第一篇：語言和文化(英文畢業(yè)論文)

英語11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 Cultural Comparison of Animal Idioms in Chinese and English Culture

Abstract: Language and culture are like two wheels of our human beings.Language is a vehicle that helps record and interpret culture.And culture becomes alive by means of language.However, culture is not only unique to human, but also something concerning animals.As an essential part of the language and culture of a society, idioms are characterized by their concise expressions, rich and vivid.English and Chinese idioms carry the different national cultural characteristics and cultural information.In order to improve our intercultural communication competence, this paper will mainly analyze some idioms on dogs in terms of the Chinese and English religious influence, historical influence, geographical environment influence etc, and explore the possible reasons which can account for these differences.Key words: Animal idioms;dog;Chinese and English culture;difference;similarity

1.Introduction

Language is an indispensable carrier of culture.Culture finds a better representation through language use.Vocabulary, as one of the most important parts of a language, will surely reflect the multi-dimensional image of a society.Countries of different cultures attach various associative meanings to their vocabulary, which is especially obvious in animal terms.Because animals play a significant part in daily life, animal terms are closely related to their own culture, convey different cultural features and messages of their own nation, reflecting their own culture.In the long course of human history, animals, especially dogs, have been keeping a close relationship with human beings and also influencing their living and growth deeply.This relationship brings people all kinds of complex emotions such as fondness, sympathy, disgust and horror.Moreover, many animals have become a kind of symbolism in people’s thinking, and this symbolism is reflected in the language.Languages of all nations contain plenty of words and phrases connected to animals, so 英語11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 do English and Chinese.However, because of different history and culture, the connotations of animal words in one language do not parallel with those in another.Due to the cultural differences of geography, customs, historical allusion, religion and so on, such idioms embody the distinctive characteristics of national culture.And with the development of economy and science, globalization is a more and more obvious phenomenon.The relationship between countries is becoming closer and closer.In order to understand these idioms more clearly and make the international communication more effectively, it is useful and necessary to compare such idioms.The paper will make a comparative study of animals employed in English and Chinese idioms.2.Comparison of connotations of animal idioms in English and Chinese idioms(Take idioms on dogs for example)2.1 Similarities of connotations All humankind lives on the same planet.They have similar environment, psychology, and cognitive ability;therefore, both Chinese and English people nearly have the same knowledge of animals.As a result, they have the same or similar association and give the same cultural connotation to animal words.So it also applies to “dog”.In China, dog is defined as,“哺育動物，種類很多，嗅覺和聽覺都很靈敏，毛有黃、白、黑等顏色。是一種家畜，有的可以訓(xùn)練成警犬，有的用來幫助打獵、牧羊等。” And in English, the definition of dog is," an animal with four legs and a tail, often kept as a pet or trained for work, for example, hunting or guarding building.” Judging from it, we can easily notice that Chinese and English have similar knowledge of dog.Meanwhile, both in Chinese and English culture,” dog” can be a negative or positive word.The examples are as followings:(1)He lives a dog’s life——他的日子過得很艱難(2)A lucky dog——幸運兒(3)狗嘴里吐不出象牙(4)犬子

2.2 Differences of connotations The majority of animal words carry different connotations, because of their 英語11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 different natural environment, customs, and society systems.Besides, English history is influenced more by Egypt and Roman, while Chinese history is much more independent.For example: In English: Iove me，love my dog：愛屋及烏 lucky dog：幸運兒

top dog：最重要的人物

every dog has its(his)day：凡人皆有得意 While in Chinese: 狗膽包天 狗急跳墻 狗屁不通 狗崽子

3.Possible Reasons of Differences between English and Chinese Animal Idioms

Every country has its own history and culture personality.So there is more dissimilarity between China and English-speaking countries then similarities between them.There are many sources responsible for these differences, such as natural surroundings, social conditions, religions, customs, psychological reactions, thinking styles, aesthetic standards, and national traits and so on.3.1.Historical Influence

China has experienced more than 2000 years feudal society, and agriculture played the most important role in nation’s economy while other counties already began their industrial age.There are more than 0.9 billion peasants in China;therefore Chinese have a close relationship with animals such as oxen, cows, sheep, silkworms, bee and so on.So we use silkworm as a metaphor to illustrate people who are hard working, while English-speakers don’t.For example:（1）Rain cats and dogs: it originates from Nordic mythology，in which dog symbolize wind.（2）狗咬呂洞賓：it originates from Chinese myth.英語11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 3.2.Religious Influence

Ancient Chinese believed in Buddhism, and most of the modern Chinese have no religious belief.However, most of the English people believe in Christianity.There are many religious stories that involve animals in both Taoism and Christianity.That’s why same animal referent may have quite different senses.For example: The dog return to his vomit(狗又嘔吐了，比喻重犯舊日的罪行)

3.3.Geographical Environment Influence

The emergence of idioms is associated with the labor and life of people.English people and Chinese people live in quite different environments.The UK is located in the Western Hemisphere.Its seafaring and animal husbandry are well-developed.China is located in Eastern Asia, the west coast of Pacific Ocean.Its agriculture is well-developed.On account of these distinct differences, people in two countries have different attitudes to the same animal.For example, Chinese culture originated from agriculture.Ancient Chinese people depended on the ox for survival, so there were many idioms about “ox”, e.g.“孺子牛”, “力大如牛”, “強的像頭牛”, “牛勁”.In our traditional culture, ox was a symbol of hard work.They always compared industrious people and those who bore hardship without complaint to ox.In history, past and present, many celebrities liken themselves to ox.Take Lu Xun for example.He had a famous sentence called “俯首甘為孺子牛”.But in English it’s hard to find corresponding vehicles.English culture originated from nomadic herding.In the eyes of English people, the horse was a strong and assiduous friend.Therefore, there were a considerable number of idioms about “horse”, e.g.“a willing horse”, “flog a dead horse”, “work like a horse”, “be on the high horse”.Horse was a symbol of hard-working.Owing to these, people sometimes used two different aniamls to express the same meaning.4.Conclusion English and Chinese are both rich in animal idioms, which reflect the culture of a country.In turn, animal idioms are influenced by culture at the same time.English 英語11002班 胡 畔 1010291061 and Chinese differ from each other greatly in language culture;geographical environment and emotional awareness, as a result, majority of animal words have different expression and culture connotation when used in different languages.Therefore, in the process of learning a foreign language or cross-cultural communication, we should pay attention to the words with ethnic or culture background.Only by grasping the national culture connotation can we truly grasp a language, so that to make it work for us as a communicative tool.Besides, connotative differences influence a lot in cross-culture communicate, so we need to update our concept so that to adapt to other people’s culture in order to have a successful communication.

第二篇：英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文語言與文化方向選題

英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文語言與文化方向選題大全

The Analysis on the Differences of Interpersonal Relationship between Eastern and Western People 東西方人際關(guān)系要素差異探析

On Values of Chinese from Perspective of Lexicon 從詞匯角度讀中國人的價值觀

Research on Sino-Western Differences of Cooperative Principles 合作原則的中西方差異初探

The Comparison of Euphemism in Wording of Sino-Western Letters 中西書信用語的委婉語比較

How to avoid ambiguity in different culture 如何避免由文化差異造成的歧義

On the Influence of Network Vocabulary on Chinese Language 英語網(wǎng)絡(luò)詞匯對漢語的影響 The Cultural Connotation of English Etymology and the Teaching of English Vocabulary 英語詞源的文化內(nèi)涵與詞匯教學(xué)

An Analysis of the Political Prejudice in VOA 《美國之音》的語匯與政治偏見分析 A Comparison Between News Report of BBC and VOA BBC 與VOA新聞報道之比較 English idioms—A Mirror Reflecting British Culture American culture Reflected in the Use of Words of American English Translation of Brand Names and their Cultural Associations On Cultural Differences of Body Language between English and Chinese A Comparative Study on Sexism in both English and Chinese Euphemism—Their Construction and Application Cultural Comparison in Idioms The Cultural Conflict in the Cross-Cultural Communication A Talk of Cultural Difference between China and the West On Language and Culture in Translation Family Education Differences between China and Western Countries The Effect of Context on the Meaning of Words A View on the Differences between Chinese and English Cultures with Regard to Taboos A View on the Differences between Chinese and English Cultures with Regard to Etiquette A View on the Similarities and Differences between Chinese and English Cultures in Terms of Proverbs Proverbs and Culture Exotic Cultures Influence on English Vocabulary The Differences Between Chinese and Western Cultures and English Education The Impact of Economic Globalization on World Culture The Cultural Effect Of Civilized English On English Writing 從現(xiàn)代漢語中的英語外來詞看中國文化對西方文化的吸收與處理 中國學(xué)生英語習(xí)得中的母語遷移現(xiàn)象 論影響跨文化溝通的主要因素 校園交際中的語碼選擇 唐詩英譯中文化意象保留 英語教學(xué)中漢文化的參與和滲透

母語和第二語言閱讀的文化差異與認(rèn)知體系 英語寫作中漢語干擾因素分析 中英文化交際差異對比 英語詞匯與變化

類比在現(xiàn)代中英詞匯中的應(yīng)用 擬聲理據(jù)的應(yīng)用

詞的理據(jù)與文化歷史的關(guān)系 小說《喜福會》中的文化碰撞

廣告語篇翻譯中的跨文化交際 漢語的負遷移與英語學(xué)習(xí)

論中西文化的差異對中西餐飲業(yè)的影響 英漢詞匯的社會文化內(nèi)涵漫談 美語口語中的俚語現(xiàn)象透析

漢英顏色詞背后的文化 英漢習(xí)語文化差異探源

淺析英語委婉語

第三篇：畢業(yè)論文的語言

一、語言的含義和作用

語言是人類社會作為思維工具和交際工具來使用的一種意義結(jié)合的符合系統(tǒng)，是作者用來表現(xiàn)思想感情的材料和工具。所以，作為畢業(yè)論文形式方面的構(gòu)成因素之一的語言是畢業(yè)論文賴以探討或解決本學(xué)科某一基本問題的唯一工具。正如馬克思所說的：“語言是思想的直接現(xiàn)實。”畢業(yè)論文寫作盡管需要具備選題、取材、構(gòu)思、技巧等多方面的能力，但這一切都必須也只能通過語言來體現(xiàn)，來完成。語言表達的水平直接影響論文的表現(xiàn)力和感染力。只有了解語言的特點，并且有比較豐富的語言儲備，才能寫好畢業(yè)論文。語言的表達效果，直接關(guān)系著論文的質(zhì)量。因此，過好語言關(guān)，也是寫好畢業(yè)論文的重要一環(huán)。

二、語言表達的基本要求

各類文章盡管文體不同，各具特點，但對語言表達的基本要求是共同的，這就是準(zhǔn)確、簡練、生動。畢業(yè)論文的語言表達同樣要求做到簡捷、明快、形象、生動、pb確、科學(xué)。

(一)語言要準(zhǔn)確、科學(xué)

撰寫畢業(yè)論文首先要求語言準(zhǔn)確。準(zhǔn)確就是要符合客觀實際情況，做到?jīng)]有差錯。“準(zhǔn)確”是從總體上要求語言講求科學(xué)性和邏輯性，能準(zhǔn)確地表達論文的內(nèi)容和思想感情。論文中用詞和造句必須恰如其分地反映事物的本來面貌，并能如實、砧切地表達作者的意圖和思想感情。因此，要使語言準(zhǔn)確無誤必須做到如下幾個方面；

1．用詞要做到準(zhǔn)確、無誤，合乎事實。

詞是語言的建筑材料，畢業(yè)論文的語言質(zhì)量如何，與選詞的準(zhǔn)確程度關(guān)系極大。用詞準(zhǔn)確了，語言所表達的意思才能準(zhǔn)確。

用詞準(zhǔn)確的主要途徑有兩個：

第一，要注意辨析詞義，要仔細區(qū)別近義、同義詞在含義上和用法上的細微差別。

我們在畢業(yè)論文的寫作過程中，必須認(rèn)真推敲每一個詞，并在反復(fù)精選的基礎(chǔ)上，使用最恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~語。漢語中的近義詞、同義詞很多，有些近義詞粗看起來，意思區(qū)別不大，但若仔細地分析，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)含義完全不同。例如：

“才干”、“才華”、“才能”這三個詞含義相近，卻又有細微差別，它們都表示有較高的能力，但側(cè)重點不同；“才干”著重指辦事能力，“才華”著重指表現(xiàn)于外的才智和能力，“才能”不僅用于重要的實踐活動，還用于思維活動。

第二，要注意區(qū)別詞語的感情色彩，在選詞、用詞上注意掌握“分寸感”。

在漢語詞匯中，除了很大一部分“中性詞”以外，還有一些詞語是能通過其特定的含義體現(xiàn)出鮮明、精妙的感情色彩的。例如：“他終于死了，享年十二”，“享年”是敬詞，通常用于晚輩對長輩，這個詞用在這里讀來使人感到別扭。成年人—寫小孩，是不該用這個詞的。

要區(qū)別詞語的感情色彩，首先要區(qū)別詞的褒貶色彩。比如：“堅定”、“頑強”是褒義詞，“固執(zhí)”、“頑固”是貶義詞。其次要分清語意的輕重。比如：“責(zé)備”、“責(zé)怪”、“指責(zé)”、“斥責(zé)”這幾個詞的語意，一個比一個重，使用的時候就要注意區(qū)分。

2．提取最精粹的詞語。

寫作的藝術(shù)就是提煉的藝術(shù)，若要使語言簡練，最要緊的是盡量節(jié)約用字。少用字，同時還要把意思表達完善，就必須在寫作時注意選擇提取那些經(jīng)過干錘百煉的最精粹的詞語。這個提煉工作，一般可以從以下幾個方面入手：

第一，節(jié)約用字。能少說一句話就少說一句，能少用一個字就少用一個。同樣的內(nèi)容，用很少的文字就可以表達出來，不僅節(jié)約用字，使語言更加簡練，而且還會使文章避免平鋪直敘，富有藝術(shù)魅力。例如，“資本主義國家商品的價格上漲得十分迅速”，就可以用“物價飛漲”來概括。

第二，刪繁就簡。把一切與表達主題不太相干的多余部分刪去，特別是那些不必要的重復(fù)和解釋。例如，“我每次讀了《鄧小平文選》以后，總不免要動手動筆寫自己的心得、感受”，就可以用“每次讀《鄧小平文選》，我總要寫心得”代替。再如，“社會主義國家要保持物價穩(wěn)定，不能隨意提高物價，也不能亂漲價。”這里“隨意提高物價”和“亂漲價”是同一個意思，結(jié)果是同一個意思前后重復(fù)地說了兩遍。另外，論文要達到語言簡練，就不必在那些已被人們熟知的事實或事件上過分展開。例如：我們在論述“只有按照經(jīng)濟規(guī)律辦事，我國經(jīng)濟才能得到發(fā)展”這個論題時，往往要從正反兩個方面加以論述。但是由于我們是要論述“按照經(jīng)濟規(guī)律辦事，我國經(jīng)濟才能得到發(fā)展。”因此，我們應(yīng)該把重點放在分析50年代前期、中期注意了按經(jīng)濟規(guī)律辦事，經(jīng)濟得到了穩(wěn)步的發(fā)展360年代前期我們注意了按經(jīng)濟規(guī)律辦事，經(jīng)濟得到了很快的恢復(fù)和發(fā)展，十一屆三中全會以后我們又采取了一系列符合實際情況的政策和措施，經(jīng)濟又開始恢復(fù)并健康發(fā)展上。對于“大躍進”及“文化大革命時期”由于不按客觀規(guī)律辦事，甚至違背客觀規(guī)律，經(jīng)濟建設(shè)受到嚴(yán)重挫折可以賂寫，不必做過多介紹。只有這樣才能做到觀點鮮明、分析深刻、緊扣主題，避免枉費筆墨。

總之，我們這里強調(diào)語言要精練，是以能否清楚地表達思想為準(zhǔn)。畢業(yè)論文該長則長，該短則短。從實際出發(fā)，在準(zhǔn)確、全面、深刻地表達自己的觀點和見解的基礎(chǔ)上，力爭做到語言簡練。

(三)語言要生動形象

畢業(yè)論文在具備觀點正確、鮮明，語言準(zhǔn)確、簡練的前提下，還要力求做到語言生動，讓人讀起來不枯燥乏味。“我們的最好的思想、最深厚的感情，只能被最美妙的語言表達出來。若是表達不出，誰能知道那思想與感情是怎樣的好呢7”(老舍《關(guān)于文學(xué)的語言問題》)。可見要把論文寫好，光語言準(zhǔn)確、簡練還不夠，還要生動感人。

那么，究竟怎樣才能夠使畢業(yè)論文生動形象呢?

1．要使用形象化的語言。

學(xué)術(shù)論文的特點之一，是語言的抽象性。但是任何抽象的概念都來自具體的事實。如果我們在寫作時，能把理論的概括同形象的描述恰當(dāng)?shù)亟Y(jié)合起來，就會有助于深刻地揭示事物的本質(zhì)，并使理論易于為人們理解和接受。例如，毛澤東同志在寫“黨八股”的罪狀(之五)時，競直接用“甲乙丙丁，開中藥鋪”來形象概括；寫黨內(nèi)團結(jié)和同志間互助的必要性，則用“荷花雖好，還要綠葉扶持”等生動語言來形象說明，把深刻的道理寫得明曉易懂，生動活潑。

2．用詞要新。

我們在用詞時，應(yīng)當(dāng)刻求新意，努力使語言新鮮、生動些。如果人云亦云，拾人牙慧，總是在老套子里打轉(zhuǎn)，語言就不會生動。要不斷挖掘和發(fā)現(xiàn)語詞中新的含義、新的用法，即不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)事物的新意，并給這些事物以最準(zhǔn)確、貼切、新鮮的表現(xiàn)。例如：著名作家王蒙寫“事實”；“事實就是宇宙，就像地球、華山、黃河、水、土、氫、氧、鈦、鈾一樣，既不像想象的那樣溫柔，也不像想象的那么冷酷。”這一連串的比喻就比“鐵一般的事實不容置辯”一類句子新鮮有趣得多。

3．要使用多樣化的語言。

畢業(yè)論文的選詞和造句，都要有適當(dāng)?shù)淖兓屑煞磸?fù)使用，這也是語言生動的一個重要條件。若能按照主題的需要把敘述、議論、設(shè)問、比喻、舉例、解釋等交叉起來使用，相錯成文，這樣，文章就會顯得變化多，讀起來有興味。例如：毛澤東的《質(zhì)問國民黨》一文，語言活潑多變，生動引人，值得我們學(xué)習(xí)。“假如你們既沒有什么對付日本久的‘蒙汁藥’、‘定身法’，又沒有和日本人訂立默契，那就讓我們正式告訴你們吧：你們不應(yīng)該打邊區(qū)，你們不可以打邊區(qū)，‘鷸蚌相持，漁人得利’，‘螳螂捕蟬，黃雀在后’，這兩個故事，是有道理的。你們應(yīng)該和我們一道去把日本占領(lǐng)的地方統(tǒng)一起來，把鬼子趕出去才是正經(jīng)，何必急急忙忙地要來‘統(tǒng)一’這塊巴掌大的地區(qū)呢?大好河山，淪于敵手，你們不急，你們不忙，而卻急于進攻邊區(qū)，忙于打倒共產(chǎn)黨，可痛也夫，可恥也夫!”這里運用多變的語言，不僅莊諧并作，語態(tài)瀟灑，而且雅俗結(jié)合，內(nèi)容豐富，文章生動有趣。

4．要重修辭。

修辭的主要目的之一就是為了把文章寫得生動活潑。在行文中，總是一種句式，缺乏變化，難免使語言平庸單調(diào)。應(yīng)當(dāng)學(xué)會根據(jù)文章體裁的持點和‘表現(xiàn)主題的需要，運用多種修辭手段，使句子的表現(xiàn)方式豐富多采，增加語言的生動性。用修辭和其他形式使句式富于變化的方法很多，諸如層遞、反復(fù)、對照、拈連、疊字、倒裝等等。另外，在論文中，如能把語言聲調(diào)的乎仄、句式的長短、語氣的緩急靈活地搭配起來，適當(dāng)?shù)亟诲e使用，就可以產(chǎn)生一種節(jié)奏感，讀來瑯瑯上口，抑揚頓挫，節(jié)奏鮮明，發(fā)揮出語言在形式上的強大表現(xiàn)力。還有如果我們運用一些排比、對偶等句式把語句搞得長短適度，大體相稱，語言在音節(jié)的和諧上就又增加了一分美。

第四篇：英文畢業(yè)論文陳述句

sci 句型大全作者： 滿大鵬

再也不用愁SCI了，再也不愁論文中的英文怎么寫了！！英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型 來源： 辛亮的日志 英語學(xué)術(shù)論文常用句型 Beginning 1.In this paper, we focus on the need for 2.This paper proceeds as follow.3.The structure of the paper is as follows.4.In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5.To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1.This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2.Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3.In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed;then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied;lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review 1.This review is followed by an introduction.2.A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3.In the next section, a brief review of the....is given.4.In the next section, a short review of...is given with special regard to...5.Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6.Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body 1.Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2.Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3.Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4.Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often...can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6.Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the...7.Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the …..and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11.Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14.Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16.Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19.Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model..20.Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21.Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23.In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a...scheme must satisfy.25.In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26.In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27.In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section 1.In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2.We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2.The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3.However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4.The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5.We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6.The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1.This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2.Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3.Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4.Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5.Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6.The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7.Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0.Abstract 1.A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2.This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3.This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4.The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5.The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6.The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7.The usefulness of xx is also considered.8.A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9.The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10.A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11.Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12.The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13.Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14.This paper analyses problems in 15.This paper outlines the functions carried out by...16.This paper includes an illustration of the...17.This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18.Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19.The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20.Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21.The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22.The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23.A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1.Introduction Time 1.Over the course of the past 30 years,..has emerged form intuitive 2.Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3.The advent of...systems for has had a significant impact on the 4.The development of...is explored 5.During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7.There has been a turning point in...methodology in accordance with the advent of...8.A major concern in...today is to continue to improve...9.A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10.At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11.Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12.The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13.To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose 1.The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2.The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3.The paper concerns the development of a xx 4.The scope of this research lies in 5.The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6.These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit...7.The objectives of the...operations study are as follows: 8.The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9.The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10.The main objective of such a...system is to 11.The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12.In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13.In order to take advantage of their similarity 14.more research is still required before final goal of...can be completed 15.In this trial, the objective is to generate...16.for the sake of concentrating on...research issues 17.A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18.For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19.A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring..methods 20.This illustration points out the need to specify 21.The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22.Chapter 2.Literature Review 23.A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24.A considerable amount of research has been done..during the last decade 25.A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26.There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27.However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28.Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.29.Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30.Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31.Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32.Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33.Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34.The central issue in all these studies is to 35.The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36.Applied...techniques to 37.Characterized the...system as 38.Developed an algorithm to 39.Developed a system called...which 40.Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41.Emphasized the need to 42.Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43.A comprehensive study of the...has been undertaken 44.Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45.Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46.Point out that the problem of 47.A study on...was done / developed by [] 48.Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49.The approach taken by [] is 50.The system developed by [] consists 51.A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52.[]'s model requires consideration of...53.[]' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54.[]'s model focuses on...55.Little research has been conducted in applying...to 56.The published information that is relevant to this research...57.This study further shows that 58.Their work is based on the principle of 59.More history of...can be found in xx et al.[1979].60.Studies have been completed to established 61.The...studies indicated that 62.Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question 63.Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model.They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64.Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67....is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68.Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69.An unanswered question 70.This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71.An additional research issue to be tackled is....72.Some important issues in developing a...system are discussed 73.The three prime issues can be summarized: 74.The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the...75.There have been many attempts to 76.It is expected to be serious barrier to 77.It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex

第五篇：畢業(yè)論文英文致謝

畢業(yè)論文致謝1 First of all, I would like to thank my mentor professor Xiang Ji During my pH.d., teacher Ji teach by precept and example，and let me learn a lot such as how to be a good man and learn the truth.In my doctoral thesis research in the face of a huge field, teacher Ji in the topic direction, the paper structure, thesis methods and other aspects are tirelessly inspired and guided by me, step by step in order to guide my progress.The years of my Ph.D.is the most memorable time in my life。Teacher Ji rigorous academic attitude and a strong spirit of innovation always infected me, urging me, encourage me, and it will benefit me all my life, along with me on the academic road of the future.Secondly，thank to Professor Jian Xia，School of architecture and urban planning of Suzhou University of science and technology, Xia teacher from the research materials and research methods, and many other aspects of my paper to provide a great help, So that my paper is possible to complete.I would like to thank Prof.Liu Zuyi of Suzhou University of Science and Technology for their excellent guidance and review of my paper.I benefited a lot.I would like to thank Professor Jiang Chang of the School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, for giving me a great idea of my thesis.Their suggestions in the field of underground space are very enlightening for the paper.Their help made the paper go smoothly.Thanks to the Tsinghua University School of architecture professor Weimin Zhuang and Beijing University of Technology School of architecture and urban planning of professor Jian Dai on my thesis detailed review.Thanks to the China University of Mining and Technology School of mechanics and civil engineering professor Junwu Xia on my thesis guidance and comments.I would like to thank the senior engineer of Chen Jun, Jiangsu Provincial Planning and Design Institute, for his important help during my research.I would like to thank Professor Lian Si of Suzhou University of Science and Technology for their valuable suggestions.Thanks to Professor Yingxin Zhu of the School of Architecture for my patience.I would like to thank the chief architect of Rongguo Hu of China Academy of Building Research for my important suggestion.Thanks Hui Wang Associate Professor, Jie Hong associate professor, teacher Chao Luo, teacher Chaochao Chu and Rui Ma, Jun Lan, Hao Wang, Jian Tong Zhao, Da Zhang, Dong Wang, Xinbin Liang, Jiaqi Zhu and other teachers, The discussion of the paper and the warm help.Thanks Huiyu Sun for helping me.Thanks Yang Yang for helping me.Thanks Yunmin Jiang for helping me.Finally I would like to thank my parents for many years of my training, and in my study and research with great encouragement and life of my spirit on the full support.致謝2

Thanks to my tutor Professor ChenFei , this paper was completed under the guidance of the tutor.Without the guidance, encouragement and financial support , the paper can not be successfully completed.I have fruitful results and deep feelings in the five years of successive postgraduate and doctoral programs of study.Tutor's excellent quality of behavior, rigorous attitude, the spirit of innovation, ability to grasp the overall situation and sweep down irresistibly from a commanding height, selfless work spirit for students to establish a model of a subtle role, this is also the most valuable wealth that tutors impart to students.In this regard, I would like to pay deep tribute to my tutor.Thanks to Professor Tian Zuzhi, he has been taking the utmost care it from selection of subject to completion of this thesis.Even in his busy schedule, Professor Tian also took time to read the article, and put forward many valuable comments and suggestions, so that the author benefited greatly.I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep gratitude and respect to Professor Tian Zuzhi.Grateful to professor Li Aimin, associate professor Meng Deyuan, associate professor Liu Shanzeng, postdoctoral Qiu Bingjing for the guidance and help in the theoretical analysis and experimental research of the paper.Express heartfelt gratitude to the leadership and staff of Xuzhou five Ocean Science and Technology Ltd, which received great support in the design, manufacture and assembly process of the experimental platform , especially the Mr Deng Zhipeng, Mr Meng Zhigang , Mr Wu Hongzhi, Engineer Yue Fuliang and other workshop Masters.Thank you for the help and care given by the teachers, brothers and sisters in the laboratory and life.Thank you for the happy time they spent with me for five years.Thanks to my family for their care, understanding and support,their selfless dedication and silent hard work is the driving force and courage for me to move forward.In the coming days, I will repay them with all my heart with gratitude.I would like to offer my highest respect and sincere thanks to my family.Thank you for the relevant expert and scholar to review my thesis in their busy schedule, and put forward valuable guidance and suggestions.In this regard, I would like to express my deep gratitude to all the experts and scholars.致謝3 I would never have been able to successfully finish this Ph.D thesis without the guidance of my supervisor, and help from my friends as well as support from my family.First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof.Cao Yijun for his extensive guidance on my research work: from the topic of the thesis, experiments, to the writing of this thesis.His immense knowledge, rigorous attitude and tireless teaching greatly benefited me.I would like to thank him for the advice he provided on both research as well as life in general.Besides my supervisor, I would like to thank Liu Shaofang, professor of Public Foreign Languages at CMUT, who taught me how to write professional thesis in English and laid a good foundation for my doctoral degree.In addition, I am grateful to all teachers from School of Chemistry and Engineering at CUMT, for their help on scientific research methods.Last but not least, a special thanks to my family for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life.I would not be in the position where I am now without their love, encouragement and understanding.