第一篇：求翻譯

網絡聊天中英語縮略語分析

Analysis of English Abbreviations in Cyber Chat

內容摘要

二十世紀以來，網絡聊天隨著網絡技術的發展逐漸融入人們的生活，英語縮略語也開始在網絡聊天中被人們大量引用。本文先簡要介紹了網絡聊天中英語縮略語的定義、特征，然后從奧斯汀的言語行為理論、塞爾的言語行為理論、合作原則這三個語用學角度以及結構特點分析網絡聊天中出現的英語縮略語，最后給出了一些規范意見，旨在幫助人們更好地認識和理解網絡中出現的英語縮略語。

關鍵詞：網絡聊天英語縮略語定義特征語用分析結構分析

1.Introduction 1.1 Background of the study 網絡技術的迅猛發展使得各種網絡交際形式應運而生，其中網絡聊天已經成為人們日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。在聊天過程中，人們為了尋求方便快捷的交流開始大量使用英語縮略語。然而人們對這些縮略語的認識不是很深，理論分析更加匱乏，這勢必會影響網絡交流。1.2 Objectives of the study 本文旨在運用語用學理論和結構分析來幫助人們更好地理解縮略語，同時給出一些網絡聊天中英語縮略語的規范建議。

6.Suggestions to English abbreviation in Cyber Chat 網絡語言中縮略形式的常見和習用，是網絡語言詞語大量生成的必然（劉海燕，2006：153）。聊天中大量使用英語縮略語能夠大大提高我們的交流效率，同時也豐富了我們的生活，也讓我們的社會變得更加多元化。但是，如果過度使用縮略語而不加以規范，勢必會導致縮略語使用的不恰當。同時，網民創造縮略語的方法也是別具一格，這或許會導致英語縮略語失去原有的意思，甚至使人難以理解。例如，H現在既可以是hi或hello，也可以是he。數字2可以是to也可以是two。同時有些英語縮略詞指代不唯一，語義增多。英語通過縮略以后，喪失了原有詞語的內部形式。雖然詞形簡潔，但是信息量過大，含義不清。同一個字母可以代表若干詞語，但所指內容卻不同。字母G為例，GDP（Gross Domestic Product）和GNP（Gross National Product）中指gross，GPS（Global Positioning System）中指global，GRE（Graduate Record Examination）中指graduate。同時，縮略語讀法也產生了歧義，例如3G有的人讀作“san g”有的讀作“three g”。由此可見，對網絡上出現的英語縮略語給出一些建議是必要的。6.1 Abbreviation suggestion 縮略語是解決語詞太長和節奏太急之間矛盾的結果（陳原，1994：328）。但是在沒有必要使用縮略語的時候，以及部分使用英語縮略語會導致歧義的情況下，我們就應該盡量避免使用縮略語。正如陳原先生所言:“縮略語不能隨便濫用。濫用縮略語首先是不能精確地傳遞信息———因為受信人不能掌握這‘濃縮’語的確切含義;其次是給語言帶來不好的影響,說得重一些,即引起某方面的語言污染。”（陳原，1994：332）例如，當我們和沒有相關專業知識的人聊天時，我們就不要使用像HTTP、GDP等這樣的專業詞匯。如果我們使用了，反而需要浪費時間解釋是什么意思。同時，當我們想創造一個新的縮略詞的時候，一定要注意新的縮略語要符合人們的心理和交際習慣，盡量達到新的縮略詞形式好而且使用方便。

6.2 Translation suggestion 縮略語的翻譯應該盡量吻合其原來的意思，不能隨便改動。尤其是專業的英語縮略語，翻譯的時候應該更加小心，不能含糊其辭。例如，不能將2b or not to be 中的2翻譯為two。

6.3 Pronunciation suggestion 縮略語的讀音可以遵循“字母拼讀法”和“單詞拼讀法”，不要擅自亂讀英語縮略語，如將CPU讀作“xipiyou”。字母拼讀法即按照縮略詞的單詞讀，如：IT [αi ’ti : ] ,MP [ em’pi : ] ,CBD [ ?????????’di : ] ,USA [ ju : es’ei ] ,UFO [ju : ef’эu] ,RSPCA [α:r es pi : si : ’ei ]。單詞拼讀法即縮略語的讀音與單詞相同，如：SARS [ sα: rs ](Severe AcuteRespiratory Syndrome),APEC [ ’eipek ](Asia-Pacific EconomicCooperation),radar [ ’reidэ](ra2diodecting and ranging), NATO [ ’neitэu ](North Atlantic Treaty Organization), UNESCO [ ju :’neskэu ](United Na2tions Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organiza2tion)（李新，2004）。

6.4 Suggestions for use in cyber chat 雖然走進網絡，平等自由的發言權最深刻地體現在聊天室里，但也需要網民們自覺地采用規范化用語（劉海燕，2006：236）。

人們在使用英語縮略語時候，要注意使用場合，做到符合語境。當我們在使用自己不是很理解意思的英語縮略語的時候，一定要先理解其意思，然后引用。同時，政府或有關部門要加強對新詞匯的規范，禁止出現不合法的縮略語被人們大量使用。

7.Conclusion 綜上所述，網絡的興起，帶動了網絡聊天的發展，同時也為英語縮略語在聊天室中的大量引用提供了平臺。在對網絡英語縮略語的特征透徹理解之后，我們應該學會如何從語用學角度分析網絡聊天室中出現的縮略語，最后正確使用縮略語，保證會話的順利進行。

第二篇：新世紀大學英語四作文,求翻譯~

1My Understanding of Environmental Protection

Man and the environment are closely related.Man relies on the environment for water, food and shelter.A harmonious relationship between man and However, man and the environment have never been on such bad terms as they are now.As society develops, man’s transformation of nature has severely polluted his livingenvironment.Deforestation leads to changes in rainfall patterns, causing devastating floods, droughts and sandstorms.The discharge of chemical pollutants endangers our health and the lives of other beings.And mass production has resulted in the shortage of irreplaceable natural resources such as coal and oil.If we take noimmediate and effective steps to protect our environment, human beings may be the next species to become extinct.??????We should do our best to protect our environment by planting more trees, taking care of wildlife, reducing industrial wastes, using renewable energy, and imposing heavy fines onenvironmentally-unfriendly activities, so as to preserve the environment for future generations.2The Impact of the Mobile Phone on People’s lives

Among the many technological inventions, the mobile phone impresses me most.The mobile phone brings considerable convenience to our lives.It not only enables us to keep in touch with each other almost anytime and anywhere but also helps us solve problems or do business efficiently.In emergencies, a mobile phone can even be a life-saver.Besides, itsmulti-functions add ease and color to our lives.With a mobile phone, we can receive mail, read news, listen to music, play games, and take pictures.Yet, the mobile phone has its disadvantages, too.Most of us have experienced the nuisance of unwanted or wrong calls.We are inconvenienced by calls on occasions when we least expect one.Besides, the technology infrastructure to support mobile communication has consumed valuable natural resources and caused significant environmental problems.It is reported that electromagnetic radiation waves from the phone may result in health problems.Despite its negative side, the advantages of the mobile phone outweigh its disadvantages.I believe that with advances in science and technology, improved and safer models of mobile phones will surely serve us still better.3Barriers to Knowledge Transfer

Knowledge transfer is a human phenomenon and plays a very important role in the process of human evolution.With the knowledge accumulated over generations, human beings can now build and transform societies with unprecedented knowledge resources.However, there are many barriers to knowledge transfer.For example, lack of trust and resistance to change undermine the transfer of knowledge.People are less likely to acquire knowledge from those whom they don't trust or to adopt new theories and practices they are not familiar with.Cultural and language barriers also hamper the transfer of knowledge between nations or ethnic groups.It would be almost impossible for people who speak different languages or dialects with different cultural backgrounds to communicate effectively, not to mention exchanging knowledge.An underdeveloped economy is another barrier to knowledge transfer.The lack of

socio-economic and techno-environmental cooperation, as well as poor communications infrastructure, can greatly hinder the flow of knowledge within and between nations.To remove these barriers, people should change their attitude towards knowledge transfer and the learning of foreign languages and cultures.At the same time, efforts should be made to develop a better world economy.4My Career Choice

When it comes to the choice of career, different people consider the matter from different perspectives.Personally I prefer to be a teacher.I have three reasons for my decision.The first reason is that the profession of teaching is in agreement with my personality.Being an outgoing, patient and understanding person, I think I am able to communicate with my students and understand their feelings easily, which constitutes an important factor in ensuring success in teaching.The second reason is that I am interested in the job.It would always give me great joy and satisfaction to see the happy faces of my students, to share my knowledge and life experience with them and to participate in their process of growing up.The third reason is related to my occupational attitude.I always believe that school teachers all over the world are respected for their profound knowledge and higher social status.I have always held my teachers in respect and I hope I would be respected as a teacher, too, in the future.I think teaching is an ideal career for me.Being a university student now, I will work hard to realize my dream.5Fame — Good or Evil

Fame has always been pursued by many people for the advantages it brings about.Fame can assure one of a high social status, high regard, great admiration, etc.Fame can also bring one wealth as a celebrity has more chances to earn big money.Besides, the applauses and flowers from the fans may boost one's self-confidence and increase one's sense of fulfillment.However, fame can ruin one's life, too.It deprives one of his privacy.As a public figure, he is often chased by fans and journalists, and his private life never escapes the media's attention or public curiosity.Fame also places one under great pressure.He has to work in line with public expectations and thus becomes the slave of his own success.So fame is a double-edged sword.I don't seek fame and I don't envy those who are famous.I highly appreciate what the American poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow says about fame: “The talent of success is nothing more than doing well whatever you do without a thought of fame”.

第三篇：文言文求不死之藥翻譯

文言文是不是很難呢？其實也不然，下面提供文言文求不死之藥翻譯一篇，希望對你有所幫助！喜歡的可以收藏一下哦！

文言文求不死之藥

原文：

初，燕人宋毋忌、羨門子高之徒①稱有仙道、形解銷化之術，燕、齊迂怪之士皆爭傳司之。自齊威王、宣王、燕昭王皆信其②言，使③人入海求蓬萊、方丈、瀛洲，云此三神山在勃海中，去④人不遠。患且⑤至，則風引船去。嘗有至者，諸仙人及不死之藥皆在焉。及⑥始皇至海上，諸方士齊人徐巿等爭上書言之，請得齋戒與童男女求之。于是遣徐發童男女數千人入海求之。船交海中，皆以風為解，曰：“未能至，望見之焉。”

參考譯文：

當初，燕國人宋毋忌、羨門子高一類人聲稱世上有一種成仙之道、人老死后尸解骨化升天的法術，燕國、齊國的迂腐、怪異之士都爭相傳授和學習。從齊威王、宣王到燕昭王都相信他們的話，派人到海上尋求蓬萊、方丈、瀛洲三座神山，據說這三仙山在渤海之中，距離人間并不遙遠。只是凡人將要到達，凡就把船吹走了。不過也曾有人到過這三山，看見各位神仙和長生不死的藥均在那里。待到始皇帝出游海濱時，通曉神仙方術的人如故齊國人徐等紛紛爭著上書談這些事，請求準許齋戒清心潔身素食后率領童男童女往海上尋求神山。始皇于是派遣徐征發數千名童男女入海求仙。但是，船行海上后卻均因風勢不順而返航。不過他們仍然說：“雖沒能到達仙山，可是已經望見了。”

解釋：

（1）之徒：一伙人（2）其：指代燕人宋毋忌、羨門子高之徒（3）使：派

（4）去：距離（5）且：將，將要（6）及：等到

第四篇：求一篇土木工程專業的外文翻譯

building types and design

A building is closely bound up with people，for it provides with the necessary space to work and live in.As classified by their use ,buildings are mainly of two types :industrial buildings and civil buildings.industrial buildings are used by various factories or

industrial production while civil buildings are those that are used by people for dwelling ,employment ,education and other social activities.Industrial buildings are factory buildings that are available for processing and manufacturing of various kinds ,in such fields as the mining industry ,the

metallurgical industry ,machine building ,the chemical industry and the textile industry.factory buildings can be classified into two types single-story ones and multi-story ones.the construction of industrial buildings is the same as that of civil buildings.however ,industrial and civil buildings differ in the materials used and in the way they are used.Civil buildings are divided into two broad categories: residential buildings and public buildings.residential buildings should suit family life.each flat should consist of at least three necessary rooms : a living room ,a kitchen and a

toilet.public buildings can be used in politics ,cultural activities ,administration work and other services ,such as schools, office buildings,parks ,hospitals ,shops ,stations ,theatres ,gymnasiums ,hotels ,exhibition

halls ,bath pools ,and so on.all of them have different functions ,which in turn require different design types as well.Housing is the living quarters for human beings.the basic function of housing is to provide shelter from the elements ,but people today require much more that of their housing.a family moving into a new neighborhood will to know if the available housing meets its standards of safety ,health ,and comfort.a family will also ask how near the housing is to grain shops ,food

markets ,schools ,stores ,the library ,a movie theater ,and the community center.In the mid-1960’s a most important value in housing was sufficient space both inside and out.a majority of families preferred single-family homes on about half an acre of land ,which would provide space for spare-time activities.in highly industrialized countries ,many families preferred to live as far out as possible from the center of a metropolitan area ,even if the wage earners had to travel some distance to their work.quite a large number of families preferred country housing to suburban housing because their chief aim was to get far away from noise ,crowding ,and confusion.the accessibility of public

transportation had ceased to be a decisive factor in housing because most workers drove their cars to work.people we’re chiefly interested in the

arrangement and size of rooms and the number of bedrooms.Before any of the building can begin ,plans have to be drawn to show what the building will be like ,the exact place in which it is to go and how everything is to be done.An important point in building design is the layout of rooms ,which should

provide the greatest possible convenience in relation to the purposes for which they are intended.in a dwelling house ,the layout may be considered under three categories : “day”, “night” ,and “services”.attention must be paid to the provision of easy communication between these areas.the “day “rooms generally include a dining-room ,sitting-room and kitchen ,but other

rooms ,such as a study ,may be added ,and there may be a hall.the

living-room ,which is generally the largest ,often serves as a

dining-room ,too ,or the kitchen may have a dining alcove.the “night “rooms consist of the bedrooms.the “services “comprise the

kitchen ,bathrooms ,larder ,and water-closets.the kitchen and larder connect the services with the day rooms.It is also essential to consider the question of outlook from the various

rooms ,and those most in use should preferably face south as possible.it is ,however ,often very difficult to meet the optimum requirements ,both on account of the surroundings and the location of the roads.in resolving these complex problems ,it is also necessary to follow the local town-planning regulations which are concerned with public amenities ,density of

population ,height of buildings ,proportion of green space to dwellings ,building lines ,the general appearance of new properties in relation to the

neighbourhood ,and so on.There is little standardization in industrial buildings although such buildings still need to comply with local town-planning regulations.the modern trend is

towards light ,airy factory buildings.generally of reinforced concrete or metal construction ,a factory can be given a “shed ”type ridge roof ,incorporating windows facing north so as to give evenly distributed natural lighting without sun-glare.翻譯：

建筑類型和設計

建筑物與人們有著緊密的聯系，他為人們提供必要的空間，用以工作和生活。根據適用類型不同，建筑物可以分為兩類：工業建筑和民用建筑。工業建筑包括各個工廠或工業生產所使用建筑，民用建筑是指那些人們用以居住，就業，教育和其他社會活動的建筑場所。

工業建筑的廠房可用于采礦業，冶金工業，機械制造，化學工業和紡織工業等各類領域的加工和制造。廠房可分為兩種類型：單層的和多層的。工業建筑也屬于建筑的一種。但是，工業建筑與民用建筑所用的材料和建筑方式不同。

民用建筑按使用可分為兩大類：住宅建筑和公共建筑。住宅建筑要適應家庭生活。每個單位應包括至少三個必要客房：起居室，廚房和廁所。公共建筑可在政治，文化活動，管理工作和其他服務，如學校，寫字樓，公園，醫院，商店，車站，劇院，體育館，賓館，展覽館，洗浴池，等等。他們都有著不同的職能，這反過來又需要不同的設計類型。

房屋是用以住人的.其基本功能是提供住房的內容，但今天人們需要更多的住房內容。一個家庭在進入一個新的社區后將知道，現有住房不僅要符合其安全，健康和舒適等標準。還要考慮其附近是否有相應的配套設施，如食品市場，學校，商店，圖書館，電影院，以及社區中心等。

在60年代中期住房最重要的價值是足夠大的空間和方便的出入交通。大多數家庭會首選約半英畝面積土地的家庭住宅，這樣將提供足夠的空間的用以業余活動。在高度工業化的國家，許多家庭的首選是那種盡可能遠離市中心商業圈的住房，即使距離上班地點不得不有一段距離。相當多的家庭首選是郊區的住房，因為他們的主要目的是要遠離噪音，擁擠和混亂。擁有方便的公共交通使得距離不再是一個決定性因素，因為大多數人都是開著自己的汽車去上班了。人們現在主要感興趣的是戶型，房間的大小和臥室的數目。

在工程項目開始之前，要做好建筑設計和施工流程,讓人提前知道該建筑建成后是什么樣子以及下一步應該做什么。

在建筑設計中要特別重視房間的布局，其目的是提供最大的便利與可能的用途。在一個住宅建筑設計中，布局可考慮以下三個方面： “白天”，“夜晚”和“服務”。必須注意這些空間區域之間的連通交流。“白天”房一般包括餐廳，起居室和廚房，但其他房間可能會增加，如書房，并有可能成為一個大廳。起居室通常是最大的，往往是一個餐廳，也或可能有廚房、凹室等。“夜間”房間包括臥室、客

房。“服務”用房間包括廚房，浴室，儲藏室，和廁所等。廚房和儲藏室需設置在一起，以方便其房間功能的使用。

此外，還必須考慮各種客房的朝向問題，當然最好盡可能的將那些經常使用的房間朝南設置。然而，在考慮到周圍的環境和地點、道路等多方面因素，往往很難達到最佳要求。在解決這些復雜的問題，還必須按照當地城市規劃條例所涉及的對公共設施，人口密度，建筑物高度，綠化面積，建筑紅線等的要求，還要考慮到有相鄰建筑的情況，等等。

盡管工業建筑需要符合當地城市規劃條例但很少有標準化的工業樓宇。現代廠房建筑的趨勢是輕質、通風。一般的鋼筋混凝土結構或鋼結構的工廠，可以得到一個“跌”型脊屋頂，把窗戶開向北以便使分布均勻的自然采光不會直射進來造成刺眼。

第五篇：薛譚求返文言文翻譯

古文閱讀要求學生能夠大致掌握一篇古文的意思，下面就是小編為您收集整理的薛譚求返文言文翻譯的相關文章，希望可以幫到您，如果你覺得不錯的話可以分享給更多小伙伴哦！

【原文】

薛譚學謳于秦青，未窮青之技，自謂盡之，遂辭歸。秦青弗止，餞行于郊衢，撫節悲歌，聲振林木，響遏行云。薛譚乃射求反，終身不敢言歸。

秦青顧謂其友曰：昔韓蛾東之齊，匱糧，過雍門，鬻(讀音yu四聲，賣)歌假食。既去而余音繞梁欐(讀音li二聲，棟，中梁)，三日不絕，左右以其人弗去。過逆旅，逆旅人辱之。韓娥因曼聲哀哭，一里老幼悲愁，垂涕相對，三日不食。遽而追之。娥還，復為曼聲長歌。一里老幼喜躍抃(讀音bian四聲，鼓掌)舞，弗能自禁，忘向之悲也。乃厚賂發之。故雍門之人，至今善歌哭，放(通仿，效仿)娥之遺聲也。

【注釋】

（1）謳（ōu）：徒歌（無伴奏）歌唱。這里指歌唱。

（2）于：向。

（3）窮：盡、完，用完。這里指學完。

（4）技：本領。

（5）謂：以為，認為，自認為。

（6）盡：學盡，學完。

（7）遂：于是，就。

（8）之：代詞，指代上句中的秦青之技。

（9）辭：告辭，告別。

（10）歸：回去，回家。

【譯文】

薛譚向秦青學習歌唱，還沒有學完秦青的技藝，就以為學盡了，于是就告辭回家。秦青沒有勸阻他，在城外大道旁給他餞行，秦青打著節拍，高唱悲歌。歌聲振動了林木，那音響止住了行云。薛譚于是向秦青道歉，要求回來繼續學習。從此以后，他一輩子也不敢再說要回家。

秦青對他的朋友說：從前韓國的娥到東邊的齊國去，沒有糧食了，經過雍門(齊國的城門)時，在那賣唱乞討食物。雖然她走了但是還有余音繞著(那雍門的)中梁，三日不停(消失)，旁邊的人還以為她人沒有走呢。住客棧時，客棧的人侮辱她。韓國的娥因此放聲哀哭，整個巷子的老小都因此而悲傷愁苦，互相垂淚相對，三天都不吃飯。(巷子的人)趕緊去把追她(回來)。娥回來后，又放聲歌唱。整個巷子的老小歡喜跳躍拍手舞蹈，不能克制自己，全忘了剛剛的悲傷了。(巷子的人)于是給了她很多錢財打發她走。所以雍門那的人，至今還善于歌唱表演，那是效仿娥留下的歌唱(技藝)啊。

【啟示】

這篇古文告訴人們學習是永無止境的，千萬不可有成功就驕傲自滿的心態，不要淺嘗輒止的學習，學習必須虛心、持之以恒。犯錯誤不要緊，知錯就改才是最重要的。

不要因為有一點皮毛知識就驕傲自滿，要努力刻苦地學習，超越自我。因為學海無涯，永遠精進。

學習科學文化知識要虛心求教，要沒有止盡地學下去。不能驕傲自大，要知錯就改。

這個故事說明了學習必須虛心，持之以恒，不能驕傲自滿。同時這里也給我們以啟示：一方面可以說恰當的正面教育可收到很好的效果。道理是從實際生活中抽象出來的，當反過來用它來指導學生實際時，就應具體化、形象化，教師的引導也要曉之以理，動之以情，針對往往容易產生自滿的同學，這樣的導向往往能使其看到別人身上的閃光點，使其客觀地評價自己和他人，讓其真正懂得如何做到全面發展，以及如何才能真正成為“四有人才”，進而激勵他們銳意進取的可貴精神。