yù)與獎勵(Honours and Awards)

10.愛好及興趣(Hobbies and Interests)

11.證明人(References)

Health and Medical（醫(yī)學(xué)與健康）

Clinical Director 醫(yī)療主任 Cardiologist 心臟病專家

Dental Hygienist 牙科保健 Chiropractor 脊椎指壓治療者

Dental Technician 牙科技師 Dental Assistant 牙科助理

Dietary Technician 食療技師 Dentist 牙科醫(yī)生

Emergency Medical Technician 急診技師 Dietician 飲食專家

Fitness Instructor 健美師 Home Health Aide 家庭護(hù)理

Health Services Coordinator 健康服務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)員 Lab Technician 實(shí)驗(yàn)技師

Hospital Supervisor 醫(yī)院管理員 Nurse 護(hù)士

Medical Records Clerk 病歷員 Nursing Aide 看護(hù)助手

Medical Technologist 醫(yī)療專家 Nursing Supervisor 護(hù)士長

Nursing Administrator 看護(hù)員 Nutritionist 營養(yǎng)學(xué)家

Nursing Home Manager 家護(hù)管理員 Optician 眼科醫(yī)生

Occupational Therapist 職業(yè)療法 Orthodontist 整牙醫(yī)生

Veterinary Assistant 助理獸醫(yī) Pharmacist 藥學(xué)師

Pharmacy Technician 藥品技師 Psychiatrist 精神病醫(yī)師

Physical Therapist 理療師 Surgeon 外科醫(yī)生

Physician's Assistant 助理醫(yī)師 Veterinarian 獸醫(yī)

Respiratory Therapist 有氧治療師 Pediatrician 兒科醫(yī)生

Speech Pathologist 語言心理學(xué)家

Education and Library Science(教育部分)

Daycare Worker 保育員 ESL Teacher 第二外語教師

Developmental Educator 發(fā)展教育家 Head Teacher 高級教師

Foreign Language Teacher 外語教師 Librarian 圖書管理員

Guidance Counselor 指導(dǎo)顧問 Music Teacher 音樂教師

Library Technician 圖書管理員 Nanny 保姆

Physical Education Teacher 物理教師 Principal 校長

School Psychologist 心理咨詢教師 Teacher 教師

Special Needs Educator 特種教育家 Teacher Aide 助理教師

Art Instructor 藝術(shù)教師 Computer Teacher 計(jì)算機(jī)教師

College Professor 大學(xué)教授 Coach 教練員

Assistant Dean of Students 助理訓(xùn)導(dǎo)長 Archivist 案卷保管員

Vocational Counselor 職業(yè)顧問 Tutor 家教、輔導(dǎo)教師

Executive and Managerial(管理部分)

Retail Store Manager 零售店經(jīng)理 Food Service Manager 食品服務(wù)經(jīng)理

Executive Marketing Director 市場行政總監(jiān) HMO Administrator 醫(yī)療保險管理Assistant Store Manager 商店經(jīng)理助理 Operations Manager 操作經(jīng)理

Assistant Vice-President 副總裁助理 Production Manager 生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理

Chief Executive Officer(CEO)首席執(zhí)行官 Property Manager 房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)理

Chief Operations Officer(COO)首席運(yùn)營官 Branch Manager 部門經(jīng)理

Controller(International)國際監(jiān)管 Claims Examiner 主考官

Director of Operations 運(yùn)營總監(jiān) Controller(General)管理員

Field Assurance Coordinator 土地?fù)?dān)保協(xié)調(diào)員 General Manager 總經(jīng)理

Management Consultant 管理顧問 District Manager 市區(qū)經(jīng)理

Hospital Administrator 醫(yī)院管理 President 總統(tǒng)

Import/Export Manager 進(jìn)出口經(jīng)理 Product Manager 產(chǎn)品經(jīng)理

Insurance Claims Controller 保險認(rèn)領(lǐng)管理員 Program Manager 程序管理經(jīng)理Insurance Coordinator 保險協(xié)調(diào)員 Project Manager 項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理

Inventory Control Manager 庫存管理經(jīng)理 Regional Manager 區(qū)域經(jīng)理

Manager(Non-Profit and Charities)非盈利性慈善機(jī)構(gòu)管理 Service Manager 服務(wù)經(jīng)理Manufacturing Manager 制造業(yè)經(jīng)理 Vending Manager 售買經(jīng)理

Telecommunications Manager 電信業(yè)經(jīng)理 Vice-President 副總裁

Transportation Manager 運(yùn)輸經(jīng)理 Warehouse Manager 倉庫經(jīng)理

Legal and Protective Services(法律部分）

Police Officer 警員 Fire Fighter 消防員

Police Sergeant 警官 Guard 保衛(wèi)

Assistant Attorney General 首席檢察官助理 Law Clerk 法律職員

Contracts Manager 合同管理員 Law Student 司法學(xué)生

Ombudsman 反貪調(diào)查員 Paralegal 律師專職助手

Security Manager 保安經(jīng)理 Patent Agent 專利代理商

Legal Assistant 法律助理 Court Officer 法庭保衛(wèi)

Legal Secretary 法律秘書 Court Reporter 法庭記者

第三篇：高爾夫球具中英文對照

高爾夫球具術(shù)語中英文對照

高爾夫球具（Golf Club）

1、高爾夫球具之三主件分別為球頭、球桿與握把。

2、球頭(Head)：系球具組合中最重要的部份，包括鐵頭(Iron)、木頭(Wood)與推桿(Putter)。

3、球桿(Shaft)：包含鐵桿（Seet shaft）及石墨球(Graphte shaft)。

4、握把(Grip)：組合中最容易被忽視的，包含真皮、合成皮與橡膠三種材質(zhì)。

Backweight(ing)

后重

為使重心(Center of gravity)后移，于木桿球頭（Wood Head）背部增加重量，此加重物稱為后重。

Biadelength

前刃長度

鐵桿球桿(Iron head)最前端至跟部(Hell)之彎曲處，其長度稱之。

Boring

頸孔

指球頭頸部(Neck)之孔，裝配(Assembly)時，供球桿(Sahft)插入之用。

Bounce(or Inversion)

翹角

當(dāng)鐵桿球頭平置于打擊位置時，其底部(Sole)之前緣比后緣高。

Bulge(or Hopizontal face)

水平弧形面

木桿球頭面部(Face)呈水平之弧線。

Butt

大端或粗端

指球桿較粗的那一端。

Camber 圓弧底

指鐵桿球頭底部，自前緣至后緣，或趾部(Toe)至跟部，其圓弧稱之，又稱為 Rocker Sole，Radiused Sole，2 Way Sole & 4 Way Sole。

Crown

頂部

指木桿球頭最上方有弧度之區(qū)域。

Decals

水標(biāo)

指貼印于球頭表面之字體或圖案。

Deep Face

高打擊或高面仔

指木桿球頭面部高于 15/8 吋者。

Effective Loft(Also Real Loft)

有效傾角

指木桿球具，當(dāng)面角(Face Angel)

為正(Square 0 度)時，其傾角之角度。

Face

打擊面

指木桿或鐵桿球頭擊球部位。

Face Centerline

面部中心線

過面部與底線(Sole Line)垂直之線。

Face Depth

面高

指球頭打擊面之高度，一般分為低面仔、普通打擊面和高面仔。

Face Angel

面角

指目標(biāo)線(Target Line)與打擊面所構(gòu)成之角度。

Face Progression

桿心面距

指球頭打擊面之最端至桿中心線(Shaft Centerline)之距離。

Ferrule

小膠套

指安裝于球頭桿端與球桿銜接處，使之平順之物。

Forging

鍛造

球頭制造方式次一種，其材質(zhì)較軟。

Graphite

石墨

球頭材質(zhì)之一種，樹脂(Resin)中含有碳纖維(Carbglass)。

Graphie Compostte

石墨復(fù)合材料

石墨材料中除有碳纖維外，還含有其它纖維，如玻纖(Fiberglass)。

Ground Line

地平線

一條平直之底線。

Head Width

球頭寬度

指球頭自前緣至后緣之距離。

Heel

跟部

指球頭頸部與底部之連接處。

Heel/Toe Weigitting

跟 / 趾部重量

指球頭跟部與趾部之重量分配，用以影響擊球中心。

Hosel

桿部

指球頭與球桿之連接處，頸部含于桿部之中。

Insert(or Inlay)

面板

鑲?cè)朊娌?，以增加擊球時承受撞擊力之物。

Investment Casting

精密鑄造

亦稱脫臘法(Lost Wax)，是球頭制造方式之一種，其材質(zhì)有 431、304(18-8)，17-4PH，銅合金等多種。

Laminated

合板

一種生產(chǎn)木桿球頭之材質(zhì)。

Length-club

球具長度

亦稱(Club Length)，指自球頭跟部至握把弧間之長度。

Lie

仰角

桿中心線與垂直于面中心線之地線，兩線所構(gòu)成之角度，仰角太大會造成翹頭(Upright)，太小會造成低頭(Flat)。

Loet

傾角

桿中心線與面中心線之間，兩線所構(gòu)所之角度。

Master

母模

制作球頭時，最先完成之模型。

Neck

頸部

桿部與球頭木體之連接處。

Offset

桿邊面距

指頭打擊面之最前端至桿邊之距離。

Preweter Weighting

外圍重量

指球頭重量特別分布于外圍，以擴(kuò)前其甜蜜區(qū)(Sweetspot)。

F…Simmon

柿木

最傳統(tǒng)之木桿球頭材質(zhì)。

Roll(or Vertical Face)

垂直弧形面

木桿球頭面部呈垂直之弧形線。

Scoop(or Dig)

挖角

當(dāng)鐵桿球頭平置于打擊位置時，其底部之后緣比前緣高。

Set-Makeup

球具組

根據(jù) USGA 規(guī)定，一套球具不得超出 14 支球桿。

Shaft Flex

球桿彈性度

根據(jù)彎曲儀，可測出球桿之彈性度，一般可分為Ｘ(超硬)、Ｓ(硬)、Ｒ(一般)、Ａ(軟)、Ｌ(女用)等五級。

Shaft Frequnce

球桿震頻率

根據(jù)震動測定儀，可測出其震動頻率，CPN 為其單位。

Shallow Face

低打擊面或低面仔

指木桿球頭面部低于 11/8 吋者。

Slope Angle

斜角

指鐵桿球頭底線與刃部頂線，所構(gòu)成之夾角。

Sole

底部

指球頭與地面接觸之部位。

Sole Angel

底角

指球頭底部與地線所構(gòu)成之夾角含翹角與挖角。

Sole Line

底線

指球頭底部與地面接觸，所產(chǎn)生之線。

Soleplate 底板

指球頭底部之金屬防護(hù)片，有加重及防磨損之作用。

Swing Weighting

揮桿重量

指測量揮桿時，其分配在球桿上之重量。

Target Line

目標(biāo)線

指球具至目標(biāo)開的一條假想線。

Tip

小端或細(xì)端

球桿較細(xì)的那一端。

Toe

趾部

球頭之最前端。

Top Line

刃部頂線

球頭面部上端與背上端之交會處。

Torque

扭力

揮桿時，對球桿造成之扭轉(zhuǎn)力。

Trajectory

彈道

球被擊出后，其飛行經(jīng)過處。

Vise Pads

護(hù)套

保護(hù)木桿球頭之套子。

Whhpping

繞線

木桿球頭頸部通常會用尼龍線予纏繞，以增強(qiáng)頸部之抗力彈性。

P SH

磨光指球頭表面 之磨光程度

Mirror Finsh 亮光 Satin Finish 緞光

Wbration Finsh 震光

Hosel Shape

桿狀指桿端之型狀

Even平桿： Wtth Eerrule Round 圓桿： No Ferrule Slope 斜桿： No Ferrule

Whipping 繞線： Wood Head Only

此文轉(zhuǎn)載自9d8d.com酒店寶典：http://

第四篇：相關(guān)中英文詞匯(一)

work history 工作經(jīng)歷

occupational hisstory 工作經(jīng)歷

professional 職業(yè)經(jīng)歷

employment 工作

employment history 工作經(jīng)歷

experience 經(jīng)歷

business experience 工作經(jīng)歷

specific experince 具體經(jīng)歷

employment record 工作經(jīng)歷

business histoty 工作經(jīng)歷

employment experience 工作經(jīng)歷

business background 工作經(jīng)歷

position 職位

job title 職位

responsibilities 職責(zé)

duties職責(zé)

second job 第二職業(yè)

achievments 工作成就，業(yè)績

administer 管理

assist 輔助

adapted to 適應(yīng)于

accomplish 完成（任務(wù)等）

appointed 被任命的adept in 善于

analyze 分析

authorized 委任的；核準(zhǔn)的behave 表現(xiàn)

break the record 打破記錄

control 控制

breadthrough 驚人的進(jìn)展，關(guān)鍵問題的解決

conduct 經(jīng)營，處理

cost 成本；費(fèi)用

create 創(chuàng)造

demonstrate 證明，示范

decrease 減少

design 設(shè)計(jì)

develop 開發(fā)，發(fā)揮

devise 設(shè)計(jì)，發(fā)明

direct 指導(dǎo)

double 加倍，翻一番

earn 獲得，賺取

effect 效果，作用

eliminate 消除

enlarhe 擴(kuò)大

enrich 使豐富

exploit開發(fā)（資源，產(chǎn)品）

enliven 搞活

establish 設(shè)立（公司等）；使開業(yè)；確立

evaluation 估價，評價

execute 實(shí)行，實(shí)施

expand 推廣；擴(kuò)大

expedite 加快；促進(jìn)

export 出口

found 創(chuàng)立

generate 產(chǎn)生

good at 擅長于

guide 指導(dǎo)；操縱

implement 完成，實(shí)施

import 進(jìn)口

improve 改進(jìn)，提高

increase 增加

influence 影響

initiate 創(chuàng)始，開創(chuàng)

introduce 采用，引進(jìn)

innovate 改革，革新

inspired 受啟發(fā)的；受鼓舞的install 安裝

invest 投資

integrate 使結(jié)合；使一體化

invent 發(fā)明

justified 經(jīng)證明的；合法化的launch 開辦（新企業(yè)）

lead 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)

lengthen 延長

lessen 減少（生產(chǎn)成本）

level 水平

localize 使地方化

manage 管理，經(jīng)營

make 制造

maintain 保持；維修

manufacture 制造

modernize 使現(xiàn)代化

mastered 精通的motivate 促進(jìn)，激發(fā)

negotiate 談判

nominated 被提名的；被任命的operate 操作，開動（機(jī)器等），經(jīng)營（廠礦）

originate 創(chuàng)始，發(fā)明

organize 組織

overcome 克服（困難等）

participate in 參加

perfect 使完善；改善

perform 執(zhí)行，履行

plan 計(jì)劃

promote 生產(chǎn)，制造

profit 利潤

promote 推銷（商品）；創(chuàng)立（企業(yè)等）

be promoted to 被提升為

be proposed as 被提名為；被推薦為

provide 提供，供應(yīng)

raise 提高

reach 達(dá)到

realize 實(shí)現(xiàn)（目標(biāo)等）；獲得（利潤）

receive 收到，得到，接受

rekon計(jì)算（成本等）

recognize 認(rèn)清（職責(zé)等）

recommended 被推薦的；被介紹的reconsolidate 重新鞏固；重新整頓

reconstruct 重建

recorded 記載的recover 恢復(fù)；彌補(bǔ)

rectify 整頓，調(diào)整

redouble 加倍，倍增

reduce 減少，降低（成本等）

refine 精練，精制

reform 改革

registered 已注冊的regenerate 更新，使更生

regularize 使系統(tǒng)化

regulate 控制（費(fèi)用等）

rehandle 重鑄；重新處理

rehash 以新形式處理（舊材料）

reinforce 加強(qiáng)

renew 重建，換新

renovate 革新；修理

repair 修復(fù)，修補(bǔ)

第五篇：佛教中英文翻譯詞匯

佛教中英文口譯必備

佛教(Buddhism)

A Amitabha 阿彌陀佛 Anterior Tibet 前藏 一個大**，其廟叫祖卜寺(Tsurpu)Attisha 阿底峽 Avalokiteshvara 觀音

B Bhodisattva 菩薩 Bon(Black)本教(黑)Budda 佛 Dorje(多杰/藏文)C Chapel 佛堂 Circumanbulate 轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)道(v.)Circumanbulation 轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)道 Circumanbulator 轉(zhuǎn)經(jīng)道的人 Consort 明妃

D Dakini 空行母 Deity 明王 Dipamkara 燃燈佛；寶光佛 Disciplinarian 鐵棒喇嘛 Dorje 多杰(藏文:金剛)Dorje 金剛 Drakpa 和尚(藏文)Dratsang 扎倉(學(xué)校)Drepung 哲蚌寺 Drepung Monastry 哲蚌寺(拉薩三大寺之一)Drolma 卓瑪（藏文：度母）Drolma 度母（女菩薩）

E Emptiness 空 Enthronement 坐床 Esoteric Buddhism 密宗 Exotoric Buddhism 顯宗 F Form 色 Formless 無色

G Ganden Monastry 甘丹寺(拉薩三大寺之一)Ge－kor 鐵棒喇嘛薩三大 Great Perfection 大園滿 Green Tara 綠度母 Gulug(Yellow hat)格魯派 Guru 和沿(梵文)H Hayagriva 馬頭明主 Hinayana 小乘 Holy mountain 魂山 Hutukta **(蒙文)I Incarnated lama 轉(zhuǎn)世**

J Jampa 彌勒慈氏 Jokhang Temple 大昭寺

K Kaggu(White)噶舉 Kalachakra 時輪(金剛)Kangyur 甘珠爾(佛語)Karmapa 葛瑪巴 Khangtsen 康村(宿舍)Khatag 哈達(dá) Khenpo 堪布(主持)Kumbum 塔爾 Kunbum M.堪布寺(西寧)L Labrang Monastery.拉卜楞寺(甘南)Lama 喇嘛，指大和尚 Lek Trima 妙繪贊 Lineage 傳承 Lobsang 洛桑 Losang 洛桑

M Mahakala 大黑天(本教中神的名字)Mahayana 大乘 Main Assembly Hall 大經(jīng)堂 Maitreya 彌勒慈氏 Mandala 檀城 Mandala 曼陀螺 Manjushri 文殊(菩薩)Mantra 咒語 Master 上師(和尚)Material 色 Medicine Buddha 藥師佛 Monastry 寺院（比Temple大）Monk 和尚(小)Monlam 默然大法會 Monlam 傳昭大法會 Mudra 手印Nga 阿 N Ngari 阿里 Nirvan 涅盤 Nyingma 寧瑪 O Order 教派

P Padma 蓮花 Padmasambhava 蓮花生 Pagoda 佛塔 Palkor Chode 白居寺

Panchen Lama ** Partner 明妃 Pelden Lhamo 吉祥天女 Pelden Lhamo 班丹拉母 Potala 布達(dá)拉宮 Prayer meeting festival 傳昭大法會 Prayer wheel 傳經(jīng)筒 R Ramoche Temple 小昭寺 Reincarnation 靈童 Rinpoche **(通用)S Sakya(Stripe hat)花派(薩迦)Sect 教派 Sera Monastry 色拉寺(拉薩三大寺之一)Shakyamuni 施加摩尼 Shantarakshita 寂護(hù) Shantarakshita 靜命 Sharipu 舍利子(骨灰)Sku－Vbumchen－mo 白居寺 Sontzen Gampo 松贊干布 Soul mountain 魂山 Soul yak 魂牛 Stupa 靈塔 Sutra Chanting Hall 大經(jīng)堂

T Tara 度母（女菩薩）Tashilhunpo Monastry 扎時倫布寺(日喀澤)Temple 寺廟 Tengyur 丹珠爾(論部)喀澤 Tibetan Buddhism 藏傳佛教 Tibetan Studies 藏學(xué) Tibetan Tripitaka 大藏經(jīng) Tibetology 藏學(xué) Tradition 教派 Trulku **(藏文)Tsam－pa 糌粑 Tsamba 糌粑 Tsang 后藏 Tsongkhapa 宗喀巴（前藏）U Union of happiness 樂空雙運(yùn) V Vajrayana 密宗 Vajra 金剛 W White Tara 白度母

Y Yamataka 阿曼德迦;大威 Yamataka 怖畏金剛 Yidam 本尊 Z Zhang zhung 象雄 2 佛教專用語（附解釋）

覺悟 to get enlightenment 三大語系佛教 Three languages of Buddhism: 漢語系佛教Chinese Language Buddhism 藏語系佛教Tibetan Language Buddhism 巴利語系佛教 Pali Language Buddhism 大乘佛教Mahayana Buddhism 上座部佛教Theravada Buddhism 金剛乘/密宗Vajrayana Buddhism(Lamaism)中國佛教Chinese Buddhism 佛經(jīng)Sutra 經(jīng)、律、論 Sutras, Vinaya, Sastra 大藏經(jīng)Tripitaka Sutra 三寶（佛、法、僧）Triratna(Buddha, Dharma, Sangha)“三寶”加被 May “Triratna” bless 法師 Master/Venerable 長老 Thero/Venerable 大長老Mahathero/ Most Venerable 方丈/主持Abbot

佛教宗派Buddhist School 佛教儀式：Buddhist Ceremony/Buddhist Service for 和平祈禱法會 Buddhist Praying Ceremony for World Peace 禮佛pay respect for Buddha 頌經(jīng)Sutra Chanting 香爐 Incense burner 上香To offer incense to Buddha 因果Cause and effect 成道/成佛To obtain the Buddha-hood 覺悟 To get enlightenment 三皈 go to the Buddha for refuge, go to the Dharma for refuge, go to the Sangha for refuge 五戒

follow the five commandments of Buddhism（no killing，no stealing，no sexual misconduct，no lying，no intoxicant）諸惡莫做，眾善奉行，自凈其意，既是佛教

“To do no evil, to do only good, to purify the will, is the doctrine of all Buddhas” 做功德to make contribution to 普渡終生to save all living beings from sufferings

四諦Four noble truths 八正道 Eight noble paths

善哉Sadhu(good or excellent)佛教寺院 Monastery/Buddhist Temple 山門The Front Gate 大雄寶殿 The Main Shrine Hall 圓通殿 The Hall of Universal Understanding 祖師殿 The Hall of Patriarch 觀音殿 The Hall of Avalokitesvara Buddhisatva 羅漢堂 The Hall of Arhan 藏經(jīng)閣 The Tripitaka Sutra Pavilion 齋堂 Monastic Dinning Hall 四大天王 Four deva-kings, the protectors of Buddhism 客堂Monastic Reception 韋馱Vitasoka/Vigatasoka, the protector of Buddhism 佛像 Buddha statue 四大名山Four holy mountains of Chinese Buddhism 彌勒佛Maitreya Buddha 五臺山 Wutai Mountain is the Holy Place of Manjusri Buddhisattva 峨嵋山 Ermei Mountain is the Holy Place of Mahasthama Buddhisattva 九華山 Jiuhua Mountain is the holy place of Ksitigarbha Buddhisattva 普陀山 Putuo Mountain is the holy place of Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva 釋迦牟尼佛Shakyamuni Buddha 迦葉佛Kasyapa Buddha 藥師佛 Bhaisajya Buddha/medicine Buddha 阿彌陀佛 Amitaba Buddha 三世佛 Buddhas of Three Periods: Kasyapa Buddha of the past Shakyamuni Buddha of the present Maitrya Buddha of the future 觀世音菩薩 Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva 毗廬舍那佛

Vairocana Buddha 菩賢菩薩 Samandhabatra Buddhisattva 菩薩

Buddhisattva 大勢智菩薩Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva 文殊菩薩

Manjusri Buddisattva

地藏菩薩 ksitigahba Buddhisattva 善財(cái)童子Sudhana 羅漢 Arhan 西方三圣：阿彌陀佛、觀音菩薩、大勢至菩薩

Amitaba Buddha Avalokitesvara Buddhisattva Mahasthamaprapta Buddhisattva 達(dá)摩Budhidharma 攝摩騰Kasyapa Matanga 竺法蘭 Gobharana/Dharmaraksa 佛學(xué)院 Buddhist College 僧伽Sangha 僧、尼（比丘、比丘尼）monk、nun(Bhiksu, Bhiksuni)方丈/主持 Abbot 首座Chief monk 監(jiān)院/當(dāng)家 Monastic Manger 侍者 Assistant 中國佛教協(xié)會 The Buddhist Association of China 中國佛學(xué)院The Buddhist Academy of China 會長President 副會長 Vice President 秘書長 Secretary General 副秘書長Deputy Secretary General 任持自性、軌生物解 retaining its own nature,such that it can be recognized 正覺 enlightenment 等覺 / 遍覺 erfect enlightenment

圓覺或無上覺 supreme or paramount enlingtenment 我空 Emptiness 緣起 dependent origination 八正道 the Noble Eightfold Path 十二因緣 the twelve-linked causal formula 因果律 the causal principle 究竟菩提心 Absolute Bodhi Citta修持六度(布施、持戒、忍辱、精進(jìn)、禪定及智慧波羅蜜)、萬行，并救度一切眾生脫離輪回苦海的愿心。

輪回 Samsara(藏文kor wa)：依因緣而存在的存在形式。眾生因?yàn)樨?、瞋、癡(三毒或煩惱障)而流轉(zhuǎn)于輪回，并承受輪回之苦。

僧、僧伽 Sangha(藏文 gendun)：法道上的伴侶?；蚍褐阜ǖ郎系囊磺行姓?，或特指已開悟的圣僧。六波羅蜜(Six)： 布施、持戒、忍辱、精進(jìn)、禪定及智慧

輪回六道 Six realms of Samsara(藏文rikdruk)：由于不同的煩惱或心識染污特質(zhì)而受生于輪回的六種形態(tài)：天道:天人或天道眾生具有強(qiáng)烈的傲慢心，必須歷經(jīng)變易之苦：阿修羅道:具有強(qiáng)烈的嫉妒、猜疑心，必須歷經(jīng)斗爭之苦;人道:是六道中最幸運(yùn)的，因?yàn)槿说辣娚哂羞_(dá)到證悟的最佳機(jī)會，雖然他們有生、老、病、死之苦：畜生道:由于強(qiáng)烈的愚癡而受生，有深切的暗啞之苦：餓鬼道:由于強(qiáng)烈的慳吝而受生，有極端的饑渴之苦：地獄道:由于強(qiáng)烈的填瞋歸鬼恚心而受生，具有極端的冷熱之苦。

聲聞 Sravaka(藏文nyen th)：指親聞佛說法的弟子，或泛指修習(xí)四圣義諦而證悟成道，已經(jīng)完全了知無我的小乘修行者（阿羅漢）。

十圓滿 Ten Assets or Endowments(梵文dasasam pada，藏文jor wa chu)：益于修持佛法的十種因素：生于人道、生于佛法盛傳之地、具有健全的心智、無極大惡業(yè)、對佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛傳法、值法傳世、有修行者與修行的自由及具善知識之慈悲教導(dǎo)。三寶 Three Jewels(藏文kon chok sum)：佛寶、法寶及僧寶。

赤松德贊 Thrisong Deutsen(790~858A.D.)：西藏國王，邀請偉大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏，并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺廟「桑耶林」（Samye Ling）。

三藏 Tri pitaka：佛教的法教通常分為三藏，經(jīng)藏、律藏及論藏。經(jīng)藏，佛陀所說的經(jīng)文；律藏，佛陀所制定的戒律；論藏，佛弟子所造的論述，主體是現(xiàn)象的分析，是法教的闡釋或論述傳統(tǒng)。龍樹 Nagauna 化身 Nirmanakaya 又稱為「應(yīng)化身」，示現(xiàn)于世間，如釋迦牟尼佛于此世間之化現(xiàn)。

涅燊 Nirvana（藏文nya ngen lay day pa）：完全證悟時所達(dá)到的境界。在文字用法上和輪回形成對比。蓮花生大士 Padmasambhva(藏文Guru Rinpoche)：于第九世紀(jì)應(yīng)邀至西藏，降服邢穢及魔障，并建立寧瑪派傳承，為藏傳佛教之祖師。

波羅蜜多 Paramita（藏文pha rol tu phyin pa）：能超越輪回的具德行為。大乘道所修持的種波羅蜜是：布施波羅蜜、持戒波羅蜜、忍辱波羅蜜、精進(jìn)波羅蜜、禪定波羅蜜、智慧波羅蜜。頗哇 Phowa（藏文）：一種高深的密續(xù)法門，是關(guān)于在死亡時將意識投射到善道的法門。

般若 Prajna（藏文she rab）：在梵文的意思是「圓滿的知識」，也可以表示智慧、理解或辨識能力。通常它是表示從比較高超的角度（例如，非二元）來看事情的智慧。

世俗諦 Relative truth（藏文kun dzop）：和勝義諦（或譯為圣諦、真諦）合稱為二諦。世俗諦是尚末開悟的世俗人對世界的看法，亦即他們基于錯誤的自我信念而做的投射。

儀軌 Sadhana（藏文drup tap）：密續(xù)修法的法本，詳細(xì)地?cái)⑹鋈绾斡^修本尊的壇城及禪定。三摩地 Samadhi（藏文ting nge dzin）：又稱為專一禪定，是禪修的最高形式。

止 Samatha or tranquility meditation（藏文Shi nye）：基本的禪修方法。修「止」的時候，行者通常盤腿而生，專注于呼吸并觀察心的活動。

報(bào)身Samb Hogakaya 又稱為「法樂身」，示現(xiàn)給菩薩。

輪回 Samsara(藏文kor wa)：依因緣而存在的存在形式，和涅樂相反。眾生因?yàn)樨潯⒉_、癡(三毒或煩惱障)而流轉(zhuǎn)于輪回，并承受輪回之苦。

僧或僧伽 Sangha（藏文gen dun）：修行道上的伴侶。僧眾可能是法道上的一切修行者，或是已開悟的出家眾。

經(jīng)典 Satra（藏文do）：記錄佛陀親口所說的法，所集成小乘及大乘典籍，有別于金剛乘的密續(xù)（tantra）法教及闡釋佛陀之語的論注（Sastras）。

經(jīng)乘 Satrayana：經(jīng)乘的證悟方法包括小乘及大乘。

悉達(dá) Siddha（藏文grub thab）：有成就的佛教修行者，即成就者。悉地 Siddhis（藏文ngo drub）：佛教成就者的修行成就。

輪回六道 Six Realms of Samsara(藏文rikdruk)：由于不同的煩惱或心識染污特質(zhì)而受生于輪回的六種形態(tài)： 天道，天人或天道眾生具有強(qiáng)烈的傲慢心，必須歷經(jīng)變易之苦 阿修羅道，具有強(qiáng)烈的嫉妒、猜疑心，必須歷經(jīng)斗爭之苦;人道，是六道中最幸運(yùn)的，因?yàn)槿说辣娚哂羞_(dá)到證悟的最佳機(jī)會，雖然他們有生、老、病、死之苦 畜生道，由于強(qiáng)烈的愚癡而受生，有深切的暗啞之苦： 餓鬼道，由于強(qiáng)烈的慳吝而受生，有極端的饑渴之苦： 地獄道，由于強(qiáng)烈的填瞋歸鬼恚心而受生，具有極端的冷熱之苦。蘊(yùn) Skandha（藏文pang pa）：蘊(yùn)的字義為「積集」。色蘊(yùn)、受蘊(yùn)、想蘊(yùn)、行蘊(yùn)及識蘊(yùn)等五蘊(yùn)，是將物體的存在轉(zhuǎn)化為知覺的五種基本功能。

聲聞 Sravaka(藏文nyen th)：指親聞佛說法的弟子，或泛指修習(xí)四圣義諦而證悟成道，已經(jīng)完全了知無我的小乘修行者（阿羅漢）。

氣脈 Subtle Channels（藏文tsa）：氣脈指的是有氣的能量或「風(fēng)」，《梵文「波若那」（Prana），藏文即「隆（Lung）」》，循環(huán)于其中的微細(xì)管道，而不是解剖學(xué)上的脈。

空性 Sunyata（藏文tong pa nyi）：佛陀在二轉(zhuǎn)法輪時開示外在現(xiàn)象、「我」或「自我」的觀念沒有真實(shí)的存在性，因此萬法都是空性的。

密續(xù) Tantra（藏文gyu）：金剛乘法教及其典籍。

十圓滿 Ten Assets or Endowments(梵文dasasam pada，藏文jor wa chu)：益于修持佛法的十種因素：生于人道、生于佛法盛傳之地、具有健全的心智、無極大惡業(yè)、對佛法有信心、值佛出世、值佛傳法、值法傳世、有修行者與修行的自由及具善知識之慈悲教導(dǎo)。三寶 Three Jewels(藏文kon chok sum)：佛寶、法寶及僧寶。

赤松德贊 Thrisong Deutsen(790~858A．D．)：西藏國王，邀請偉大的印度圣者及瑜伽士至西藏，并建立了西藏的第一座佛教寺廟「桑耶林」（Samye Ling）。

佛陀所制定的戒律；論藏，佛弟子所造的論述，主體是現(xiàn)象的分析，是法教的闡釋或論述傳統(tǒng)。不變的“我” 恒常的我 the self-same manner 此有故彼有，此無故彼無 Whenever A is present , B is present;Whenever A is absent, B is absent.Therefore, from the arising of A, B arises;from the cessation of A, B ceases.明緣起，即明佛法 One who discerns dependent origination discerns the Dhamma 一切眾生，皆有佛性，有佛性者，皆得成佛

All living beings have Buddha-nature ,everyone with the Buddha-nuture may attain Buddhahood.3 佛教(Buddhism)

3.1 中國的佛教 Buddhism in China 佛教是中國最重要的宗教。通常認(rèn)為佛教是公元67年漢朝時期從新疆傳到中原的。在其發(fā)展過程中，對傳統(tǒng)的中國文化和思想有著深遠(yuǎn)影響并成為當(dāng)時中國最重要的宗教之一。佛教在中國的發(fā)展大體上可以分為以下幾個時期。

第一時期是漢朝，佛教剛傳到中國。在這個時期，傳譯了很多佛教經(jīng)文，白馬寺也是在這個時期建立的，標(biāo)志著佛教教義在中國的第一次傳播。第二時期是在晉朝（265—420），南北朝（386—589）時期，翻譯、撰寫了更多的佛教經(jīng)文.從南北朝開始，中國佛教進(jìn)入繁盛時期。第三時期是隋朝（581—618）和唐朝（618—907）佛教在中國迎來了鼎盛時期并取得前所未有的發(fā)展。隋朝帝王信奉佛教，唐朝帝王雖然信奉道教，但對佛教采取了保護(hù)包容的政策。因此，在這個時期，道教在中國取得了空前的發(fā)展。然而，在封建社會末期，由于社會動蕩，中國佛教發(fā)展得佷緩慢。中華人民共和國成立以后, 實(shí)施宗教信仰自由的政策，中國佛教進(jìn)入新的發(fā)展時期?，F(xiàn)在，佛教在中國取得了巨大的發(fā)展，國際上的學(xué)術(shù)交流也擴(kuò)大了。

Buddhism is the most important religion in China.It is generally believed that it was spread to China in 67 AD during the Han Dynasty(206 BC-220)from Hotan in Xinjiang to Central China.During its development in China, it has a profound influence on traditional Chinese culture and thoughts, and has become one of the most important religions in China at that time.In general, the development of Buddhism in China can be divided into the following periods.The first period is Buddhism in Han Dynasty when it was just introduced into China.During this period of time, many Buddhist scriptures were translated and explained.The White Horse Temple was built during this period of time and it signifies the first time of Buddhism doctrines delivered in China.The second period is in Jin(265-420), Northern and Southern Dynasties(386-589)when more Buddhist scriptures were translated and Buddhist writings came out.From the beginning of Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chinese Buddhism has entered its prosperous time.The third period is the Sui(581-618)and Tang(618-907)Dynasties when Buddhism welcomed its heyday and got unprecedented development.The emperors of the Sui Dynasty believed in Buddhism, and though Tang's emperors believed in Taoism, they showed a protective and tolerant attitude toward the development of other religions such as Buddhism.So in this period, Buddhism got a rapid and great development in China.However, in the late of feudal society, because of the social unrest, Chinese Buddhism was slow in development.After the founding of People's Republic of China and the implementing of the policy of freedom in religion belief, Chinese Buddhism embraced its new growing age.Now it is developing greatly and the international academic exchanges are expanded.3.2 佛教的宗派Sects of Buddhism

由于傳入的時間、途徑、地區(qū)和民族文化、社會歷史背影的不同，中國佛教形成三大系，即漢傳佛教（漢語系）、藏傳佛教（藏語系）和云南地區(qū)佛教（巴利語系）。

Three different forms of this religion evolved as it reached the centers of population at varying times and by different routes.The social and ethnic background in each location also affected the way in which each of these forms developed and eventually they became known as Han, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism.3.2.1 漢傳佛教Han Buddhism 傳入中國漢族地區(qū)的佛教，經(jīng)過長期的經(jīng)典傳譯、講習(xí)、融化，與中國傳統(tǒng)文化結(jié)合，從而形成具有民族特點(diǎn)的各種學(xué)派和宗派；并外傳朝鮮、日本和越南。

Buddhism was introduced into China the Han areas, after a long classic interpretation, workshops, melting, and the combination of Chinese traditional culture D, which form a variety of national characteristics and sectarian schools, and rumors Korea, Japan and Vietnam.佛教傳入中國漢地年代，學(xué)術(shù)界尚無定論。古代漢文史籍中，有秦始皇時沙門室利防等18人到中國的記載。據(jù)《善見律毗婆沙》記述，在阿育王時代，曾派大德摩訶勒棄多至臾那世界（原注：漢地）；派末世摩至雪山邊國。西藏多羅那他《印度佛教史》稱達(dá)摩阿育王時，高僧善見至大支那弘法。南璺佛教史書則稱派末世摩至支那。以上這些布教活動因無譯述遺跡傳世，無法證實(shí)。

Buddhism came to China's Han, the academic community have been inconclusive.Ancient Chinese historical records, there are anti-Qin Li when Salmonella Room 18 people to China and other records.According to the “l(fā)aw of good, see adjacent Posha” account, in the era of Asoka, Buddhism after the third assembled, had sent up to Dade Maha Yu Le abandon that world(the original note: Han);sent to the mountain side of Mount end of the world countries.Doro Tibet that he was “History of Buddhism in India,” said Dharma Ashoka, the Buddhist monk, see Tai Shan Shina preaching.Buddhist school called the South end of the world history books to Shina Mount.These missionary activities handed down because there was no translation of the above sites that can not be confirmed.漢建元二年至元朔三年（公元前139～前～126），張騫出使西域期間，曾在大夏見到從鳊販運(yùn)去的蜀布、邛竹杖，說明當(dāng)時中印之間已有民間往來，可能佛教也隨之傳入漢地。漢武帝還開辟了海上航道與印度東

海岸的黃支等地建立聯(lián)系。近年考古發(fā)現(xiàn)，東漢時的四川彭山墓葬中已有佛像，江蘇連云港孔望山佛教摩崖刻像初步證實(shí)也屬于東漢時期。東漢明帝于永平八年（65）賜楚王英詔言其“尚浮屠之仁祠，潔齋三月，與神為誓”，可見當(dāng)時已有佛教傳入。經(jīng)典的傳入，據(jù)傳始于漢元壽元年（公元前2年）大月氏王使伊存口授博士弟子景盧以浮屠經(jīng)（佛典），但究為何經(jīng)，已失傳無聞。歷來均以永平年間（公元58～75）遣使西域取回《四十二章經(jīng)》為佛法傳入中國之始。此說是否為歷史事實(shí)，近代頗有爭議。因當(dāng)時西域發(fā)生戰(zhàn)亂，交通斷絕，至永平十六年才開放。因此，只能推定大概在公歷紀(jì)元前后，佛教開始傳入漢族地區(qū)。傳播的地區(qū)以長安、洛陽為中心，波及彭城（徐州）等地。當(dāng)時人們認(rèn)為佛教同道教一樣是一種神仙方術(shù)，故桓帝將黃帝、老子和佛陀同祀，“誦黃老之微言，尚浮屠之仁祠”，把沙門視同方士。佛教在皇室成員和貴族中受到尊崇。

Han Jianyuan Two to Yuanshuo Three years(BC 139 ~ before ~ 126), Zhang Qian the Han Dynasty during the summer to see in a large traffic to go from bream Shu cloth, Qiong Zhu Zhang, indicating that China and India people exchanges has been may be introduced along the Han Buddhism.Han has also opened up sea lanes and the east coast of India and other places to establish contact.Archaeological discoveries in recent years, the Eastern Han Dynasty tomb in Sichuan have been statues Pengshan, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Lookout Mountain Buddhist cliff carved holes initially confirmed as belong to the Eastern Han Dynasty.Yongping Han Emperor Ming in eight(65)give Chuwang Ying Chao made the “Buddha of the kernel is still Temple, Jie Zhai March, swear to God,” Buddhism has been seen at the time.The introduction of the classic, reportedly began in the first year of life of Chinese yuan(2 BC)Taiyue Shi, Dr.Wang to dictate Iraq disciples kept the Buddha by King Lu(Buddhist), but why study classics, has lost no smell.Always are Yongping period(AD 58 ~ 75)Western emissary back “四十二章經(jīng)” as the beginning of Buddhism into China.Whether it is a historical fact still remained a modern controversial.At that time Western war cut off traffic to Yongping sixteen years before opening.Therefore, the only presumption about the era before and after the Gregorian calendar, Buddhism began to spread into the Han areas.Transmission areas from Chang'an and Luoyang as the center, spread to Pengcheng(Xuzhou)and other places.Buddhism, Taoism was thought that the same technique as a fairy party, it will be the Yellow Emperor Huan, I worship the Buddha with “chanting faire dissatisfied, still the kernel Buddha Temple”, the Salmonella deemed alchemist.Buddhism in royalty and nobility are respected.Buddhism during the Han Dynasty was regarded as having its basis in magic in much the same way as Taoism and it first

took root among members of the royal family and aristocracy.晉朝時期，佛教在平民中廣受歡迎。在公元401年，鳩摩羅什從月門關(guān)附近的西域地區(qū)來到長安，和3000名學(xué)士一起翻譯了74 佛經(jīng)。很顯然，這是佛教在中國的傳播史上的重大事件。在這個時期，另一個新的類，學(xué)者型官僚。他們匯集了既定的，流行的形而上學(xué)和佛教教義。在中國北方有不少，而在南方許多文人官僚們被譽(yù)為佛教精通者。王室家庭授予佛教僧侶和尼姑相當(dāng)大的權(quán)限。到1768年寺廟如雨后春筍般出現(xiàn)，并增加許多僧尼。

The Jin Dynasty witnessed the popularization among ordinary people.In 401 Kumarajiva was invited to Chang'an from the Western Region that lay to the west to Yumenguan Pass and together with 3,000 scholars translated 74 sutras.Obviously, this was an event of great importance to spread of Buddhism.During the Jin Dynasty a new class emerged;that of the scholar-bureaucrats.They brought together the established, popular metaphysics and Buddhist doctrines.In the north of China there were quite a few reputed monks while in the south many scholar-bureaucrats were well versed in Buddhism.The royal families were passionate toward Buddhism and granted monks and nuns considerable privileges.The number of temples mushroomed to 1768 and with them as many as 24,000 monks and nuns.Monks were to become a new class in China and Buddhism took a firm hold on the country.在南北朝，佛教繼續(xù)蓬勃發(fā)展?，F(xiàn)在著名的龍門石窟，云岡石窟建造于此期間。最重要的事件是時達(dá)摩來到中國。他到廣州，然后又到南京在那里他與梁武帝進(jìn)行討論。他們沒有達(dá)成一致，所以帶著問題的達(dá)摩來到少林寺。

Buddhism continued to flourish during the Northern and Southern Dynasties.The now famous Longmen Grottoes and Yungang Caves were constructed during this period.The most important event was when Bodhidharma came to China.He arrived in Guangzhou and then went on to Nanjing where he entered into discussion with Emperor Wu of Liang in the Southern Dynasty.They failed to agree over matters of doctrine and so Bodhidharma went to the Shaolin Temple.Bodhidharma was the first Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, the formation of which marked the independent development of the faith in China.This localized sect of Buddhism had a profound repercussion on Chinese philosophy and culture.隋唐期間，佛教在中國的發(fā)展達(dá)到了頂峰。唐代皇帝自稱他們是老子—道教創(chuàng)始人的后代和參拜者，但在實(shí)踐中他們認(rèn)識到佛教的重要性。成立了一個翻譯機(jī)構(gòu)，在長安（今西安）首都城市，大雁塔佛經(jīng)。玄奘是此時最知名的和尚，他的旅程是印度，為明代小說西游記（也被稱為孫悟空）模型。

Buddhism reached its zenith during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.Emperor Wen of Sui ordered the restoration of temples and statues of Buddha that had been destroyed during Northern Zhou.Tang Emperors claimed they were descendents of Lao Zi, the creator of Taoism and paid homage to Taoism but in practice they recognized the importance of Buddhism.An Institute was set up to translate Buddhist sutras in the Big Wild Goose Pagoda in the capital city of Chang'an(today's Xian).Xuan Zang was the most reputed monk at this time, and it was his journey to India that was the model for the Ming novel The Journey to the West(also known as the Monkey King).慧能（638-713），是佛教禪宗六祖，不應(yīng)被忽略。他著名的詩句，“菩提本無樹，明鏡亦非臺，本來無一物，何處惹塵埃?！边@句話被翻譯為：“完美的智慧之樹本來沒有樹，也沒有光明的一面鏡子，任何信佛者永遠(yuǎn)是清凈的，哪里沾染灰塵？”這些已成為流行的詩句，幫人們進(jìn)入心靈的禪想。在公元730年，慧能的弟子贏了與其他教派的辯論。此后，禪宗被介紹給韓國。Hui Neng(638-713), the sixth Patriarch of Zen Buddhism, should not be ignored.His famous verses, “Originally there was no Bodhi-tree, nor stand of a bright mirror.The mirror was originally clean and pure;where can it be stained by dust?” These words have otherwise been translated as: “The Tree of Perfect Wisdom was originally no tree.Nor had the bright mirror any frame.Buddha-nature is forever clear and pure.Where is there any dust?” These lines have become the first thing to pop into the mind when people think of Zen.In 730 Hui Neng's disciples won debates with other sects and Zen was strengthened in China.Zen was introduced to Korea in the 8th Century and to Japan at the end of the 12th Century.佛教深入日常生活，并在建筑，雕塑，繪畫，音樂和文學(xué)產(chǎn)生重大影響。不過，在845由于社會和經(jīng)濟(jì)原因，佛教是禁止的。4600座廟宇被拆除，500僧侶和尼姑被迫放棄他們的宗教。佛教與儒學(xué)的結(jié)合導(dǎo)致了宋代唯心主義哲學(xué)和明時期儒家學(xué)派的形成。這種傳統(tǒng)繼承了清代與漢傳佛教禪宗成為代名詞。

Buddhism penetrated daily life and had a substantial impact in architecture, sculpture, painting, music and literature.However, Buddhism was forbidden in 845 due to social and economical reasons.Over 4600 temples were demolished and 260, 500 monks and nuns were forced to give up their religion.The combination of Buddhism and Confucianism led to the formation of Li Xue, the Confucian school of idealist philosophy of the Song and Ming dynasties.This tradition was

inherited by the Qing Dynasty and Zen became synonymous with Han Buddhism.3.2.2 南傳佛教 Southern Buddhism 西雙版納傣族自治州，云南省信奉南傳佛教。據(jù)記載，7世紀(jì)中葉，巴利語系佛教通過緬甸傳入云南，但只持續(xù)了四個世紀(jì)。沒有廟宇的建造和口頭上的佛經(jīng)被流傳下來。南傳佛教僧人在11世紀(jì)的戰(zhàn)爭逃去。

Dai people in Xishuangbanna Prefecture, Yunnan Province believe in Southern Buddhism.According to records, Pali Buddhism was introduced to Yunnan in the middle of 7th century via Burma but it lasted only four centuries.No temples were built and the sutras were passed on orally.Thus, Southern Buddhism faded and monks fled during the war around the 11th century.The existing Southern Buddhism entered Yunnan from Burma and Thailand after the wars.1277年書面傣語的創(chuàng)建和貝葉經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了。在明代，緬甸公主被送往云南，嫁給了一個傣族地區(qū)統(tǒng)治者。大量的佛教寺廟建于景洪。這些都有助于普及老百姓南傳佛教。憑借其宗教和政治相結(jié)合，南傳佛教，吸收本地的文化，具有靈活的教義。和尚可以吃肉，可以還俗。婦女不出家。

In 1277 a written Dai language was created and the Pattra sutra appeared.In the Ming Dynasty a Burmese princess was married to a local ruler in Dai area and Burmese monks were sent to Yunnan.A large quantity of Buddhist temples were built in Jinghong.All these helped to popularize Southern Buddhism among the common people.With its combination of religion and politics, Southern Buddhism, absorbing Tai culture, has flexible doctrines.Monks can eat meat and can secularize.Women do not become nuns for to do so would break their ancestral line.一般來說，佛教是傣族人民之間的單一的宗教，并比他們的日常生活，像雕塑，繪畫，民間傳說文化的綜合影響還大。年輕的男孩必須去寺廟和學(xué)習(xí)知識，直到他們長大成人。有些則是在寺廟做人，而從未還俗。從某種意義上說，僧侶承擔(dān)傳授民族文化的作用。

Generally, Buddhism is the single religion among Dai people and has a comprehensive influence over their daily life and culture like sculpture, painting and folklores.Young boys must go to the temples and learn knowledge until they become adults.Some remain in the temples and become monks while others return to secular life.In a sense, monks assume the role of imparting ethnic culture 3.2.3 藏傳佛教Tibetan Buddhism

藏傳佛教，也叫'喇嘛教'，開始于7世紀(jì)中葉。當(dāng)時，國王松贊干布與尼泊爾公主Chizun和文成公主結(jié)婚了。受這兩個佛教的公主，他皈依佛教，建大昭寺和小昭寺寺（小趙硅）。在8世紀(jì)中葉，佛教經(jīng)印度傳入西藏。藏傳佛教完全形成于10世紀(jì)末。進(jìn)化后在西藏，藏傳佛教與政治獨(dú)特結(jié)合。

Tibetan Buddhism, also called 'Lamaism', started in the middle of 7th century.At that time, King Songtsen Gampo married Nepalese Princess Chizun and Princess Wencheng from Chang'an(currently Xian).Influenced by these two Buddhist princesses, he coverted to Buddhism and built Jokhang Temple and Ramoche Monastery(Xiao Zhao Si).In the middle of 8th century, Buddhism was introduced to Tibet via India.Tibetan Buddhism was totally formed in the late 10th century.After centuries of development in Tibet, a unique combination of religion and politics with Tibetan Buddhism evolved.Buddha Unfolding Festival, Drepung Monastery 目前，藏傳佛教可分為四個教派：寧瑪派，噶舉派，格魯派，薩迦。Major Sects of Tibetan Buddhism Present Tibetan Buddhism can be divided into four sects: Nyingmapa, Kagyupa, Gelugpa, and Sakyapa.寧瑪在藏語中思是'老'。寧瑪派是藏傳佛教中最古老的教派。它也被稱為'紅教'，因?yàn)樵谶@個教派僧人和尚總是穿紅色的帽子。噶舉派創(chuàng)造于11世紀(jì)中葉，它是藏傳佛教中有名的分支機(jī)構(gòu)。它被稱為“白教”是由于這個教派僧侶穿白色長袍，他們的寺廟都被漆成白色。在14世紀(jì)，宗喀巴創(chuàng)建的格魯派鼓勵僧侶過著簡樸的生活和無私的精神。這個教派僧人戴黃色帽子，所以被稱為“黃教”。在西藏，薩迦意思是“豐富多彩”。薩迦教派的寺院都被漆成紅色，白色和黑色的條紋，象征著文殊菩薩，觀音和金剛，因此它被稱為“豐富多彩的節(jié)”。

Nyingmapa means 'old' in Tibetan.Nyingmapa is the oldest sect in Tibetan Buddhism.It is also called 'Red sect' because monks in this sect always wear red monk hats.The Kagyupa sect was created in the middle of 11th century, and it is famous for having the most branches in Tibetan Buddhism.It is called 'white sect' because monks belonging to this sect wear white robes and their temples are painted white.In 14th century, Tsong Khapa created Gelugpa sect.This sect encourages monks to live an austere and unselfish life.Monks of this sect wear yellow hats, so

it is called 'yellow sect'.In Tibetan, sakyapa means 'colorful'.Temples of the Sakyapa sect are painted in red, white and black stripes, symbolizing Manjusri Bodhisattva, Avalokitesvara and Vajradhara, so it is called the “colorful sect”.有許多藏傳佛教寺院在中國，這是值得一游，體驗(yàn)地道的藏傳佛教文化。著名的藏傳佛教寺院包括：哲蚌寺，甘丹寺，拉卜楞寺寺，薩迦寺，色拉寺，扎什倫布寺和塔爾寺。

There are many Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in China, which are worth visiting to experience authentic Tibetan Buddhist culture.Famous Tibetan Buddhist monasteries include: Drepung Monastery, Ganden Monastery, Labrang Monastery, Sakya Monastery, Sera Monastery, Ta'er Monastery and Tashilhunpo Monastery.3.3 佛教對中國人生活的影響力

Influence of Buddhism over the Life of Chinese

在其悠久的歷史，佛教對中華文明留下了不可磨滅的影響。許多單詞和短語，起源于佛教。就以一口語短語,” 臨時抱佛腳”的意思是”最后一分鐘作出的努力”。這在一定意義上揭示了中國對信仰的功利性態(tài)度。許多人磕頭、在寺廟燒香是因?yàn)樗麄冇龅搅死щy。佛教和禪宗文學(xué)的痕跡是顯而易見的。不少像唐時期著名詩人白居易的居士，但這并不妨礙他們一定程度上的自我放縱。正如今天的白領(lǐng)階層去酒吧，唐朝學(xué)者去餐廳喝酒，調(diào)情。在今天的中國，佛教寺廟，佛教石窟及石窟和佛教圣山，特別是在國家或省級歷史文化名城列出的，已成為旅游熱點(diǎn)。

Over its long history, Buddhism has left an indelible impact on Chinese civilization.Many words and phrases have root in a Buddhist origin.Take a colloquial phrase as an example, 'to hold the foot of Buddha at the moment“ means ”to make a last minute effort“.This reveals in a sense the true attitude of the Chinese toward the utilitarian aspects of belief.Many people kowtow to whatever gods they encounter and will burn incense in any temple.In literature traces of Buddhism and Zen are obvious.Quite a few famous poets in Tang Dynasty like Bai Juyi were lay Buddhists but this did not prevent them from indulging in a little from time to time.Just as today's white collar classes go to bars, the Tang scholars went to restaurants to drink and flirt with the almahs.In today's China, Buddhist temples, Buddhist caves and grottoes and Buddhist Holy Mountains, especially the ones listed in the national or provincial historical and cultural relics, have become the hot spots for tourism.It is not uncommon for the income of a temple to

cover the expenses of a whole county or district.4佛教核心觀點(diǎn)

Core Beliefs In Buddhism

1．佛教創(chuàng)立于約公元前6—5世紀(jì)的印度。

Buddhism was founded in India around the 6th to 5th century B．C． 2．據(jù)說佛教創(chuàng)始人為釋迦牟尼。

It is said that the founder of Buddhism was Sakyamuni． 3．大約在2世紀(jì)，大乘佛教傳人漢人居住的中原地區(qū)。

About the 2th century，Mahayana Buddhism entered Central China，inhabited by the Han nationality．

4．“三寶”即“佛”、“法”、“僧”。

The Three Precious Treasures include the Buddha，the Dharma(Law 0r Way)and the Sangha(the Monastic Order)．

5．佛教在中國一直與儒學(xué)、道教共存。

Buddhism has always co-existed with Confucianism and Daoism． 6．佛像和菩薩雕塑供奉在寺院里，讓人們拜祭。

Buddhism has and Bodhisattva statues have been placed for worship in monasteries． 7．直到現(xiàn)在，小乘佛教仍然流行于傣族地區(qū)。

Up to the present time．Hinayana Buddhism(Lesser Vehicle)is still prevalent as in the regions inhabited by Dai nationality．

8．傳統(tǒng)之間相互共存促進(jìn)了有中國特色的宗教的形成。

Their mutual co-existence of the tradition has produced a religion with distinct Chinese characteristics．

9．同一個寺院里除釋迦牟尼以外，還供奉了許多其他佛像和菩薩雕塑。

In addition to Sakyamuni, many other Buddhism has and Boddhisattvas statues have been placed in the same monasteries 10．佛教在中國傳播時，僧人把“道場”中國化，為不同的菩薩安排了不同的“道場”。

As Buddhism spread throughout China，Buddhist monks added Chinese characteristics to the Daochang and accordingly placed different Buddhas in the different Daochang in China． 11．四個主要宗派為天臺宗、華嚴(yán)宗、凈土宗和禪宗，這四個宗派都形成于公元581年到755年之間。這些宗派在中國和日本有相當(dāng)大的影響。

The four major sects(Tiantai，Huayan，Jingtu and Chan)appeared between 581 and 755A.D., and they had considerable influence in both China and Japan．

12．“八正道”為“正見”、“正思維”、“正語”、“正業(yè)”、“正命”、“正勤”、“正念”、“正定”。

This eight-fold path consists of right knowledge, right thought，right speech，right behavior，fight livelihood，fight effort，right mindfulness and right concentration． 13．修“八正道”的佛法修行人渴望實(shí)現(xiàn)“涅磐”。“涅槧”超越了死亡和諸種煩惱，脫離了生死的輪回，進(jìn)人到安靜、自在、無為的快樂境界中。

By following the eight-fold path，Buddhist followers aim to attain Nirvana, a condition of eternal and tranquil bliss that is beyond the limits of death，rebirth，thoughts and feelings． 14．釋迦牟尼是一位王子。他年輕時，痛感人世間遭受的貧窮、苦難、疾病、死亡。29歲時他毅然舍棄物欲世界，出家修行。．

Sakyamuni was a prince．When he was young, he sadly saw that people suffered in poverty，pain，sickness and death．Around the age of 29，the prince made his break from the material world and plunged off in search of enlightenment． 15．傳說，釋迦牟尼來到一棵菩提樹下，靜坐苦思，后來覺悟成佛。

As the story goes，Sakyamuni came to a fig tree．He sat beneath it and then he slipped into deep meditation．Afterwards he achieved enlightenment and became Buddha．

16．“四諦”即苦、集、滅、道。

The four noble truths：life is suffering，the cause of suffering is desire, the answer is to quench desire, and the way to this end is to follow the eight-fold path．

17．大乘佛教認(rèn)為，每個人與一切眾生都有著同體的聯(lián)系，佛祖不會入涅檗而拋棄眾生，相反，他會繼續(xù)普度眾生。

Mahayana Buddhism(Greater Vehicle)holds that the fate of an individual is linked to the fate of all others．The Buddha doesn't float off into his own Nirvana，leaving other people behind.He continues to exude spiritual、help to those see—king Nirvana． 18．小乘佛教認(rèn)為，涅桀之路是個人的追求。凡要證得涅槧者，必須自己走自己的路。

Hinayana(Lesser Vehicle)holds that the path to Nirvana is an individual pursuit．People who seek Nirvana must tread its path on their own．

19．天臺宗為中國佛教最早的宗派，創(chuàng)始人為中國隋代的智顫。他以《妙法蓮華經(jīng)》為基本依據(jù)，將其他佛教經(jīng)典分為“五時八教”，提倡禪定和佛教義理雙修。

Tiantai was the earliest sect of Chinese Buddhism．It was founded by Zhiyi during the Sui Dynasty．Zhiyi took the Lotus Sutra as his basis； he classified the other Buddhist sutras into five periods and eight types of teachings and he also emphasized both meditation practice and scriptural study．

20．華嚴(yán)宗出現(xiàn)于公元7世紀(jì)，創(chuàng)始人為唐朝的法藏。此宗在公元7世紀(jì)后期傳入朝鮮，公元725年到740年之間傳人日本。

Huayan Sect was established in the 7th century by a Chinese monk，F(xiàn)a Zang，of the Tang Dynasty．This sect reached Korea in the late 7th century，and Japan between 725 and 740． 21．禪宗是佛教的一個宗派。梵文“dhyana”的漢語音譯為“禪那”，意思是“靜慮”。相傳印度的菩提達(dá)摩創(chuàng)建了此宗禪法，中國人稱他為“達(dá)摩”。此宗重視禪定，認(rèn)為人人心里都有佛性。

Chan Buddhism is a sect of Mahayana Buddhism．The“Channa” is a transliteration of the Sanskrit term“dhyana”．which means“meditation”．It is said that the founder of the Chan Buddhism was Bodhidharma who was known to the Chinese as Da Mo．This sect emphasizes meditation，it holds

that the universal“Buddha, nature” is immanent within ourselves．

22．凈土宗以描述西方凈土的印度佛教經(jīng)典為基礎(chǔ)，凡是一心專念阿彌陀佛的修行者和認(rèn)為傳統(tǒng)佛教的清規(guī)戒律太繁瑣的居士，都可以專修此法。

Jingtu Buddhism is based upon a number of Indian Buddhist texts describing a pure land to the west．Especially it is designed for those, who devoutly chant the name of Amitabha and for laypersons who find traditional Buddhist moral rules and meditation discipline too strict． 23．藏族人信仰佛教。藏傳佛教俗稱“喇嘛教”。在公元7世紀(jì)吐蕃國王松贊干布統(tǒng)治時期，佛教傳人西藏。公元14世紀(jì)末，藏傳佛教有了不同的宗派，其中包括紅教、白教和黃教。

The Tibetan people believe in Buddhism．It is called Lamaism．It spread into Tibet during the reign of Tubo King Songtsan Gambo in the 7th century．By the end of the 14th century，the Tibetan Buddhism had a variety of sects, including the Red Sect，the White Sect and the Yellow Sect．

24．公元前65年，佛教傳播到中國。傳播者為兩個印度僧人，他們受漢明帝邀請，來中國建立寺廟。剛開始，由于主流傳統(tǒng)文化的原因，佛教在中國并沒有什么影響。

Buddhism was first introduced to China about 65 B．C．by two Indian monks who had been invited by Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty to establish a monastery in China．In the beginning，Buddhism did not have much influence in China due to the prevailing traditional Chinese culture． 25．在早期，佛教術(shù)語、思想，以及佛教的藝術(shù)形式必須中國本土化。初期的一種辦法是用道家術(shù)語，其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是讓人聽起來熟悉。

At the early stage，Buddhist word and ideas, as well as its artistic forms, had to be translated into Chinese terms．One early solution was to employ Daoist terminology，and this had the advantage of sounding familiar．

26．普賢的坐騎是白象，“普賢”之意即為德行無邊無量。普賢是釋迦牟尼的肋侍之一，有些寺廟把釋迦牟尼、文殊、普賢同祀于大雄寶殿。

Puxian(Samantabhadra)symboHzes infinite virtue and is represented riding a white elephant．“Puxian”is considered to be one of Sakvamuni’s close assistants．In some monasteries，the statues of Sakyamuni．Wenshu and Puxian statues are placed in the Grand Buddha Hall． 27．阿彌陀佛又名接引佛，他隨釋迦牟尼得道成佛。接引佛為西方極樂世界的教主，能接引眾生，往生西方凈土。

Amitabha is also called Jieyin Buddha．Along with Sakvamuni．he attained the state of Buddha-hood through his perfect enlightenment．Amitabha takes charge of the Buddhist Western Paradise．a(chǎn)nd his work is to usher sentient beings into the paradise when they pass away． 28．彌勒佛通常供在寺廟的第一重殿。佛教傳人中國后，彌勒佛迅速“中國化”，在民間廣受崇拜。

The statue of Maitreya is usually placed in the first main hall of a monastery．When Buddhism entered China．Maitreya quickly took on Chinese characteristics and became popular among the people．

29．觀音有三十三種化身，如千手相、十一面相、四十八臂相。觀音有大慈大悲、救苦救難菩薩之號，他的法力廣大，因中國古典文學(xué)名著《西游記》而家喻戶曉。

Guanyin has 33 various images．including an image with 1000 hands，an image with 11 faces． and an image with 48 arms．Guanyin serves as the Bodhisattva of perfect compassion and kindness，helping the needy and relieving the distressed．His infinite Buddhist power is known in every household due to the popularity of the famous Chinese literary classic，The Pilgrimage to the West．

30．根據(jù)佛教經(jīng)典，文殊菩薩是轉(zhuǎn)輪圣王的第三太子。相傳佛教傳人中國后，他在五臺山顯相。文殊手持寶劍，表示法力廣大、智慧超凡.According to the Buddhist classics．Wenshu was the third son of the Holy King in charge of reincarnations． Legend has it that as Buddhists entered China，Wenshu appeared on Mt．Wutai． Wenshu holds a sword that symbolizes his infinite Buddhist power and perfect wisdom． 31．根據(jù)佛教經(jīng)典，地藏受釋迦牟尼的委托，立下宏愿，在佛祖寂滅后、彌勒佛未降生前，盡度六道眾生，拯救諸苦。皆如愿，遂成佛，稱其為地藏。

According to the Buddhist classics, during the period from the Nirvana of Sakyamuni to the advent of Maitreya，Dizang Bodhisattva vowed to save all beings from suffering in the Six

Paths．He vows not to achieve Buddhahood until all the Hells are empty, and is thus therefore referred as the King of Hell．

32．四大天王被稱為“四大金剛”，源于印度佛教傳說。這四大金剛能夠驅(qū)逐邪魔，護(hù)持眾佛祖，保天下風(fēng)凋雨順，故多塑于寺院的第一重殿。

The Four Heavenly Kings are depicted as the Four Warrior Attendants(Vajras)．Their origin stems from an Indian Buddhism legend，and these kings are able to drive out evil and monsters．protect Buddhas，and assure favorable conditions for the growth of crops each year．Therefore, their images are usually placed in the first main hall of a Buddhist monastery． 33．根據(jù)佛教經(jīng)典，十六羅漢是釋迦牟尼的弟子。受佛祖囑托，他們不入涅槃，長住人間，受世人供養(yǎng)而為眾生造福。

According to Buddhist classics，Sakyamuni's disciples are sixteen Arhats．They are instructed by the Buddha not to ascend into the Buddhist Western Paradise，and instead they are asked to reside in the world, the human beings take care of them, and in return the Arhats bring benefit to human beings．

34．十六羅漢的傳說受到了漢族佛教徒對于羅漢的崇敬，他們將羅漢的人數(shù)和法力“擴(kuò)大化”，于是有了“五百羅漢”之說。

The legend pf the Sixteen Arhats gave rise to the esteem for the Arhats fron Buddhist followers in the regions inhabited by the Han nationality． In addition, the followers increased the Arhat numbers and magnified their Buddhist power, thus bring forth the saying about the 500 Arhats．

35.四圣諦，八正道和五戒。

The principles of Buddhist philosophy(The Core Beliefs in Buddhism)in practice are: The Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path and The Five Precepts....四個基本觀點(diǎn)（四圣諦）THE FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS 第一：任何人都會有不滿意和苦難，能正確應(yīng)對就是圣賢。

The First Noble Truth Unsatisfactoriness and suffering exist and are universally experienced.第二:無理的欲望和依賴是不滿意和受苦的原因。The Second Noble Truth Desire and attachment are the causes of unsatisfactoriness and suffering.第三：有辦法消除不滿意和受苦。The Third Noble Truth There is an end to unsatisfactoriness and suffering.第四：堅(jiān)持如下八個規(guī)則就能消除不滿意和受苦。The Fourth Noble Truth The end can be attained by journeying on the Noble Eightfold Path.46.八正道(八個規(guī)則)NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH 1).堅(jiān)持正確的觀點(diǎn)理念。

不要歪曲妄想事理和規(guī)律。如衣服為御寒，整潔即可，非有它能；性交為生育，非有它獲。富貴來自勤勞無害敬人，非爭搶、非害人、非搞迷信所得。

1).Right View/Understanding(Understanding the Four Noble Truths)Practice self-less conduct that reflects the highest statement of the life you want to live.Express conduct that is peaceful, honest and pure showing compassion for all beings.5).堅(jiān)持正當(dāng)?shù)穆殬I(yè)。

不以非法傷害它人或生命而謀生，要從事養(yǎng)護(hù)和服務(wù)于他人的工作。如，不加入黑社會等犯罪組織，不聚眾賭博，不參加賣淫、賣毒品行業(yè)，不非法漁獵等等。

5).Right Livelihood Earn a living that does not harm living things.Avoidance of work that causes suffering to others or that makes a decent, virtuous life impossible.Do not engage in any occupation that opposes or distracts one from the path.Love and serve our world through your work.6).堅(jiān)持正確的努力。

在努力達(dá)到為善斷惡的目標(biāo)過程中，適度正常而為。相信不可能在短時間內(nèi)就會取得很大成績。如：在斷惡時，會有反復(fù)；在行善時，會有懷疑，都屬正常。不必氣餒，不斷努力，總會成功。

6).Right Effort Seek to make the balance between the exertion of following the spiritual path and a moderate life that is not over-zealous.Work to develop more wholesome mind states, while gently striving to go deeper and live more fully.7).堅(jiān)持內(nèi)省檢討。

每日內(nèi)省，要保持自己的感受、情緒、想法、話語、做事等宜善他人而不損害他人。這樣才能獲得好生活。因?yàn)橐松粕！p害得禍、自己的思想觀點(diǎn)言行表情制造了自己生活中的一切。

7).Right Mindfulness Become intensely aware of all the states in body, feeling, and mind.Through constant vigilance in thought, speech and action seek to rid the mind of self-centered thoughts that separate and replace them with those that bind all beings together.Be aware of your thoughts, emotions, body and world as they exist in the present moment.Your thoughts create your reality.8).堅(jiān)持不斷學(xué)習(xí)思考圣賢文、勸善書、心理學(xué)、哲學(xué)等，不斷提高敬順無害勤勞有益的能力，努力做到純善無惡。

8).Right Concentration Deep meditation to lead to a higher state of consciousness(enlightenment).Through the application of meditation and mental discipline seek to extinguish the last flame of grasping consciousness and develop an emptiness that has room to embrace and love all things.47.五戒THE FIVE PRECEPTS（五種對自己的大害）

五戒是佛教信徒的基本道德準(zhǔn)則。五戒是自愿執(zhí)行的，而不是來自神的誡命。

從本質(zhì)上講，這些戒律能促進(jìn)與人和諧，減少自己與他人之間的痛苦災(zāi)難沖突等。最基礎(chǔ)性的道德原則就是：不害和有益。

The Five Precepts are basic ethical guidelines for the followers of Buddhism.They are undertaken voluntarily, rather than as commandments from a god.Essentially, these precepts promote harmony and reduce suffering between ourselves and others.The underpinning moral code has two qualities: compassion and loving kindness , which are used as the guiding principles in life.五戒：

1).我保證不生氣、不傷害人。I undertake the precept to refrain from destroying living creatures.2).我保證不沾他人便宜，更不會偷盜。I undertake the precept to refrain from taking that which is not given.3).我保證不亂淫、不過淫。I undertake the precept to refrain from sexual misconduct.4).我保證不自贊，不毀他、不胡說、不告狀。I undertake the precept to refrain from incorrect speech.5).我保證不沾毒品，不沾醉酒、不沾迷信歪理邪說。I undertake the precept to refrain from intoxicatants.48.因果報(bào)應(yīng)Karma 因果報(bào)應(yīng)是說有因必有果，也就是說，我們的一切行為都有結(jié)果。

Karma is the law that every cause has an effect, i.e., our actions have results.49.智慧Wisdom 真正的智慧不只是相信教義而是實(shí)踐和了悟真相。

True wisdom does not simply believe what we are told but instead experiencing and understanding truth.50.慈悲Compassion

慈悲心的特質(zhì)包括的愿與別人分享、隨時愿意給人安樂、有同情心、關(guān)心別人以及照顧別人。Compassion includes qualities of sharing, readiness to give comfort, sympathy, concern, and caring.5 佛教經(jīng)文典籍漢英對照 5.1 《心經(jīng)》

《般若波羅蜜多心經(jīng)》

The Heart of Prajna Paramita Sutra 觀自在菩薩行甚深般若波羅蜜多時，照見五蘊(yùn)皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子，色不異空，空不異色，色即是空，空即是色。受想行識，亦復(fù)如是。舍利子，是諸法空相，不生不滅、不垢不凈、不增不減。是故空中無色，無受想行識；無眼耳鼻舌身意，無色聲香味觸法，無眼界乃至無意識界；無無明、亦無無明盡，乃至無老死，亦無老死盡；無苦集滅道，無智亦無得，以無所得故，菩提薩埵，依般若波羅蜜多故，心無掛礙。無掛礙故無有恐怖。遠(yuǎn)離顛倒夢想，究竟涅槃。三世諸佛，依般若波羅蜜多故，得阿耨多羅三藐三菩提，故知般若波羅蜜多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是無上咒，是無等等咒，能除一切苦，真實(shí)不虛，故說咒曰：揭諦揭諦，波羅揭諦，波羅僧揭諦，菩提薩婆訶。

When Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara was practicing the profound Prajna Paramita, he illuminated the Five Skandhas and saw that they are all empty, and he crossed beyond all suffering and difficulty.Shariputra, form does not differ from emptiness;emptiness does not differ from form.Form itself is emptiness;emptiness itself is form.So too are feeling, cognition, formation, and consciousness.Shariputra, all Dharmas are empty of characteristics.They are not produced, not destroyed, not defiled, not pure;and they neither increase nor diminish.Therefore, in emptiness there is no form, feeling, cognition, formation, or consciousness;no eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, or mind;no sights, sounds, smells, tastes, objects of touch, or Dharmas;no field of the eyes up to and including no field of mind consciousness;and no ignorance or ending of ignorance, up to and including no old age and death or ending of old age and death.There is no suffering, no accumulating, no extinction, and no Way, and no understanding and no attaining.31

Because nothing is attained, the Bodhisattva through reliance on Prajna Paramita is unimpeded in his mind.Because there is no impediment, he is not afraid, and he leaves distorted dream-thinking far behind.Ultimately Nirvana!All Buddhas of the three periods of time attain Anuttara-samyak-sambodhi through reliance on Prajna Paramita.Therefore know that Prajna Paramita is a Great Spiritual Mantra, a Great Bright Mantra, a Supreme Mantra, an Unequalled Mantra.It can remove all suffering;it is genuine and not false.That is why the Mantra of Prajna Paramita was spoken.Recite it like this: Gaté Gaté Paragaté Parasamgaté.Bodhi Svaha!End of The Heart of Prajna Paramita Sutra.5.2 《盂蘭盆經(jīng)》

佛說《盂蘭盆經(jīng)》

The Buddha Speaks: The Ullambana Sutra

聞如是。一時佛在舍衛(wèi)國祇樹給孤獨(dú)園。

Thus I have heard, at one time, the Buddha dwelt at Shravarsti in the Garden of the Benefactor of Orphans and the Solitary.大目犍連，始得六通。欲度父母，報(bào)乳哺之恩。

Mahamaudgalyayana had just obtained the six penetrations and wished to cross over his father and mother to repay their kindness for raising him.即以道眼，觀視世間，見其亡母生餓鬼中，不見飲食，皮骨連立。目連悲哀，即以缽盛飯，往餉其母。母得缽飯，便以左手障缽，右手摶食。食未入口，化成火炭，遂不得食。

Thus, using his way eye, he regarded the world and saw that his deceased mother had been born among the hungry ghosts, having neither food nor drink, she was but skin and bones.Mahaudgalayana felt deep pity and sadness, filled a bowl with food and went to provide for his mother.She got the bowl, screened it with her left hand, and with her right hand made a fist of food.But, before it entered her mouth, it turned into burning coals which could not be eaten.目連大叫，悲號涕泣，馳還白佛，具陳如此。

Mahamaudgalyayana called out and wept sorrowfully, and hastened to return to the Buddha to

set forth all of this.佛言：汝母罪根深結(jié)，非汝一人力所奈何。汝雖孝順，聲動天地。天神、地祇、邪魔、外道道士、四天王神，亦不能奈何。當(dāng)須十方眾僧威神之力，乃得解脫。

The Buddha said, “your mother's offenses are deep and firmly rooted.You alone do not have enough power.Although your filial sounds move heaven and earth, the heaven spirits, the earth spirits, twisted demons, and those outside the way, Brahmans, and the four heavenly king gods, are also without sufficient strength.The awesome spiritual power of the assembled Sangha of the ten directions is neceessary for the liberation to be attained.吾今當(dāng)說救濟(jì)之法，令一切難，皆離憂苦。

I shall now speak a dharma of rescue, which causes all those in difficulty to leave worry and suffering, and to eradicate obstacles from offenses.佛告目連：十方眾僧，七月十五日，僧自恣時。當(dāng)為七世父母，及現(xiàn)在父母，厄難中者，具飯百味五果、汲灌盆器、香油錠燭、床敷臥具，盡世甘美以著盆中，供養(yǎng)十方大德眾僧。當(dāng)此之日，一切圣眾，或在山間禪定；或得四道果；或在樹下經(jīng)行；或六通自在，教化聲聞、緣覺；或十地菩薩大人，權(quán)現(xiàn)比丘。在大眾中，皆同一心，受缽和羅飯。具清凈戒，圣眾之道，其德汪洋。

The Buddha told Maudgalyayana: ”The fifteenth day of the seventh month is the Pravarana day for the assembled Sangha of the ten directions.For the sake of fathers and mothers of seven generations past, as well as for fathers and mothers of the present who are in distress, you should prepare an offering of clean basins full of hundreds of flavors and the five fruits, and other offerings of incense, oil, lamps, candles, beds, and bedding, all the best of the world, to the greatly virtuous assembled Sangha of the ten directions.On that day, all the holy assembly, whether in the mountains practicing dhyana samadhi, or obtaining the four fruits of the way, or walking beneath trees, or using the independence of the six penetrations, to teach and transform sound hearers and those enlightened to conditions.Or provisionally manifesting as bhikshus when in fact they are great Bodhisattvas on the tenth ground--all complete in pure precepts and oceanlike virtue of the holy way--should gather in a great assembly and all of like mind receive the pravarana food.33

其有供養(yǎng)此等自恣僧者，現(xiàn)世父母、六親眷屬，得出三途之苦，應(yīng)時解脫，衣食自然。若父母現(xiàn)在者，福樂百年。若七世父母生天，自在化生，入天華光。

If one thus makes offerings to these Provarana Sangha, one's present father and mother, parents of seven generations, as well as the six kinds of close relatives, will escape from the three paths of sufferings.And at that time attain release.Their clothing and food will spontaneously appear.If the parents are still alive, they will have wealth and blessings for a hundred years.Parents of seven generations will be born in the heavens.Transformationally born, they will independently enter the celestial flower light, and experience limitless bliss.At that time the Buddha commanded the assembled Sangha of the ten directions to recite mantras and vows for the sake of the donor's family, for parents of seven generations.After practicing dhyana concentration, they then may accept the food.When first receiving the basin, place it before the Buddha in the stupa.When the assembled sangha has finished the mantras and vows, then they may accept it.時目連比丘，及大菩薩眾，皆大歡喜。目連悲啼泣聲，釋然除滅。時目連母，即于是日，得脫一劫餓鬼之苦。

At that time the bhikshu Maudgalyayana and the assembly of great Bodhisattvas were all extremely delighted and the sorrowful sound of Maudgalyayana's crying ceased.At that time Maudgalyayana's mother obtained liberation from one kalpa of suffering as a hungry ghost.目連復(fù)白佛言：弟子所生母，得蒙三寶功德之力、眾僧威神之力故。

Maudgalyayana addressed the Buddha and said, “this disciple's parents have received the power of the merit and virtue of the triple jewel, because of the awesome spiritual power of the assembled Sangha.若未來世，一切佛弟子，亦應(yīng)奉盂蘭盆，救度現(xiàn)在父母，乃至七世父母，可為爾否？

If in the future the Buddha's disciples practice filiality by offering up the Ullambana basins, will they be able to cross over their present fathers and mothers as well as those of seven generations past?” 佛言：大善快問！我正欲說，汝今復(fù)問。

The Buddha replied “good indeed, I am happy you asked that question.I just wanted to speak about that and now you have also asked about it.善男子，若比丘比丘尼、國王太子、大臣宰相、三公百官、萬民庶人，行慈孝者，皆應(yīng)先為所生現(xiàn)在父母、過去七世父母，于七月十五日佛歡喜日、僧自恣日，以百味飯食，安盂蘭盆中，施十方自恣僧。

Good man, if bhikshus, bhikshunis, kings, crown princes, great ministers, great officials, cabinet members, the hundreds of officers, and the tens of thousands of citizens wish to practice compassionate filial conduct, for the sake of the parents who bore them, as well as for the sake of fathers and mothers of seven lives past, on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, the day of the buddhas' delight, the day of the Sangha's Pravarana, they all should place hundreds of flavors of foods in the Ullambana basins, and offer them to the Pravarana Sangha of the ten directions.愿使現(xiàn)在父母，壽命百年無病，無一切苦惱之患。乃至七世父母，離餓鬼苦，生人天中，福樂無極。They should vow to cause the length of life of the present father and mother to reach a hundred years without illness, without sufferings, afflictions, or worries, and also vow to cause seven generations of fathers and mothers to leave the sufferings of the hungry ghosts, to be born among men and gods, and to have blessings and bliss without limit.是佛弟子修孝順者，應(yīng)念念中，常憶父母，乃至七世父母。年年七月十五日，常以孝慈，憶所生父母，為作盂蘭盆，施佛及僧，以報(bào)父母長養(yǎng)慈愛之恩。若一切佛弟子，應(yīng)當(dāng)奉持是法。

The Buddha told all the good men and good women, ”those disciples of the Buddha who cultivate filial conduct should in thought after thought, constantly recall their present fathers and mothers when making offerings, as well as the fathers and mothers of seven lives past.Every year, on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, they should always, out of filial compassion, recall their parents who bore them and those of seven lives past, and for their sakes perform the offering of the Ullambana basin to the Buddha and the Sangha and thus repay the loving kindness of the parents who raised and nourished them.All Buddhas' disciples should respectfully receive this dharma.“

時目連比丘，四輩弟子，歡喜奉行。

At that time the bhikshu Maudgalyayana and the four-fold assembly of disciples, hearing what the Buddha said, practiced it with delight.5.3 《八大人覺經(jīng)》

佛說八大人覺經(jīng)

Eight Great Awakenings Sutra Translated by Shramana An Shr Gao of the Latter Han Dynasty Buddhist Disciples!At all times, day and night, sincerely recite and bear in mind these eight truths that cause great people to awaken.為佛弟子，常于晝夜，至心誦念八大人覺：

第一覺悟：世間無常；國土危脆，四大苦空，五陰無我，生滅變異，虛偽無主，心是惡源，形為罪藪，如是觀察，漸離生死。

The First Awakening: The world is impermanent.Countries are perilous and fragile.The body is a source of pain, ultimately empty.The five skandhas are not the true self.Life and Death is nothing but a series of transformations—hallucinatory, unreal, uncontrollable.The intellect is a wellspring of turpitude, the body a breeding ground of offenses.Investigate and contemplate these truths.Gradually break free of death and rebirth.第二覺知：多欲為苦；生死疲勞，從貪欲起，少欲無為，身心自在。

The Second Awakening: Too much desire brings pain.Death and rebirth are wearisome ordeals, originating from our thoughts of greed and lust.By lessening desires we can realize absolute truth and enjoy peace, freedom, and health in body and mind.第三覺知：心無厭足，惟得多求，增長罪惡；菩薩不爾，常念知足，安貧守道，惟慧是業(yè)。

The Third Awakening: Our minds are never satisfied or content with just enough.The more we obtain, the more we want.Thus we create offenses and perform evil deeds.Bodhisattvas don’t wish to make these mistakes.Instead, they choose to be content.They nurture the Way, living a quiet life in humble surroundings—their sole occupation, cultivating wisdom.36

第四覺知：懈怠墜落；常行精進(jìn)，破煩惱惡，摧伏四魔，出陰界獄。

The Fourth Awakening: Idleness and self-indulgence are the downfall of people.With unflagging vigor, great people break through their afflictions and baseness.They vanquish and defeat the four kinds of demons, and escape from the prison of the five skandhas.第五覺悟：愚癡生死；菩薩常念，廣學(xué)多聞，增長智慧，成就辯才，教化一切，悉以大樂。

The Fifth Awakening: Stupidity and ignorance are the cause of death and rebirth.Bodhisattvas apply themselves and deeply appreciate study and erudition, constantly striving to expand their wisdom and refine their eloquence.Nothing brings them greater joy than teaching and transforming living beings.第六覺知：貧苦多怨，橫結(jié)惡緣；菩薩布施，等念怨親，不念舊惡，不憎惡人。

The Sixth Awakening: Suffering in poverty breeds deep resentment.Wealth unfairly distributed creates ill-will and conflict among people.Thus, Bodhisattvas practice giving.They treat friend and foe alike.They do not harbor grudges or despise amoral people.第七覺悟：五欲過患；雖為俗人，不染世樂，常念三衣，瓦缽法器，志愿出家，守道清白，梵行高遠(yuǎn)，慈悲一切。

The Seventh Awakening: The five desires are a source of offenses and grief.Truly great people, laity included, are not blighted by worldly pleasures.Instead, they aspire to don the three-piece precept robe and the blessing bowl of monastic life.Their ultimate ambition is to leave the home life and to cultivate the Path with impeccable purity.Their virtuous qualities are lofty and sublime;their attitude towards all creatures, kind and compassionate.第八覺知：生死熾然，苦惱無量；發(fā)大乘心，普濟(jì)一切，愿代眾生，受無量苦，令諸眾生，畢竟大樂。The Eighth Awakening: Like a blazing inferno, birth and death are plagued with suffering and affliction.Therefore, great people resolve to cultivate the Great Vehicle, to rescue all beings, to endure hardship on beh.alf of others, and to lead everyone to ultimate happiness.如此八事，乃是諸佛，菩薩大人，之所覺悟，精進(jìn)行道，慈悲修慧，乘法身船，至涅盤岸。復(fù)還生死，度脫眾生。以前八事，開導(dǎo)一切，令諸眾生，覺生死苦，舍離五欲，修心圣道。

These are the Eight Truths that all Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and great people awaken to.Once awakened, they even more energetically continue to cultivate the Path.Steeping themselves in kindness and compassion, they grow in wisdom.They sail the Dharma ship across to Nirvana’s shore, and then return on the sea of birth and death to rescue living beings.They use these Eight Truths to show the proper course for living beings, causing them to recognize the anguish of birth and death.They inspire all to forsake the five desires, and to cultivate their minds in the manner of Sages.若佛弟子，誦此八事，于念念中，滅無量罪，進(jìn)趣菩提，速登正覺，永斷生死，常住快樂。

If Buddhist disciples recite this Sutra on the Eight Awakenings, and constantly ponder its meaning, they will certainly eradicate boundless offenses, advance towards Bodhi, and will quickly realize Proper Enlightenment.They will always be free of birth and death, and will abide in eternal bliss.5.3 《四十二章經(jīng)》

《佛說四十二章經(jīng)》 后漢摩騰、竺法蘭共譯 第一章 出家證果

佛言：辭親出家，識心達(dá)本，解無為法，名曰沙門。常行二百五十戒，進(jìn)止清凈，為四真道行，成阿羅漢。阿羅漢者，能飛行變化，曠劫壽命，住動天地。次為阿那含。阿那含者，壽終靈神上十九天。證阿羅漢。次為斯陀含。斯陀含者，一上一還，即得阿羅漢。次為須陀洹。須陀洹者，七死七生，便證阿羅漢。愛欲斷者，如四肢斷，不復(fù)用之。

The Buddha said, “Those who, taking leave of their families and adopting the life of renunciation, understand the mind, reach the source, and comprehend the immaterial, are called Sramanas.Those who observe the two hundred and fifty precepts of morality, who are pure and spotless in their behaviours, and who exert themselves for the attainment of the stages of progress, are called Arhats.The Arhat is able to fly through space and assume different forms;his life is eternal, and there are times when he causes heaven and earth to quake.Below them is the Anagamin who, at the end of a long life, ascend in spirit to the nineteenth heaven and obtains Arhatship.38

Next come the Skridagamin who ascends to the heavens(after his death), comes back to the earth once more, and then attains Arhatship.Then come the Srotaapanna who cannot become Arhat until he has passed seven more rounds of birth and death.By the severance of the passions is meant that like the limbs severed they are never again made use of.”

第二章 斷欲絕求

佛言：出家沙門者，斷欲去愛，識自心源，達(dá)佛深理，悟無為法。內(nèi)無所得，外無所求。心不系道，亦不結(jié)業(yè)。無念無作，非修非證。不歷諸位，而自崇最。名之為道。

The Buddha said, “The renunciate Sramana cuts off the passions, frees himself of attachments, understands the source of his own mind, penetrates the deepest doctrine of Buddha, and comprehends the Dharma which is immaterial.He has no prejudice in his heart, he has nothing to hanker after.He is not hampered by the thought of the Way, nor is he entangled in karma.No prejudice, no compulsion, so discipline, no enlightenment, and no going up through the grades, and yet in possession of all honours in itself-this is what is meant by the Way.”

第三章 割愛去貪

佛言：剃除須發(fā)而為沙門，受道法者，去世資財(cái)，乞求取足。日中一食，樹下一宿，慎勿再矣！使人愚蔽者，愛與欲也。

The Buddha said, “Those who shaving their heads and faces and becomes Sramanas and have accepted the Doctrine of the Way, should surrender all worldly possessions and be contented with whatever they obtain by begging.Only one meal a day and loding under a tree, he desires nothing else.For what makes one stupid and irrational is attachments and passions.”

第四章 善惡并明

佛言：眾生以十事為善，亦以十事為惡。何等為十？身

三、口

四、意三。身三者，殺盜淫?？谒恼撸瑑缮唷嚎?、妄言、綺語。意三者，嫉恚癡。如是十事，不順圣道，名十惡行。是惡若止，名十善行耳。

The Buddha said, “There are ten things considered good by all beings, and ten things evil.What are they? Three of them depend upon the body, four upon the mouth, and three upon the mind.The three evil deeds depending upon the body are: killing, stealing and unchaste deeds.The four depending upon the mouth are: slendering, cursing, lying and flattery.The three depending upon

the mind are: jealousy, hatred and ignorance.All these things are not in keeping with the Holy Way, and are therefore evil.When these evils are not done, they are ten good deeds.”

第五章 轉(zhuǎn)重令輕

佛言：人有眾過，而不自悔、頓息其心，罪來赴身；如水歸海，漸成深廣。若人有過，自解知非，改惡行善，罪自消滅；如病得汗，漸有痊損耳。

The Buddha said, “If a man who has committed many sins, does not repent and purify his heart of evil, retribution will come upon his person as sure as the streams runs into the ocean which becomes ever deeper and wider.If a man who has committed sins, come to the knowledge of it, reforms himself, and practises goodness, the force of retribution will gradually exhaust itself as a disease gradually loses its baneful influence when the patient perspires.”

第六章 忍惡無嗔

佛言：惡人聞善，故來擾亂者，汝自禁息，當(dāng)無嗔責(zé)，彼來惡者而自惡之。

The Buddha said, “When an evil-man, seeing you practise goodness, comes and maticiously insults you, you should patiently endure it and not feel angry with him, for the evil-man is insulting himself by trying to insult you.”

第七章 惡還本身

佛言：有人聞吾守道，行大仁慈，故致罵佛。佛默不對。罵止，問曰：子以禮從人，其人不納，禮歸子乎？對曰：歸矣！佛言：今子罵我，我今不納，子自持禍歸子身矣！猶響應(yīng)聲，影之隨形，終無免離，慎勿為惡。

The Buddha said, “Once a man came unto me and denounced me on account of my observing the Way and practicing great loving-kindness.But I kept silent and did not answer him.The denunciation ceased.Then I asked him.'If you bring a present to your neighbour and he accepts it not;does the present come back to you?' He replied, 'It will.' I said, 'You denounce me now, but as I accept it not, you must take the wrong deed back on your own person.It is like echo succeeding sound, it is like shadow following object;you never escape the effect of your own evil deeds.Be therefore mindful, and cease from doing evil.”

第八章 塵唾自污

佛言：惡人害賢者，猶仰天而唾，唾不至天，還從已墮；逆風(fēng)揚(yáng)塵，塵不至彼，還坌己身。賢不可毀，禍必滅己。

The Buddha said, “Evil-doers who denounce the wise resemble a person who spits against the sky;the spittle will never reach the sky;but comes down on himself.Evil-doers again resemble a man who stirs the dust against the wind, the dust is never raised without doing him injury.Thus, the wise will never be hurt but the curse is sure to destroy the evil-doers themselves.”

第九章 返本會道

佛言：博聞愛道，道必難會；守志奉道，其道甚大。

The Buddha said, “If you endeavour to embrace the Way through much learning, the Way will not understood.If you observe the Way with simplicity of heart, great indeed is this Way.”

第十章 喜施獲福

佛言：睹人施道，助之歡喜，得福甚大。沙門問曰：此福盡乎？佛言：譬如一炬之火，數(shù)千百人各以炬來分取，熟食除冥，此炬如故；福亦如之。

The Buddha said, “Those who rejoice in seeing others observe the Way will obtain great blessing.” A Sramana asked the Buddha, “Would this blessing be destroyed?” The Buddha replied, “It is like a lighted torch whose flame can be distributed to ever so many others torches which flame can be distributed to ever so many other torches which people may bring along;and therewith they will cook food and dispel darkness, while the original torch itself remains burning ever the same.It is even so with the bliss of the Way.”

第十一章 施飯轉(zhuǎn)勝

佛言：飯惡人百，不如飯一善人；飯善人千，不如飯一持五戒者；飯五戒者萬，不如飯一須陀洹；飯百萬須陀洹，不如飯一斯陀含；飯千萬斯陀含，不如飯一阿那含；飯一億阿那含，不如飯一阿羅漢；飯十億阿羅漢，不如飯一辟支佛；飯百億辟支佛，不如飯一三世諸佛；飯千億三世諸佛，不如飯一無念無住無修無證之者。

The Buddha said, “It is better to feed a good man than one hundred bad men.It is better to feed one who observes the Five Precepts of the Buddha than to feed one thousand good men.It is better to feed one Srotaapanna(Stream-enteree)than to feed ten thousands of those who observe the Five Precepts of Buddha.It is better to feed one Skriddagamin than to feed one million Srotaapanna.It is better to feed one Anagamin than to feed one Arhat than to feed one hundred millions of Anagamins.It is better to feed one Pratyekabuddha than to feed one billion of Arhats.It is better to feed one of the Buddha, either of the present, or of the past, or of the future, than to feed ten billions of Pratyekabuddhas.It is better to feed one who is above knowledge, one-sidedness, discipline, and enlightenment than to feed one hundred billions of Buddhas of the past, present, or future.”

第十二章 舉難勸修

佛言：人有二十難。貧窮布施難，豪貴學(xué)道難，棄命必死難，得睹佛經(jīng)難，生值佛世難，忍色忍欲難，見好不求難，被辱不嗔難，有勢不臨難，觸事無心難，廣學(xué)博究難，除滅我慢難，不輕未學(xué)難，心行平等難，不說是非難，會善知識難，見性學(xué)道難，隨化度人難，睹境不動難，善解方便難。

The Buddha said, “There are twenty difficult things to attain in this world:

1.It is hard for the poor to practice charity.2.It is hard for the strong and rich to observe the Way.3.It is hard to disregard life and go to certain death.4.It is only a favoured few that get acquainted with a Buddhist sutra.5.It is hard to be born in the age of the Buddha.6.It is hard to conquer the passions, to suppress selfish desires.7.It is hard not to hanker after that which is agreeable.8.It is hard not to get into a passion when slighted.9.It is hard not to abuse one's authority.10.It is hard to be even-minded and simple hearted in all one's dealings with others.42

11.It is hard to be thorough in learning and exhaustive in investigation.12.It is hard to subdue selfish pride.13.It is hard not to feel contempt toward the unlearned.14.It is hard to be one in knowledge and practice.15.It is hard not to express an opinion about others.16.It is by rare opportunity that one is introduced to a true spiritual teacher.17.It is hard to gain an insight into the nature of being and to practice the Way.18.It is hard to follow the way of a saviour.19.It is hard to be always the master of oneself.20.It is hard to understand thoroughly the Ways of Buddha.”

第十三章 問道宿命

沙門問佛：以何因緣，得知宿命，會其至道？佛言：凈心守志，可會至道。譬如磨鏡，垢去明存；斷欲無求，當(dāng)?shù)盟廾?/p>

A monk asked the Buddha, “Under what conditions is it possible to come to the knowledge of the past and to understand the most supreme Way? The Buddha answered, ”Those who are pure in heart and single in purpose are able to understand the most supreme Way.It is like polishing a mirror, which becomes bright when the dust is removed.Remove your passions, and have no hankering, and the past will be revealed to you.”

第十四章 請問善大

沙門問佛：何者為善？何者最大？佛言：行道守真者善，志與道合者大。

A monk asked the Buddha, “What is good, and what is great?“ The Buddha replied, ”Good is to practice the Way and to follow the truth.Great is the heart that is in accord with the Way.”

第十五章 請問力明

沙門問佛：何者多力？何者最明？佛言：忍辱多力，不懷惡故，兼加安健。忍者無惡，必為人尊。心垢滅盡，凈無瑕穢，是為最明。未有天地，逮于今日；十方所有，無有不見，無有不知，無有不聞，得一切智，可謂明矣！

A monk asked the Buddha, “What is most powerful and what is most illuminating?” The Buddha replied, “Meekness is most powerful, for it harbours no evil thoughts, and, moreover, it is restful and full of strength.as it is free from evils, it is sure to be honoured by all.The most illuminating is a mind that is thoroughly cleansed of dirt, and which, remaining pure, retains no blemishes.From the time when there was yet no heaven and earth till the present day, there is nothing in the ten quarters which is not seen, or known, or heard by such a mind, for it has gained all-knowledge, and for that reason it is called 'illuminating'.”

第十六章 舍愛得道

佛言：人懷愛欲，不見道者，譬如澄水，致手?jǐn)囍?，眾人共臨，無有睹其影者。人以愛欲交錯，心中濁興，故不見道。汝等沙門，當(dāng)舍愛欲。愛欲垢盡，道可見矣！

The Buddha said, “Those who have passions are never able to preceive the Way;for it is like stirring up clear water with hands;people may come there wishing to find a reflection of their faces, which, however, they will never see.A mind troubled and vexed with the passions is impure, and on that account it never sees the Way.O monks, do away with passions.When the dirt of passion is removed the Way will manifest itself.”

第十七章 明來暗榭

佛言：夫見道者，譬如持炬，入冥室中，其冥即滅，而明獨(dú)存；學(xué)道見諦，無明即滅，而明常存矣！The Buddha said, “Seeing the Way is like going into a dark room with a torch;the darkness instantly departs, while the light alone remains.When the Way is attained and the truth is seen, ignorance vanishes and enlightenment abides forever.”

第十八章 念等本空

佛言：吾法念無念念、行無行行、言無言言、修無修修，會者近爾，迷者遠(yuǎn)乎！言語道斷，非物所拘，差之毫厘，失之須臾。

The Buddha said, “My doctrine is to think the thought that is unthinkable, to practise the deed that is non-doing, to speak the speech that is inexpressible, and to be trained in the discipline that is deyond discipline.Those who understand this are near, those who are confused are far.The Way is beyond words and expressions, is bound by nothing earthly.Lose sight of it to an inch, or miss it for a moment, and we are away from it forever more.”

第十九章 假真并觀

佛言：觀天地，念非常。觀世界，念非常。觀靈覺，即菩提。如是知識，得道疾矣！

The Buddha said, “Look up to heaven and down on earth, and they will remind you of their impermanency.Look about the world, and it will remind you of its impermanency.But when you gain spiritual enlightenment, you shall then find wisdom.The knowledge thus attained leads you quickly to the Way.”

第二十章 推我本空

佛言：當(dāng)念身中四大，各有自名，都無我者。我既都無，其如幻耳！

The Buddha said, “You should think of the four elements of which the body is exposed.Each of them has its own name, and there is no such thing there known as ego.As there is really no ego, it is like unto a mirage.”

第二十一章 名聲喪本

佛言：人隨情欲，求于聲名；聲名顯著，身已故矣！貪世常名而不學(xué)道，枉功勞形。譬如燒香，雖人聞香，香之燼矣！危身之火，而在其后。

The Buddha said, “Moved by their selfish desires, people seek after fame and glory.But when they have acquired it, they are already strikened in years.If you hanker after wordly fame and practise not the Way, your labours are wrongfully applied and your energy is wasted.It is like unto burning an incense stick.”

第二十二章 財(cái)色招苦

佛言：財(cái)色于人，人之不舍。譬如刀刃有蜜，不足一餐之美；小兒舐之，則有割舌之患。

The Buddha said, “People cleave to their worldly possessions and selfish passions so blindly

as to sacrifice their own lives for them.They are like a child who tries to eat a little honey smeared on the edge of a knife.The amount is by no means sufficient to appease his appetite, but he runs the risk of wounding the tongue.”

第二十三章 妻子甚獄

佛言：人系于妻子舍宅，甚于牢獄。牢獄有散釋之期，妻子無遠(yuǎn)離之念。情愛于色，豈憚驅(qū)馳！雖有虎口之患，心存甘伏，投泥自溺，故曰凡夫。透得此門，出塵羅漢。

The Buddha said, “Men are tied up to their famililes and possessions more helplessly than in a prison.There is an occassion for the prisoner to be released, but the housholders entertain no desire to be relieved from the ties of family.Even into the paws of a tiger, he will jump.Those who are thus drowned in the filth of passion are called the ignorant.Those who are able to overcome it are saintly Arhats.”

第二十四章 色欲障道

佛言：愛欲莫甚于色。色之為欲，其大無外，賴有一矣。若使二同，普天之人，無能為道者矣。The Buddha said, “There is nothing like lust.Lust may be said to be the most powerful passion.Fortunately, we have but one thing which is more powerful.If the thirst for truth were weaker than passion, how many of us in the world will be able to follow the way of righteousness?”

第二十五章 欲火燒身

佛言：愛欲于人，猶如執(zhí)炬逆風(fēng)而行，必有燒手之患。

The Buddha said, “Men who are addicted to the passions are like the torch-carrier running against the wind;his hands are sure to be burned.”

第二十六章 天魔嬈佛

天神獻(xiàn)玉女于佛，欲壞佛意。佛言：革囊眾穢，爾來何為？去！吾不用。天神愈敬，因問道意。佛為解說，即得須陀洹果。

The Lord of Heaven offered a beautiful fairy to the Buddha, desiring to tempt him to the evil path.But the Buddha said, “Be gone.What use have I for the leather bag filled with filth which you brought to me?” Then, the god reverently bowed and asked the Buddha about the essence of the

Way, in which having been instructed by the buddha, it is said he attained the fruit of Srotaapanna.”

第二十七章 無著得道

佛言：夫?yàn)榈勒?，猶木在水，尋流而行。不觸兩岸，不為人取，不為鬼神所遮，不為洄流所住，亦不腐敗，吾保此木決定入海。學(xué)道之人，不為情欲所惑，不為眾邪所嬈，精進(jìn)無為，吾保此人必得道矣。

The Buddha said, “Those who are following the Way should behave like a piece of timber which is drifting along a stream.If the log is neither held by the banks, nor seized by men, nor obstructed by the gods, nor kept in the whirlpool, nor itself goes to decay, I assure you that this log will finally reach the ocean.If monks waling on the Way are neither tempted by the passions, nor led astray by some evil influences;but steadily pursue their course of Nirvana, I assure you that these monks will finally attain enlightenment.”

第二十八章 意馬莫縱

佛言：甚勿信汝意，汝意不可信。慎勿與色會，色會即禍生。得阿羅漢已，乃可信汝意。

The Buddha said, “Rely not upon your own will.It is not trustworthy.Guard yourself against sensualism, for it surely leads to the path of evil.Your own will becomes trustworthy only when you have attained Arhatship.”

第二十九章 正觀敵色

佛言：慎勿視女色，亦莫共言語。若與語者，正心思念：我為沙門，處于濁世，當(dāng)如蓮華，不為泥污。想其老者為母，長者如姊，少者如妹，稚者如子。生度脫心，息滅惡念。

The Buddha said, “O monks, you should not see women.(If you have to see them), refrain from talking to them.(If you have to talk to them), you should reflect in a right spirit: 'I am now a homeless mendicant.In the world of sin, I must behave myself like unto the lotus flower whose purity is not defiled by the mud.Old ones I will treat as my mother;elderly ones as elder sisters;younger ones as younger sisters;and little ones as daughters.' And in all this you should habour no evil thoughts, but think of salvation.”

第三十章 欲火遠(yuǎn)離

佛言：夫?yàn)榈勒?，如被干草，火來須避。道人見欲，必?dāng)遠(yuǎn)之。

The Buddha said, “Those who walk the Way should avoid sensualism as those who carry hay would avoid coming near the fire.”

第三十一章 心寂欲除

佛言：有人患淫不止，欲自斷陰。佛謂之曰：若斷其陰，不如斷心。心如功曹，功曹若止，從者都息。邪心不止，斷陰何益？佛為說偈：欲生于汝意，意以思想生，二心各寂靜，非色亦非行。佛言：此偈是迦葉佛說。

The Buddha said, “There was once a man who, being in despair over his inability to control his passions, wished to multilate himself.“ The Buddha said to Him, ”Better destroy your own evil thoughts than do harm to your own person.The mind is lord.When the lord himself is claimed the servant will themselves be yielding.If your mind is purified of evil passions, what avails it to multilate yourself?”Thereupon, the Buddha recited the gatha:

“Passions grow from the will，The will grows from thought and imagination.When both are calmed，There is neither sensualism nor transmigration.”

The Buddha said that this gatha was taught by Kashyapa Buddha.第三十二章 我空怖滅

佛言：人從愛欲生憂，從憂生怖。若離于愛，何憂何怖？

The Buddha said, “From the passions arise worry, and from worry arises fear.Away with passions，no fear, no worry.”

第三十三章 智明破魔

佛言：夫?yàn)榈勒撸┤缫蝗伺c萬人戰(zhàn)。掛鎧出門，意或怯弱，或半路而退，或格斗而死，或得勝而還。沙門學(xué)道，應(yīng)當(dāng)堅(jiān)持其心，精進(jìn)勇銳，不畏前境，破滅眾魔，而得道果。

The Buddha said, “Those who follow the Way are like unto warriors who fight single-handed

with a multitude of foes.They may al go out of the fort in full armour;but among them are some who are faint-hearted, and some who go halfway and beat a retreat, and some who are killed in the affray, and some who come home victorious.O monks!If you desire to attain enlightenment, you should steadily walk in your Way, with a resolute heart, with courage, and should be fearless in whatever environment you may happen to be, and destroy every evil influence that you may across for thus you shall reach the goal.”

第三十四章 處中得道

沙門夜誦迦葉佛遺教經(jīng)，其聲悲緊，思悔欲退。佛問之曰：汝昔在家，曾為何業(yè)？對曰：愛彈琴。佛言：弦緩如何？對曰：不鳴矣！弦急如何？對曰：聲絕矣！急緩得中如何？對曰：諸音普矣！佛言：沙門學(xué)道亦然，心若調(diào)適，道可得矣。于道若暴，暴即身疲。其身若疲，意即生惱。意若生惱，行即退矣。其行既退，罪必加矣。但清凈安樂，道不失矣。

One night a monk was reciting a sutra, bequeathed by Kashyapa Buddha.His tone was so mournful and his voice was so fainting, as if he was going out of existence.The Buddha asked him, “What was your occupation before you become a homeless monk? ” The monk replied, “I was very fond of playing a stringed instrument.” The Buddha said, “How did you find it when the strings were too loose?” “No sound is possible.” was the reply.“How did you find it when the strings were too tight?” “They will break.” “How did you find when they were neither too tight nor too loose?” “Every note sounds in its proper tone.”

第三十五章 垢凈明存

佛言：如人鍛鐵，去滓成器，器即精好。學(xué)道之人，去心垢染，行即清凈矣。

The Buddha then said to the monk, “Religious discipline is also like unto playing such a stringed instrument.When the mind is properly adjusted and quietly applied, the Way is attainable.But when you are too feverntly bent on it, your body grows tired, and when your body is tired, your spirit becomes weary, your discipline will relax, and with the relaxation of discipline there follows many an evil.Therefore, be calm and pure, and the Way will be gained.”

第三十六章 輾轉(zhuǎn)獲勝

佛言：人離惡道，得為人難。既得為人，去女即男難。既得為男，六根完具難。六根既具，生中國難。

既生中國，值佛世難。既值佛世，遇道者難。既得遇道，興信心難。既興信心，發(fā)菩提心難。既發(fā)菩提心，無修無證難。

The Buddha said, “Even if one escapes from the evil creations, it is one's rare fortune to be born as a human being.Even if one is born as a human, it is one's rare fortune to be born as a man and not a woman.Even if one is born as a man, it is one's rare fortune to be perfected in all the six senses.Even if he is perfected in all the six senses, it is his rare fortune to be born in the middle kingdom.Even if he is born in the middle kingdom, it is rare fortune to be born in the time of a Buddha.Even if he is born in the time of a Buddha, it is rare fortunate to see the Enlightened One.Even if he is able to see the Enlightened One, it is his rare fortune to have his heart awakened in faith.Even if he has faith, it is his rare fortune to awaken the heart of wisdom.Even if he awakens the heart of wisdom, it is his rare fortune to realise a spiritual state which is above discipline and attainment.”

第三十七章 念戒近道

佛言：佛子離吾數(shù)千里，憶念吾戒，必得道果。在吾左右，雖常見吾，不順吾戒，終不得道。

The Buddha said, “O Sons of the Buddha!You are away from me ever so many miles, but if you remember and think of my precepts, you shall surely gain the fruit of enlightenment.You may standing by my side, see me always, but if you observe not my precepts, you shall never gain enlightenment.”

第三十八章 生即有滅

佛問沙門：人命在幾間？對曰：數(shù)日間。佛言：子未知道。復(fù)問一沙門：人命在幾間？對曰：飯食間。佛言：子未知道。復(fù)問一沙門：人命在幾間？對曰：呼吸間。佛言：善哉，子知道矣！

The Buddha asked another monk, “How do you measure the length of a man's life?“ He answered, ”By days.“ The Buddha said, ”You do not understand the Way.“ The Buddha asked another monk, ”How do you measure the length of a man's life?“ The monk answered, ”By the time that passes during a meal.“ The Buddha said, ”You do not understand the Way.“ The Buddha asked the third monk, ”How do you measure the length of a man's life?“ The monk answered, ”By the breadth." The Buddha said，50