第一篇：研究生英語下冊綜合教程-熊海虹-翻譯-完全整理

Unit 1

The Hidden Side of Happiness 1 Hurricanes, house fires, cancer, whitewater rafting accidents, plane crashes, vicious attacks in dark alleyways.Nobody asks for any of it.But to their surprise, many people find that enduring such a harrowing ordeal ultimately changes them for the better.Their refrain might go something like this: “I wish it hadn't happened, but I'm a better person for it.”

1颶風、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊，沒人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發現遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會使他們向好的方面轉變。他們可能都會這樣說：“我希望這事沒發生，但因為它我變得更完美了。” We love to hear the stories of people who have been transformed by their tribulations, perhaps because they testify to a bona fide type of psychological truth, one that sometimes gets lost amid endless reports of disaster: There seems to be a built-in human capacity to flourish under the most difficult circumstances.Positive responses to profoundly disturbing experiences are not limited to the toughest or the bravest.In fact, roughly half the people who struggle with adversity say that their lives subsequently in some ways improved.2我們都愛聽人們經歷苦難后發生轉變的故事，可能是因為這些故事證實了一條真正的心理學上的真理，這條真理有時會湮沒在無數關于災難的報道中：在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內在的奮發向上的能力會進發出來。對那些令人極度恐慌的經歷做出積極回應的并不僅限于最堅強或最勇敢的人。實際上，大約半數與逆境抗爭過的人都說他們的生活從此在某些方面有了改善。This and other promising findings about the life-changing effects of crises are the province of the new science of post-traumatic growth.This fledgling field has already proved the truth of what once passed as bromide: What doesn't kill you can actually make you stronger.Post-traumatic stress is far from the only possible outcome.In the wake of even the most terrifying experiences, only a small proportion of adults become chronically troubled.More commonly, people rebound-or even eventually thrive.3諸如此類有關危機改變一生的發現有著可觀的研究前景，這正是創傷后成長這一新學科的研究領域。這一新興領域已經證實了曾經被視為陳詞濫調的一個真理：大難不死，意志彌堅。創傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經歷之后，也只有一小部分成年人會受到長期的心理折磨。更常見的情況是，人們會恢復過來——甚至最終會成功發達。Those who weather adversity well are living proof of the paradoxes of happiness.We need more than pleasure to live the best possible life.Our contemporary quest for happiness has shriveled to a hunt for bliss-a life protected from bad feelings, free from pain and confusion.4那些經受住苦難打擊的人是有關幸福悖論的生動例證：為了盡可能地過上最好的生活，我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個時代的人對幸福的追求已經縮小到只追求福氣：一生沒有煩惱，沒有痛苦和困惑。This anodyne definition of well-being leaves out the better half of the story, the rich, full joy that comes from a meaningful life.It is the dark matter of happiness, the ineffable quality we admire in wise men and women and aspire to cultivate in our own lives.It turns out that some of the people who have suffered the most, who have been forced to contend with shocks they never anticipated and to rethink the meaning of their lives, may have the most to tell us about that profound and intensely fulfilling journey that philosophers used to call the search for “the good life”.5這種對幸福的平淡定義忽略了問題的主要方面——一種富有意義的生活所帶來的那種豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質——是我們在明智的男男女女身上所欣賞到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質。事實證明，一些遭受苦難最多的人——他們被迫全力應付他們未曾預料到的打擊，并重新思考他們生活的意義——或許對那種深刻的、給人以強烈滿足感的人生經歷(哲學家們過去稱之為對“美好生活”的探尋)最有發言權。This broader definition of good living blends deep satisfaction and a profound connection to others through empathy.It is dominated by happy feelings but seasoned also with nostalgia and regret.“Happiness is only one among many values in human life,” contends Laura King, a psychologist at the University of Missouri in Columbia.Compassion, wisdom, altruism, insight, creativity-sometimes only the trials of adversity can foster these qualities, because sometimes only drastic situations can force us to take on the painful process of change.To live a full human life, a tranquil, carefree existence is not enough.We also need to grow-and sometimes growing hurts.6這種對美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過移情與他人建立的深切聯系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配，但同時也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。密蘇里大學哥倫比亞分校的心理學家勞拉·金認為:“幸福僅僅是許許多多人生價值中的一種。”慈悲、智慧、無私、洞察力及創造力—有時只有經歷逆境的考驗才能培育這些品質，因為有時只有極端的情形才能迫使我們去承受痛苦的改變過程。只過安寧的、無憂無慮的生活是不足以體驗一段完整的人生的。我們也需要成長——盡管有時成長是痛苦的。In a dark room in Queens, New York, 31-year-old fashion designer Tracy Cyr believed she was dying.A few months before, she had stopped taking the powerful immune-suppressing drugs that kept her arthritis in check.She never anticipated what would happen: a withdrawal reaction that eventually left her in total body agony and neurological meltdown.The slightest movement-trying to swallow, for example-was excruciating.Even the pressure of her cheek on the pillow was almost unbearable.7在紐約市皇后區一間漆黑的房間里，31歲的時裝設計師特蕾西.塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個月前，她已經停止服用控制她關節炎的強效免疫抑制藥。她從沒預見到接下來將要發生的事：停藥之后的反應最終使她全身劇烈疼痛，神經系統出現嚴重問題。最輕微的動作——比如說試著吞咽——對她來說也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。Cyr is no wimp-diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis at the age of two, she had endured the symptoms and the treatments(drugs, surgery)her whole life.But this time, she was way past her limits, and nothing her doctors did seemed to help.Either the disease was going to kill her or, pretty soon, she felt she might have to kill herself.8塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時就被診斷得了幼年型類風濕性關節炎，一生都在忍受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術)的折磨。但是這一次，她實在不堪忍受了，她的醫生所做的一切似乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病結束她的生命，要么她就得很快了結自己的生命了。As her sleepless nights wore on, though, her suicidal thoughts began to be interrupted by new feelings of gratitude.She was still in agony, but a new consciousness grew stronger each night: an awesome sense of liberation, combined with an all-encompassing feeling of sympathy and compassion.“I felt stripped of everything I'd ever identified myself with,” she said six months later.“Everything I thought I'd known or believed in was useless-time, money, self-image, perception.Recognizing that was so freeing.”

9然而，在經歷了若干個不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭開始被新的感激之情所打斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識每一夜都變得更加強烈：一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感。“我感到一切我曾經用來認同自己身份的東西都被剝奪了，”六個月后她這樣說道，“一切我認為我知道或相信的事物—時間、金錢、自我形象、對事物的看法—都毫無價值了。意識到這一點真是讓我感到解脫。” Within a few months, she began to be able to move more freely, thanks to a cocktail of steroids and other drugs.She says now there's no question that her life is better.“l felt I had been shown the secret of life and why we're here: to be happy and to nurture other life.It's that simple.”

10在幾個月內，得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她開始能夠更加自如地活動了。她說，毫無疑問她現在的生活狀況有了好轉。“我感覺我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂地生活，同時扶持他人。就這么簡單!” Her mind-blowing experience came as a total surprise.But that feeling of transformation is in some ways typical, says Rich Tedeschi, a professor of psychology at the University of North Carolina in Charlotte who coined the term “post-traumatic growth”.His studies of people who have endured extreme events, like combat, violent crime or sudden serious illness show that most feel dazed and anxious in the immediate aftermath;they are preoccupied with the idea that their lives have been shattered.A few are haunted long afterward by memory problems, sleep trouble and similar symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.But Tedeschi and others have found that for many people-perhaps even the majority-life ultimately becomes richer and more gratifying.11她這種不可思議的經歷完全是個驚喜。但是北卡羅來納大學夏洛特分校心理學教授里奇·特德斯基認為，這種轉變的感覺從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇·特德斯基教授首創了“創傷后成長”一詞。他對那些經歷了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事件的人群進行了研究，這些研究表明，在剛經歷不幸后大多數人隨即都會感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問題、失眠以及類似的創傷后應激障礙所折磨。但特德斯基和其他學者發現，對很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數人)來說，生活最終會變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。Something similar happens to many people who experience a terrifying physical threat.In that moment, our sense of invulnerability is pierced, and the self-protective mental armor that normally stands between us and our perceptions of the world is torn away.Our everyday life scripts-our habits, self-perceptions and assumptions-go out the window, and we are left with a raw experience of the world.12許多經歷過恐怖的人身威脅的人會遇到類似的情況。在事情發生的那一瞬間，我們的安全感被沖破了，平時處于我們與我們對世界的種種看法之間的自我保護的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習慣、自我認識和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對世界的原始體驗。13 Still, actually implementing these changes, as well as fully coming to terms with a new reality, usually takes conscious effort.Being willing and able to take on this process is one of the major differences between those who grow through adversity and those who are destroyed by it.The people who find value in adversity aren't the toughest or the most rational.What makes them different is that they are able to incorporate what happened into the story of their own life.13盡管如此，要實際實現這些轉變并完全接受新的現實，通常需要有意識地付出努力。是否愿意并有能力承擔這個過程，就是那些在災難中成長和那些被災難所摧毀的人之間主要的區別之一。認為災難有價值的人并不是最堅強或最理性的人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠將所遭遇的事融入他們自己的人生歷程中。”Eventually, they may find themselves freed in ways they never imagined.Survivors say they have become more tolerant and forgiving of others, capable of bringing peace to formerly troubled relationships.They say that material ambitions suddenly seem silly and the pleasures of friends and family paramount-and that the crisis allowed them to recognize life in line with their new priorities.14最終，他們可能會發現自己以從未想到過的方式獲得了解脫。幸存者往往說他們變得更加寬容，也更能原諒別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關系。他們說物質追求突然間變得很無聊，而朋友和家庭帶來的快樂變得極為重要，他們還說危機使他們能夠按照這些新的優先之事來重新認識生活。People who have grown from adversity often feel much less fear, despite the frightening things they've been through.They are surprised by their own strength, confident that they can handle whatever else life throws at them.“People don't say that what they went through was wonderful,” says Tedeschi.“They weren't meaning to grow from it.They were just trying to survive.But in retrospect, what they gained was more than they ever anticipated.”

15從災難中成長起來的人盡管經歷過恐怖的事情，但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。他們對自己的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應付。特德斯基說：“人們不會說他們所經歷的是美好的。他們并不是特意要通過這樣的經歷來成長。他們只是盡其所能生存下來。但回顧起來，他們的收獲遠遠大于他們所預料的。In his recent book Satisfaction, Emory University psychiatrist Gregory Berns points to extreme endurance athletes who push themselves to their physical limits for days at a time.They cycle through the same sequence of sensations as do trauma survivors: self-loss, confusion and, finally, a new sense of mastery.For ultramarathoners, who regularly run 100-mile races that last more than 24 hours, vomiting and hallucinating are normal.After a day and night of running without stopping or sleeping, competitors sometimes forget who they are and what they are doing.16埃默里大學精神病學家格列高利·伯思斯在他的近作《滿足》中指出，極限耐力運動員每次訓練都要使自己的身體連續數天處于極限狀態。他們和經歷創傷的幸存者所經歷的感覺過程一樣：自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對于經常跑超過24小時的100英里比賽的超級馬拉松運動員來說，嘔吐和產生幻覺是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后，競賽者有時會忘了自己是誰，忘了自己在干什么。For a more common example of growth through adversity, look to one of life's biggest challenges: parenting.Having a baby has been shown to decrease levels of happiness.The sleep deprivation and the necessity of putting aside personal pleasure in order to care for an infant mean that people with newborns are more likely to be depressed and find their marriage on the rocks.Nonetheless, over the long haul, raising a child is one of the most rewarding and meaningful of all human undertakings.The short-term sacrifice of happiness is outweighed by other benefits, like fulfillment, altruism and the chance to leave a meaningful legacy.17更普遍的在逆境中成長的例子要數生命中最大的挑戰之一：為人父母。生育孩子一直被認為會降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機。然而，長遠看來，養育孩子是所有人類活動中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時間內犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿足感、無私以及有機會留下一筆意義深遠的遺產。Ultimately, the emotional reward can compensate for the pain and difficulty of adversity.This perspective does not cancel out what happened, but it puts it all in a different context: that it's possible to live an extraordinary rewarding life even within the constraints and struggles we face.In some form or other, says King, we all must go through this realization.“You're not going to be the person you thought you were, but here's who you are going to be instead-and that turns out to be a pretty great life.”

18總之，情感上的回報可以彌補災難帶來的痛苦和艱難。這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發生的苦難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個不同的背景中來看待，那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們仍然可以生存得極有價值。金指出，我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經歷這種覺悟。“你將不再是自己心目中曾經的你，取而代之的是一個新的你—而事實會證明生活從此將非常美好。”

Unit 2 Commercialization and Changes in Sports 1.Throughout history sports have been used as forms of public entertainment.However, sports have never been so heavily packaged, promoted, presented and played as commercial products as they are today.Never before have decisions about sports and the social relationships connected with sports been so clearly influenced by economic factors.The bottom line has replaced the goal line for many people, and sports no longer exist simply for the interests of the athletes themselves.Fun and “good games” are now defined in terms of gate receipts, concessions revenues, the sale of media rights, market shares, rating points, and advertising potential.Then, what happens to sports when they become commercialized? Do they change when they become dependent on gate receipts and the sale of media rights?

1在整個歷史長河中，人們都是把體育當作某種形式的公眾娛樂。然而，體育從未像今天這樣作為一種商業產品被如此盛大地包裝、推廣、呈現和開展，有關體育的決策以及與體育相關的社會關系也同樣從未如此顯然地受到商業因素的影響。對許多人來說，賬本底線已取代了球門線，體育不再只是為了運動員們自身的興趣而存在。今天，樂趣和“好比賽”的定義取決于門票收入、特許權收人、媒體傳播權的出售、市場份額、收視率以及廣告潛力。那么，當體育變得商業化時，它會怎樣?當體育變得依賴于門票收人和媒體傳播權的出售時，它會發生變化嗎？

2.We know that whenever any sport is converted into commercial entertainment, it success depends on spectator appeal.Although spectators often have a variety of motives underlying their attachment to sports, their interest in any sporting event is usually related to a combination of three factors: the uncertainty of an event's outcome, the risk or financial rewards associated with participating in an event，and the anticipated display of excellence or heroics by the athletes.In other words, when spectators refer to a “good game” or an “exciting contest”, they are usually talking about one in which the outcome was in doubt until the last minutes or seconds, one in which the stakes' were so high that athletes were totally committed to and engrossed in the action, or one in which there were a number of excellent or “heroic” performances.When games or matches contain all three of these factors, they are remembered and discussed for a long time.2我們知道，每當任何一項體育運動被轉化為商業性娛樂活動時，它的成功就依賴于觀眾的興趣。盡管觀眾對于體育的擁護背后潛藏著多種動機，但他們對體育比賽的興趣通常與三種相結合的因素有關：比賽結果的不確定性，參加一項比賽相關的風險或經濟回報，以及預期中的運動員的卓越、英勇表現。換句話說，當觀眾提及一場“不錯的比賽”或一場“激動人心的比賽”時，這場比賽，通常在比賽即將結束的最后幾分鐘甚至兒秒鐘時，結果仍然撲朔迷離;或者比賽涉及高額獎金，因而運動員們都全身心地投入比賽。或者比賽展示了許多出色的或者“英雄式”的表現。只要運動比賽包含所有這三方面因素，人們就會長時間記得并討論這場比賽。

3.Commercialization has not had a dramatic effect on the format and goals of most sports.In spite of the influence of spectators, what has occurred historically is that sports have maintained their basic format.Innovations have been made within this framework, rather than completely dismantling the design of a game.For example, the commercialization of the Olympic Games has led to minor rule changes in certain events, but the basic structure of each Olympic sport has remained much the same as it was before the days of corporate endorsements and the sale of television rights.3商業化對于大多數體育運動的結構和目標沒有太大的影響。盡管觀眾會對其產生影響，但在歷史上，運動項目保持了它們的基本結構。創新也是在這一框架內進行的，并不會完全廢除這項運動的基本設計。例如、奧運會的商業化導致了某些賽事規則的微小變化但其每項運動的基本結構還是和商家贊助及電視轉播權出售之前基本一致。

4.Commercialization seems to affect the orientations of sport participants more than it does the format and goals of sports.To make money on a sport, it's necessary to attract a mass audience to buy tickets or watch the events on television.Attracting and entertaining a mass audience is not easy because it's made up of many people who don't have technical knowledge about the complex athletic skills and strategies used by players and coaches.Without this technical knowledge, people are easily impressed by things extrinsic to the game or match itself;they get taken in by hype.During the event itself they often focus on things they can easily understand.They enjoy situations in which players take risks and face clear physical danger;they are attracted to players who are masters of dramatic expression or who are willing to go beyond and their normal physical limits to the point of endangering their safety and well-being;and they like to see players committed to victory no matter what the personal cost.4看來，與運動的結構和目的相比，商業化更多的是影響運動參與者的取向。若要通過一項運動盈利，就必須吸引廣大觀眾買門票或在電視上觀看比賽。吸引和娛樂廣大觀眾并非易事，因為這些觀眾中有很多人沒有技術性的知識，因而不懂得運動員和教練采取的復雜競技技巧和策略。由于缺乏這些技術性知識，人們容易受到運動或賽事之外的東西的影響，容易受到天花亂墜的宜傳的迷惑。在比賽期間，他們經常關注那些他們容易理解的事情。他們喜歡那種運動員冒險并明顯面臨身體危險的情境，他們喜愛那些搜長戲劇化表現或者愿意超越正常的生理極限以致威脅到自己的安全和健康的運動員。他們喜歡看到運動員不惜代價，立志求勝。

5.For example, when people lack technical knowledge about basketball, they are more likely to talk about a single slam dunks than about the consistently flawless defense that enabled a team to win a game.Similarly, those who know little about the technical aspects of ice skating are more entertained by triple and quadruple jumps than by routines carefully choreographed and practiced until they are smooth and flawless.Without dangerous jumps, naive spectators get bored.They like athletes who project' exciting or controversial personas, and they often rate performances in terms of dramatic expression leading to dramatic results.They want to see athletes occasionally collapse as they surpass physical limits, not athletes who know their limits so well they can successfully compete for years without going beyond them.5比如，當人們缺乏籃球方面的技術知識時，他們更津津樂道于某一個灌籃，而不會關注球隊取勝必需的因素:自始至終配合得天衣無縫的后防。同樣，那些對滑冰技術知之甚少的人，他們更感興趣的是三連跳或四連跳，而不是那些精心設計并訓練直至流暢、完美的舞步。沒有驚險的跳躍，無知的觀眾會感到厭倦。他們喜歡那些表現得激動人心或有爭議性的運動員，他們往往根據戲劇化的表現是否導致戲劇化的結果來評價比賽。他們想看運動員在超越自己極限時偶爾的突然失敗，而不是多年來穩操勝券，熟知自己極限而不去超越它的運動員。

6.When a sport comes to depend on entertaining a mass audience, those involved in the sport often revise their ideas about what is important in sport.This revision usually involves a shift in emphasis from what might be called an aesthetic orientation to a heroic orientation.In fact, the people in sport may even refer to games or matches as “show-time”, and they may refer to themselves as entertainers as well as athletes.This does not mean that aesthetic orientations disappear, but it does mean that they often take a back seat to the heroic actions that entertain spectators who don't know enough to appreciate the strategic and technical aspects of the game or match.6當一項體育運動變得依賴于娛樂廣大觀眾時，對于運動中什么才是重要的，運動參與者們往往會改變觀念。這一改變常常意味著重心從所謂的美學取向向英雄主義取向轉變。其實，運動員可能甚至把運動或比賽稱為“表演秀”，并把自己稱作表演者兼運動員。這并不意味著美學取向不復存在了，但是這確實意味著與英雄主義行為相比，它們常常退居其后，英雄主義行為吸引著那些沒有足夠的知識去欣賞運動或比賽的策略和技術的觀眾。

7.As the need to please naive audiences becomes greater, so does the emphasis on heroic orientations.This is why television commentators for US football games continually talk about danger, injuries, playing with pain, and courage.Some athletes, however, realize the dangers associated with heroic orientations and try to slow the move away from aesthetic orientations in their sports.For example, some former figure skaters have called for restrictions on the number of triple jumps that can be included in skating programs.These skaters are worried that the commercial success of their sport is coming to rely on the danger of movement rather than the beauty of movement.However, some skaters seem to be willing to adopt heroic orientations if this is what will please audiences and generate revenues.These athletes usually evaluate themselves and other athletes in terms of the sport ethic, and they learn to see heroic actions signs of true commitment and dedication to their sport.7取悅無知觀眾的需求越強烈，就越會強調英雄主義取向。這就是為什么美國橄欖球比賽的電視評論員喋喋不休地談論危險、受傷、帶傷比賽和膽量。不過，有些運動員意識到了與英雄主義取向隨之而來的危險，并試圖在他們的運動中放慢偏離美學取向的步伐。比如，一些前花樣滑冰運動員已經呼吁限制滑冰項目中三連跳的數量。這些滑冰運動員擔心，他們的體育項目在商業上的成功正越來越依賴于動作的危險性，而不是動作的美感。然而，另外一些滑冰運動員似乎愿意采取英雄主義取向，只要這樣能取悅觀眾，獲得收入。這些運動員用體育道德規范去評價自己和他人，他們還學會把英雄主義行為看成是真正地投入及為運動獻身的標志。8.Commercialization also leads to changes in the organizations that control sports.When sports begin to depend on generating revenues, the control of sport organizations usually shifts further and further away from the players.In fact, the players often lose effective control over the conditions of their own participation in the sport.These conditions come under the control of general managers，team owners，corporate sponsors, advertisers, media personnel, marketing and publicity staff, professional management staff, accountants, and agents.8商業化同樣會導致那些控制體育的組織發生變化。當體育開始依賴于創造收入時，體育組織的控制權就會離運動員越來越遠。事實上，運動員常常對于自身的體育參與環境失去有效控制。這些環境越來越受控于下列人員:總經理、運動隊老板、企業贊助商、廣告商、傳媒人員、營銷和宜傳推廣人員、專業管理人員、會計師以及經紀人。

9.The organizations that control commercial sports are usually complex, since they are intended to coordinate the interests of all these people, but their primary goal is to maximize revenues.This means that organizational decisions generally reflect the combined economic interests of many people having no direct personal connection with a sport or with the athletes involved.The power to affect these decisions is grounded in a variety of resources, many of which are not even connected with sports.Therefore athletes in many commercial sports find themselves cut out of decision-making processes even when decisions affect their health and well-being.9那些控制商業體育的組織通常非常復雜，這是因為它們企圖協調上述所有人的利益，但它們的首要目標還是盈利最大化。這意味著組織決策通常反映的是許多人的混合利益，而他們與體育或相關運動員沒有直接聯系。影響這些決策的力量根植于各種不同的資源，其中許多甚至與體育沒有關聯。因此，許多商業體育中的運動員發現自己被逐出了決策過程，即便這些決策影響到他們的健康和幸福。Unit 3 Oslo 1.I remember on my first trip to Europe going alone to a movie in Copenhagen.In Denmark you are given a ticket for an assigned seat.I went into the cinema and discovered that my ticket directed me to sit beside the only other people in the place, a young couple locked in the sort of passionate embrace associated with dockside reunions at the end of long wars.I could no more have sat beside them than I could have asked to join in-it would have come to much the same thing-so I took a place a few discreet seats away.1記得我第一次去歐洲旅行的時候，我在哥本哈根獨自一人去看電影。在丹麥，電影票是對號入座的。我走進電影院，發現在我的票對應的座位旁，只有一對年輕情侶，這對情侶如膠似漆地擁抱在一起，如同一場持久戰爭結束后碼頭上親人的團聚。我很不情愿坐在他們旁邊，就如我絕不會要求加入他們的行為一樣——這兩者對我來說并沒有什么不同——因此我謹慎地隔幾個座位坐了下來。

2.People came into the cinema, consulted their tickets and filled the seats around us.By the time the film started there were about 30 of us sitting together in a tight pack in the middle of a vast and otherwise empty auditorium.Two minutes into the movie, a woman laden with shopping made her way with difficulty down my row, stopped beside my seat and told me in a stern voice, full of glottal stops and indignation, that I was in her place.This caused much play of flashlights among the usherettes and fretful re-examining of tickets by everyone in the vicinity until word got around that I was an American tourist and therefore unable to follow simple seating instructions and.I was escorted in some shame back to my assigned place.2人們陸續地走進影院，參照電影票找到位子，在我們周圍坐了下來。電影開場時，這個寬敞空曠的觀眾席中間，扎堆地坐了約30人。電影開場兩分鐘后，一個拎著大包小包購物袋的女士艱難地擠到我這排，在我座位旁停下，并用嚴厲的口吻憤怒地朝我用充滿了喉塞音的丹麥語說道，我坐在了她的位子上。女引座員馬上打開手電筒查看情況，身邊所有的人都不安地重新確認自己票上的座位號，直到大家都清楚了，我是一個美國游客，因此沒有遵循簡單的就座指示。在羞愧中我被送回指定的位子。

3.So we sat together and watched the movie, 30 of us crowded together like refugees in an overloaded lifeboat, rubbing shoulders and sharing small noises, and it occurred to me then that there are certain things that some nations do better than everyone else and certain things that they do far worse and I began to wonder why that should be.3接下來我們坐在一起看電影，30人如同一艘超載的救生船上的難民一般擠作一團。肩膀相互摩擦著，忍受著各種細小的噪聲。那時我想，有些國家在某些事情上做的比任何其他國家都好，然而在另外一些事情上，他們卻糟糕很多。我開始思考為何會有如此反差。

4.Sometimes a nation's little contrivances are so singular and clever that we associate them with that country alone-double-decker buses in Britain, windmills in Holland(what an inspired addition-to a flat landscape: think how they would transform Nebraska)，sidewalk cafes in Paris.And yet there are some things that most countries do without difficulty that others cannot get a grasp of at all.4有時候某個國家的小發明是如此獨特和精巧，以至于我們總是由它而聯想到這個國家——英國的雙層巴士，荷蘭的風車（給原本單調的景觀增添了多么美妙的創意：想想這些風車是如何改變了內布拉斯加州），還有巴黎人行道上的露天咖啡館。然而，也有一些事情，大部分國家能不費吹灰之力地辦到，但某些國家卻完全想不到。

5.The French, for instance, cannot get the hang of queuing.They try and try, but it is beyond them.Wherever you go in Paris,you see orderly lines waiting at bus stops, but as soon as the bus pulls up the line instantly disintegrates into something like a fire drill at a lunatic asylum as everyone scrambles to be the first aboard, quite unaware that this defeats the whole purpose of queuing.5比如說，法國人無法掌握排隊的竅門。他們一遍遍地嘗試，但這似乎超出了他們的能力范圍。無論你去巴黎的任何地方，總會看到整齊的隊伍在公交車站候車。但一旦公交車靠站，隊伍立刻瓦解，就像精神病院的消防演習一樣，所有人都爭搶著第一個上車，完全沒意識到，這樣一來排隊的意義就蕩然無存了。

6.The British, on the other hand, do not understand certain of the fundamentals of eating, as evidenced by their instinct to consume hamburgers with a knife and fork.To my continuing amazement, many of them also turn their fork upside——down and balance the food on the back of it.I’ve lived in England for a decade and a half and I still have to quell an impulse to go up to strangers in pubs and restaurants and say, “Excuse me.Can I give you a tip that'll help stop those peas bouncing all over the table?”

6另一方面，英國人則不能領略吃的基本要領。證據就是他們本能地使用刀叉來食用漢堡。更令我驚訝的是，他們大多數都把叉子顛倒放置，將食物擱在它的背上。我已經 在英國居住了 15年，但我仍不得不壓制這種沖動，想要走向酒吧或餐館里的陌生人說：“打擾一下，可以允許我告訴你一個小技巧嗎？那樣你就不會把豆子散落在整張桌子上了。

7.Germans are flummoxed by humor, the Swiss have no concept of fun, the Spanish think there is nothing at all ridiculous about eating dinner at midnight, and the Italians should never, ever have been let in on the invention of the motor car.7德國人被幽默困擾，瑞士人對樂趣毫無概念，西班牙人絲毫不覺得在半夜吃晚飯有什么滑稽之處，而意大利人從不，也絕不會讓別人告訴他們汽車是如何發明的。

8.One of the small marvels of my first trip to Europe was the discovery that the world could be so full of variety, that there were so many different ways of doing essentially identical things, like eating and drinking and buying cinema tickets.It fascinated me that Europeans could at once be so alike-that they could be so universally bookish and cerebral, and drive small cars, and live in little houses in ancient towns, and love soccer, and be relatively unmaterialistic and law-abiding, and have chilly hotel rooms and cosy and inviting places to eat and drink-and yet be so endlessly, unpredictably different from each other as well.I loved the idea that you could never be sure of anything in Europe.8這次歐洲之旅帶給我很多驚奇的小事，其中一個就是我發現世界竟能如此多樣化，對于本質上相同的事物處理起來卻方式各異，比如說吃喝或是買電影票。有趣的是，歐洲人有時可以突然變得如此相似——他們普遍好學而理性，開著小車，住在古鎮的小房子里，喜歡足球，不怎么注重物質生活，遵紀守法，而且他們住寒冷的賓館房間，去溫暖舒適的地方吃喝——然而卻同時擁有著如此琢磨不透、永無止盡的差異。在歐洲沒有什么是百分之百肯定的，對此我十分贊同。

9.I still enjoy that sense of never knowing quite what's going on.In my hotel in Oslo where I spent four days after returning from Hammerfest, the chambermaid each morning left me a packet of something called Bio Tex Bla, a “minipakke for ferie, hybel og weekend” according to the instructions.I spent many happy hours sniffing it and experimenting with it, uncertain whether it was for washing out clothes or gargling or cleaning the toilet bowl.In the end I decided it was for washing out clothes-it worked a treat-but for all I know for the rest of the week everywhere I went in Oslo people were saying to each other, “You know, that man smelled like toilet-bowl cleaner.”

9我仍然享受著對事情進展的未知感。從哈默菲斯特返回后，我在奧斯陸的賓館呆了四天，女服務員每天早上都留給我一盒叫做Bio Tex Bla的東西，說明上說是一種 “minipakke for ferie，hybel og weekend”。我不清楚它到底是用來洗衣服的，還是漱口的，或是用來清洗抽水馬桶的，我通過聞它的氣味，并試驗它各種可能的用法，度過了好幾個快樂的小時。最后我判定它是甩來洗衣服的——它的確有效——然而就我所知，在奧斯陸度過的剩下幾周中，無論我去哪兒，都聽見有人互相議論：“你知道嗎?那個人身上有馬桶清潔劑的味道。”

10.When I told my friends in London that I was going to travel around Europe and write a book about it, they said, “Oh, you must speak a lot of languages.”

10當我告訴倫敦的朋友，我將周游歐洲并寫成書時，他們說：“喔，你肯定會說很多語言吧。”? 11.“Why, no,” I would reply with a certain pride, “only English,” and they would look at me as if I were crazy.But that's the glory of foreign travel, as far as I am concerned.I don't want to know what people are talking about.I can't think of anything that excites a greater sense of childlike wonder than to be in a country where you are ignorant of almost everything.Suddenly you are five years old again.You can't read anything, you have only the most rudimentary sense of how things work, you can't even reliably cross a street without endangering your life.Your whole existence becomes a series of interesting guesses.“為什么，我不會，”我會帶著一點傲氣回答，“我只會英語。”然后他們就看著我，好像我瘋了。但是就我而言，那正是國外旅游的美妙之處。我并不想知道人們在說些什么。置身于一個對你而言完全陌生的國家，能激發一種孩子般的好奇心。除此之外，我想不出還有什么更好的辦法。突然之間你又回到了五歲。你無法讀懂任何東西，你對事物運行方式只有最基本的感知，你甚至無法安全地穿過馬路。你的整個存在變成了一系列有趣的猜想。

12.I get great pleasure from watching foreign TV and trying to imagine what on earth is gonging on.On my first evening in Oslo, I watched a science program in which two men in a studio stood at a lab table discussing a variety of sleek, rodent-like animals that were crawling over the surface and occasionally up the host's jacket.“And you have sex with all these creatures, do you? ”the host was saying.看國外電視節目，試著想象到底發生了什么事，這讓我樂此不疲。在奧斯陸的第一個晚上，我收看一個科學節目，演播室里的兩個男子站在一張實驗桌旁，討論著一種有著光滑皮毛的貌似嚙齒目的動物，它們在桌面上爬行，偶爾爬上主持人的外套。主持人正在說：“那么你與所有這些動物做愛，是嗎？

13.“Certainly,” replied the guest.“You have to be careful with the porcupines, of course and the lemmings can get very neurotic and hurl themselves off cliffs if they feel you don't love them as you once did, but basically these animals make very affectionate companions, and the sex is simply out of this world.” “當然，”嘉賓回答道，“你必須對豪豬十分小心，當然，旅鼠若是感覺你不再像以前那樣愛它們，會變得焦躁不安并跳下懸崖，但總的來說，這些動物是非常親切的伴侶，并且性也是十分美妙的。

14.“Well, I think that's wonderful.Next week we'll be looking at how you can make hallucinogenic drugs with simple household chemicals from your own medicine cabinet, but now it's time for the screen to go blank for a minute and then for the blights to come up suddenly on the host of the day looking as if he was just about to pick his nose.See you next week.” 14 “哎呀，我覺得那很棒。下周讓大家見識一下你是怎么用藥柜中的簡單家庭用藥制造出致幻藥的。讓熒幕空白幾分光突然亮起，然后讓燈光突然亮起，照在主持人身；讓他看起來似乎就像正要摳鼻子。下周見。”

15.After Hammerfest, Oslo was simply wonderful.It was still cold and dusted with greyish snow, but it seemed positively tropical Hammerfest, and I abandoned all thought of buying a furry hat.I went to the museums and for a day-long way out around the Bygdoy' peninsula, where the city's finest houses stand on the wooded hillsides, with fetching views across the icy water of the harbour to the downtown.But mostly I hung around the city center, wandering back and forth between the railway station and the royal palace, peering in the store windows along Karl Johans Gate, the long and handsome main pedestrian street, cheered by the bright lights, mingling with the happy, healthy, relentlessly youthful Norwegians, very pleased to be alive and out of Hanunerfest and in a world of daylight.When I grew cold, I sat in cafe and bars and eavesdropped on conversations that I could not understand or brought out my Thomas Cook European Timetable and studied it with a kind of humble reverence, planning the rest of my trip.去過哈默菲斯特后，就覺得奧斯陸簡直妙不可言。天氣依然很冷，到處還撒著灰蒙蒙的雪花，但是比起哈默菲斯特來那可要暖和多了，這也讓我徹底放棄了想要買毛皮帽的想法。我參觀了博物館，并花了一天時間游覽巴度半島，那里叢林茂密的山坡上矗立著該城市最美的房子，其視野可跨越海港冰面一直延伸到市區，十分迷人。但是大多數時間我就在市中心閑逛，在火車站和皇宮之間來回溜達，在卡爾約翰街向街旁的商店櫥窗里張望。在路邊明亮的燈光的照耀下,長長的卡爾約翰步行街富麗堂皇，與健康快樂、不屈不撓又充滿朝氣的挪威人融合在一起。我很高興能離開哈莫斯菲特并來到這個充滿活力、猶如白晝的世界。當我覺得寒意逼人時，我便進入咖啡館或酒吧坐下，偷聽那些我無法明白的對話，亦或拿出我的《托馬斯庫克歐洲時刻表》，滿懷敬意地加以研究，做接下來的旅行安排。

16.Thomas Cook European Timetable is possibly the finest book ever produced.It is impossible to leaf through its 500 pages of densely printed timetables without wanting to dump a double armload of clothes into an old Gladstone and just take off.Every page

whispers

romance: “Montreux-Zweisimmen-Spiez-Interlaken”,“Beograd-Trieste-Venezia-Verona-Milano”,“Goteborg-Lax'-(Hallsberg)-Stockholm”, “Ventimiglia-Marseille-Lyon-Paris”.Who could recite these names without experiencing a tug of excitement, without seeing in his mind's eye a steamy platform full of expectant travelers and piles of luggage standing beside a sleek, quarter-mile-long train with;a list of exotic locations slotted into every carriage? Who could read the names “Moskva-Warszawa-Berlin-Basel-Geneve” and not feel a melancholy envy for all those lucky people who get to make a grand journey across——storied continent?Who could glance at such an itinerary and not want to climb aboard? Well, Sunny von Biilow for a start.But as for me, I could spend hours just poring over the tables, each one a magical thicket of times, numbers, distances, mysterious little pictograms showing crossed knives and forks, wine glasses, daggers, miner's pickaxes(whatever could they be for?), ferry boats and buses, and bewilderingly abstruse footnotes.16《托馬斯庫克歐洲時刻表》可能是已出版的最優秀的書籍。當你迅速翻閱了其500頁密密印刷的時間表后，你必然有沖動想要往旅行包內塞進兩包衣服，然后立刻出發。每一頁都低聲訴說著浪漫：蒙特勒—茲懷斯門—施皮茨—因特拉肯，貝爾格萊德—的里雅斯特——威尼斯—維羅納—米蘭，哥德堡—拉赫斯河—哈爾斯貝里—斯德哥爾摩，文堤米利亞—馬賽—里昂—巴黎。無論是誰吟誦這些地名，都會感受到一股強烈的興奮，想象著霧氣蒙蒙的月臺，以及在400多米長的流線型車廂旁，站滿了期待的旅客，堆滿了行李，每個車廂里都放著一張寫著外國地名的列表。當讀到莫斯科—華沙—柏林—巴塞爾—日內瓦這一系列地名時，又有誰不會傷感地羨慕那些能夠橫跨這個歷史悠久的大陸的幸運兒呢?看過這樣的旅行安排，誰不想踏上行程呢？那么，桑尼.馮.比洛就是這樣一個例子。但是對我來說，我可以花大量時間就這樣凝視著這些列表，每一份都不可思議地包含了時刻、數量、距離、畫著交叉刀叉、酒杯、匕首、礦工鎬（不管做何用途）、渡輪和巴士的神奇小圖，以及令人困惑的深奧腳注。

Unit 4 Is Google Making Us Stupid 1.Over the past few years I've had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprograming the memory.My mind isn't going——so far as I can tell——but it's changing.I'm not thinking the way I used to think.I can feel it most strongly when I’m reading.Immersing myself in a book or a lengthy article used to be easy.My mind would get caught up in the narrative or the turns of the argument, and I’d spend hours strolling through long stretches of prose.That's rarely the case anymore.Now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages.I get fidgety, lose the thread, begin looking for something else to do.I feel as if I'm always dragging my wayward brain back to the text.The deep reading that used to come naturally has become a struggle.1在過去的幾年里，我總有一種不祥之感，覺得有什么人，或什么東西，一直在我腦袋里搗鼓不停，重繪我的腦電圖，重寫我的腦內存。我的思想倒沒跑掉——到目前為止我還能這么說——但它正在改變。我的思維方式在變。這種感覺在我閱讀的時候尤為強烈。過去總是不費勁就能讓自己沉浸在一本書或一篇長文章中，被其中的敘述或不同的論點深深吸引，我還會花數小時徜徉在長篇散文中。可如今這都不靈了。現在，我翻上兩三頁書，注意力就開始不集中了。我會變得煩躁，抓不住重點，開始想找點其他的事情做。我感覺我似乎要硬拖著我任性的大腦才能回到文章中。原本輕松自然的深度閱讀，已成了痛苦掙扎。

2.I think I know what's going on.For more than a decade now, I've been spending a lot of time online, searching and surfing and sometimes adding to the great databases of the Internet.The Web has been a godsend to me as a writer.Research that once required days in the stacks or periodical rooms of libraries can now be done in minutes.A few Google searches, some quick clicks on hyperlinks, and I've got the telltale fact or pithy quote I was after.Even when I'm not working, I'm as likely as not to be foraging in the Web's info-thickets-reading and writing emails, scanning headlines and blog posts, watching videos and listening to podcasts, or just tripping from link to link to link.(Unlike footnotes, to which they're sometimes likened, hyperlinks don't merely point to related works;they propel you toward them.)

2我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。十多年來，我在網上花了好多時間，在因特網的信息汪洋中沖浪、搜尋、添加。對作家而言，網絡就像個天上掉下來的聚寶盆。過去要在書堆里或圖書館的期刊閱覽室中花上好幾天做的研究，現在幾分鐘就齊活。“谷歌”幾下，快速點開幾個鏈接，就可以找到我所需要的事實或者精煉的引證。即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息豐富的網絡里遨游—收發電子郵件、瀏覽頭條新聞、點擊博客、看視頻、聽播客或者只是從一個鏈接跳轉到一個又一個鏈接。（超鏈接常被比作腳注，但是和腳注不一樣，超鏈接不僅僅鏈接到相關作品;它們還驅使你去點擊它們）

3.For me, as for others, the Net is becoming a universal medium, the conduit for most of the information that flows through my eyes and ears and into my mind.The advantages of having immediate access to such an incredibly rich store of information are many, and they've been widely described and duly applauded.“The perfect recall of silicon memory,” Wired's Clive Thompson has written, “can be an enormous boon to thinking.” But that boon comes at a price.As the media theorist Marshall McLuhan pointed out in the 1960s, media are not just passive channels of information.They supply the stuff of thought, but they also shape the process of thought.And what the Net seems to be doing is chipping away at my capacity for concentration and contemplation.My mind now expects to take in information the way the Net distributes it: in a swiftly moving stream of particles.Once I was a scuba diver in the sea of words.Now I zip along the surface like a guy on a Jet Ski.3對我來說，像對其他人也一樣，網絡已經成為了一種通用的媒介，大部分信息都通過這個渠道進人我們的眼、耳，最后進人我們的大腦。能從這樣一個異常豐富的信息庫中直接獲取信息，其優點是很多的，而且也得到了廣泛的描述和適當的贊譽。“硅存儲器的完美記憶性，”《連線》雜志的克萊夫?湯普森寫道，“對于思想來說是一個大實惠。”但是這個實惠是要付出代價的。就像媒體理論家馬歇爾?麥克盧恩在上世紀60年代所指出的那樣，媒體可不只是被動的信息渠道。它們不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的進程。網絡似乎粉碎了我專注與沉思的能力。現如今，我的腦袋就盼著以網絡提供信息的方式來獲取信息：飛快的微粒運動。曾經我是文字海洋中的潛水者。現在我則像是摩托艇騎手在海面上風馳電掣。

4.I’m not the only one.When I mention my troubles with reading to friends and acquaintances—literary types, most of them—many say they're having similar experiences.The more they use the Web, the more they have to fight to stay focused on long pieces of writing.Some of the bloggers I follow have also begun mentioning the phenomenon.Scott Karp, who writes a blog about online media, recently confessed that he has stopped reading books altogether.“I was a lit major in college, and used to be a voracious book reader,” he wrote.“What happened?” He speculates on the answer: “What if I do all my reading on the web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e.I'm just seeking convenience, but because the way I think has changed?”

4我并不是唯一一個有此感覺的人。當我向文學界的朋友和熟人提到我在閱讀方面的困擾，許多人說他們也有相似的感受。他們上網越多，在閱讀長文章時，就越難集中精力。一些我所關注的博主也提到了類似的現象。斯科特?卡普開了一個有關在線媒體的博客，最近他承認自己已經完全不讀書了。“我大學讀的是文學專業，曾經是一個嗜書如命的人，”他寫道。“到底發生了什么事呢?”他推測出了一個答案:“如果對我來說，通過網絡來閱讀的真正理由與其說是我的閱讀方式發生了改變，比如，我只是圖個方便，不如說是我的思維方式在發生變化，那么我該怎么辦呢?”

5.Bruce Friedman, who blogs regularly about the use of computers in medicine, also has described how the Internet has altered his mental habits.“I now have almost totally lost the ability to read and absorb a longish article on the web or in print,” he wrote earlier this year.A pathologist who has long been on the faculty of the University of Michigan Medical School, Friedman elaborated on his comment in a telephone conversation with me.His thinking, he said, has taken on a “staccato” quality, reflecting the way he quickly scans short passages of text from many sources online.“I can't read War and Peace anymore, ”he admitted.“I've lost the ability to do that.Even a blog post of more than three or four paragraph is too much to absorb.I skim it.”

5布魯斯?弗里德曼經常撰寫有關電腦在醫學領域應用的博客，他在早些時候同樣提到因特網如何改變了他的思維習慣。“稍長些的文章，不管是網上的還是已經出版的，我現在幾乎已經完全喪失了閱讀和吸收它們的能力。”在密歇根大學醫學院長期任教的病理學家布魯斯，弗里德曼在電話里告訴我。由于上網快速瀏覽文章的習慣，他的思維呈現出一種“碎讀”特性。“我再也讀不了《戰爭與和平》了。”弗里德曼承認，“我失去了這個本事。即便是一篇長達三四段的博客也難以消化。我只能略微瀏覽一下。”

6.Anecdotes alone don't prove much.And we still await the long-term neurological and psychological experiments that will provide a definitive picture of how the Internet use affects cognition.But a recently published study of online research habits, conducted by scholars from University College London, suggests that we may well be in the midst of a sea change in the way we read and think.As part of the five-year research program, the scholars examined computer logs' documenting the behavior of visitors to two popular research sites, one operated by the British Library and one by a UK educational consortium, that provide access to journal articles, e-books, and other sources of written information.They found that people using the sites exhibited “a form of skimming activity”, hopping from one source to another and rarely returning to any source they'd already visited.They typically read no more than one or two pages of an article or book before they would “bounce” out to another site.Sometimes they'd save a long article, but there's no evidence that they ever went back and actually read it.6僅僅是趣聞軼事還不能證明什么。我們仍在等待長期的神經學和心理學的實驗，這將給因特網如何影響到我們的認識一個權威的定論。倫敦大學學院的學者做了一個網絡研讀習慣的研究并發表了研究結果，該研究指出，我們可能已經徹底置身于閱讀與思考方式的巨變之中了。作為五年研究計劃的一部分，學者們檢測了計算機日志，它跟蹤記錄了兩個流行的搜索網站的用戶行為，其中一個網站是英國圖書館的，另一個是英國教育社團的，他們提供了期刊論文、電子書以及其他一些文獻資源。他們發現，人們上網時呈現出“一種浮光掠影般的形式”，總是從一個資源跳到另一個資源，并且很少返回他們之前訪問過的資源。他們常常還沒讀完一兩頁文章或書籍，就“彈”出來轉到另一個網頁去了。有時候他們會保存一個篇幅長的文章，但沒有任何證據表明他們曾經返回去認真閱讀。

7.Thanks to the ubiquity of text on the Internet, not to mention the popularity of text—messaging on cell phones, we may well be reading more today than we did in the 1970s or 1980s, when television was our medium of choice.But it's a different kind of reading, and behind it lies a different kind of thinking—perhaps even a new sense of the self.“We are not only what we read,” says Maryanne Wolf, a developmental psychologist at Tufts University and the author of Proust and the Squid: The Story and Science of the Reading Brain, “We are how we read.” Wolf worries that the style of reading promoted by the Net, a style that puts “efficiency” and “immediacy” above all else, may be weakening our capacity for the kind of deep reading that emerged when an earlier technology, the printing press, made long and complex works of prose commonplace.When we read online, she says, we tend to become “mere decoders of information”.Our ability to interpret text, to make the rich mental connections that form when we read deeply and without distraction, remains largely disengaged.7多虧鋪天蓋地的網絡文本，更別說當下時興的手機短信，可供我們閱讀的東西很可能比上世紀七八十年代要多了，那時我們選擇的媒體還是電視。但是，這已是一種不同的閱讀模式，背后隱藏的是一種不同的思考方式——也許甚至是一種全新的自我意識。“不僅閱讀的內容塑造了我們，”塔夫茨大學的發展心理學家，《普魯斯特與魷魚：閱讀思維的科學與故事》的作者瑪麗安娜?沃爾夫說，“閱讀方式也體現了我們自身。”沃爾夫擔憂，網絡所倡導的將“豐富”與“時效性”置于首位的閱讀方式，可能已經削弱了那種深度閱讀能力，深度閱讀能力的形成應歸功于早期印刷術的發明，有了它，長而復雜的散文作品也相當普遍了。然而，她說，當我們在線閱讀時，我們往往只是——“信息解碼器”而已。我們對文句的解釋，心無旁鶩、深度閱讀時形成的豐富的精神聯系，這些能力很大程度上已經消失了。

8.Reading, explains Wolf, is not an instinctive skill for human beings.It's not etched into our genes the way speech is.We have to teach our minds how to translate the symbolic characters we see into the language we understand.And the media or other technologies we use in learning and practicing the craft of reading play an important part in shaping the neural circuits inside our brains.Experiments demonstrate that readers of ideograms, such as the Chinese, develop a mental circuitry for reading that is very different from the circuitry found in those of us whose written language employs an alphabet.The variations extend across many regions of the brain, including those that govern such essential cognitive functions as memory and the interpretation of visual and auditory stimuli.We can expect as well that the circuits woven by our use of the Net will be different from those woven by our reading of books and other printed Works.8沃爾夫認為，閱讀并非人類與生俱來的技巧，它不像說話那樣融人了我們的基因。我們得訓練自己的大腦，讓它學會如何將我們所看到的字符譯解成自己可以理解的語言。而媒體或其他我們用于學習和練習閱讀的技術在塑造我們大腦的神經電路中扮演著重要角色。實驗表明，表意字讀者（如中國人）為閱讀所創建的神經電路和我們這些用字母語言的人有很大的區別。這種變化延伸到大腦的多個區域，包括那些支配諸如記憶、視覺設釋和聽覺刺激這樣的關鍵認知功能的部位。我們可以預料，使用網絡閱讀形成的思維，一定也和通過閱讀書籍及其他印刷品形成的思維不一樣。

9.Sometime in 1882, Friedrich Nietzsche bought a typewriter.His vision was failing, and keeping his eyes focused on a page had become exhausting and painful, often bringing on crushing headaches.He had been forced to curtail his writing, and he feared that he would soon have to give it up.The typewriter rescued him, at least for a time.Once he had mastered touch-typing, he was able to write with his eyes closed, using only the tips of his fingers.Words could once again flow from his mind to the page.91882年，弗里德里希?尼采買了臺打字機。此時的他，視力下降得厲害，長時間盯著一張紙會令他感覺疲憊、疼痛，還常常引起劇烈的頭痛。他只得被迫縮減他的寫作時間，并擔心自己今后恐怕不得不放棄寫作了。但打字機救了他，起碼一度挽救過他。他終于熟能生巧，閉著眼睛只用手指尖也能打字—盲打。心中的詞句又得以傾瀉于紙頁之上了。

10.But the machine had a subtler effect on his work.One of Nietzsche's friends, a composer, noticed a change in the style of his writing.His already terse prose had become even tighter, more telegraphic.“Perhaps you will through this instrument even take to a new idiom,” the friend wrote in a letter, noting that, in his own work, his “`thoughts' in music and language often depend on the quality of pen and paper.”

10然而，新機器也使其作品的風格發生了微妙的變化。尼采的一個作曲家朋友注意到他行文風格的改變。他那已經十分簡練的行文變得更緊湊、更電文式了。“或許就因為這個儀器，你甚至可能會喜歡上一個新短語，”這位朋友在一封信中提到，在他自己的作品中，他“在音樂和語言方面的‘思想’常常要依賴于筆和紙的質量”。

Unit 5 An Alpine Divorce 1.John Bodman was a man who was always at one extreme or the other.This probably would have mattered little had he not married a wife whose nature was an exact duplicate of his own.1約翰?伯德曼是一個常常走極端的人。這本來應該沒什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整個兒是他的翻版。

2.Doubtless there exists in this world precisely the right woman for any given man to marry and vice versa;but when you consider that one human being has the opportunity of being acquainted with only a few hundred people, and out of the few hundred that there are but a dozen or less whom one knows intimately, and out of the dozen, one or two close friends at most, it will easily be seen, when we remember the number of millions who inhabit this world, that probably, since the Earth was created, the right man has never yet met the right woman.The mathematical chances are all against such a meeting, and this is the reason that divorce courts exist.Marriage at best is but a compromise, and if two people happen to be united who are of an uncompromising nature there is bound to be trouble.2毋庸置疑，對于任何一個男人，這世上總會有一個相當合適的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。但是如果你考慮一下：每個人僅有機會結識幾百個人而已，在這幾百個人之中熟知的只有那么干幾人甚至更少，在這十幾個人之中又最多只有一兩個知心朋友；別忘了，居住在這世上的人有多少個百萬，因此顯而易見：自地球存在以來，這合適的男人極有可能從來就沒有遇到過他那個合適的女人。從概率上來講，這樣相遇的機會微乎其微，這也正是離婚法庭存在的原因。婚姻充其量不過是一種妥協，而如果恰好兩個個性上互不妥協的人結合了，那就肯定會有麻煩。

3.In the lives of these two young people there was no middle distance.The result was bound to be either love or hate, and in the case of Mr.and Mrs.Bodman it was hate of the most bitter and egotistical kind.3對于兩個這樣的年輕人來說，生活沒有什么中間點。其結局注定要么是愛，要么是恨，而就伯德曼夫婦而言，他們到頭來有的是那種最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。

4.In some parts of the world, incompatibility of temper is considered a just cause for obtaining a divorce, but in England no such subtle distinction is made, and so until the wife became criminal, or the man became both criminal and cruel, these two were linked together by a bond that only death could sever.Nothing can be worse than this state of things, and the matter was only made the more hopeless by the fact that Mrs.Bodman lived a blameless life, while her husband was no worse than the majority of men.Perhaps, however, that statement held only up to a certain point, for John Bodman had reached a state of mind in which he resolved to get rid of his wife at all hazards.If he had been a poor man he would probably have deserted her, but he was rich, and a man cannot freely leave a prospering business because his domestic life happens not to be happy.4在這世界上的某些地方，夫妻性情不合就能夠成為離婚的正當理由，但是在英格蘭，并沒有如此微妙的區分，所以除非妻子犯罪，或丈夫犯罪并且為人殘暴，否則兩者的婚姻關系將一直維系下去，直至死神將他們分開。沒有什么比這種事情更糟糕的了，而更令人絕望的是伯德曼太太為人無可厚非，而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。然而，也許上面的表述只能說在某種程度上是正確的，因為約翰?伯德曼已經忍無可忍，下定決心不管付出什么代價也要擺脫他的妻子。如果他是個窮人，也許他會拋棄她，但是他很富有，而一個人不能因為家庭生活碰巧不幸就輕易放棄一份蒸蒸日上的事業。

5.When a man's mind dwells too much on one subject, no one can tell just how far he will go.The mind is such a delicate instrument that it is easily thrown off balance.Bodman's friends—for he had friends—claimed that his mind became unhinged.Whether John Bodman was sane or insane at the time he made up his mind to murder his wife, will never be known, but there was certainly craftiness in the method he devised to make the crime appear the result of an accident.Nevertheless, cunning is often a quality in a mind that has gone wrong.一個人的心思要是太專注于一件事情，沒有人敢說他最后會做出什么來。大腦是如此微妙的一個思維工具，以至于它容易失去平衡。伯德曼的朋友（他確實有幾個朋友）事后聲稱他精神錯亂。下定決心要謀殺妻子時，約翰?伯德曼的神智清醒還是不清醒，現在已無從知曉，但無疑他把謀殺方案設計成看起來像是意外事件，這種方式的確很狡猾。不過，一般來說，腦子有問題的人才狡猾。

6.Mrs.Bodman well knew how much her presence afflicted her husband, but her nature was as relentless as his, and her hatred of him was, if possible, more bitter than his hatred of her.Wherever he went she accompanied him, and perhaps the idea of murder would never have occurred to him if she had not been so persistent in forcing her presence upon him at all times and on all occasions.So, when he announced to her that he intended to spend the month of July in Switzerland, she said nothing, but made her preparations for the journey.On this occasion he did not protest, as was usual with him, and so to Switzerland this silent couple departed.6伯德曼太太非常清楚，她的存在相當折磨她的丈夫，可她的冷酷無情跟他不相上下，而她對他的恨——有可能的話——恐怕比他對她的恨還更入骨。不管他去哪兒，她都跟著。要不是任何時間任何場合，她都要頑固地強行出現在他面前，他也許永遠不會心生謀殺之念。就這樣，他一跟她說打算七月份去瑞士度假，她二話不說就打點行李。往常他總會抗議，但這次沒有，于是這對無話可說的夫婦動身去了瑞士。

7.There was a hotel near the mountain-tops which stood on a ledge over one of the great glaciers.It was a mile and a half above sea level, and it stood alone, reached by a toilsome road that zigzagged up the mountain for six miles.There was a wonderful view of snow-peaks and glaciers from the verandahs of this hotel, and in the neighborhood were many picturesque walks to points more or less dangerous.7有一間旅館位于一座很高的冰川的脊架上，離山峰只有幾步之遙。旅館海拔一點五英里，孑然獨立，僅有一條長六英里、盤旋而上的崎嶇山路可以到達。在旅館的回廊可以觀賞到雪峰和冰川的美景，旅館附近小道遍布，沿路風景如畫，但通往的地點多少都帶點兒危險。

8.John Bodman knew the hotel well, and in happier days he had been intimately acquainted with the vicinity.Now that the thought of murder arose in his mind, a certain spot two miles distant from this inn continually haunted him.It was a point of view overlooking everything, and its extremity was protected by a low and crumbling wall.He arose one morning at four o'clock, slipped unnoticed out of the hotel, and went to this point, which was locally named the Hanging Outlook.His memory had served him well.It is exactly the spot, he said to himself.The mountain which rose up behind it was wild and precipitous.There were no inhabitants nearby to overlook the place.The distant hotel was hidden by a shoulder of rock.8約翰?伯德曼對這家旅館很熟悉，以前日子還挺幸福的時候他常來這一帶。如今既然已生謀殺之念，他就總是不由自主地想起距離客棧兩英里的某個地方。從那地方可以俯瞰周圍，它的盡頭被一堵破敗的矮墻擋住。一天凌晨四點，他偷偷溜出旅館，來到了這兒—當地人叫“懸望角”。這兒和他印象中的絲毫不差。就是這里了，他對自己說。“懸望角”背靠的山荒蕪而陡峭。附近也無人居住，所以沒人會俯視這里。而且遠處的旅館還被山肩遮住了。

9.One glance over the crumbling wall at the edge was generally sufficient for a visitor of even the strongest nerves.There was a sheer drop of more than a mile straight down, and at the distant bottom were jagged rocks and stunted trees that looked, in the blue haze, like shrubbery.9站在破墻邊沿朝外望，膽子再大的游客也不敢看第二眼。峭壁陡直垂下約有一英里，底下怪石林立，雜樹叢生，藍色霧靄籠革下，看起來就像灌木叢。

10.“This is the spot,” said the man to himself, “and tomorrow morning is the time.”

10“就是這里了!”他想，“而且就明天早上!”

11.John Bodman had planned his crime as grimly and relentlessly, and as coolly, as he had ever concocted a deal on the stock exchange.There was no thought in his mind of mercy for his unaware victim.His hatred had carried him far.11約翰?伯德曼冷酷，無情，沉著地謀劃著他的罪行，一如他在證券交易所策劃交易。對于那位還蒙在鼓里的受害者，他心中沒有一絲憐憫。怨恨讓他喪失了所有理智。

12.The next morning after breakfast, he said to his wife: “I intend to take a walk in the mountains.Do you wish to come with me?”

12第二天，用過早餐，他對妻子說：“我想去山里面走走。你想不想跟我一起去?”

13.“ Yes,” she answered briefly.13“好啊，”她回答得很干脆。

14.“Very well, then,” he said, “I shall be ready at nine o'clock.”

14“那就好，”他說：“我九點出門。”

15.At that hour they left the hotel together, to which he planned to return alone shortly.They spoke no word to each other on their way to the Hanging Outlook.The path was practically level, skirting the mountains, for the Hanging Outlook was not much higher above the sea than the hotel.15九點整，兩個人一起出了旅館，按計劃，用不了多久他就會一個人回來。一路上誰也沒說話。只是在山間繞來繞去，基本上是平路，因為“懸望角”的海拔和旅館差不多。16.John Bodman had formed no fixed plan for his procedure when the place was reached.He resolved to be guided by circumstances.Now and then a strange fear arose in his mind that she might cling to him and possibly drag him over the precipice with her.He found himself wondering whether she had any premonition of her fate, and one of his reasons for not speaking was the fear that a tremor in his voice might possibly arouse her suspicions.He resolved that his action should be sharp and sudden, that she might have no chance either to help herself or to drag him with her.Of her screams in that desolate region he had no fear.No one could reach the spot except from the hotel and no one that morning had left the premises.到了目的地后，約翰?伯德曼也沒有什么固定計劃。他決定伺機而行。他心中時不時生出一種恐懼，害怕她會死死地拽住自己，一起墜下懸崖。他不自覺地想：厄運當頭，她是否已有預感，他一直沒有說話，就是怕自己顫抖的聲音會引起她的懷疑。他決心要突然行動，干脆利落，讓她無法自救，更沒機會把他也拉下去。至于她要尖叫，他倒是一點也不害怕。因為這地方人跡罕至，只有從旅館有一條路可以過來，而他知道那天早晨沒有人離開那幢樓。

17.Curiously enough, when they came within sight of the Hanging Outlook, Mrs.Bodman stopped and shuddered.Bodman looked at her through the narrow slits of his veiled eyes, and wondered again if she had any suspicion.No one can tell, when two people walk closely together, what unconscious communication one mind may have with another.17這時“懸望角”已經在望了，伯德曼太太卻停住了腳步，還打了個冷戰，這著實令人懷疑。伯德曼先生眼睛微瞇，審視著太太，又開始懷疑她是否已有所警覺。沒人敢說，兩個人這樣緊挨著走路，他們的大腦之間會有什么無意識的交流。

18.“What is the matter?” he asked gruffly.“Are you tired?”

18“怎么了?”他生硬地問道，“累了?”

19.“John,” she cried, with a gasp in her voice, calling him by his Christian name for the first time in years, “don't you think that if you had been kinder to me at first, things might have been different?”

19“約翰，”她叫道，聲音中帶著喘息，好多年沒有叫過他的教名了，“你不覺得如果你當初對我好點兒，事情也許會不一樣?”

20.“It seems to me,” he answered, not looking at her, “that it is rather late in the day for discussing that question.”

20“我覺得，”他答道，眼睛看著別處，“現在討論這個問題已經太晚了。”

21.“I have much to regret,“ she said quaveringly.”Have you nothing?“ 21“我有很多遺憾，”她聲音發顫，“你就沒有?”

22.”No,” he answered.22“沒有，”他答道。

23.“Very well,” replied his wife, with the usual hardness returning to her voice, “I was merely giving you a chance.”

23“很好，”伯德曼太太答道，語氣又恢復了一貫的生硬，“我只是想給你一次機會。”

24.Her husband looked at her suspiciously.24她丈夫盯著她，心生疑慮。

25.“What do you mean?” he asked.“Giving me a chance? I want no chance nor anything else from you.A man accepts nothing from one he hates.My feelings towards you are, I imagine, no secret to you.We are tied together, and you have done your best to make the bondage insupportable.”

25“你什么意思？”他問，“給我機會？我不要你的機會，也不要你別的什么。男人不會接受他憎恨的人的任何東西。我想我對你的感覺對你來說不是秘密。我們是硬綁在一起的，而你更是想方設法讓這份關系變得讓人忍無可忍。”

26.“Yes,” she answered, with her eyes on the ground, “we are tied together-we are tied together！”

26“沒錯，”她答道，眼睛看著地上，“我們是綁在一起的—我們是綁在一起的!”

27.She repeated these words under her breath as they walked the few remaining steps to the Outlook.Bodman sat down upon the crumbling wall.The woman dropped her alpenstock on the rock, and walked nervously to and fro, clasping and unclasping her hands.Her husband caught his breath as the terrible moment drew near.她低聲反復嘀咕著這句話，兩人走完剩下的幾步來到了“懸望角”。伯德曼坐在那搖搖欲墜的破墻上。他妻子則把登山杖扔在了石頭上，心神不寧地走來走去，拳頭攝了又松，松了又撰。隨著那可怕時刻的臨近，他屏住了呼吸。

28.“Why do you walk about like a wild animal?” he cried.“Come here and sit down beside me, and be still.” 28 “你干嘛像個野獸走來走去?”他叫道，“過來坐我旁邊，安靜點。”

29.She faced him with a light he had never before seen in her eyes—a light of insanity and of hatred.她面對著他，眼中閃耀著一種他從未見過的光芒—一種瘋狂和憎恨的光芒。

30.“I walk like a wild animal,” she said, “because I am one.You spoke a moment ago of your hatred of me, but you are a man, and your hatred is nothing to mine.Bad as you are, much as you wish to break the bond which ties us together, there are still things which I know you would not stoop to.There is no thought of murder in heart, but there is in mine.”

30她說:“我走起來像個野獸，因為我本來就是。你剛才說了你對我的恨，但你是男人，比起我的恨你的不值一提。盡管你人很壞，非常想了斷這份將我們綁在一起的關系，但我知道有些事你還是不會去做的。我知道你沒想過謀殺我，但是我想過。”

31.The man nervously clutched the stone beside him, and gave a guilty start as she mentioned murder.31 聽到謀殺，他不由得一驚，心里有些負罪感，雙手緊張地抓著身旁的石頭。

32.“Yes,” she continued, “I have told all my friends in England that I believed you intended to murder me in Switzerland.”

32“是的，”她接著說，“我已經跟我英格蘭的所有朋友說我肯定你打算在瑞士謀殺我。”

33.“Good Lord！” he cried.“How could you say such a thing?”

33“我的上帝！你怎么能說出這樣的話？”他大叫。

34.“I say it to show how much I hate you—how much I am prepared to give up for revenge.I have warned the people at the hotel, and when we left two men followed us.The proprietor tried to persuade me not to accompany you.In a few moments those two men will come in sight of the Outlook.Tell them, if you think they will believe you, that it was an accident.”

“我這么說是要讓你瞧瞧我有多恨你，讓你瞧瞧為了報復你我準備付出什么樣的代價。我已經讓旅館的人提高警惕，我們出門時就有兩個人跟著我們。旅館老板還勸我別跟你來。再過一會兒那兩個人就會看到“懸望角”了。如果你覺得他們會相信你的話，那你就跟他們說只是個意外吧。”

35.The mad woman tore from the front of her dress shreds of lace and scattered them around.Bodman started up to his feet, crying, “What are you about？” But before he could move toward her she threw herself over the wall, and went shrieking and whirling down the awful abyss.35 這個瘋女人一把扯碎了裙子前片上的花邊，并撒落一地。伯德曼站起身，喊道:“你在做什么?”但是，他還沒來得及靠近她，她就已經跳過矮墻，尖叫著，翻滾著，掉進了那令人生畏的萬丈深淵。

36.The next moment two men came hurriedly round the edge of the rock, and found the man standing alone.Even in his bewilderment, he realized that if he told the truth he would not be believed.36不一會兒，有兩個人急急忙忙來到石頭邊，發現伯德曼一個人愣在那里。盡管內心一團亂麻，但他知道就算實話實說也沒人會相信他。

Unit 6 Inaugural Address 1.Vice President Johnson, Mr.Speaker, Mr.Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, reverend clergy, fellow citizens, we observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom—symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning—signifying renewal, as well as change.For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago.1約翰遜副總統，主持人先生，首席大法官先生，艾森豪威爾總統，尼克松副總統，杜魯門總統，尊敬的牧師，我的公民同胞們，今天我們慶祝的不是政黨的勝利，而是自由的勝利。這象征著一個結束，也象征著一個開端；意味著延續也意味著變革。因為我已在你們和全能的上帝面前，宣讀了我們的先輩在大約175年前擬定的莊嚴誓言。

2.The world is very different now.For man holds in his mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life.And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe—the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.當今的世界已經大不相同。人類的巨手掌握的力量既能消除人間一切形式的貧困，也能毀滅一切形式的人類生命。但我們的先輩為之奮斗的那些革命信念，在世界各地仍然處于爭論之中——這個信念就是：人的權利并非來自國家的慷慨，而是來自上帝的恩賜。

3.We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution.Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage—and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.今天，我們不敢忘記我們是第一次革命的繼承者。讓我在此時此地告訴我們的朋友，同樣也告訴我們的敵人:這支火炬已經傳遞給新一代美國人——這一代人出生在本世紀，在戰爭中受過鍛煉，在艱難困苦的和平時期受過磨練，他們為我國悠久的傳統感到自豪——他們不愿目睹或聽任人權漸趨毀滅，對于這些人權我國一向堅定不移，而且在當今國內和世界范圍我們也同樣全力擁護。

4.Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty.讓每個國家都知道——不論它希望我們繁榮還是希望我們衰落——為確保自由的存在和勝利，我們將付出任何代價，承受任何重負，應付任何艱難，支持任何朋友，反抗任何敵人。5.This much we pledge—and more.這些就是我們的誓言——而且還有更多。

6.To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided, there is little we can do—for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.對那些和我們有著共同文化和精神淵源的老盟友，我們保證待以摯友那樣的忠誠。如果我們團結一致，就能在許多合作事業中無往不勝。如果我們分歧對立，就會一事無成——因為我們不敢在爭吵不休、四分五裂時迎接強大的挑戰。

7.To those new States whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view.But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom—and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.7對那些我們歡迎其加入到自由行列中來的新國家，我們格守我們的誓言：決不讓一種更為殘酷的暴政來取代一種消失的殖民統治。我們并不總是指望他們會支持我們的觀點。但我們始終希望看到他們堅強地維護自己的自由——而且要記住，在歷史上，凡愚教的狐假虎威者，終必葬身虎口。

8.To those peoples in the huts and villages across the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required—not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.對世界各地身居茅舍和鄉村、為擺脫普遍貧困而斗爭的人們，我們保證盡最大努力幫助他們自立，不管需要花多長時間——之所以這樣做，并不是因為共產黨可能正在這樣做，也不是因為我們需要他們的選票，而是因為這樣做是正確的。自由社會如果不能幫助眾多的窮人，也就無法保全那些少數的富人。

9.To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge—to convert our good words into good deeds—in a new alliance for progress—to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty.But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas.And let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.對我國南面的姐妹共和國，我們提出一項特殊的保證：在爭取進步的新同盟中，把我們善意的話變為善意的行動，幫助自由的人們和自由的政府擺脫貧困的枷鎖。但是，這種充滿希望的和平革命決不可以成為敵對國家的犧牲品。我們要讓所有鄰國都知道，我們將和他們在一起，反對在美洲任何地區進行侵略和顛覆活動。讓所有其他國家都知道，本半球的人仍然想做自己家園的主人。

10.To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support—to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective—to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak—and to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.10對聯合國，主權國家的世界性議事機構，我們在戰爭手段大大超過和平手段的時代里最后的、最美好的希望所在，我們重申予以支持：防止它僅僅成為謾罵的場所；加強它對新生國家和弱小國家的保護；擴大它的行使法令的管束范圍。

11.Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.11最后，對那些與我們作對的國家，我們提出一個要求而不是一項保證：在科學釋放出可怕的破壞力量，把全人類卷入預謀的或意外的自我毀滅的深淵之前，讓我們雙方重新開始尋求和平。

12.We dare not tempt them with weakness.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.12我們不敢以怯弱來引誘他們。因為只有當我們毫無疑問地擁有足夠的軍備，我們才能毫無疑問地確信永遠不會使用這些軍備。

13.But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from our present course—both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.13但是，這兩個強大的國家集團都無法從目前所走的道路中得到安慰——發展現代武器所需的費用使雙方負擔過重，致命的原子武器的不斷擴散理所當然使雙方憂心忡忡。但是，雙方卻爭著改變那制止人類發動最后戰爭的不穩定的恐怖均勢。

14.So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate.14因此讓我們雙方重新開始——雙方都要牢記，禮貌并不意味著怯弱，誠意永遠有待于驗證。讓我們決不要由于畏懼而談判。但我們決不能畏懼談判。

15.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us.15讓雙方都來探討使我們團結起來的問題，而不要糾纏那些使我們分裂的問題。

16.Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms—and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.16讓雙方首次為軍備檢查和軍備控制制訂認真而又明確的提案——把毀滅他國的絕對力量置于所有國家的絕對控制之下。

17.Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.17讓雙方尋求利用科學的神奇力量，而不是激發科學的恐怖因素。讓我們一起探索星球，征服沙漠，根除疾患，開發深海，并鼓勵藝術和商業的發展。

18.Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah—to “undo the heavy burdens...and to let the oppressed go free.”

18讓雙方團結起來，在全世界各個角落傾聽以賽亞的訓令——“卸下沉重的負擔，讓被欺壓者得到自由。”

19.And if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor, not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.19如果合作的灘頭陣地能逼退猜忌的叢林，那么就讓雙方共同作一次新的努力——不是建立一種新的均勢，而是創造一個新的法治世界，在這個世界中，強者公正，弱者安全，和平將得到維護。

20.All this will not be finished in the first 100 days.Nor will it be finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet.But let us begin.20所有這一切不可能在今后一百天內完成。也不可能在今后一千天或者在本屆政府任期內完成，甚至也許不可能在我們的有生之年內完成。但是，讓我們開始吧。

21.In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than in mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course.Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.21同胞們，我們方針的最終成敗與其說掌握在我手中，不如說掌握在你們手中。自從我國建立以來，每一代美國人都曾受到召喚去證明他們對國家的忠誠。響應召喚而獻身的美國青年的墳墓遍及全球。

22.Now the trumpet summons us again—not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need;not as a call to battle, though embattled we are—but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, “rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation”—a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.22現在，號角已再次吹響——不是召喚我們拿起武器，雖然我們需要武器；不是召喚我們去作戰，雖然我們嚴陣以待——它召喚我們為迎接黎明而肩負起漫長斗爭的重任，年復一年，“從希望中得到歡樂，在磨難中保持耐性，”——對付人類共同的敵人：專制、貧困、疾病和戰爭本身。

23.Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort? 23為反對這些敵人，確保人類更為豐裕的生活，我們能夠組成一個包括東西南北各方的全球大聯盟嗎？你們愿意參加這一歷史性的努力嗎？

24.In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger.I do not shrink from this responsibility—I welcome it.I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation.The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it—and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.在漫長的世界歷史中，只有少數幾代人在自由處于最危急的時刻被賦予保衛自由的責任。在這一責任面前，我絕不會退縮——我歡迎它。我不相信我們中間有人想同其他人或其他時代的人交換位置。我們為這一努力所奉獻的精力、信念和忠誠，將照亮我們的 國家和所有為國效勞的人——而這火焰發出的光芒定能照亮全世界。

25.And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you—ask what you can do for your country.25因此，美國同胞們，不要問國家能為你們做些什么——而要問你們能為國家做些什么。

26.My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.26全世界的公民們，不要問美國將為你們做些什么，而要問我們能共同為人類的自由做些什么。

27.Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.27最后，不論你們是美國公民還是其他國家的公民，請用我們所要求于你們的力量和犧牲的高標準來要求我們。問心無愧是我們唯一可靠的獎賞，歷史是我們行動的最終裁判，讓我們走向前去，引導我們所熱愛的國家，我們祈求上帝的福佑和幫助，但我們知道，上帝在塵世的工作必定是我們自己的工作。

Unit7 the poetry of architecture 1 The science of Architecture, followed out to its full extent, is one of the noblest of those which have reference only to the creations of human minds.It is not merely a science of the rule and compass, it does not consist only in the observation of just rule or of fair proportion;it is , or ought to be, a science of feeling more than of rule, a majesty of a building depend upon its pleasing certain prejudices of the eye, than upon its rousing certain trains of meditation in the mind, it will show in a moment how many intricate question of feeling are involved in the raising of an edifice;it will convince us of the truth of proposition, which might at first have appeared startling, that no man can be an architect who is not a metaphysician.建筑科學，如果得以充分體現的話，是只與人類心智創造有關的科學中最高貴的科學之一。它不僅僅是尺子與圓規的科學，不僅僅需要遵守恰當的規則或合適的比例，它是或者應該是，一門重感情勝過于規則的科學，它更多的是服務于心靈，而非眼睛。如果我們明白，一座建筑的美和雄偉，很大程度上取決于它能引發心靈的一系列沉思，而非來自于它能滿足視覺上的某種偏愛，我們很快就會發現，一座建筑的興建會涉及多少錯綜復雜的情感問題。我們會因此而相信一個乍然一聽不無驚人的論點，那就是，一個人如果不是玄學家，就無法成為建筑師。To the illustration of the department of this noble science which may be designated The Poetry of Architecture, this and some future articles will be dedicated.It is this peculiarity of the art which constitutes its nationality;And it will be found as interesting as it is useful, to trace in the distinctive characters of the architecture of nations, not only its adaptation to the situation and climate in which it has arisen, but its strong similarity to, and connection with, the prevailing turn of mind by which the nation who first employed it is distinguished.對這一高尚科學進行說明的文本及今后要寫的一些文章都將收入進我暫命名為《建筑之詩意》一書中。正是這一藝術特性構成了它的民族性。建筑不僅與其周圍的環境和氣候相適應，也與率先采用這種風格的民族的主流性情極其相似，密切關聯，這些都可以從各民族的建筑特征中得以追溯，我們會發現，這種追溯既有益，亦有趣。I consider the task I have imposed upon myself the more necessary, because this department of the science, perhaps regarded by some who have no ideas beyond stone and mortar as chimerical, and by others who think nothing necessary but truth and proportion as useless, is at a miserably low ebb in England.And what is the consequence?We have Corinthian columns placed beside pilasters of no order at all, surmounted by monstrosified pepper-boxes, Gothic in form and Grecian in detail, in a building nominally and peculiarly “National”;we have Swiss cottages, falsely and calumniously so entitled, dropped in the brick-fields round the metropolis;and we have staring square-windowed, flat-roofed gentlemen’s seat, of the lath and plaster, mock-magnificent, Regent’t park description, rising on the woody promontories of Derwent Water.在我看來，賦予自己這項任務顯得尤為重要，因為這門科學在英國正處于可悲的低谷之中：在那些只知石頭和砂漿的人看來，它是虛妄幻想；在那些滿腦袋只有事實和比例的人看來，它毫無用處。那么結果是什么呢？我們看到科林斯式的柱子豎立在雜亂無章的壁柱旁邊，上面是怪異的胡椒罐式的塔頂，形式上是哥特式的，細節上是希臘式的，這種建筑美其名曰別具“民族特色”；我們看到所謂的“瑞士小屋”散落在周圍的一片磚砌的房子中實在是糟踐了這一名稱；我們看到那些平頂、有著顯眼的方窗，用條板和石灰建造而成的鄉紳別墅，它們仿照攝政王公園的樣式，冒充宏偉的氣勢，聳立在德文特湖林木叢生的岬角上。How deeply is it to be regretted, how much is it to be wondered at, that, in a country whose school of painting, though degraded by its system of meretricious coloring, and disgraced by hosts of would-be imitators of inimitable individuals, is yet raised by the distinguished talent of those individuals to a place of well-deserved honor, and the studios of whose sculptors are filled with designs of the most pure simplicity, and most perfect animation;the school of architecture should be so miserably debased!多么令人惋惜，多么令人驚異啊。在這個國家，繪畫學派雖然受到華而不實的著色方法的損害，并因成群試圖東施效顰的模仿者而蒙羞，但在那些天分超群的畫家的帶動下，繪畫享受著當之無愧的榮耀，雕塑家的工作室里隨處可見最樸素卻最富有生氣的設計。而建筑界竟會墮落到如此悲慘的境地！There are, however, many reasons for a fact so lamentable.In the first place, the patrons of architecture(I am speaking of all classes of buildings, from the lowest to the highest)are a more numerous and less capable class than those of painting…There, the power is generally diffused.Every citizen may box himself up in as barbarous a tenement as suits his taste or inclination;The architect is his vassal, and must permit him not only to criticize, but to perpetrate.The palace or the nobleman’s seat may be raised in good taste, and become the admiration of a nation;but the influence of their owner is terminated by the boundary of his estate: he has no command over the adjacent scenery,And the possessor of every 30 acres around him has him at his mercy.The streets of our cities are examples of the effects of this clashing of different tastes;and they are either remarkable for the utter absence of all attempt at embellishment, or disgraced by every variety of abomination…

不過，現實之所以令人惋惜，原因是多方面的。首先，建筑（我指的是所有等級的建筑，從最低等級到最高等級）的出資人，相比于繪畫的贊助者來說，人數更龐大，能力卻相形見絀。在建筑領域，權利總體上是分散的。每個公民可以按照自己的品味或愛好，住進粗鄙的房屋里。建筑師是他的仆從，不僅必須聽任他批評，還得容忍他胡作非為。宮殿或貴族的宅邸也許能建出好品味，可以成為舉國欣賞的對象，但這些建筑的主人的影響力到了地產的邊界便中斷了：他無法控制周邊的景觀。他住宅周圍的人，只要擁有30英畝土地，就能對他隨意擺布。我們的城市街道就體現了不同品位相互沖突的結果：他們或是因為毫無裝飾之企圖而引人注目，或是因為布滿各種面目可憎的建筑而有失臉面。。。I shall attempt, therefore, to endeavor to illustrate the principle from the neglect of which these abuses have arisen;That of unity of feeling, the basis of all grace, the essence of all beauty.We shall consider the architecture of nations as it is influenced by their feelings and manners, as it is connected with the scenery in which it is found, and with the skies under which it was erected;We shall be led as much to the street and the cottage as to the temple and the tower;And shall be more interested in buildings raised by feeling, than in those corrected by rule.We shall commence with the lower class of edifices, proceeding from the roadside to the village, and from the village to the city;and, if we succeed in directing the attention of a single individual more directly to this most interesting department of the science of architecture, we shall not have written in vain.因此，我要盡力嘗試對建筑原則進行闡釋。正是由于漠視了原則，才會產生這些惡果。建筑的原則是感情的統一，這是所有優雅的基礎、所有美得本質。當我們考察民族建筑時，應該考慮到它受到了人類情感和風俗的影響，它關乎周圍的景致，關乎其下的那片天空。我們不僅應該考察殿堂與高塔，也要考察街道和村舍。我們應該將興趣更多的投向用感情搭建而成的建筑，而不是用規則制定出來的建筑。我們應該從建筑的低級層次開始，從路邊到村莊，再從村莊到城市；如果我們能夠成功地進行引導，哪怕只有一個人為此更加直接的注意到建筑學中這最為有趣的領域，我們就沒有白費筆墨。

Unit8 像大山一樣思考 奧爾多?利奧波德

A deep chesty bawl echoes from rimrock to rimrock,rolls down the mountain,and fades into the blackness of the night.It is an outburst of wild defiant sorrow,an of contempt for all the adversities of the world.1一個發自肺腑的低沉而又尖厲的號叫在懸崖之間回蕩，最后劃過大山，消逝在遠方深沉的夜色中。這聲號叫爆發出一種充滿野性和反抗的哀愁，爆發出對世界上一切逆境的蔑視。

Every living thing(and perhaps many a dead one as well)pays heed to that call.To the deer it is a reminder of the way of flesh,to the pine a forecast of midnight scuffles and of blood upon the snow,to the coyote a promise of gleaning to come,to the cowman a thread of red ink at the bank,to the hunter a challenge of fang against bullet.Yet behind these obvious and immediate hopes and fears there lies a deeper meaning,known only to the mountain itself.Only the mountain has lived long enough to listen objectively to the howl of a wolf.2大山中所有的生物(可能也包括許多死去的生物)都側耳傾聽著這聲號叫。對鹿而言，它提醒了眾生之道，意味著死亡近在咫尺。對松樹而言，它預見了午夜的混戰和雪上的血跡。對郊狼而言，它意味著有殘肉可食的許諾;對牧牛者而言，它意味著銀行透支的威脅;對獵人而言，它意味著撩牙對子彈的挑戰。然而，在這些比較容易察覺的希望與恐懼的背后，號叫還隱藏著更深層的含義，但是只有大山自己才能領會。因為只有大山才有滄海桑田的歲月與見識，能夠客觀地聆聽狼的號叫所隱藏的深意。

Those unable to decipher the hidden meaning know nevertheless that it is there,for it is felt in all wolf country,and distinguishes that country from all other land.It tingles in the spine of all who hear wolves by night,or who scan their tracks by day.Ever without sight or sound of wolf,it is implicit in a hundred small events:the midnight whinny of pack horse,the rattle of rolling rocks,the bound of a fleeing deer,the way shadows lie under the spruces.Only the ineducable tyro can fail to sense the presence or absence of wolves,or the fact that mountains have a secret opinion about them.3而那些無法領會其中深意的，也能感覺到它的存在，而且在所有的狼出沒的地方都能感受得到。這種異樣的感覺也使那些地區與其他地區區別開來。所有在夜晚聽到狼號或是白天看到狼的蹤跡的人，都會不自覺地背部發毛，脊部發冷。即使沒有聽到狼號或是看到狼跡，也可以從許多異樣的情景中感知一二。比如說一只馱馬半夜的嘶叫、石頭刺耳的滾動聲、逃亡之鹿奔跑的慌張以及云杉樹下詭異的陰影等。只有那些不堪造就的新手才無法感知狼的存在，也無法理解只有大山才能體會的那種深奧。

My own conviction on this score dates from the day I saw a wolf die.Were eating lunch on a high rimrock,at the foot of which a turbulent river elbowed its way.We saw what we thought was a doe fording the torrent,her breast awash in white water.When she climbed the bank toward us and shook out her tail,we realized our error:it was a wolf.A half dozen others,evidently grown pups,sprang from the willows and all joined in a welcoming melee of wagging tails and playful maulings.What was literally a pile of wolves writhed and tumbled in the center of a open flat at the foot of our rimrock.4我對上面的說法深信不疑，是源自于我曾親眼看到一只狼死去。那日，我們正在一個高高的懸崖上吃午餐，懸崖腳下有一條洶涌澎湃的河流。我們看到了一個東西在急流中掙扎跋涉，胸部浸在白色的水花中。我們原以為是只鹿，但等它朝我們的方向爬上岸，抖落身上的河水時，我們才發現原來它是只狼。這時，六只顯然已經長大的狼息歡快地搖著尾巴，相互打斗嬉鬧著從柳樹叢中跳躍出來，以示它們的歡迎。的的確確，在我們所處的山崖腳下的空地上，我們看到一群狼在那里翻滾打鬧。

In those days we had never heard of passing up a chance to kill a wolf.In a second we were pumping lead into the pack,but with more excitement than accuracy:how to aim a steep downhill shot is always confusing.When our riles were empty,the old wolf was down,and a pup was dragging a leg into impassable slide-rocks.5在那段日子里，沒有人會錯過射殺狼的機會。很快，一發發子彈射入狼群。但是由于我們太興奮了，再加上我們都不知道怎樣才能瞄準向陡峭的山下射擊，所以我們的槍法都不是很準。結果在我們的子彈消耗殆盡時，只有那只老狼倒下了，還有一只小狼拖著受傷的腿躲進了山崩造成的人們無法通行的巖石堆。

We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes.I realized then,and have known her since,that there was something new to me in those eyes-something known only to her and to the mountain.I was young then,and full of trigger-itch;I thought that because fewer wolves meant more deer,that no wolves would mean a hunters’ paradise.But after seeing the green fire die,I sensed that neither the wolf nor the mountain agreed with such a view.6我們接近那只狼的時候，它眼中那綠色的充滿仇恨的目光還沒有完全消逝。正是在那時，并且從那時起，我意識到了，在那雙眼睛里，有我未曾領會的道理—某種只有狼和大山才知曉的道理。但是當時我太年輕氣盛，總有扣動扳機的沖動。我認為狼群的減少就意味著鹿群的增加。而狼群的消失則意味著獵人天堂的到來。但是自從我看到那只老狼眼中漸漸消逝的仇恨的綠光時，我才意識到，無論是狼還是大山，肯定不會認同我這樣一種看法。

Since then I have lived to see state after state extirpate its wolves.I have watched the face of many a newly wolfless mountain,and seen the south-facing slopes wrinkle with a maze of new deer trails.I have seen every edible bush and seeding browsed,first to anemic desuetude,and then to death.I have seen every edible tree defoliated to the height of a saddle horn.Such a mountain looks as if someone had given God a new a pruning shears,and forbiddien Him all other exercise.In the end the starved bones of the hoped-for der herd,dead of its own too-much,bleach with the bones of the dead sage,or molder under the high-lined junipers.7自那以后，我看到各州都在相繼撲滅自己的狼群。我眼睜睜看到了一座座剛剛撲滅狼群的大山的面貌;看到了山的南坡被鹿群踩出的紛亂的小徑;看到了所有能吃的灌木、甚至是細枝嫩芽都被啃光，而這些植物因而也很快衰弱不振，不久便告死亡;我也看到了所有能吃的樹葉，在馬鞍高度以下的部位全都被吃得精光。看到這樣的一座山，你會感覺是有人給了上帝一把剪刀，讓他整夭除了剪除樹木以外，什么都不許做。后來，鹿群由于數量過于龐大，再加上草木供不應求，便大批量地餓死了。(此文來自袁勇兵博客)它們的白骨與死去的鼠尾草一起變白，或是在高大的杜松樹下腐朽。

I now suspect that just as a deer herd lives in mortal fear of its wolves,so does a mountain live in mortal fear of its deer.And perhaps with better cause,for while a buck pulled down by wolves can be replaced in two or three years,a range pulled down by too many fail of replacement in as many decades.8現在我想，就像鹿群生活在狼群的陰影和恐怖中一樣，大山也生活在鹿群的陰影和恐怖中，也許這種恐怖有著更充分的理由。因為一只鹿被狼吃掉，兩三年后很快就會有新的小鹿出生繁衍，但是，一旦一座大山被鹿群毀滅，恐怕幾十年也無法恢復原貌。So also with cows.The cowman who clear his range of wolves does not realize that he is taking over the wolf’s job of trimming the herd to fit the range.He has not learned to think like a mountain.Hence we have dust bowls,and river washing the future into the sea.9牛也是這樣，牧牛人在清除狼群的時候，沒有意識到其實他正在做著本質上如同狼吃牛一樣的工作—削減牛群數量以適應山的承受能力。牧牛人還沒有學會像大山那樣去思考。其結果，沙塵暴出現了，河流將我們的未來無情地沖入大海。

We all strive for safety,prosperity,comfort,long life,and dullness.The deer strives with his supple legs,the cowman with trap and poison,the statesman with pen,the most of us with machines,votes,and dollars,but it all comes to the same thing:peace in our time.A measure of success in this is all well enough,and perhaps is a requisite to objective thinking,but too much safety seems to yield only danger in the long run.Perhaps this is behind Thoreau’s dictum；

In wildness is the salvation of the world.Perhaps this is the hidden meaning in the howl of the wolf,long known among mountains ,but seldom perceived among men.10我們都在努力追求安全、繁榮、舒適、長壽和徽散的生活。鹿用它柔韌的雙腿去追求;牧牛人用陷阱和毒藥去追求;政治家用口誅筆伐去追求;大多數人則是用機器、選票和金錢去追求。但不管形式如何迥異，目的只有一個，那就是追求時代的和平。在這些方面取得某種程度的成功是件好事，客觀地說也是必要的。但是從長遠來看，太多的安全似乎只能適得其反。也許這正驗證了梭羅的一句話，“野地里蘊含著對于世界的救贖”。也許，這就是隱藏在狼的哀號背后的深層含義。大山早已明白，而人類卻知之甚少。

The beauty industry美容業

it is a success in so far as more women retain their youthful appearance to a greater age than in the past.”old ladies ” are already becoming rare.In a few years, we may well believe, they will be extinct.White hair and wrinkles, a bent back and hollow cheeks will come to be regarded as medievally old-fashioned.The crone of the future will be golden, curly and cherry-lipped, neat-ankled and slender.The Portrait of the Artist?s Mother will come to be almost indistinguishable, at future picture shows, from the Portrait of the Artist?s Daughter.This desirable consummation will be due in part to skin foods and injections of paraffin wax, facial surgery, mud baths, and paint, in part to improved health, due in its turnto a more rational mode of life.Ugliness is one of the symptoms of disease, beauty of heath.In so far as the campaign for more beauty is also a campaign for more health, it is admirable and, up to a point, genuinely successful.Beauty that is merely the artificial shadow of these symptoms of health is intrinsically of poorer quality than the genuine article.Still, it is a sufficiently good imitation to be sometimes mistakable for the real thing.The apparatus for mimicking the symptoms of health is now within the reach of every moderately prosperous person;the knowledge of the way in which real health can be achieved is growing, and will in time, no doubt, be universally acted upon.When that happy moment comes, will every woman be beautiful—as beautiful, at any rate, as the natural shape of her features, with or without surgical and chemical aid permits? 越來越多的女性能更長久的保持青春的容貌，和過去相比，這的確是一種成就。“老太太”已經很少見了。我們有理由相信，幾年以后她們將徹底銷聲匿跡。人們會把白發和皺紋、彎曲的背部和凹陷的雙頰視為中世紀的過時風尚。未來的老婦人會擁有卷曲的金發、櫻紅的嘴唇、光潔的腳蹂、苗條的身材。在未來的畫展中，人們將難以分辨哪一幅肖像是藝術家的母親，哪一幅是藝術家的女兒。這種可人心意的成就，部分可以歸功于護膚品、石蠟注射、面部整形、泥浴和化妝，部分可以歸功于由于更為理性的生活方式而改善的健康狀況。丑陋是疾病的癥狀之一，美麗則是健康的特征。鑒于追求美麗也是追求健康，這種努力值得贊許，一定程度上也真正獲得了成功。模仿健康的外殼，制造人為的假象，這種美麗和真實存在相比，本質上要略勝一籌。不過，作為模仿，它相當出色，有時足以亂真。如今，每個中等富裕的人都買得起相關裝備以妝扮出健康的樣子，如何真正獲得健康的知識也在日益增長，并且無疑會得到適時而全面的推廣。當那個幸福的時刻到來的時候，每一位女性是不是都會美麗動人——不管是否用了整形手術、化學試劑，女性是不是能夠發揮出天生的麗質？

The answer is emphatically: no.for real beauty is as much an affair of the inner as of the outer self.The beauty of a porcelain jar is a matter of shape, of color, of surface texture.The jar may be empty or tenanted, by spiders, full of honey or stinking slime—it makes no difference to its beauty or ugliness.But a woman is alive, and her beauty is therefore not skin deep.The surface of the human vessel is affected by the nature of its spiritual contents.I have seen women who, by the standards of a connoisseur of porcelain, were ravishingly lovely.Their shape, their color, their surface texture were perfect.And yet they were not beautiful.For the lovely vase was either empty or filled with some corruption.Spiritual emptiness or ugliness shows through.And conversely, there is an interior light that can transfigure forms that the pure aesthetician would regard as imperfect or downright ugly.答案是斬釘截鐵的：“不”。真正的美麗，事關外在的自我，同樣也事關內在的自我。瓷瓶的美麗取決于它的形狀、顏色和表面質地。餅子可以是空的，也可以由蜘蛛入住。可以裝滿蜂蜜，也可以裝滿散發惡臭的爛泥，這一切都影響不到瓷瓶的丑或美。但是女性是活生生的，因此她的美麗就不僅僅是表面的。身體這具容器的外表不會受到精神內涵的影響。我見過一些女性，按照鑒賞家欣賞瓷瓶的標準，她們相當美麗可愛。體型、膚色、膚質樣樣完美無瑕。但是，她們并不美麗。因為這可愛的花瓶要么是空空如也，要么裝滿墮落，泄露出了精神的空虛與丑陋。相反，在純碎的審美家看來不算完美甚至是丑陋不堪的外形，可以在心靈之光的作用下變得美麗。

There are numerous forms of psychological ugliness.There is an ugliness of stupidity, for example, of unawareness(distressingly common among pretty women.)An ugliness also of greed, of lasciviousness, of avarice.All the deadly sins, indeed, have their own peculiar negation of beauty.On the pretty faces of those especially who are trying to have a continuous”good time”, one sees very often a kind of bored sullenness that runs all their charm?

心理上的丑陋有眾多不同的形式。有一種丑陋是愚蠢，比如愚蠢到懵懂無知（這是漂亮女性令人苦惱的通病）同樣，貪婪、淫欲、財迷心竅也是丑陋。所有致命的罪過以各自特有的方式否決了美麗。尤其是那些想要不斷享受“美好時光”的人的嬌艷面龐上，人們常常能夠看到那種百無聊奈的陰郁神情，這神情將她們的魅力全部抹殺。

Still commoner and no less repellent is the hardness which spoils so many pretty faces.Often , it is true, this air of hardness is due not to psychological causes, but to the contemporary habit of over-painting.In Paris, where this over-painting is most pronounced, many women have ceased to look human at all.Whitewashed and ruddled, they seem to be wearing marks.One must look closely to discover the soft and living face beneath.But often the face is not soft, often it turns out to be imperfectly alive.The hardness and deadness are from within.They are the outward and visible signs of some emotional or instinctive disharmony, accepted as a chronic condition of being.更為常見而且同樣令人反感的還有冷漠，它令多少美麗的容顏為之減色。實際上，這種冷漠的神態往往不是心理因素造成的，而是因為人們在現在時代養成了濃妝艷抹的習慣，在巴黎，濃妝艷抹的現象最為明顯，許多女性看起來根本就不像是人。撲滿白粉又抹上胭脂以后，她們像是戴上了面具。人們需要仔細地看，才能發現下面那柔和而鮮活的臉龐。不過，這臉龐往往并不柔和，看起來缺乏活力，從內心散發出默然的沉沉死氣。它們是情緒或者天性和諧的外在顯性表征，是公認的慢性的病態存在。

So long as such disharmonies continue to exist, so long as there is good reason for sullen boredom, so long as human begins allow themselves to be possessed and hagridden by monomaniacal vices, the cult of beauty is destined to be ineffectual.Successful in prolonging the appearance of youth, or realizing or simulating the symptoms of health, the campaign inspired by the cult remains fundamentally a failure.Its operations do not touch the deepest source of beauty—the experiencing soul.It is not by improving skin foods and point rollers, by cheapening health motors and electrical hair-removers, that the human race will be made beautiful;it is not even by improving health.All men and women will be beautiful only when the social arrangements give to every one of them an opportunity to live completely and harmoniously, when there is no environmental incentive and no hereditary tendency toward monomaniacal vice.In other words, all men and women will never be beautiful.But there might easily be fewer ugly human beings in the world than there are at present.We must be content with moderate hopes.只要這樣的不和諧繼續存在，只要確實有溫怒和厭倦的理由，只要人類聽任偏執罪惡的支配和折磨，對美好的時尚觀念將注定不起作用。這種時尚觀念所激發的行為成功延長了青春的容貌，實現或模仿了健康的外表，但從根本上說，這些舉措都是失敗的。它的運作沒有接觸到美得最深的根源——感受中的靈魂。人類想要變美，無法通過改良護膚品和美容器材，無法通過越來越便宜的健身器和電動除毛器，甚至無法通過提高健康水準。只有當社會給每一個成員機會，讓他們完整而和諧地生活，只有當偏執的邪惡喪失了誘發的環境，拜托了遺傳的傾向，所有的男人和女人才能實現美麗。換言之，不可能所有的男人和女人都美麗，但是和現在相比，這個世界上無疑能夠少一些丑陋的人。我們應該滿足于這微薄的祈盼。

第二篇：熊海虹主編《高等學校研究生英語綜合教程 上》課后練習答案

Unit One Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 7.D 2.C 8.C

3.B 9.A

4.C 10.D

5.D 11.A

6.D 12.B Task 2 1.public(c)6.public(a)2.discipline(b)

3.strength(a)

4.reference(a)9.references(c)14.reference(b)

5.strength(d)10.personality(a)15.personality(c)7.demonstrated(b)8.discipline(c)11.discipllining(d)12.demonstrates(a)13.public(d)

Task 3 1.employment 6.credit

2.paid 7.cite

3.adjust

4.setting

5.discouraged 10.rules

8.demonstrate

9.teamwork

Unit Two Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 6.A 2.B 7.B

3.B 8.C

4.C 9.A

5.B 10.C

Task 2 1.bud(n.);budding(adj.)3.taste(n.);tasted(v.)

2.access(n.);access(v.)4.fool(n.);fooling(v.)6.garnish(v.);garnishes(n.)8.concern(n.);concerned(v.)10.practiced(v.);practice(n.)5.produces(v.);produce(n.)7.reigns(v.);reign(n.)

9.named(v.);name(n.)

Task 3 1)integration

2)choice

3)handed

4)aspiring

5)steaming 6)masterpieces

7)pleasure

8)partake

9)amazing

10)presented

Unit Three Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C

4.B

5.A

6.B

7.C

8.A Task 2 1.stack up against

2.struck a chord 3.amounted to

4.chopping off 5.appeal to

6.pick up on 10.pulled off

7.turned out 11.thrust upon

8.fade away 12.be kept clear of 9.brought together

Task 3 1)swirling

2)delivered

3)glowed

4)intervals

5)converge 6)wanderings

7)navigate

8)jealousy

9)presence

10)absorbed

Unit Four Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A 2.A 3.C

4.B

5.B

6.C

7.D

8.C

9.A

10.C Task 2 1.maintained(a)

2.romantic(a)

3.essential(a)

4.essentials(c)5.dimension(c)

6.intimate(a)

7.maintains(c)

8.defies(b)9.intimated(d)

10.dimensions(a)

11.defy(a)

12.romantic(b)13.dimensions(b)

14.maintain(d)

15.intimate(c)

Task 3 1)prerequisite

2)date

3)Respect

4)important 5)whomever

6)candidates

7)highly

8)essential 9)suitable

10)sufficient

Unit Five Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.B 5.C 6.A

7.B 8.D 9.C 10.A

11.C 12.D 13.B

Task 2 1.A.masterpieces 2.A.committed 3.A.executing 5.A.inventors 6.A.breath 7.A.physical 8.A.discipline 9.A.practice 10.A.reaction

B.mastered B.commission B.execution B.represented B.investors B.breathing B.physiological B.routine

B.performed B.reconciliation

C.mastery C.commitment C.executive C.presented C.innovator C.breathtaking C.psychological C.discipline C.perfect

C.resistance

D.proper D.response

D.present D.breathless

4.A.presentation Task 3 1)written

2)practiced

3)adapted

4)fundamental

5)soul 6)described

7)mental

8)state of being

9)pictured

10)exercises 11)control

12)experiences

13)including

14)individuals

15)medical

Unit Six Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.B

2.D

3.A

4.C

5.B

6.A

7.C

8.D

9.B

10.C

Task 2 1.contented

2.convention

3.tall

4.curiously

5.Convention 6.content

7.execute

8.curious

9.execute

10.count 11.content

12.conventions

13.count

14.convention

15.tall

Task 3 1)sheer

2)subject

3)contradictory

4)worldly

5)chaotic 6)sophisticated

7)violence

8)glamorous

9)crime

10)safest

Unit Seven Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A

2.C

3.B

4.B

5.C

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.A

10.C

Task 2 Step 1 partially proverbial alteration Step 2 unfold refinement liar

unselfishness/selfishness indestructible

considerable

imperfect

criminal traitor

employee mistake philanthropist 5.alteration 10.unfolds 15.proverbial 1.indestructible 6.traitor

11.refinement 2.mistook

7.considerable 3.unselfishness 8.liar

4.imperfect

9.employees 14.partially 12.philanthropist 13.criminal

Task 3 1.So far as I'm concerned 2.should endeavor to measure whether predetermined goals are being achieved 3.has been engrossed in conversation with all night 4.draw conclusions from the results of a single survey 5.He had no friends nor acquaintances 6.did she tell him about the attack 7.as we had seen 8.that he had had a family himself 9.the problems you mention are inherent in the system 10.young people conscientious in their work/young people who are conscientious in their work 11.deviated from her custom 12.at the peril of your own life/at your own peril 13.taken on a new dimension 14.capable of looking after myself 15.in much the same way as it was 200 years ago 16.rescue the sailors from the sinking ship 17.Portugal participated in the war 18.due to our ignorance

Unit Eight Vocabulary in Action Task 1 Step 1 1.boot---e, m

2.bound--c, j 3.fatal--b, q

4.negotiate--g, n 5.net---a, f, 1

6.the odds--h, i 7.reward--k, o

8.vacuum---d, p Step 2 1.boot(m)

2.vacum(p)

3.rewarded(o)

4.reward(k)

5.net(f)6.negotiating(n)7.odds(h)

8.odds(i)

9.Fatal(b)

10.negotiations(g)

Task 2 1.A.black and white

B.in black and white

C.black-and-white 2.A.on the scene

B.sets the scene

C.behind the scenes 3.A.make no difference

B.make a difference

C.make any difference

D.make all the difference 4.A.work on

B.works against

C.work out 5.A.spread to

B.spreading out

C.spread through

Task 3 1.A 6.B

2.B 7.C

3.B 8.B

4.D 9.D

5.A 10.C

Unit Nine Vocabulary in Action Task 1 1.A

2.D

3.B

4.B

5.C

6.A

7.B

8.A

9.C

10.A

Task 2 1.crammed(b)

2.balloon(a)

3.crash(a)

4.crammed(a)

5.crashed(a)6.crammed(d)

7.ballooned(c)

8.crash(b)

9.balloon(b)

10.slumped(b)11.trust(c)

12.trust(d)

13.liberal(c)

14.slump(c)16.trust(b)

Task 3 1)A

2)D 3)B

4)B

5)C

6)C

7)A

8)A

Unit Ten Vocabulary in Action Task 1 I.A

2.C

3.D

4.B

5.B

6.B

7.C

8.D

9.A

10.B

Task 2 1.underlying

2.immune

3.impart

4.imperative

6.diffused

7.foremost

8.scholarly

9.illuminated

Task 3 1)deeper

2)contribute

3)explore

4)potential

6)productive

7)likely

8)produce

9)Nationally

15.liberals(b)9)D

10)D

5.vulnerable 5)how

10)dedicated

10.eloquence

第三篇：高等學校研究生英語系列教材_綜合教程(下)主編熊海虹 課后答案

Unit One

Task 1

1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.values c.19.refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2

1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out

5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations

9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.adversities

13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect

Task 3

1.a mind-blowing experience

2.built-in storage space

3.self-protection measures

4.short-term employment

5.distorted and negative self-perception

6.life-changing events

7.all-encompassing details

8.a good self-image

Unit Two

Task1

I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining

2.A.attached B.attachment

3.A.historically B.historic

4.A.innovativeB.Innovations

5.A.flawed B.flawless

6.A.controversy B.controversial

7.A.revise B.revisions

8.A.commentary B.commentator

9.A.restrictive B.restrictions

10.10.A.heroicB.heroics

Task 2

1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie

6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed 10.award Task 3

1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes

6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability 10)stadiums

11)anticipated 12)publicity

Unit Three

Task 1

1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.B 10.C

Task2

LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion

2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditory E.auditedA.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive

4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip

5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affection D.passionate

6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant

7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere

8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring

Task3

1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective

6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens

11)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)Unit Four

Task 1

1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration

7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders

12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter

Task 2

1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C

Task 1

Step 1

l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g

Step 2

1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive ,6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail

Task 2

1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.on/about10.in

Task 3

1.may have a subtle effect on

2.provide free access toe-books

3.isinthe midst ofa sea change

4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University

5.a voracious book reader

6.you'll stay focused onit

7.the conduit for information

8.your check came asanabsolute godsend

9.lost the thread ofthe story

10.stroll through elegant prose

Unit Five

Task 1

1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14.A15.B

Task2

1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted

9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate

第四篇：熊海虹主編《高等學校研究生英語綜合教程 下》課后習題答案

Unit One

Task 1 1.provinces b.2.woke a.3.haunt b.4.trouble a.5.weathers d.6.wakeb.7.coined c.8.trouble b.9.weather c.10.province c.11.coin a.12.value a.13.haunts a.14.has promised a.15.trouble c.16.coin b.17.promise d, 18.values c.19.refrain b.20.valued e.Task 2

1.tranquil 2.ultimately 3.aftermath 4.cancel out 5.ordeal 6.drastic 7.legacy 8.deprivations 9.suicidal 10.anticipated 11.preoccupied 12.adversities 13.aspires 14.nostalgia 15, retrospect Task 3

1.a mind-blowing experience 2.built-in storage space 3.self-protection measures 4.short-term employment 5.distorted and negative self-perception 6.life-changing events 7.all-encompassing details 8.a good self-image

Unit Two Task1

I.A.entertainmentB.entertaining 2.A.attached B.attachment 3.A.historically B.historic 4.A.innovativeB.Innovations 5.A.flawed B.flawless 6.A.controversy B.controversial 7.A.revise B.revisions 8.A.commentary B.commentator 9.A.restrictive B.restrictions 10.10.A.heroicB.heroics

Task 2 1.ethnic 2.corporate 3.tragic 4.athletic 5.underlie 6.stack 7.intrinsic 8.revenue 9.engrossed 10.award Task 3 1)revenues 2)receipts 3)economic 4)rewards 5)athletes

6)sponsor 7)spectators 8)maintain 9)availability 10)stadiums 11)anticipated 12)publicity

Unit Three Task 1 1.B 2, D 1 A 4, C 5, A 6.B 7,C 8.A 9.B 10.C Task2 LA.discrete B.discreet C.discretion 2.A.auditors B.auditorium C.audit D.auditory E.audited 1 A.conception B.contrivance C.contrive D.conceive 4.A.giggling B.gasped C.gargling D.gossip 5.A.affectionate B.passion C.affection D.passionate 6.A.reluctant B.relentless C.relevant 7.A.reverence B.reverent C.revere

8.A.peeping/peep B.peered C.perceive D.poring Task3 1)gain 2)similarities 3)diverse 4)enrich 5)perspective 6)discover 7)challenging 8)specific 9)adventure 10)enlightens 11)opportunities 12)memories 13)joyful 14)outweighs 15)span)

Unit Four Task 1 1)uncomfortable 2)reading 3)immerse 4)deep 5)access 6)concentration 7)stopped 8)altered 9)change 10)different 11)decoders 12)disengaged 13)variations 14)words 15)tighter Task 2 1.D 2.A 3.B 4.B 5.D 6.A 7.C 8.C

Task 1 Step 1 l)i 2)f 3)a 4)b 5)h 6)j 7)c 8)e 9)d 10)g Step 2 1)fidgety2)crushing3)pithy4)foraging5)definitive , 6)propelled7)applauded8)ubiquity9)duly10)curtail Task 2 1.above 2.on 3.to 4.on 5.on/about 6.to 7.with 8.at 9.on/about10.in Task 3 1.may have a subtle effect on 2.provide free access toe-books 3.isinthe midst ofa sea change 4.has been onthe faculty ofHarvard University 5.a voracious book reader 6.you'll stay focused onit 7.the conduit for information 8.your check came asanabsolute godsend 9.lost the thread ofthe story 10.stroll through elegant prose

Unit Five Task 1 1.A2.C3.D4.B5.C6.B7.C8.D9.A10.C11.B12D.13.D14.A15.B Task2 1.sheer2.slip3desert4.revenge5.sheered6.level7.deserted8.skirted 9.protested10.duplicates11.level12.revenge13.skirt14.protests15.slip16.duplicate

Unit Six Task 1 I.C 2.A 3.C 4.A 5.D 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C lI.B 12.A Task2 1.Water isnot an effective shield 2.engulfed inflames 3.the rights ofsovereign nations 4.outpaced its rivals inthe market 5.There's no need tobelabor the point 6.She invoked several eminent scholars 7.from two embattled villages 8.According tothe witness's testimony 9.Inspite ofour best endeavors 10.After many trials and tribulations Task2 1)remain2)childish3)reaffirm4)precious5)equal6)measure

7)greatness8)journey9)leisure10)fame11)obscure12)prosperity

Unit Seven Task1 I.C 2.B 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.B Task2 1.patrons b.2.designated b.3.reference d.4.inclination c5.host d.6.diffusing b.7.host c8.inclination a.9.references c.10.patrons a.11.reference a.12.host a.13.diffuses a..14.designate a.15.designate c.Task3 1)alive2)awakened3)trip4)stone5)remains6)beyond7)records 8)social 9)across10)surrounding11)mental12)miracle13)having 14)failure15)participate

Unit Eight Task 1 1.B 2.D 3.A 4.B 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.A 9.A 10.C Task2 1.A.outburst B.bursting C.outbreak 2.A.adverse B.adversity C.advised 3.A.distinguishes B.distinct C.distinguished 4.A.sight/vision B.view C.outlook D.visions 5.A.implicit B.implicit/implied C.underlying 6.A.washed B.awash C.washing 7.A.jumped/sprang B.springs C.leap D.jumped 8.A.trail B.trail/track C.trace D.track E.trace 9.A.sensed B.sensible C.sense D.sensitive E.sensational 10.A.prosperous B.prosperity C.prospects D.prophecy Task3 1)echoes2)pays heed to3)hidden4)objectively5)decipher6)presence7)conviction 8)shot9)however10)slaughter11)bare12)trim13)are connected to14)strive15)yield

Unit Nine Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.D Task2 I.explain, plain, complained, plain 2.tolerate, tolerant, tolerance 3.consequence,sequence,consequent 4.commerce, commercial, commercial, commercialism, commercially 5.arouse, arising, arise, arousal 6.irritant, irritation, irritable, irritate

7.democratic, dynamic, automated, dramatic

8.dominate, dominant, predominant, predominate 9.celebrate, celebrity, celebrated, celebration 10.temporal, contemporary, temporary Task3 I)encompassing2)standard3)constraints4)presented5)resolution6)constitute 7)entertainment8)interchangeably9)distinction10)fuzzy11)technically 12)devoted to13)ranging14)competing15)biases

Unit Ten Task 1 1)beware of2)unpalatable3)delineate4)Ingrained5)amplify 6)supplanted7)pin down8)discretionary9)stranded10)swept through Task2 1.that happy-to-be-alive attitude2.anl-told-you-so air

3.the-end-justifies-the-means philosophy4.Aheart-in-the-mouth moment 5.a now-or-never chance6.a touch-and-go situation 7.a wait-and-see attitude8.too-eager-not-to-lose 9.a cards-on-the-table approach10.anine-to-five lifestyle 11.a look-who's-talking tone12.around-the-clock service 13.a carrot-and-stick approach14.a rags-to-riches man 15.a rain-or-shine picnic Task3 I)exquisite2)soothe3)equivalent4)literally5)effective 6)havoc7)posted8)notify9)clumsy10)autonomously

第五篇：研究生英語綜合教程下冊1,4,5,6單元課文翻譯

研究生英語綜合教程(下)系列教材翻譯參考譯文全章節 Unit 1

幸福隱藏的另一面

凱思琳?麥克高恩 1.咫風、房屋失火、癌癥、激流漂筏失事、墜機、昏暗小巷遭歹徒襲擊，沒人想找上這些事兒。但出人意料的是，很多人發現遭受這樣一次痛苦的磨難最終會使他們向好的方面轉變。他們可能都會這樣說:“我希望這事沒發生，但因為它我變得更完美了。

2.我們都愛聽人們經歷苦難后發生轉變的故事，可能是因為這些故事證實了一條真正的心理學的真理，這條真理有時會湮沒在無數關于災難的報道中:在最困難的境況中，人所具有的一種內在的奮發向上的能力會進發出來。對那些令人極度恐慌的經歷作出積極回應的并不僅限于最堅強或最勇敢的人。實際上，大約半數與逆境抗爭過的人都說他們的生活之后與某種方式的改變。

3.諸如此類有關危機改變一生的發現有著可觀的研究前景，這正是創傷后成長這一新學科的研究領域。這一新興領域已經證實了曾經被視為陳詞濫調的一個真理:大難不死，意志彌堅。創傷后壓力絕不是唯一可能的結果。在遭遇了即使最可怕的經歷之后，也只有一小部分成年人會受到長期的心理折磨。更常見的情況是，人們會恢復過來—甚至最終會成功發達。4.那些經受住苦難打擊的人是有關幸福悖論的生動例證:為了盡可能地過上最好的生活，我們所需要的不僅僅是愉悅的感受。我們這個時代的人對幸福的追求已經縮小到只追求福氣:一生沒有煩惱，沒有痛苦和困惑。

5，這種對幸福的平淡定義忽略了問題的主要方面—種富有意義的生活所帶來的那種 豐富、完整的愉悅。那就是幸福背后隱藏的那種本質—是我們在明智的男男女女身上所欣賞到并渴望在我們自己生活中培育的那種不可言喻的品質。事實證明，一些遭受苦難最多的人-他們被迫全力應付他們未曾預料到的打擊，并重新思考他們生活的意義—或許對那種深刻的、給人以強烈滿足感的人生經歷(哲學家們過去稱之為對“美好生活”的探尋)最有發言權。6.這種對美好生活的更為廣泛的定義把深深的滿足感和一種通過移情與他人建立的深切聯系融合在一起。它主要受愉悅情感的支配，但同時也夾雜著惆悵和悔恨。密蘇里大學哥倫比亞分校的心理學家勞拉?金認為:“幸福僅僅是許許多多人生價值中的一種。”慈悲、智慧、無私、.洞察力及創造力—有時只有經歷逆境的考驗才能培育這些品質，因為有時只有極端的情形才能迫使我們去承受痛苦的改變過程。只過安寧的、無憂無慮的生活是不足以體驗一段完整的人生的。我們也需要成長-盡管有時成長是痛苦的。

7.在紐約市皇后區一間漆黑的房間里，31歲的時裝設計師特蕾西?塞爾感到自己奄奄一息。就在幾個月前，她已經停止服用控制她關節炎的強效免疫抑制藥。她從沒預見到接下來將要發生的事:停藥之后的反應最終使她全身劇烈疼痛，神經系統出現嚴重問題。最輕微的動作—比如說試著吞咽—對她來說也痛苦不堪。甚至將臉壓在枕頭上也幾乎難以忍受。8.塞爾并不是懦弱的人。她在兩歲時就被診斷得了幼年型類風濕性關節炎，一生都在忍受著病癥和治療(藥物、手術)的折磨。但是這一次，她實在不堪忍受了，她的醫生所做的一切乎都不起作用。要么讓疾病結束她的生命，要么她就得很快了結自己的生命了。

9.然而，在經歷了若干個不眠之夜后，她想自殺的念頭開始被新的感激之情所打斷。雖然她仍然感到痛苦，但一種新的意識每一夜都變得更加強烈:一種令人驚嘆的解脫感，結合著一種包容一切的同情和憐憫的情感。“我感到一切我曾經用來認同?自己身份的東西都被剝奪了，”六個月后她這樣說道，“一切我認為我知道或相信的事物—時間、金錢、自我形象、對事物的看法—都毫無價值了。意識到這一點真是讓我感到解脫。”

10.在幾個月內，得益于類固醇加其他藥物的雞尾酒療法，她開始能夠更加自如地活動了。她說，毫無疑問她現在的生活狀況有了好轉。“我感覺我窺探到了生命的秘密以及我們生存的意義，那就是快樂地生活，同時扶持他人。就這么簡單!”

11.她這種不可思議的經歷完全是個驚喜。但是北卡羅來納大學夏洛特分校心理學教授里奇?特德斯基認為，這種轉變的感覺從某些方面看卻是很典型的。里奇?特德斯基教授首創了“創傷后成長”一詞。他對那些經歷了諸如搏斗、暴力犯罪、突患重病等極端事件的人群進行了研究，這些研究表明，在剛經歷不幸后大多數人隨即都會感到茫然和焦慮。他們一心想的就是，自己的生活完全被毀了。有少部分人事后很久了還不斷被記憶問題、失眠以及類似的創傷后應激障礙所折磨。但特德斯基和其他學者發現，對很多人(可能甚至是絕大多數人)來說，生活最終會變得更加豐富和更加令人滿足。

12.許多經歷過恐怖的人身威脅的人會遇到類似的情況。在事情發生的那一瞬間，我們的安全感被沖破了，平時處于我們與我們對世界的種種看法之間的自我保護的精神盔甲被剝離了。我們的日常生活軌跡(我們的習慣、自我認識和主觀意念)全部被拋到九霄云外，只剩下對世界的原始體驗。

13.盡管如此，要實際實現這些轉變并完全接受新的現實，通常需要有意識地付出努力。,是否愿意并有能力承擔這個過程，就是那些在災難中成長和那些被災難所摧毀的人之間主要的區別之一。認為災難有價值的人并不是最堅強或最理性的人。使他們與眾不同的是他們能夠將所遭遇的事融入他們自己的人生歷程中。”

14，最終，他們可能會發現自己以從未想到過的方式獲得了解脫。幸存者往往說他們變得更加寬容，也更能原諒別人，能夠緩和原本糟糕的關系。他們說物質追求突然間變得很無聊，而朋友和家庭帶來的快樂變得極為重要，他們還說危機使他們能夠按照這些新的優先之事來重新認識生活。

15.從災難中成長起來的人盡管經歷過恐怖的事情，但他們的恐懼感往往大為減少。他們對自己的力量感到吃驚，相信不管今后生活中將要遭遇什么，他們都能應付。特德斯基說:“人們不會說他們所經歷的是美好的。他們并不是特意要通過這樣的經歷來成長。他們只是盡其所能生存下來。但回顧起來，他們的收獲遠遠大于他們所預料的。”

16.埃默里大學精神病學家格列高利?伯思斯在他的近作《滿足》中指出，極限耐力運動員每次訓練都要使自己的身體連續數天處于極限狀態。他們和經歷創傷的幸存者所經歷的感覺過程一樣:自我失落，困惑，最后獲得一種新的駕馭感。對于經常跑超過24小時的l00英里比賽的超級馬拉松運動員來說，嘔吐和產生幻覺是常事。在一晝夜不停歇不睡覺地跑步之后，競賽者有時會忘了自己是誰，忘了自己在干什么。

17.更普遍的在逆境中成長的例子要數生命中最大的挑戰之一:為人父母。生育孩子一直被認為會降低幸福程度。為了照顧嬰兒而睡眠不足并且必須將自己的消遣撇到一邊，意味著有了新生兒的人更有可能感到抑郁并且面臨婚姻的危機。然而，長遠看來，養育孩子是所有人類活動中最有意義、最值得去做的一件事情。短時間內犧牲了幸福，卻有了更多的收獲，比如滿足感、無私以及有機會留下一筆意義深遠的遺產。

18.總之，情感上的回報可以彌補災難帶來的痛苦和艱難。這種精神收獲并不能抵消所發生的苦難，但是它可以把這些苦難全部放在另一個不同的背景中來看待，..那就是即使我們面臨約束和掙扎，我們仍然可以生存得極有價值。金指出，我們所有的人都必須以這樣或那樣的形式經歷這種覺悟。“你將不再是自己心目中曾經的你，取而代之的是一個新的你—而事實會證明生活從此將非常美好。” Unit 4 A

因特網:絕對的交流，絕對的孤立。—保羅?卡威爾 谷歌使我們變得越來越愚蠢?----尼古拉斯?卡爾

1.在過去的幾年里，我老有一種不祥之感，覺得有什么人，或什么東西，一直在我腦袋里搗鼓個不停，重繪我的腦電圖，重寫我的腦內存。我的思想倒沒跑掉—到目前為止我還能這么說，但它正在改變。我的思維方式在變。這種感覺在我閱讀的時候尤為強烈。過去總是不費什么勁兒就能讓自己沉浸在一本書或一篇長文章中，被其中的敘述或不同的論點深深吸引。我還會花數小時徜徉在長篇散文中。可如今這都不靈了。現在，我翻上兩三頁書，注意力就開始不集中了。我會變得煩躁，抓不住重點，開始想找點其他的事情做。我感覺我似乎要硬拖著我任性的大腦才能回到文章中。原本輕松自然的深度閱讀，已然成了痛苦掙扎。

2.我想我知道到底是怎么一回事了。十多年來，我在網上花了好多時間，在因特網的信息汪洋中沖浪、搜尋、添加。對作家而言，網絡就像個天上掉下來的聚寶盆。過去要在書堆里或圖書館的期刊閱覽室中花上好幾天做的研究，現在幾分鐘就齊活。“谷歌”幾下，快速點開幾個鏈接，就可以找到我所需要的事實或者精煉的引證。即使在工作之余，我也很有可能在信息豐富的網絡里遨游—收發電子郵件、瀏覽頭條新聞、點擊博客、看視頻、聽播客或者只是從一個鏈接跳轉到一個又一個鏈接。(超鏈接常被比作腳注，但是和腳注不一樣，超鏈接不僅僅鏈接到相關作品;它們還驅使你去點擊創門。)3.對我來說，像對其他人也一樣，網絡已經成為了一種通用的媒介，大部分信息都通過這個渠道進人我們的眼、耳，最后進人我們的大腦。能從這樣一個異常豐富的信息庫中直接獲取信息，其優點是很多的，而且也得到了廣泛的描述和適當的贊譽。“硅存儲器的完美記憶性，”《連線》雜志的克萊夫?湯普森寫道，“對于思想來說是一個大實惠。”但是這個實惠是要付出代價的。就像媒體理論家馬歇爾?麥克盧恩在上世紀60年代所指出的那樣，媒體可不只是被動的信息渠道。它們不但提供了思想的源泉，也塑造了思想的進程。網絡似乎粉碎了我專注與沉思的能力。現如今，我的腦袋就盼著以網絡提供信息的方式來獲取信息:飛快的微粒運動。曾經我是文字海洋中的潛水者，現在我則像是摩托艇騎手在海面上風馳電掣。4.我并不是唯一一個有此感覺的人。當我向文學界的朋友和熟人提到我在閱讀方面的困擾，許多人說他們也有同樣的感受。他們上網越多，在閱讀長文章時，就越難集中精力。我所關注的一些博主也提到了類似的現象。斯科特?卡普開了一個有關在線媒體的博客，最近他承認自己已經完全不讀書了。“我大學讀的是文學專業，曾經是一個嗜書如命的人，”他寫道。“到底發生了什么事呢?”他推測出了一個答案:“如果對我來說，通過網絡來閱讀的真正理由與其說是我的閱讀方式發生了改變，比如，我只是圖個方便，不如說是我的思維方式在發生變化，那么我該怎么辦呢?”

5.布魯斯?弗里德曼經常撰寫有關電腦在醫學領域應用的文章。他在早些時候同樣提到因特網如何改變了他的思維習慣。“稍長些的文章，不管是網上的還是已經出版的，我現在幾乎已經完全喪失了閱讀它們的能力。”在密歇根大學醫學院長期任教的病理學家布魯斯，弗里德曼在電話里告訴我，由于上網快速瀏覽文章的習慣，他的思維呈現出一種“碎讀”特性。“我再也讀不了《戰爭與和平》了。”弗里德曼承認，“我失去了這個本事。即便是一篇長達三四段的博客也難以消化。我只能略微瀏覽一下。”

6.僅僅是趣聞軼事還不能證明什么。我們仍在等待長期的神經學和心理學的實驗，這將給因特網如何影響到我們的認識一個權威的定論。倫敦大學學院的學者做了一個網絡研讀習慣的研究并發表了研究結果。該研究指出，我們可能已經徹底置身于閱讀與思考方式的巨變之中了。作為五年研究計劃的一部分，學者們檢測了計算機日志，它跟蹤記錄了兩個流行的搜索網站的用戶行為。其中一個網站是英國圖書館的，另一個是英國教育社團的，他們提供了期刊論文、電子書以及其他一些文獻資源。他們發現，人們上網時呈現出“一種浮光掠影般的形式”，總是從一個資源跳到另一個資源，并且很少返回他們之前訪問過的資源。他們常常還沒讀完一兩頁文章或書籍，就“彈”出來轉到另一個網頁去了。有時候他們會保存一個篇 幅長的文章，但沒有任何證據表明他們曾經返回去認真閱讀。7.多虧鋪天蓋地的網絡文本，更別說當下時興的手機短信，可供我們閱讀的東西很可能比上世紀七八十年代要多了，那時，我們選擇的媒體還是電視。但是，這已是另一種閱讀模式，背后隱藏的是另一種思考方式—也許甚至是一種全新的自我意識。“不僅閱讀的內容塑造了我們，”塔夫茨大學的發展心理學家、《普魯斯特與魷魚:閱讀思維的科學與故事》的作者瑪麗安娜?沃爾夫說，“閱讀方式也體現了我們自身。”沃爾夫擔憂，網絡所倡導的將“豐富”與“時效性”置于首位的閱讀方式可能已經削弱了那種深度閱讀能力。深度閱讀能力的形成應歸功于早期印刷術的發明，有了它，長而復雜的散文作品也相當普遍了。然而，她說，當我們在線閱讀時，我們往往只是一“信息解碼器”而已。我們對文句的設釋，心無旁鶩、深度閱讀時形成的豐富的精神聯系，這些能力很大程度上已經消失了。

8.沃爾夫認為，閱讀并非人類與生俱來的技巧，它不像說話那樣融人了我們的基因。我們得訓練自己的大腦，讓它學會如何將我們所看到的字符譯解成自己可以理解的語言。而媒體或其他我們用于學習和練習閱讀的技術在塑造我們大腦的神經電路中扮演著重要角色。實驗表明，表意字讀者(如中國人)為閱讀所創建的神經電路和我們這些用字母語言的人有很大的區別。這種變化延伸到大腦的多個區域，包括那些支配諸如記憶、視覺設釋和聽覺刺激這樣的關鍵認知功能的部位。我們可以預料，使用網絡閱讀形成的思維，一定也和通過閱讀書籍及其他印刷品形成的思維不一樣。

9.1882年，弗里德里希?尼采買了臺打字機。此時的他，視力下降得厲害，長時間盯著一張紙會令他感覺疲憊、疼痛，還常常引起劇烈的頭痛。他只得被迫縮減他的寫作時間，并擔心自己今后恐怕不得不放棄寫作了。但打字機救了他，起碼一度挽救過他。他終于熟能生巧，閉著眼睛只用手指尖也能打字—盲打。心中的詞句又得以傾瀉于紙頁之上了。

10.然而，新機器也使其作品的風格發生了微妙的變化。尼采的一個作曲家朋友注意到他行文風格的改變。他那已經十分簡練的行文變得更緊湊、‘更電文式了。“或許就因為這個儀器，你甚至可能會喜歡上一個新短語，”這位朋友在一封信中提到，在他自己的作品中，他“在音樂和語言方面的‘思想’常常要依賴于筆和紙的質量”。Unit 5

A

阿爾卑斯山上的離婚

羅伯特?巴爾 1.約翰?伯德曼是一個常常走極端的人。這本來應該沒什么，但可惜，他妻子的性格整個兒是他的翻版。2.毋庸置疑，對于任何一個男人，這世上總會有一個相當合適的女人能和他成家，反之亦然。但是如果你考慮一下:每個人僅有機會結識幾百個人而已，在這幾百個人之中熟知的只有那么干幾人甚至更少，在這十幾個人之中又最多只有一兩個知心朋友;別忘了，居住在這世上的人有多少個百萬，因此顯而易見:自地球存在以來，這合適的男人極有可能從來就沒有遇到過他那個合適的女人。從概率上來講，這樣相遇的機會微乎其微，這也正是離婚法庭存在的原因。婚姻充其量不過是一種妥協，而如果恰好兩個個性上互不妥協的人結合了，那就肯定會有麻煩。

3.對于兩個這樣的年輕人來說，生活沒有什么中間點，其結局注定要么是愛，要么是恨，而就伯德曼夫婦而言，他們到頭來有的是那種最刻骨、最傲慢的恨。

4.在這世界上的某些地方，夫妻性情不合就能夠成為離婚的正當理由，但是在英格蘭，并沒有如此微妙的區分，所以除非妻子犯罪，或丈夫犯罪并且為人殘暴，否則兩者的婚姻關系將一直維系下去，直至死神將他們分開。沒有什么比這種事情更糟糕的了，而更令人絕望的是 伯德曼太太為人無可厚非，而她丈夫也并不比一般男人差。然而，也許上面的表述只能說在某種程度上是正確的，因為約翰?伯德曼已經忍無可忍，下定決心不管付出什么代價也要擺脫他的妻子。如果他是個窮人，也許他會拋棄她，但是他很富有，而一個人不能因為家庭生活碰巧不幸就輕易放棄一份蒸蒸日上的事業。

5.一個人的心思要是太專注于一件事情，沒有人敢說他最后會做出什么來。大腦是如此脆弱的一個思維工具，以至于它容易失去平衡。伯德曼的朋友(他確實有幾個朋友)事后聲稱他精神錯亂。下定決心要謀殺妻子時，約翰?伯德曼的神智清醒還是不清醒，現在已無從知曉，但無疑他把謀殺方案設計成看起來像是意外事件，這種方式的確很狡猾。不過，一般來說，腦子有問題的人才狡猾。

6.伯德曼太太非常清楚，她的存在相當折磨她的丈夫，可她的冷酷無情跟他不相上下，而她對他的恨—有可能的話—恐怕比他對她的恨還更人骨。不管他去哪兒，她都跟著。要不是任何時間任何場合，她都要頑固地強行出現在他面前，他也許永遠不會心生謀殺之念。就這樣，他一跟她說打算七月份去瑞士度假，她二話不說就打點行李。往常他總會抗議，但這次沒有，于是這對無話可說的夫婦動身去了瑞士。

7.有一間旅館位于一座很高的冰川的脊架上，離山峰只有幾步之遙.旅館海拔一點五英里，孑然獨立，僅有一條長六英里、盤旋而上的崎嶇山路可以到達.在旅館的回廊可以觀賞到雪峰和冰川的美景。旅館附近小道遍布，沿路風景如畫，但通往的地點多少都帶點兒危險。8.約翰?伯德曼對這家旅館很熟悉，以前日子還挺幸福的時候他常來這一帶。如今既然已生謀殺之念，他就總是不由自主地想起距離客棧兩英里的某個地方。從那地方可以俯瞰周圍，它的盡頭被一堵破敗的矮墻擋住。一天凌晨四點，他偷偷溜出旅館，來到了這兒—當地人叫“懸望角”。這兒和他印象中的絲毫不差。就是這里了，他對自己說。“懸望角”背靠的山荒蕪而陡峭，附近也無人居住，所以沒人會俯視這里。而且遠處的旅館還被山肩遮住了。9.站在破墻邊沿朝外望，膽子再大的游客也不敢看第二眼。峭壁陡直垂下約有一英里，底下怪石林立，雜樹叢生，藍色霧靄籠革下，看起來就像灌木叢。10.“就是這里了!”他想，“而且就明天早上!”

11.約翰?伯德曼冷酷，無情，沉著地謀劃著他的罪行，一如他在證券交易所策劃交易。對于那位還蒙在鼓里的受害者，他心中沒有一絲憐憫。怨恨讓他喪失了所有理智。

12.第二天，用過早餐，他對妻子說:“我想去山里面走走。你想不想跟我一起去?” 13.“好啊，”她回答得很干脆。

14.“那就好，”他說:“我九點出門。”

15.九點整，兩個人一起出了旅館。按計劃，用不了多久他就會一個人回來。一路上誰也沒說話，只是在山間繞來繞去，基本上是平路，因為“懸望角”的海拔和旅館差不多。16.到了目的地后，約翰?伯德曼也沒有什么固定計劃，他決定伺機而行。他心中時不時生出一種恐懼，害怕她會死死地拽住自己，一起墜下懸崖。他不自覺地想:厄運當頭，她是否已有預感?他一直沒有說話，就是怕自己顫抖的聲音會引起她的懷疑。他決心要突然行動，千脆利落，讓她無法自救，更沒機會把他也拉下去。至于她要尖叫，他倒是一點也不害怕。因為這地方人跡罕至，只有從旅館有一條路可以過來，而他知道那天早晨沒有人離開那幢樓。17.這時“懸望角”已經在望了，伯德曼太太卻停住了腳步，還打了個冷戰，這著實令人懷疑。伯德曼先生眼睛微瞇，審視著太太，又開始懷疑她是否已有所警覺。沒人敢說，兩個人這樣緊挨著走路，他們的大腦之間會有什么無意識的交流。18.“怎么了?”他生硬地問道，“累了?”

19.“約翰，”她叫道，聲音中帶著喘息，好多年沒有叫過他的教名了，“你不覺得如果你當初對我好點兒，事情也許會不一樣?” 20.“我覺得，”他答道，眼睛看著別處，“現在討論這個問題已經太晚了。” 21.“我有很多遺憾，”她聲音發顫，“你就沒有?” 22.“沒有，”他答道。

23.“很好，”伯德曼太太答道，語氣又恢復了一貫的生硬，“我只是想給你一次機會。” 24.她丈夫盯著她，25.“你什么意思?心生疑慮。”他問，“給我接受他憎恨的人的任何東西。機會?我不要你的機會，也不要你別的什么。男人不會我想我對你的感覺對你來說不是秘密。我們是硬綁在一起，而你更是想方設法讓這份關系變得讓人忍無可忍。

26.“是”她答道，眼睛看著地上，“我們是綁在一起的—我們是綁在一起的!”

27.她低聲反復嘀咕著這句話，兩人走完剩下的幾步來到了“懸望角”。伯德曼坐在那搖搖欲墜的破墻上。他妻子則把登山杖扔在了石頭上，心神不寧地走來走去，拳頭攝了又松，松了又撰。隨著那可怕時刻的臨近，他屏住了呼吸。

28.“你干嘛像個野獸走來走去?”他叫道，“過來坐我旁邊，安靜點。”

29.她面對著他，眼中閃耀著一種他從未見過的光芒—一種瘋狂和僧恨的光芒。

30.她說:“我走起來像個野獸，因為我本來就是。你剛才說了你對我的恨，但你是男的，比起我的恨你的不值一提。盡管你人很壞，非常想了斷這份將我們綁在一起的關系，但我知道有些事你還是不會去做的。我知道你沒想過謀殺我，但是我想過。” 31.聽到謀殺，他不由得一驚，心里有些負罪感，雙手緊張地抓著身旁的石頭。

32.“是的，”她接著說，“我已經跟我英格蘭的所有朋友說我肯定你打算在瑞士謀殺我。” 33.“我的上帝!你怎么能說出這樣的話?”他大叫。

34.“我這么說是要讓你瞧瞧我有多恨你，讓你瞧瞧為了報復你我準備付出什么樣的代價。我已經讓旅館的人提高警惕，我們出門時就有兩個人跟著我們。旅館老板還勸我別跟你來。再過一會兒那兩個人就會看到“懸望角”了。如果你覺得他們會相信你的話，那你就跟他們說只是個意外吧。”

35.這個瘋女人一把扯碎了裙子前片上的花邊，并撒落一地。伯德曼站起身，喊道:“你在做什么?”但是，他還沒來得及靠近她，她就已經跳過矮墻，尖叫著，翻滾著，掉進了那令人生畏的萬丈深淵。

36.不一會兒，有兩個人急急忙忙來到石頭邊，發現伯德曼一個人愣在那里。盡管內心一團亂麻，但他知道就算實話實說也沒人會相信他。Unit 6 A

就職演說

J.E肯尼迪 1.約翰遜副總統，主持人先生，首席大法官先生，艾森豪威爾總統，尼克松副總統，杜魯門總統，尊敬的牧師，我的公民同胞們，今天我們慶祝的不是政黨的勝利，而是自由的勝利。這象征著一個結束，也象征著一個開端;意味著延續也意味著變革。因為我已在你們和全能的上帝面前，宣讀了我們的先輩在大約175年前擬定的莊嚴誓言。2.當今的世界已經大不相同。人類的巨手掌握的力量既能消除人間一切形式的貧困，也能毀滅一切形式的人類生命。但我們的先輩為之奮斗的那些革命信念，在世界各地仍然處于爭論之中。這個信念就是:人的權利并非來自國家的慷慨，而是來自上帝的恩賜。

3.今天，我們不敢忘記我們是第一次革命的繼承者。讓我在此時此地告訴我們的朋友，同樣也告訴我們的敵人:這支火炬已經傳遞給新一代美國人。這一代人出生在本世紀，在戰爭中受過鍛煉，在艱難困苦的和平時期受過磨煉，他們為我國悠久的傳統感到自豪—他們不愿目 睹或聽任人權漸趨毀滅，對于這些人權我國一向堅定不移，而且在當今國內和世界范圍我們也同樣全力擁護。

4.讓每個國家都知道—不論它希望我們繁榮還是希望我們衰落—為確保自由的存在和勝利，我們將付出任何代價，承受任何重負，應付任何艱難，支持任何朋友，反抗任何敵人。5.這些就是我們的誓言—而且還有更多。

6.對那些和我們有著共同文化和精神淵源的老盟友，我們保證待以摯友那樣的忠誠。如果我們團結一致，就能在許多合作事業中無往不勝。如果我們分歧對立，就會一事無成—因為我們不敢在爭吵不休、四分五裂時迎接強大的挑戰。

7.對那些我們歡迎其加入到自由行列中來的新國家，我們格守我們的誓言:決不讓一種更為殘酷的暴政來取代一種消失的殖民統治。我們并不總是指望他們會支持我們的觀點。但我們始終希望看到他們堅強地維護自己的自由—而且要記住，在歷史上，凡愚教地狐假虎威者，終必葬身虎口。

8.對世界各地身居茅舍和鄉村、為擺脫普遍貧困而斗爭的人們，我們保證盡最大努力幫助他們自立，不管需要花多長時間。之所以這樣做，并不是因為共產黨可能正在這樣做，也不是因為我們需要他們的選票，而是因為這樣做是正確的。自由社會如果不能幫助眾多的窮人，也就無法保全那些少數的富人。

9.對我國南面的姐妹共和國，我們提出一項特殊的保證:在爭取進步的新同盟中，把我們善意的話變為善意的行動，幫助自由的人們和自由的政府擺脫貧困的枷鎖。但是，這種充滿希望的和平革命決不可以成為敵對國家的犧牲品。我們要讓所有鄰國都知道，我們將和他們在一起，反對在美洲任何地區進行侵略和顛覆活動。讓所有其他國家都知道，本半球的人仍然想做自己家園的主人。

10.對聯合國，主權國家的世界性議事機構，我們在戰爭手段大大超過和平手段的時代里最后的、最美好的希望所在，我們重申予以支持:防止它僅僅成為謾罵的場所;加強它對新生國家和弱小國家的保護;擴大它的行使法令的管束范圍。11.最后，對那些與我們作對的國家，我們提出一個要求而不是一項保證:在科學釋放出可怕的破壞力量，把全人類卷人預謀的或意外的自我毀滅的深淵之前，讓我們雙方重新開始尋求和平。

12.我們不敢以怯弱來引誘他們。因為只有當我們毫無疑問地擁有足夠的軍備，我們才能毫無疑問地確信永遠不會使用這些軍備。

13.但是，這兩個強大的國家集團都無法從目前所走的道路中得到安慰—發展現代武器所需的費用使雙方負擔過重，致命的原子武器的不斷擴散理所當然使雙方憂心忡忡。但是，雙方卻爭著改變那制止人類發動最后戰爭的不穩定的恐怖均勢。14.因此讓我們雙方重新開始—雙方都要牢記，禮貌并不意味著怯弱，誠意永遠有待于驗證。讓我們決不要由于畏懼而談判。但我們決不能畏懼談判。

15.讓雙方都來探討使我們團結起來的問題，而不要糾纏那些使我們分裂的問題。

16.讓雙方首次為軍備檢查和軍備控制制訂認真而又明確的提案，把毀滅他國的絕對力量置于所有國家的絕對控制之下。

17.讓雙方尋求利用科學的神奇力量，而不是激發科學的恐怖因素。讓我們一起探索星球，征服沙漠，根除疾患，開發深海，并鼓勵藝術和商業的發展。

18.讓雙方團結起來，在全世界各個角落傾聽以賽亞的訓令—“卸下沉重的負擔，讓被欺壓者得到自由。”

19.如果合作的灘頭陣地能逼退猜忌的叢林，那么就讓雙方共同作一次新的努力—不是建立一種新的均勢，而是創造一個新的法治世界，在這個世界中，強者公正，弱者安全，和平將得到維護。20.所有這一切不可能在今后一百天內完成，也不可能在今后一千天或者在本屆政府任期內完成，甚至也許不可能在我們的有生之年內完成。但是，讓我們開始吧。

21.同胞們，我們方針的最終成敗與其說掌握在我手中，不如說掌握在你們手中。自從我國建立以來，每一代美國人都曾受到召喚去證明他們對國家的忠誠。響應召喚而獻身的美國青年的墳墓遍及全球。

22.現在，號角已再次吹響—不是召喚我們拿起武器，雖然我們需要武器。不是召喚我們去作戰，雖然我們嚴陣以待。它召喚我們為迎接黎明而肩負起慢長斗爭的重任，年復一年，“從希望中得到歡樂，在磨難中保持耐性，”對付人類共同的敵人—專制、貧困、疾病和戰爭本身。

23.為反對這些敵人，確保人類更為豐裕的生活，我們能夠組成一個包括東西南北各方的全球大聯盟嗎?你們愿意參加這一歷史性的努力嗎? 24.在漫長的世界歷史中，只有少數幾代人在自由處于最危急的時刻被賦予保衛自由的責任。在這一責任面前，我絕不會退縮，我歡迎它。我不相信我們中間有人想同其他人或其他時代的人交換位置。我們為這一努力所奉獻的精力、信念和忠誠，將照亮我們的國家和所有為國效勞的人，而這火焰發出的光芒定能照亮全世界。

25.因此，美國同胞們，不要問國家能為你們做些什么，而要問你們能為國家做些什么。26.全世界的公民們，不要問美國將為你們做些什么，而要問我們能共同為人類的自由做些什么。

27.最后，不論你們是美國公民還是其他國家的公民，請用我們所要求于你們的力量和犧牲的高標準來要求我們。問心無愧是我們唯一可靠的獎賞，歷史是我們行動的最終裁判，讓我們走向前去，引導我們所熱愛的國家。我們祈求上帝的福佑和幫助，但我們知道，上帝在塵世的工作必定是我們自己的工作。