第一篇：中西方文化對比論文

世俗與宗教——中西社會習俗文化比較

摘要：當今中國早已躋身全球化語境的時代。信息網絡技術把整個世界變成了“地球村”，中西文化交往的規模和深度都在不斷發展。跨文化交際中，由于文化差異而導致的信息誤解屢見不鮮。中西文化博大精深，社會習俗文化滲入到生活的各個方面。關鍵詞：跨文化交際 中西方社會習俗文化 差異

前言：社會習俗文化包括社會生活禮儀與節慶、生活方式等，是各國社會經濟、政治生活及歷史文化傳統的反應，深刻揭示著民族文化的基本精神和價值觀念。由于社會習俗范疇廣泛，本文僅從覲禮、婚禮、葬禮、節日四個方面來比較中西方文化，以窺全豹。鑒于中國式宗教意識淡薄的國家，社會習俗文化是世俗的，而西方國家基督教影響甚深，故社會習俗文化的宗教色彩深刻。

一、覲禮：下跪與屈膝

在古代中國一向是皇權至上的社會。因此，古代覲見皇帝時都要行下跪的禮儀，以表示對高高在上的皇權的尊重。這與中國自給自足的小農經濟為主體的農業文明有著千絲萬縷的聯系。中國高度集中的權力，使皇帝認為，普天之下，莫非王土，率土之濱，莫非王臣。中國人有中國是世界的中心，華夷有別，萬方來朝的虛榮心理。而西歐則相反。在西方，王權有限，對國王來說，“我的附庸的附庸不是我的附庸”，加上基督教的普世性，教皇才是權力的中心。西方國王與貴族大臣的契約關系并非像中國古代的“君為臣綱”的不平等關系，因此出現了雙方覲見禮的沖突。

二、婚禮：紅色與白色

在人類所有的社會行為中，婚姻是一項非常重要的活動。作為社會習俗的婚禮，是最重要的禮儀。然而由于民族文化的不同，婚禮的具體形式與文化內涵也就不同。具體上說，中國古典式的婚禮是“紅色”的婚禮；西方古典式的婚禮是“白色”的婚禮。

（一）中國婚禮的紅色寓意

中國古典婚禮給人印象最深的就是男女雙方全家族的盛大慶典，以及到處貼的紅雙“喜”，一對新人著紅衣、紅褲（紅裙），新娘披著紅蓋頭，桌上點著紅蠟燭，床上擺著大紅棗。在婚姻不能自主的封建時代，紅紅火火的婚禮主要不是對新婚夫婦個人的祝賀，而是對家族興旺的集體聯歡，對封建義務的重申。婚禮儀式中的“拜天地”的安排，但這里的“天”只是倫理化的“天”，是重申對天經地義的封建禮法的遵守承諾，完全是世俗性的行為。

古代中國的婚俗文化主要有兩大特點。一是“父母之命，媒妁之言”。包辦婚姻作為一項被古代中國人民長期接受的習俗，雖然在現代人看來是不合理的，但在流動性較小的農耕社會中也有其存在的合理性。結婚也要按照風俗履行必要的程序。定親和迎親這兩種程序在不同程度上歷來為人們所遵守，甚至在當代的中國也仍然會有體現。其次“明媒正娶，大辦婚事”是中國又一重要的風俗。中國婚禮大張旗鼓的操辦，其社會意義在于“公示”，以此獲得“本地認同”，從而產生“本地身份”。這些對于地位卑賤低微的女性來說具有極其重要的意義。“明媒正娶”的本質同樣仍然是為家族共同體的集體榮光增加一道紅色的光彩。

（二）西方婚禮的白色意蘊

西方婚禮給人們最深刻的印象是莊嚴的教堂和白色的婚紗。白色的婚紗在西方象征純潔、忠誠、美麗。在西方人看來，婚姻是神圣的，西方的婚禮多災教堂舉行，由神父主導婚禮進行，莊嚴的婚禮誓詞是婚姻當事人對對方終生的承諾，也是對上帝尊重的保證。婚禮沉浸在一篇宗教的圣潔氣氛當中。

西方社會婚姻制度也是某種社會習俗的產物，尤其受到基督教的深刻影響。當我們把視角投向基督教，不得不提到《圣經》。《舊約》里亞當和夏娃的故事可謂人人皆知，亞當和夏娃由于偷吃了伊甸園里的果子而被上帝逐出。盡管上帝將人逐出伊甸園作為一種懲罰，然而他并沒有拆散他們，而是令他們今生今世要相互扶持。其目的在于完成這種愛，在于延續生命。上帝將亞當和夏娃帶到一起，從而設立了婚姻，那時婚姻是神圣的，基督徒對這種婚姻的看法也賦予了榮耀和尊嚴。白色的婚禮使得西方婚姻獲得了圣潔的認證。

三、葬禮：厚葬與薄葬

（一）中國的厚葬風俗

中國古代素有厚葬的傳統。中國各地博物館現存的歷史文物中，從歷代墓葬出土的殉葬品占有相當比例。秦始皇陵出土的兵馬俑、長沙馬王堆漢墓出土的木乃伊、西安漢陽陵出土的傭群......殉葬品之多、之繁、之奢華，令人嘆為觀止。這些無不顯示著中華厚葬之風。不僅皇家貴族如此，中國民間也不遜色。雖然民間不會想皇族那樣奢華，但也不敢怠慢。直至今天，盡管社會發達，大辦喪事的習俗仍讓留存了下來。現在不僅焚燒紙人，還焚燒紙馬、紙電視、紙汽車、紙別墅。

中華厚葬之風可以追根溯源到儒家所提倡的“孝”道。所謂的“孝”道，實質上并非真正對“人”的尊重，而是對規范——“禮制”的無條件服從。通過孝道來凝聚族人，以鞏固社會秩序。而對死人的孝就體現在喪葬的厚薄和質量上。

中華厚葬風俗文化的世俗性關鍵在于中國人“視死如生”的看法，即把死人當作生人來供奉。喪禮設酒食、供品以祭，用整頭宰殺的牛、羊、雞等加上各種新鮮的水果做祭品。從常識知道，死人是不會享用這些供品的，只是人們心理上認為原來的人在另一個世界仍然會享受得到，他們按世俗的辦法祭奠供奉死人。

（二）西方的薄葬風俗

通過歐洲的電影電視，許多人對西方葬禮最深刻的印象莫過于十字架和黑色的喪服。墓地也十分簡單，一個兩米左右的長土坑。下葬時人們只是向墓碑獻鮮花，不見有其他的殉葬品。參加葬禮的是死者的親屬與生前摯友，但不會是像中國那樣的家族大聚會。西方的喪葬禮儀很簡單，其形式基本上屬宗教式的。葬禮與葬禮彌撒一般由神父議定，包括祈禱詞和經文，然后是圣餐，最后為告別儀式。葬禮過程主要是為死者祈禱，祝靈魂早升天堂，解脫生前痛苦。整個葬禮莊嚴肅穆，簡單薄葬。

這種習俗主要還是受到基督教文化的影響。基督教將每一個靈魂直接和上帝發生關系，崇尚靈魂升華，因為肉體是骯臟的、有罪的。因此西方葬禮風俗重精神性的超升，而對肉身簡喪薄葬。

四、節日：人節與鬼節

民族民間節日是重要的社會風俗文化。中國社會是宗教意識很淡薄的社會，梁漱溟先生說過：中國人的人生是“無宗教的人生”。所以中國傳統節日多是世俗性的，是人節。隨著全球化的深入，當代青年人也喜歡上了洋節。西方社會的基督教文化影響較深，宗教氛圍濃厚，故西方節日宗教性強，是鬼節。但隨著社會的現代化進程，西方的宗教性節日也已日趨世俗化。

（一）中國節日的世俗性——人節

中國的傳統節日大都與農業活動的節氣有關，而農業活動又離不開家庭成員之間的集體協作，所以傳統習俗要么與時令有關，要么與家族祖先祭拜有關。如在以團圓歡慶為核心的春節，仍要在飯前拜祭祖先，燒香燒紙錢。中國的傳統節日提供了“天——地——人”合一的運行節律的時令節點，這些都是世俗性人的節日。傳統節日經過幾千年傳承下來，不僅是譯為它的一些娛樂活動，更是一種文化現象，是民族情感、民族精神和民族信仰的體現，值得我們珍惜和傳承。

（二）西方節日的宗教性——鬼節

基督教自羅馬帝國成為國教以來，對西方社會的影響是方方面面的。基督教不止是一種觀念體系，也是一種生活方式。以禮拜日為例。禮拜日也叫安息日，按照《圣經》的說法，上帝工作了六天，第七日休息。因此，現代的西方人在基督教的影響下，每個禮拜日都去教堂做禮拜。古代西方的節日也是極具宗教色彩的，以復活節為例。復活節原本是說耶穌被釘死在十字架上三日后復活，向信徒展示他作為復活的救世主，也讓基督徒堅定信念不懼怕死亡。然而現代社會中的復活節幾乎喪失了宗教意義，越來越為人們所淡忘。“假日”也是一個宗教術語，意為“神圣的日子”，這個術語源于中世紀。而如今在說英語的國家，‘假日’的使用越來越少宗教的含義。因此，當人們在圣誕節和新年期間說‘假日快樂’時，他們往往也只是表達一種問候，一個毫無宗教色彩的問候，一個與耶穌的誕生毫不相干的問候。

中國是農業文明，自給自足的小農經濟占主導地位，而西方是海洋與商業文明。由于中西民族先民的自然條件、生存方式不同，在漫長的歷史過程中，也形成了不同的物質生活方式和精神生活方式。中國的宗教意識淡薄，而西方受基督教的影響很大。有無宗教信仰在中西方人民的社會習俗文化上留下了深深的印記。總的來說，中國的社會習俗文化是世俗化的，而西方社會習俗文化宗教色彩深刻。但很難說哪種文化就是“先進”，哪種文化就是“落后”，如果把“先進”的現代文化強行移植到“落后”國家，可能會產生水土不服的現象。因此，比較不同民族、不同國度的文化是為了在比較中認識世界，更好地尊重彼此的文化。參考文獻：

1.陳坤林、何強主編，《中西文化比較》，國防工業出版社，2012。2.阿爾文.施密特，《基督教對文明的影響》，汪曉丹等譯，北京大學出版社，2004。

3.路易斯.亨利.摩爾根，《古代社會》，楊茹東譯，商務印書館，1981。

第二篇：中西方文化對比

中西方文化對比

--對文化教化功能的再認識

以前曾經看過一則趣事，是說不同國家的人弄丟了一枚硬幣后的反應，美國人只會搖搖頭，不再回想，日本人會回家做一番深刻的反思，德國人會在丟失硬幣的周圍仔細尋找。從這則趣事可以看出，不同民族的區別從根本上說是民族心理，而不同民族心理產生的根源是不同的民族文化。民族文化對民族心理的影響體現的就是文化的教化功能。

比如說，在中華傳統文化中，占主導地位的是強調倫理道德與群體意識的儒家文化，其次就是寧靜恬淡的道家文化。因此，一個深受中華傳統文化全面教化的中國人，在青年時期追求立足社會與實現個人理想，采取的是入世、有為、貢獻社會的價值取向；而在老年退休，要求減輕或擺脫精神痛苦與求助心切之時，便傾向接受道家處世養生原則。

與歷經數千年傳承的中國傳統文化相對應的西方文化，也是世界文化寶庫中的豐厚遺產。但由于地理環境、歷史背景、發展過程等因素的不同，中西方文化呈現出巨大的差異。不同的文化潛移默化地影響著人們并經過人的心理折射后形成了中西方不同的文化心理，體現在三方面：群體與個體，保守與求新，講“禮”與平等。

中國是一個以群體文化為主要文化特征的國家。中國人的群體意識來源于以農耕為主的小農經濟生產方式。這種生產方式使得中國人習慣于集體作業，成為中國人典型的人生體驗和一種約定俗成的典型情境，從而造就了中國人的群體文化心理。“四海之內皆兄弟”、“在家靠父母，出外靠朋友”等說法，就是群體觀念的典型反映。而西方文化中的上帝信仰，使人更傾向于不依賴他人而通過自己與上帝之間的關系來指導自己行事為人。因此西方人推崇個體文化心理。

中庸之道對中國人的文化心理影響極大。中庸中的“中”字意味著“折中、調和、無過也無不及”，庸的意思是“平常”。《論語·率雍》也寫到：“中庸之為德也。其至矣乎。”在中國，標新立異是不被肯定的，特立獨行的人往往被眾人所排斥。這種拒絕變化的儒家精神在中國造成強大的保守意識，使中國文化失去了創新的動力。西方個體主義的文化心理強調個人的價值與尊嚴，強調個人的特征與差異，提倡新穎，鼓勵獨特風格。正是這種追求“差異”和“多樣化”的“求變”心理，使西方人擁有了那種獨立創新的科學精神，推動西方社會創造出豐富的精神和物質文明。

中國人信奉尊卑有別，長幼有序。孟子稱：“舜使契為司徒，教以人倫，父子有親，群臣有義，夫妻有別，長幼有序，朋友有信。”（《滕文公上》）在中國，人與人交往時要受到各自地位和角色的制約，否則就是失禮。這種較強的等級觀念也在其語言表達形式上體現出來。漢語中當幾個詞并列時許多情況下排列順序不是任意的，一般是按由尊到卑、由主到次、由大到小的次序排列，如君臣、父子、兄弟、姐妹、師徒、男女老少等等。中國人推崇“抑己尊人”的處世原則，談話時有意抬高他人地位而使自己顯得卑微，因此漢語中出現了大量的謙稱和敬稱。漢語自稱謙詞古代有：仆、小人、愚、鄙人等，近現代有：學生、晚輩等。自稱親人謙詞有：家父、家母、內人、犬子等，敬稱對方親人有：令尊、令堂、令夫人、令愛等。而西方文化心理強調平等。平等意識滲透到西方社會的各個領域，西方人的行為、工作、娛樂、語言、政治等無不體現出平等觀念。因此，令中國人難以接受的是，在西方，子女對父母、學生對老師都可以直呼其名，晚輩或學生可以就一個問題或觀點與長輩或老師爭得面紅耳赤，毫不顧忌后者的面子或權威。

通過以上對中西方人不同文化心理以及行為方式的比較，可以看出，文化的教化功能在于，不同的文化使不同民族的人們在思維方式、行為習慣、價值觀念、審美趣味等方面體現出了諸多不同。文化雖無形，但它可以通過教化功能潛移默化地滲透到每一個有形的人身上。可以說，正因為文化具有教化功能，世界文化的多樣性才得以保存和體現。

第三篇：中西方體育文化對比

中西方體育文化對比

摘要：所謂體育文化，是一切體育現象和體育生活中展現出來的一種特殊的文化現象，就是說，人們在體育生活和體育實踐過程中，為謀求身心健康發展，通過競技性、娛樂性、教育性等手段，以身體形態變化和動作技能所表現出來的具有運動屬性的文化。中國體育文化在獨特的社會環境中孕育和發展起來的，因此形成形成了封閉、內斂的中國體育文化。西方文化無疑是一種征服型文化，提倡不斷向人體自身挑戰，不斷挖掘人體潛能，突破人體能力極限，因而形成了以競爭為核心的西方體育文化，本文對比了中西方體育文化的差異。

關鍵詞：體育文化、演變背景、文化理念、競技觀

一、中西體育文化演變背景對比：

中國是個歷史悠久的大國，位于亞洲東部大陸，東面是海洋，西北是高山、沙漠，將近1000 萬平方公里的領土形成一個相對封閉的環境，在這樣一個相對的地理環境中形成了一種獨立的文化系統。中國體育文化的產生與發展的經濟基礎是“以農立國”的農業經濟，折舊決定了其思想核心是重視人與自然的和諧、追求天人合一、順應自然的發展。中國的體育文化有著深厚的根基，它是由中戶個民族、各地區交流、融合產生的。中國傳統文化博大精深、源遠流長，由“和”與“合”二字是我國體育文化固有的特質的深刻內涵。傳統體育以“養生”為主，因而很少有激烈的運動項目及方式，大體都是身體運動以內部為主，淡化了身體外形的鍛煉。其目的是為了健身、養生、益智。中國古代人人為運動要適宜，量不可大也不可小，運動量大了會傷身，反之小了就達不到修身養心的目的了，同時還要注意飲食起居這些方面。所以中國體育發展的背景是以整個中國的文化為背景。

西方競技體育發祥于古希臘，希臘文化對西方近代競技體育有著基礎性的影響。希臘三面臨海，境內多山。大多數地區不宜農耕，但宜海外貿易，因此希臘人養成了自強奮斗、熱烈追求、思變好動、善于競爭的民族性格。希臘文化經歷文藝復興、產業革命，逐步形成了以宗教為核心、以追求個人自由、沖上個人奮斗為特色的海洋性文化。西方人更重視身體外在的塑造以及競爭的能力，崇尚“力”與“美”的體現，通常都是把最強健的一面展現出來。他們的體育是一種競技體育，以異常激烈的競爭為體育的過程，以體育比賽的輸贏為目的。因此，西方經濟體育文化從一開始就具有競爭性、功利性的特點。

二、中西方體育文化理念對比：

中國自古流傳下來的是“天人合一”、“崇尚和諧”、“恪守中道”的人文精神，由此形成的體育文化也是“重文輕武”，重精神輕身體的選擇意趣。例如中國傳統體育典型項目太極拳，其特色是以柔克剛、動靜結合、以靜制動、以不變應萬變，將人與自然融為一體不受外界因素干擾，并且要有良好的心態，不急不躁、靜觀其變。中國體育文化旨在突出和諧。

西方的人文精神以突出“個人中心”、“崇尚競爭”，以自己為中心，重視個人能力的發展。要想突出個人，就必須要在競爭中贏得勝利才會“鶴立雞群”“獨領風騷”成為霸主。西方體育還極力推崇超越自然、征服自然，向自然挑戰，在挑戰和超越了人的生理極限后，就要開始挑戰超越自然。所以競爭是西方體育的核心理念，“更高、更快、更強”的經濟體育是西方體育的主流。

三、中西方體育文化競技觀對比：

中國體育以心為本，崇尚超人的智慧和完美的賢德。中國體育以心為本，以身為標，在心的統攝下，通過身體的整體鍛煉，達到身心健康是中國傳統體育的一大特點。由于中國傳統文化對人的培養更注重的是內在氣質、品格和精神修養，把人的身體視作是寓精神之舍。因此，中國傳統體育主張通過身體鍛煉以外達內，由表及里，由有形的身體活動，促進無形精神的升華，實現理想人格的塑造。在體育活動的方式手段上也形成了與之相應的特點，高度重視心理狀態的訓練，一切肢體活動與心緊密結合，并服務于 “ 調心煉意 ”。在諸多的以養生為主的傳統體育活動中，強調的是 “ 澄心如鏡 ”、“ 守志如一 ”、“ 形隨神游 ”，而極少有單純鍛煉人體外形的活動。

西方體育文化競技觀的以對力的崇尚和肉體的贊美為基礎。西方體育文化是一種征服型文化，提倡不斷向人體自身挑戰，不斷挖掘人體潛能，突破人體能力極限。西方體育主張通過運動系統的一系列積極活動，使肌肉發達、骨骼強壯，進而促進內臟器官的健康。因此，西方體育強調的是身體的外部運動，追求的是更快、更高、更強，充滿了對健美人體的崇拜和對力的贊美，透射出雄勁的陽剛之氣。西方體育文化注重競技能力培養、追求肌肉強化，而忽視人體精神與外型和諧的傾向。

中西方體育文化存在著淺層和深層的雙層差異。體育作為一種特殊的文化現象，它的繁榮發展不僅能增強名族體質，還能增強整個名族對自己文化的自信心，弘揚自己文化。因此中西方體育文化應該達到有效交流，相互學習，相互融合，進而促進政治、經濟的發展，推動全球文化的進步。

參考文獻：《淺談中西方體育文化的差異及對體育發展的影響》

《中西方體育文化比較》

《中國傳統體育文化與西方競技體育文化的對比研究

《中西體育文化差異》

第四篇：中西方婚禮文化對比

最新英語專業全英原創畢業論文，都是近期寫作 英語幽默語言的會話含義分析—以《老友記》為例 2 理想與現實的沖突——《獻給艾米麗的玫瑰》新解讀 完美管家還是他者—淺析《長日留痕》中的管家形象（開題報告+論）4 《哈利波特》系列小說的浪漫主義情節分析 5 《一件小事》三種英譯本對比研究 6 《麥琪的禮物》主題與寫作手法分析 運用超驗主義解讀《小婦人》中的女性形象 文檔所公布各專業原創畢業論文。原創Q 95 80 35 640 英語廣播新聞與報紙新聞的文體比較 基于會話含義理論分析電影《飄》中女主角郝思嘉的性格特征 11 唐詩宋詞中顏色意象的研究及其翻譯 父權制社會的傀儡—從安吉爾看父權主義思想 13 《嘉莉妹妹》中主要人物的無盡欲望 14 古詩詞英譯關于夸張的翻譯策略研究 15 論跨文化交際中的中西文化沖突 A Study on the Principles and Strategies of Note-taking in Consecutive Interpretation 17 Study on Dietetic Cultures in Different Regions in China 18 <<格列佛游記>>寫作風格分析-杰出的寓言諷喻體小說 19 《嘉莉妹妹》中嘉莉的欲望分析 20 圖式理論分析中國網絡流行詞翻譯 21 《黑暗之心》主人公馬洛的性格分析 Doomed Tragedy out of Desire-Driven Morbid Personalities in Nabokov’s Lolita 23 Advertising Language: A Mirror of American Value 24 模糊限制語的語用功能及在廣告中的應用 25 An Analysis of Symbols in The Great Gatsby 26 《傲慢與偏見》的婚姻分析 27 中國特色英語詞匯翻譯及運用 《肖申克的救贖》中的新哥特元素 29 分析西方末世論在美國電影中的體現 從女性角度分析《喧嘩與騷動》中的墮落與升華 31 回譯在翻譯教學中的作用

Two Trapped Roses—A Comparative Study on Emily and Miss Havisham 33 對《魂斷藍橋》女主角悲慘性命運原因的分析 34 中英文化對中國學生學習英語習語的干擾 35 漢語中外來詞的使用現狀及原因

論零翻譯在公司名稱漢英翻譯中的應用 37 英漢死亡委婉語的文化差異及其分類對比 38 談網絡英語縮略語的構詞特點及用法 39 中餐菜名的英譯與飲食文化傳播

The Lonely and Desperate Modern Man: A Close Reading of The Hairy Ape from the Perspective of Expressionism 41 杰克?倫敦《熱愛生命》中天氣描寫的作用

解讀《喜福會》的中國式母愛

論《紅樓夢》在英語世界的傳播與誤讀 中西方空間觀對比研究

The Transcultural Differences in the Translation of Commercial Advertisements 從社會心理學的角度分析《夜色溫柔》中主人公迪克的墮落 論隱喻的本質與功能

相同之愛，不同詮釋——從美劇《吉爾莫女孩》看東西方母女關系之異同 論喬治?艾略特《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》中的環境描寫 路易莎?梅?奧爾科特《小婦人》的女性意識解讀 從電影《姐姐的守護者》分析人的自私性 萬圣節與時尚設計

英語聽力自主學習方法探究

《黛西米勒》中道德沖突的表現分析 商務談判中的模糊語的使用

The Difference between Chinese and American Family Education 淺析英語動物類習語的翻譯 海絲特白蘭—清教時代的新女性 初中英語教學中的角色扮演 透析《勸導》中的新女性形象

A Comparison of Chinese and American Food Cultures 語言行為性別差異研究

《榆樹下的欲望》中的自然主義 《動物莊園》中的黑色幽默分析

功能對等理論視角下《越獄》字幕翻譯的研究 從文化視角淺談旅游英語翻譯

論小說《哈利波特》中的魔法世界

The Unique Characteristics of Edgar Allen Poe’s Gothic Stories 愉快教學法在初中英語教學中的應用

中英文姓名的文化內涵及其翻譯的對比研究 目的論視角下公益廣告的翻譯

福克納眼中的美國南方—以《獻給艾米麗的玫瑰》為例 A Withering Rose：An Analysis of Tess’s Tragedy 從伊登和蓋茨比之死探析美國夢破滅的必然性

A Study on Cultural Shock in Intercultural Communication Analyzing the Development of English Color Term and Its Chinese Translation 馬丁伊登的自殺根由

A Comparison of the English Color Terms 目的論指導下《頁巖》英譯漢中的詞類轉譯現象 The Application of Corpus in Teaching English Reading The Translation of Puns 學習動機對大學生英語學習的影響 從文化視角看漢英翻譯中的語篇連貫性

跨文化交際中的語用失誤 87 中西方飲食文化對比

論《野性的呼喚》中對人和自然和諧的呼喚 89 從目的論看《生活大爆炸》的字幕翻譯

General Principles and Features of Legal English Translation 91 從中英語言中的幽默表達看中西方思維差異 92 《喧嘩與騷動》中凱蒂悲劇的分析 93 淺析《瑞普?凡?溫克爾》中的浪漫主義

《傲慢與偏見》中的婚姻觀和中國后婚姻觀的比較研究 95 苔絲悲劇的自身原因分析及其啟示

從精神分析理論分析《莎樂美》的人格特征 97 漢語政治話語中的隱喻研究

面部表情和目視行為的跨文化研究

融合與碰撞：李安家庭系列體現的中美文化差異

Discourse, Immigrants and Identity in In the Skin of a Lion 101 英語模糊限制語的分類界定及其語用功能 102 淺析商務談判中的恭維語應用

On Translation of Symbolism in Pop Songs with a Case Study of Hotel California 104 Social Criticism in Wordsworth’s Concept of Nature 105 The Analysis of Promotion Strategy of L’Oréal in China 106 論《寵兒》中象征主義的運用 107 漢英招呼語的對比研究

從異化與歸化的角度談中國菜名的翻譯 109 從《勸導》看簡?奧斯汀創作思想的發展 110 中醫術語翻譯方法研究

從大學校訓看中西方大學文化差異

中英文動物俗語的感情差異研究－－以“狗”為例 113 仿擬在商業廣告中的應用

The Relationship Between Oscar Wilde and Dorian Gray 115 身勢語在演講中的重要性和運用研究

烏鴉在中西文學作品中文化內涵的對比研究 117 The Growth Topic in The Catcher in the Rye 118 游戲在小學英語課堂中的運用 119 從功能對等理論來看委婉語翻譯

《嘉莉妹妹》和《名利場》中的女性的性格及命運對比分析 121 從《變形記》透視家庭環境對塑造兒童健康心理的影響 122 英語中法語借詞芻議

從簡愛和安娜卡列尼娜的不同命運看女性意識的覺醒 124 《喪鐘為誰而鳴》中羅伯特.喬丹性格的多視角分析 125 淺談中國電影字幕英譯中的歸化與異化 126 英語委婉語的語用分析

功能目的論指導下的公示語英譯

“冰山理論”在海明威小說創作中的運用研究 129 《愛瑪》中身份和同輩的壓力

《德伯家的苔絲》苔絲和《紅字》海斯特的悲劇命運的比較 131 論《呼嘯山莊》中希斯克利夫的矛盾情感 132 目的論與英文電影片名的翻譯

通過《紫色》中三位女性人物分析艾麗斯?沃克的婦女主義

The Environmental Influence on Emily Bront and “Wuthering Heights” 135 Cultural Barriers in Communication between Chinese and Americans 136 對《老人與海》中主人公的性格分析 137 英漢自謙語的對比研究

從英式桌球斯諾克看英國的紳士文化及其對中國的影響

A Study of Cultural Differences Reflected in Chinese and English Proverbs 140 《推銷員之死》中的家庭問題研究

Exploration of Improper Criticism in Middle School Education 142 從成長小說角度解讀《馬丁?伊登》

A Study on the Motivations of Korean Students in China: Impacts of Internationalization on Korean Higher Education 144 剖析《所羅門之歌》中的黑人意識 145 簡論英漢習語翻譯

《貴婦畫像》主題和寫作藝術特征

馬克?吐溫《湯姆?索亞歷險記》的諷刺 148 中英問候語對比研究

弗吉尼亞?伍爾夫《達洛維夫人》的寫作技巧剖析

Interpretations of Cultural Differences in Temporal Aspect by Comparing Lin Shu’s Translation of Uncle Tom’s Cabin with Later Translator’ Versions 151 《老友記》中言語幽默的修辭學思考 152 順應論視角下的電影片名翻譯 153 中西方婚禮文化差異

154 淺析《喜福會》中母女沖突的存在與消融 155 從尊卑與平權的詞匯看中西方文化的差異 156 英國哥特小說故事情節中的怪誕表現 157 模因論視角下的中國網絡新詞翻譯策略 158 從加菲貓看美國新個人主義價值觀 159 應用多媒體資源提高英語新聞聽力

160 從《道連?格雷的畫像》談唯美主義藝術觀 161 淺析《麥田里的守望者》中的部分重要象征物

162 宗教枷鎖下的人性掙扎——《紅字》中丁梅斯代爾形象解讀 163 當愛遇見不愛——淺析《馬可百萬》中的三對情愛關系 164 探究《紫色》中的婦女主義者形象 165 論中英商業廣告及其翻譯 166 Feminism in The Awakening 167 Comparative Studies on Metaphors with Animal Images in Chinese and English 168 從認知語言學角度淺析網絡語言中的隱喻現象 169 跨文化商務活動中的交際與禮儀 170 海明威小說硬漢形象的悲劇色彩 171 對比分析中美可樂廣告中的文化差異

172 淺析《紫色》中書信體的運用

173 淺析英語粘著詞素及其在詞匯教學中的實用價值 174 論亨利?詹姆斯《貴婦畫像》中伊莎貝爾的婚姻悲劇 175 淺析張培基的散文翻譯風格 176 體育專有名詞的翻譯研究 177 英漢同義詞對比及翻譯

178 Analysis on Ambiguity in The Scarlet Letter 179 從《店員》解讀作者雙重身份的矛盾心理 180 從中西婚禮文化看中西方文化差異 181 《達?芬奇密碼》中的女性主義

182 《二十二條軍規》中關于軍規的控制及反控制 183 英漢親屬稱謂對比研究及其文化內涵分析 184 情態人際意義的跨文化研究

185 關于數字在英語商務合同中的應用的討論 186 從關聯理論看魯迅作品《孔乙己》中的反諷 187 《野性的呼喚》的自然主義解讀 188 文化背景知識在英語教學中的作用

189 從原型批評理論角度分析威利?洛曼的悲劇 190 公示語漢英翻譯的問題與對策

191 從美學角度淺析許淵沖《漢英對照唐詩三首》——“意音形”三美論 192 世紀年代魯迅與梁實秋之間的翻譯論戰

193 To Obey or Rebel –A Study of Female Characters in Moment in Peking 194 論反語的語用功能

195 中式英語與標準英語的差別 196 雙語對認知發展的影響

197 A Probe into the Spiritual Worlds of The Old Man and the Sea 198 中西方家庭教育對比研究——從《傅雷家書》和《致兒家書》的對比 199 Etiquette and Protocol on Intercultural Business Negotiation 200 不一樣的顫栗—東西方恐怖片的比較

第五篇：中西方飲食文化對比論文

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture

系（部）：外語系 專 業 班： 姓 名： 學 號： 指導教師： 2011年 5 月

I

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture 中西方飲食文化對比

I

Abstract

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture of China and the west, come across cultural barriers, but also can train people?s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.But actually the differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very

I important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people?s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.Key words: China and the west culture;difference;concept;comunication

II

摘 要

隨著經濟全球化進一步發展，中西方聯系越來越頻繁。作為打開中西方人民交流的重要切入點，探討中西方飲食差異變的十分重要。其意義在于既能有助于深刻理解中西方文化中的不同之處，跨越文化交流障礙，又能培養人們在跨文化交際時的適應能力，有效地避免交際雙方由于文化差異而產生的誤會。因此，分析和研究中西方飲食文化的差異對中國的飲食文化而言具有很重要的意義。此外，它有助于指導我們的實踐。但是不言而喻中西美食的差異與社會文化的發展密切相關。文化是人們在長期的社會生活中生活方式凝聚起來的總稱，其中生活方式又包括思維方式和行為方式，雖然文化具有普遍性特征，但它最根本的特點是以血緣和地緣關系為基礎，以名族為單位形成的整體。飲食文化，同樣以名族為單位，當一個民族形成了固定的飲食習慣，飲食技巧和飲食觀念后，便構成了一種文化。這也與中國和西方的不同地理和歷史條件息息相關，畢竟不同的文化反映不同的生活方式。

本文將從以下五個方面來說明中西文化的差異，它具體體現在飲食觀念的差異、飲食內容的差異、飲食方式的差異以及不同的餐桌禮儀等。而本文不僅探討了中西方飲食文化上的差異，更簡要分析了造成這一差異的原因。除此之外，本文還以美國的餐桌文化給出了一些例子，例如，面包盤是在主盤的左邊，飲料在主盤的右邊；沙拉叉、刀和湯匙要比主菜刀、叉、勺放的要遠；甜點餐具上方放置或隨主板送達。一般吃東西的時候嘴巴緊閉；不要在餐桌上咳嗽、打噴嚏或在餐桌上吹鼻子等或者過分大聲說話。總之，分析和研究中西方飲食文化的差異對中國的飲食文化具有很重要的意義。它不僅在于了解這一事實本身，更重要的是用它來知道我們的實踐活動，在提高認識的基礎上，改善食品結構，革除餐飲弊端，提高餐飲質量，保證人們的生活需要，弘揚中華文化的餐飲文化。

關鍵詞：中西方飲食文化；差異；觀念；交流

III

Contents

1.Introduction--------------------1 2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture--------------------------3 2.1 The difference between Chinese and Western food objects--------------------------4 2.2 The difference in diet concept----------------------------6 2.3.Differences in dietary patterns-----------------------------9 2.4 The different utensils and etiquette----------------------11 2.5 Differences in diet attribution-----------------------------13 3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food-----------------------16 4.Conclusion--------------------17 Acknowledgements--------------19 References------------------------20

IV 1． Introduction

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, food culture plays a very important role.The differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.In fact, food culture refers to the diet and lifestyle formed under certain historical or social conditions as well as the ideology formed on the basis of the aforesaid.During the history development of different countries and ethnic groups, different behavior patterns and lifestyles formed because the natural conditions and social environments were different.That is what people often refer to as customs.From the point of view of social observation and cultural study, the food culture of an ethnic group can fully embody its mentality, interest, belief and historical development.So, food culture can be seen as the most typical cultural feature of this ethnic group.The development and changes of food culture often reflect the evolution and progress of the society.The differences between Chinese culture and Western culture brought about the difference between their respective food cultures.Under two under different cultural backgrounds, obvious differences exist between Chinese food culture and western food culture, including perception, feature and the methods and materials.Therefore, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture between China and the west and come across cultural barriers, but also can train people?s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people?s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture

Once there is a saying that “Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and the other is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China?s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato?s dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers? cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners? characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristics.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference.Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.Between China and the West culture?s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode.The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”.2.1The difference between Chinese and Western food objects

All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.“Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun?s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners? is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth?s opinions on the “cultural pattern” theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners? is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about “home” and “roots”, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.Westerners think the food can make them feel full.therefore, eats large piece of meat;and Chinese cuisine is the “Taste” of it.Therefore, China is also showing great cooking in the random selected materials: many Westerners as something thrown away, are excellent raw materials in China, foreign chefs can not handle things the hands of a chef in China to can be miraculous.Demonstration of Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary.West China is more than reasonable with emphasis on nutrition, there are more developed in the food industry, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time, and good nutrition.Therefore, the body of their country than the Chinese people generally robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular.The westerner thought that the cooked food is appeases hunger, therefore eats the bulk meat, the entire block chicken specially and so on “the hard vegetable”.But China?s cooked food is “eats the taste”, therefore China cooks on the needed materials also appears the enormous capriciousness: Many westerners regard as abandons the things, in China is the extremely good raw material, the foreign chef is unable the thing which processes, as soon as arrives in the Chinese chef hand, may melt mysteriously decayed.Indicates the Chinese diet in needed materials aspectvastness capriciousness.Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before.As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips.Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country.Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful.In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer.Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea.2.2 The difference in diet concept

The differences between Chinese and western diet cannot be ignored.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement “which people often said to make the” realm “reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.Chinese pay great attention to “the taste” of the food, while the Westerns has a kind of rational diet idea.No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on.Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because has the nutrition.This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system.Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.The western philosophy studies the object principle of for the thing, principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in constipation forming philosophy.This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds.But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture.At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching;But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only then one kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say.As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then to become.In the color contrasts distinctively, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.The Chinese is takes seriously “to eat” very much, “the food is what matters to the people” this proverb showed that we eat look equally and the day are important.Because our nationality for several thousand years are in the low productive forces level, the people always cannot eat to the full, therefore only will then have one kind uniquely to eat can regard in all diet culture, I thought that this will be probably stems from one kind of survival to need.If one culture eats regards as the most important matter, will then present two kind of phenomena: On the one hand will eat this kind the function will display the acme, not only maintenance survival, also will use its health maintenance, this will also be” uses medicines to build up one?s health was inferior the food will make up”cultural base;On the other hand, to eats excessive takes seriously, will cause the human to esteem to the delicacy the pursue.In China?s cookery, achieves the acme nearly to the delicacy pursue, down to makes a living the Chinese to the overseas, take the restaurant as industry, has become us the basis which settles down and gets on with life in the world!It is a pity, when we take the pursue delicacy the first request, we have actually neglected food most basic nutritional value, our many traditional food must pass through overheated fries in oil boils with the long time soft fire dumpling, causes the cooked food the nutrient content to receive the destruction, many nutrient contents lost in the processing process.Therefore as soon as speaks of the nutrition question, in fact touched the Chinese diet culture biggest weakness.The folk has a slang: “the food is what matters to the people, the food take the taste as first”.Is this kind to the delicacy the pursue, poured causes us to neglect the real sense which ate meal.The Chinese when tastes the cooked food, often will say that this TV dinner “delicious”, that vegetable “is not delicious”;However if further asked that anything calls “delicious”, why “delicious”, “delicious” in where, was not perhaps easy to talk clearly.This indicated that what Chinese to diet pursue is one kind explains “the ideal condition” with difficulty, even if is usually called “the color, smell and tastes with the people, the shape,” to come this kind “the boundary” the concrete application, perhaps was still very difficult to cover.the reason that the China diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste.But the delicacy production, lies in well distributed, must make food this taste, heats up the later ripe taste, in addition the ingredient and the supplementary material taste as well as the seasoning compromise the taste, interweaves the fusion coordinated in the same place, causes it to supplement mutually, the cooperation seepage, is in perfect harmony, in you have me, in me has you.The Chinese cooking is fastidious compromises the beauty, is the Chinese cooking art concise place.A vegetable shape and the color are the external things, but the taste is actually the intrinsic thing, heavy intrinsic, but decorates the semblance not desirably, but the heavy cooked food?s taste exposes the cooked food not excessively the shape and the color, this is precisely the Chinese US diet view most important performance.In China, the diet beautiful pursue has crushed the rationality obviously, this kind of diet view and the Chinese tradition?s philosophic thinking also tallies.As Eastern philosophy representative?s Chinese philosophy, its outstanding feature is macroscopic, direct-viewing, is fuzzy and is evasive.The Chinese dish manufacture method is the well distributed large ding, is finally must compromise one happy taste.This is fastidious is a discretion, is the overall coordination.It has contained the Chinese philosophy rich diagnostic method thought that all take the vegetable taste happy, harmonized ever changing as, within had decided Chinese dish enriching and was rich in the change, has decided the Chinese dish vegetable department?s characteristic and even each chef?s characteristic.2.3 Differences in dietary patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national “happy” mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of “and” impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: “First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.2.4 The different utensils and etiquette

2.4.1 Cutlery to use

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the basic difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship.Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place.Northern China

wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks.The

emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later.According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat.About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross.To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks.Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life.Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match.Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits.The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food(to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures.Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo(which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.)When using the knife and fork there are some taboos.Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling.To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency.Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl.Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.2.4.2 Seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements.Traditional Chinese dinner with square table.Door is on both sides of the partial blocks.Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to “ladies first” Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies.In China, respect for the left and right for the times;on respect, under second;in respect, partial for the times.In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat.Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot.Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal(if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.)Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation.Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance.Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.2.4.3 Dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static.Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking.Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine.Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart?s delight.This “trouble” to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people?s “Harmony.” Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner.Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth.Shut up when eating chewing.Do not lick their lips or smack sound.Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk.If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself.Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech.Keep the volume level of the other party can hear.Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing.2.5 Differences in diet attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: “Flavor in the mouth has the same interests”.“Interests” points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of “delicious” for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming “dietary restraint”.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the “overload” and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body;and it is the consumption of such storage.Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people?s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: “The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people?s appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still ?food to eat? stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people?s spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people?s life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm.In fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China?s cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food

Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.4.Conclusion

Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women , Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people?s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries? culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other?s advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is a country with an ancient culture and is rich in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China?s reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China?s new culture.Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Miss Tu Huiqin, my supervisors, for her constant encouragement and guidance.I would not have survived all work without the constant support that she gave me.She has walked with me through the first stage of writing this paper.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper would not have reached its present form.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the English Department.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four year?s college life, I can acquire the opportunity to further study my English.References

[1] Hall, E.T.Beyond Culture [M].New York: Anchor Book, 1989.[2] Yu zhi yuan.English-Speaking Countries: A Survey [M].Beijing：Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2005.[3] Bourdain, Anthony.A Cook’s Tour [M].London: Bloomsbury, 2002.[4] Neuliep, J.W.Intercultural Communication: A Context Approach [M].Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.[5] Prosser.The Cultural Dialogue: An Introduction to Intercultural Communication [M].Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978.[6] 金炳鎬.民族理論通論[M].北京:中央民族大學出版社.1994.[7] 徐先玲,李祖狀.中國飲食文化[M].北京：中國戲劇出版社.2005.[8] 殷珍泉.禮儀有學問[M].北京：北京臺海出版社.2002.[9] 張起鈞.烹飪原理[M].北京: 中國輕工業出版社.2000.[10] 安靜.解讀美國[M].北京：中國旅游出版社.2007.[11] 陳潔.得心應手---西餐禮儀[M].北京：世界知識出版社.2005.[12] 劉枋.吃的藝術[M].山東:山東畫報出版社.2003．

[13] 劉玫君.陳加真.出國點菜不求人---別人不會告訴你的旅行智慧[M].北京:中國旅游出版社.2005.[14] 馬文.哈里斯.好吃:食物與文化之迷[M].山東:山東畫報出版社.2001.[15] 蘇珊.羅德里格.亨特.巴黎:一席浮動的豪宴[M].北京:生活.讀書.新知三聯書店,2004.[16] 唐魯孫.天下味[M].桂林:廣西師范大學出版社.2004.[17] 張志偉.歐陽謙.西方哲學智慧[M].北京：中國人民大學出版社.2000.[18] 蕭家成.升華的魅力---中華民族酒文化[M].北京:華齡出版社.2007.[19] 向世陵.中國哲學智慧[M].北京：中國人民大學出版社.2000.[20] 張茗陽.食物改變你的一生[M].上海:學林出版社.2003.