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動詞第三人稱單數(shù)加“S”與名詞復(fù)數(shù)加“S”的區(qū)別

時間:2019-05-15 10:04:00下載本文作者:會員上傳
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第一篇:動詞第三人稱單數(shù)加“S”與名詞復(fù)數(shù)加“S”的區(qū)別

整數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)加“S”的規(guī)則

名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,一般在單數(shù)形式后面加s或es.現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成規(guī)則與讀音規(guī)則列表如下: 構(gòu)成方法

讀音

例詞 在詞尾加-s 1.在清輔音后讀作 [s ] 2.在濁輔音后讀作 [ z ] 1.desk—desks [ s ] 2.map—maps [ s ] 3.field –filelds[ dz] dog—dogs [ z ] sea—seas [ z ] 1.以s、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾的名詞后加-es 2.如詞尾是e,只加-s-(e)s讀作[ iz ] 1.classclasses [ iz ] box — boxes [ iz ] dish—dishes[ iz ] watch—watches[ iz ] 2.horse—horses[ iz ] 如詞尾為 –f或 –fe ,則一般變?yōu)?–ves-ves 讀作[ vz ] 1.leaf—leaves[ vz 2.knife—knives[ vz ] 以輔音+y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為 i再加-es-ies讀作[ iz ] family—families[ iz ] 以元音+y結(jié)尾的名詞,加-s-s讀作[ z ] boy—boys[ z ] 以輔音+o結(jié)尾的名詞,加-es-es讀作[ z ] hero—heroes[ z ] potato—potatoes[ z ] tomato—tomatoes[ z ] 以元音+o結(jié)尾的名詞,加-s-s讀作[ z ] radio—radios[ z ] zoo—zoos[ z ] 以-th結(jié)尾的名詞,加-s 1.在長元音后,-ths讀作[ z ] 2.在短元音或輔音后,-ths讀作[ s ] 1.bath—baths[ z ] 2.month—months[ s ] 英語里有一些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不是以詞尾-s或-es構(gòu)成,它們的構(gòu)成方法主要如下表: 構(gòu)成方法

例詞

變內(nèi)部元音

foot[ u ]—feet[i: ] man[ ]—men[ e ] mouse[ au ]—mice[ ai ] woman[ ]—women[ e ] 詞尾加-en ox—oxen(公牛)child[ ai ]—children[ i ] 形式不變(通形名詞----單、復(fù)數(shù)同形)deer—deer fish—fish sheep—sheep 集合名詞

(只有復(fù)數(shù),沒有單數(shù)。)

trousers people(人,人民)glasses(眼鏡)名詞做定語

1.只在后面名詞加復(fù)數(shù)

2.man, woman隨之后面的名詞 而變化,后單其單,后復(fù)其復(fù)。3.sport作定語永遠(yuǎn)用作復(fù)數(shù)。1.apple tree—apple trees 2.man doctor—men doctors 3.sports shop sports shoes 表示國籍的名詞

(中日不變,英法變,其余詞后加s)Chinese—Chinese Japanese—Japanese Englishman—Englishmen Frenchman—Frenchmen American—Americans 動詞第三人稱單數(shù)加“S”的規(guī)則

一、動詞第三人稱單數(shù)的變化規(guī)則及發(fā)音規(guī)律

動詞原形變第三人稱單數(shù)的規(guī)則與發(fā)音規(guī)律同名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)大致相同,請認(rèn)真觀察。

1、大多數(shù)動詞在詞尾加“S”在清輔音后發(fā)音為[s],在濁輔音及元音后發(fā)音為 [z]。如: ①stop-stops [s];make-makes [s] ②read-reads [z];play-plays [z]

2、以輔音字母加“y”結(jié)尾的,要先將“y”變?yōu)椤癷”,然后在加“es”讀[iz] 如: fly-flies [z]; carry-carries [z] study-studies [z];worry-worries

3、以“s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的,在詞尾加“es”,發(fā)音為[iz] 如: teach-teaches [iz];watch-watches [iz]

4、以“o”結(jié)尾的動詞,加“es”,讀[z] 如: go-goes [z] do-does [z]

下面幾個動詞變?yōu)閱螖?shù)時,原詞的元音部分的發(fā)音發(fā)生了較大的變化,請注意記憶。如:

1、do [du:]-does [dz]

2、say [sei]-says [sez]

以不發(fā)音字母“e”結(jié)尾的開音節(jié)詞,如果尾音是[s],[z]時,加“s”后字母“e”發(fā)音,與所加“s”

一起讀做[iz]。如: close-closes [iz]

二、對比詞形變化中原詞詞尾變化之異同: 變“y”為“i”現(xiàn)象 雙寫最后輔音字母現(xiàn)象 例詞:

①baby-babies ②carry-carries ③study-studies

動詞第三人稱單數(shù)加“S”與名詞復(fù)數(shù)加“S”的區(qū)別

名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式和動詞第三人稱單數(shù)形式性質(zhì)上截然不同,但它們在構(gòu)成方式上有異也有同。試比較如下:

一、構(gòu)成方式的相同點(diǎn) 1.兩者一般在詞尾加-s清輔音后讀作,濁輔音和元音后讀作[z]。如:

名詞復(fù)數(shù):bed(beds), tree(trees), 動詞第三稱單數(shù):help(helps), play(plays)2.兩者以s ,x ,ch ,sh結(jié)尾的詞,在詞尾加-es,原詞尾已有e,一般只加-s都讀作[iz]。如:

名詞復(fù)數(shù):box(boxes), orange(oranges)動詞第三人稱單數(shù):wash(washes), close(closes)3.以輔音字母加-y結(jié)尾的詞,先變y為i,再加-es,讀作[iz]。如:

名詞復(fù)數(shù):factory(factories), baby(babies)動詞第三人稱單數(shù):fly(flies), study(studies)

二、構(gòu)成方式的不同點(diǎn) 1.名詞復(fù)數(shù)方面

(1)有些名詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式相同。如:sheep(sheep), Chinese(Chinese)(2)有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是特殊的,不規(guī)則的。如:man(men), child(children)(3)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,有的加s,也有的加es。如:radio(radios), phono(phonos), tomato(tomatoes)(4)以fe結(jié)尾的先變f(e)為v,再加es。如:knife(knives), leaf(leaves)2.第三人稱單數(shù)形式方面

(1)以o結(jié)尾的動詞加es。如:go(goes), do(does)(2)不規(guī)則的。如:have(has)

第二篇:名詞復(fù)數(shù)加s和es

名詞復(fù)數(shù)加s與es規(guī)則

1)單數(shù)名詞加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers. 2)以s、x、sh、ch結(jié)尾的名詞加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches. 3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es: cities, babies, enemies.

4)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,多數(shù)變f為v加es: wives, knives.但有些詞只加s: roofs, proof s, chiefs. 5)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.其它加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.

6)不規(guī)則名詞:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→me n, woman→women, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, mouse→mice.7)某些外來詞變復(fù)數(shù):datum→data, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria, curriculum→curricula, criterion→criteria, phenomenon→phenomena.(um/on→a)analysis→analyses, basis→bases, crisis→crises, diagnosis→diagnoses.(is→es)

8)復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù):以不可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞無復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:homework. 以man或woman為前綴的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù),前后兩個名詞都變復(fù)數(shù),如:manservant→menservants, woman student women students.

其它復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù):grownup→grownups, brotherinlaw→brothersinlaw, standby→standsby.

9)復(fù)合形容詞做定語時,其中的名詞保持單數(shù):a sixyearold boy,a twohundredpage book 10)以ch結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)是加es還是加s,是由ch的發(fā)音決定的.10.1 stomach(胃),matriarch(女家長,女族長),monarch(君主),czech(捷克人)這幾個詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是stomachs,matriarchs,monarchs,czechs,其復(fù)數(shù)形式都是直接加s,其中-ch都是讀作/k/ 10.2 當(dāng)ch發(fā)音為/t/、/d3/時,復(fù)數(shù)應(yīng)在詞尾加es,e.g.:benches /bentz/(長凳), branches /‘bra:ntz/(樹枝、支部), torches [t??t?z](火炬), sandwiches ['s?n(d)w?d?;-w?t?](三明治)

第三篇:第三人稱名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)

動詞原形變第三人稱單數(shù)的規(guī)則與發(fā)音規(guī)律同名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)大致相同,請認(rèn)真觀察。

1、大多數(shù)動詞在詞尾加“S”在清輔音后發(fā)音為[s],在濁輔音及元音后發(fā)音為 [z]。如: ①stop-stops [s] make-makes [s] ②read-reads [z] play-plays [z]

2、以輔音字母加“y”結(jié)尾的,要先將“y”變?yōu)椤癷”,然后在加“es”讀[iz] 如: fly-flies [z]; carry-carries [z] study-studies [z];worry-worries

3、以“s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的,在詞尾加“es”,發(fā)音為[iz] 如: teach-teaches [iz];watch-watches [iz]

4、以“o”結(jié)尾的動詞,加“es”,讀[z] 如: go-goes [z] do-does [z] 下面幾個動詞變?yōu)閱螖?shù)時,原詞的元音部分的發(fā)音發(fā)生了較大的變化,請注意記憶。如:

1、do [du:]-does [dz]

2、say [sei]-says [sez] 以不發(fā)音字母“e”結(jié)尾的開音節(jié)詞,如果尾音是[s],[z]時,加“s”后字母“e”發(fā)音,與所加“s” 一起讀做[iz]。如: close-closes [iz]

二、對比詞形變化中原詞詞尾變化之異同: 變“y”為“”現(xiàn)象 雙寫最后輔音字母現(xiàn)象 例詞:

①baby-babies ②carry-carries ③study-studying 動詞第三人稱單數(shù)詞尾變化形式及讀音 動詞第三人稱單數(shù)詞尾變化有三種形式。(1)一般動詞在詞尾加-s,-s在清輔音后讀/s/,在濁輔音或元音后讀/z/,ds讀/dz/,ts讀/ts/。如:

help→helps/helps/,know→knows/nEuz/,get→gets/gets/,read→reads/ri:dz/(2)以字母s,x,ch,sh或有些以o結(jié)尾的動詞加-es,-es讀/iz/。如:

guess→guesses/'gAsiz/,fix→fixes/'fiksiz/,teach→teaches/'ti:tFiz/,wash→washes/'wRFiz/ 注意:go→goes/gEuz/,do→does/dQz/

(3)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動詞,先變y為i,再加-es,-ies讀/iz/。如: carry→carries/'kAriz/,fly→flies/flaiz/ 注:在play→plays/pleiz/,say→says/sez/中,字母y前為元音字母,第三人稱單數(shù)形式直接在動詞后面加-s。(4)特殊詞例外。如: be→is,have→has 1)單數(shù)名詞加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers. 2)以s、x、sh、ch

結(jié)尾的名詞加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches. 3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es: cities, babies, enemies.4)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,多數(shù)變f為v加es: wives, knives.但有些詞只加s: roofs, proof s, chiefs. 5)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.

其它

加6)不規(guī)則名詞:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→me n, woman→women, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, mouse→mice.7)某些外來詞變復(fù)數(shù):datum→data, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria, curriculum→curricula, criterion→criteria, phenomenon→phenomena.(um/on→a)analysis→analyses, basis→bases, crisis→crises, diagnosis→diagnoses.(is→es)

8)復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù):以不可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞無復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:homework. 以man或woman為前綴的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù),前后兩個名詞都變復(fù)數(shù),如:manservant→menservants, woman student women students.

其它復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù):grownup→grownups, brotherinlaw→brothersinlaw, standby→standsby. 9)復(fù)合形容詞做定語時,其中的名詞保持單數(shù):a sixyearold boy,a twohundredpage book

1、大多數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時在末尾直接加“s”:book boy piano 以“s, x, sh, ch”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時在末尾加“es”:dress watch box

2、部分以“o”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時也要在末尾加“es”:hero nero potato mango tomato

3、以輔音加”y”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時在末尾將“y”改“i”加“es”:family baby puppy

4、以“f”或“fe”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時在末尾將“f”或“fe”改為“ves”:knife wife

5、部分名詞屬于單復(fù)數(shù)同形,名詞復(fù)數(shù)還是其本身:sheep fish

6、部分名詞本身就是復(fù)數(shù):people glasses clothes

7、部分單詞中含有字母組合“oo”,應(yīng)將“oo”改為“ee”:foot goose

8、部分名詞屬于不規(guī)則變化,應(yīng)專門記憶:man child mouse

9、不可數(shù)名詞一般不使用復(fù)數(shù)形式:water milk 動詞第三人稱單數(shù)和過去式同時出現(xiàn),變哪一個? 變過去式

如 She bought a book yesterday.規(guī)則的變化有以下幾種: 1.直接加s。

2.以s,sh,ch,x結(jié)尾的單詞要加es。以s結(jié)尾的單詞要加es,這個應(yīng)該不會弄錯,不然一個單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式的尾巴就是ss了。但是sh,ch結(jié)尾就很容易被忘記,而且因為在he,she,it做主語的一般現(xiàn)在時里,動詞也是這種變化,所以一定要記住.比如watch->watches(手表;看);finish->finishes....x結(jié)尾的倒不是很多見(如boxes)3.以輔音字母加上y結(jié)尾的單詞,去掉y加上ies.大家容易忽略的就是y前面一定要是輔音字母才要做這樣的變化,像boy就不符合這個條件,平時記清楚了才不會在考試的時候突然犯迷糊。這種符合條件的例子有:baby->babies....而以y結(jié)尾的專有名詞,則直接加s變復(fù)數(shù),如the Henrys(亨利一家)4.以o 結(jié)尾的名詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時,大多數(shù)都是直接加s, 除了hero, negro,potato,tamato這四個加es.5.以f或fe 結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時,可以是加s,如:belief->beliefs,roof->roofs;也有去f,fe 加ves,如half->halves,knife->knives,leaf->leaves,wolf->wolves,wife->wives,life->lives,thief->thieves;沒有什么確定的變化規(guī)則,去f,fe 加ves常用的都在這里了,多看幾眼就記住了吧。還有handkerchief可以有handkerchiefs或者h(yuǎn)andkerchieves的變化,是特例里面的特例了。

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 一些練習(xí):

1.Most of the houses in the village were burnt to ______ in the big fire.a.an ash b.the ash c.ash d.ashes 解答:be burned into ashes意思是“燒成了灰燼”;ash的復(fù)數(shù)形

是ashes....2.He has done some ______ on that subject from various angles this year.a.research b.a research c.researches d.the researches 解答:research用在學(xué)術(shù)性的研究、探索上時應(yīng)該是復(fù)數(shù)形式(沒有冠詞),ch

結(jié)尾的詞應(yīng)該加es。3.In Britain the ______ are all painted red.a.letter boxes b.letters box c.letters boxes d.letter's box 動詞原形變第三人稱單數(shù)的規(guī)則與發(fā)音規(guī)律同名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)大致相同,請認(rèn)真觀察。

1、大多數(shù)動詞在詞尾加“S”在清輔音后發(fā)音為[s],在濁輔音及元音后發(fā)音為 [z]。如: ①stop-stops [s] make-makes [s] ②read-reads [z] play-plays [z]

2、以輔音字母加“y”結(jié)尾的,要先將“y”變?yōu)椤癷”,然后在加“es”讀[iz] 如:

fly-flies [z]; carry-carries [z] study-studies [z];worry-worries

3、以“s, x, ch, sh”結(jié)尾的,在詞尾加“es”,發(fā)音為[iz] 如: teach-teaches [iz];watch-watches [iz]

4、以“o”結(jié)尾的動詞,加“es”,讀[z] 如: go-goes [z] do-does [z] 下面幾個動詞變?yōu)閱螖?shù)時,原詞的元音部分的發(fā)音發(fā)生了較大的變化,請注意記憶。如:

1、do [du:]-does [dz]

2、say [sei]-says [sez] 以不發(fā)音字母“e”結(jié)尾的開音節(jié)詞,如果尾音是[s],[z]時,加“s”后字母“e”發(fā)音,與所加“s” 一起讀做[iz]。如: close-closes [iz]

二、對比詞形變化中原詞詞尾變化之異同: 變“y”為“”現(xiàn)象 雙寫最后輔音字母現(xiàn)象 例詞:

①baby-babies ②carry-carries ③study-studying 動詞第三人稱單數(shù)詞尾變化形式及讀音 動詞第三人稱單數(shù)詞尾變化有三種形式。

(1)一般動詞在詞尾加-s,-s在清輔音后讀/s/,在濁輔音或元音后讀/z/,ds讀/dz/,ts讀/ts/。如:

help→helps/helps/,know→knows/nEuz/,get→gets/gets/,read→reads/ri:dz/(2)以字母s,x,ch,sh或有些以o結(jié)尾的動詞加-es,-es讀/iz/。如:

guess→guesses/'gAsiz/,fix→fixes/'fiksiz/,teach→teaches/'ti:tFiz/,wash→washes/'wRFiz/ 注意:go→goes/gEuz/,do→does/dQz/

(3)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的動詞,先變y為i,再加-es,-ies讀/iz/。如: carry→carries/'kAriz/,fly→flies/flaiz/ 注:在play→plays/pleiz/,say→says/sez/中,字母y前為元音字母,第三人稱單數(shù)形式直接在動詞后面加-s。(4)特殊詞例外。如: be→is,have→has 2)單數(shù)名詞加s: students, apples, bags, trees, books, brothers. 2)以s、x、sh、ch

結(jié)尾的名詞加es: glasses, boxes, brushes, matches. 3)以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i加es: cities, babies, enemies.4)以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,多數(shù)變f為v加es: wives, knives.但有些詞只加s: roofs, proof s, chiefs. 5)以o結(jié)尾的名詞,有些加es: Negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes.其

加s: radio s, zoos, pianos, photos.

6)不規(guī)則名詞:foot→feet, goose→geese, tooth→teeth, child→children, man→me n, woman→women, sheep→sheep, deer→deer, mouse→mice.7)某些外來詞變復(fù)數(shù):datum→data, medium→media, bacterium→bacteria, curriculum→curricula, criterion→criteria, phenomenon→phenomena.(um/on→a)analysis→analyses, basis→bases, crisis→crises, diagnosis→diagnoses.(is→es)

8)復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù):以不可數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾的復(fù)合名詞無復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:homework. 以man或woman為前綴的復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù),前后兩個名詞都變復(fù)數(shù),如:manservant→menservants, woman student women students.

其它復(fù)合名詞變復(fù)數(shù):grownup→grownups, brotherinlaw→brothersinlaw, standby→standsby. 9)復(fù)合形容詞做定語時,其中的名詞保持單數(shù):a sixyearold boy,a twohundredpage book

1、大多數(shù)名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時在末尾直接加“s”:book boy piano 以“s, x, sh, ch”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時在末尾加“es”:dress watch box

2、部分以“o”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時也要在末尾加“es”:hero nero potato mango tomato

3、以輔音加”y”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時在末尾將“y”改“i”加“es”:family baby puppy

4、以“f”或“fe”結(jié)尾的名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時在末尾將“f”或“fe”改為“ves”:knife wife

5、部分名詞屬于單復(fù)數(shù)同形,名詞復(fù)數(shù)還是其本身:sheep fish

6、部分名詞本身就是復(fù)數(shù):people glasses clothes

7、部分單詞中含有字母組合“oo”,應(yīng)將“oo”改為“ee”:foot goose

8、部分名詞屬于不規(guī)則變化,應(yīng)專門記憶:man child mouse

9、不可數(shù)名詞一般不使用復(fù)數(shù)形式:water milk

第四篇:一般現(xiàn)在時除主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時謂語動詞要加s外

☆一般現(xiàn)在時除主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時謂語動詞要加s外,一律用動詞原形。

例句:

I go to school at 6 every morning.每天早上我七點(diǎn)去上學(xué)。

Summer follows spring.春天之后是夏天。

The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。

I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.我在小學(xué)就學(xué)過地球是圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)的。

Pride goes before a fall.驕者必敗。主要用于下面幾情況:

1)描述當(dāng)前時間內(nèi)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)、反復(fù)發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。

在這種情景中,句子常帶有表示頻率的時間狀語:always , everyday , often , once a week(month , year , etc.), sometimes , seldom , usually等等,以表示句中的動作或狀態(tài)是習(xí)慣性的、經(jīng)常性的。例如:

They raise ducks as a sideline.他們以養(yǎng)鴨為副業(yè)。

She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month.她不常給家里寫信,僅一月一封而已。

I cycle to work every day.我每天騎自行車上班。

It seldom rains here.這兒很少下雨。

2)僅為了描述狀態(tài)、性質(zhì)、特征、能力等等。

這里的目的是為了“描述現(xiàn)階段的動作或狀態(tài)”,其重點(diǎn)“不是強(qiáng)調(diào)動作發(fā)生的時間、或進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)”。例如:

He can speak five foreign languages.他能說五種外語。

That is a beautiful city.那是座美麗的城市。

Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world.長江是世界上最長的河流之一。

She majors in music.她主修音樂。

All my family love football.我全家人都喜歡足球。

My sister is always ready to help others.我妹妹總是樂于助人。

3)陳述客觀事實(shí)、客觀真理。

顧名思義,客觀的情況是“沒有時間概念”的;也“不會在意動作進(jìn)行的狀態(tài)”。例如:

The sun rises in the east.日出東方。

The earth goes around the sun.地球繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)。

Ten minus two is eight.十減二等于八。

Light travels faster than sound.光的速度比聲音的速度快。

The United States lies by the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.美國位于太平洋西岸。

4)根據(jù)英文語法規(guī)定,當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時,那么時間或條件狀語從句的謂語動詞只能用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來要發(fā)生的動作。例如:

I'll tell him the news when he comes back.他回來時,我將告訴他這個消息。

If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details.如果你接受這份工作,他們將和你談?wù)劶?xì)節(jié)。

用于一般現(xiàn)在時的副詞,除了上面提到的一些表示頻率的以外,常見的還有:now, today , nowadays等等。

1.用于某些動詞(tell, say, hear, learn, gather等)表示不確定的過去時間。如:

I hear that he got married last month.我聽說他上個月結(jié)婚了。

Mary says you told her to come over here.瑪麗說是你讓她到這兒來的。

2.當(dāng)要陳述一個客觀事實(shí)時,有時即使有過去時間狀語也可用一般現(xiàn)在時。如:

The story is set in the summer of 1937.故事的背景是1937年夏天。

The story begins in the year 1937.故事開始于1937年。☆一般過去時用動詞的過去式構(gòu)成,即在動詞原形后加ed。

例句:

He was here just now.他剛才還在這里。

What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事?

We often played together when we were children.我們小時候常在一起玩。

He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now.他過去經(jīng)常抽煙,但現(xiàn)在不抽了。

Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us.每當(dāng)我們遇到困難,他都會幫助我們。

At that time she was very good at English.那時她英語學(xué)得很好。

He said he would wait until they came back.主要是用來描述在過去某個時候發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。它也可以用來表示在過去某段時間里經(jīng)常發(fā)生的習(xí)慣性動作。這一點(diǎn)在表達(dá)意義上與一般現(xiàn)在時相同,只是所在的時間區(qū)域不同而已。由于它的主要作用如此,所以在使用一般過去時的句子里常常有一個意義較具體的過去時間狀語。這也是它與現(xiàn)在完成時的最大區(qū)別之一。

一般過去時由謂語動詞的過去式表示,也就是說動詞詞末要加-ed(除不規(guī)則動詞外)。常和一般過去時連用的過去時間狀語有:last night(week ,month , year , century , etc.), yesterday , the day before yesterday , yesterday morning(afternoon , evening), in 1999 , two hours ago(one week ago , tree years ago , ?)等等。

使用一般過去時,在某種意義上說就是要強(qiáng)調(diào)動作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生或存在于過去的某個時候。“過去”的時間概念有兩層意思:一是指“現(xiàn)在某個時間”以前的時間;二是指“說話、寫文章的那個時間點(diǎn)”以前的時間,在這個意義上,“現(xiàn)在的那個時間點(diǎn)”是很小很小的,甚至于小到無法量化的程度。例如:

He got his driving license last month.他上個月拿到了駕照。

--Where's Jim? 吉姆在哪里?

--He just went out.他剛剛出去。

(1)在賓語從句中,由于時態(tài)呼應(yīng)的關(guān)系,可用一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在:

I didn’t know you were here.我不知道你在這兒。(were實(shí)際上指現(xiàn)在)

I didn’t know you were so busy.我沒想到你這么忙。(were實(shí)際上指現(xiàn)在)

(2)表示客氣委婉的現(xiàn)在:

I wondered if you were free this evening.不知您今晚是否有空。

I thought you might like some flowers.我想您也許想要些花。

【注】能這樣有的動詞主要限于want, wonder, think, hope, intend等少數(shù)動詞。

(3)用于某些特殊結(jié)構(gòu)中表示現(xiàn)在:

It’s time we started.我們該動身了。

I wish I knew his name.要是我知道他的名字就好了。

I’d rather you lived closer to us.我希望你能住得離我們近點(diǎn)。

【注】該用法主要用于 it’s time, I wish, I’d rather, if only, as if, as though 等少數(shù)結(jié)構(gòu)后接從句的情形,其中有些結(jié)構(gòu)后面的句子還可用一般過去時表示將來:

I’d rather you came next Monday.我寧愿你下周星期一來。

另外表主觀想法的虛擬條件句也用一般過去時表示現(xiàn)在:

If I had the money now I’d buy a car.假若我現(xiàn)在有錢,我就買輛小汽車。

☆一般將來時

由 will 加動詞原形構(gòu)成,當(dāng)主語是第一人稱時,也可以用 shall 加動詞原形。

例如:

Telephone me this evening.I’ll be at home.今晚給我打電話,我會在家。

I’ll(shall/will)do a better job next time.下次我要干得好些。

The car won’t start.車開不了啦。

Oil and water will not mix.油和水沒法混在一起。

主要用來描述將要發(fā)生的動作或存在于未來的情況。這里所說的“將來時間”是指“說話、寫文章那一刻以后的時間”。它的表示方法主要有如下幾種:

1)shall / will + 動詞原形這種表示方法是說,動作在現(xiàn)在或目前還未發(fā)生,要在將來的某個時間內(nèi)發(fā)生;它沒有主觀性,是“純粹的將來動作”。例如:

I shall / will not be free tomorrow.我明天沒空。

He will arrive here this evening.他今晚抵達(dá)這里。

2)be(am / is / are)+ going +不定式

這種表示方法主要是說明 A)“說話人的意圖、打算”;B)“某種可能性”。例如:

A)He is going to spend his holidays in London.他打算在倫敦度假。

Who is going to speak first? 誰先發(fā)言?

B)It is going to rain soon.馬上要下雨了。

Is he going to collect any data for us? 他會幫我們收集資料嗎?

If you go to New Zealand, you are going to like the place.如果你去新西蘭,你會喜歡上那個地方的。

3)be(am / is / are)+ 不定式表示方法描述兩鐘情況:

按計劃安排要發(fā)生的動作,這個動作發(fā)生的時間一般不會很遠(yuǎn); 要求或命令他人做某事。例如:

A)The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days.新橋三天后通車。

The factory is to go into production before National Day.這家工廠國慶節(jié)前投產(chǎn)。

B)You are not to bring any mobile communication means into the exam-room.任何移動通訊工具都不得帶入考場。

You are to stay home until your mother comes back.你媽回來之前你不要出去。

4)用一般現(xiàn)在時或現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(限于某些動詞)表示按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事。主要強(qiáng)調(diào)“按計劃安排要發(fā)生的事”。例如:

Do you get off at the next stop? 你下一站下車嗎?

The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m.那架飛機(jī)上午十一點(diǎn)起飛。

Mr.Reider is leaving for New York next week.里德先生下周動身去紐約。1.“be+不定式”:表示命令、安排、傾向或必須、義務(wù)等。如:

She is to play Juliet.她扮演朱麗葉。

You are to make the necessary changes.你要做出必要的改變。

2.“be about to + 不定式”:表示即將發(fā)生的動作,有“即將”的意思,但不能和具體的時間狀語連用。如:

The package is about to come unwrapped.那個包快散開了。

3.“be going + 不定式”:表示按計劃或安排打算去做某事,或表示有跡象表明要發(fā)生某事。如:

We are going to call her this evening.我們打算今晚給她打電話。

My sister’s going to have a baby this summer.我姐姐今年夏天要生孩子。

4.用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示將來:主要表示按規(guī)定或時間預(yù)計要發(fā)生的事。如:

The students are leaving on Sunday.學(xué)生們星期日出發(fā)。

We’re having a party next week.我們下星期將開一個晚會。

5.用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來:表示按規(guī)定或時間預(yù)計要發(fā)生的事。如:

We have a holiday tomorrow.我們明天放假。

The train leaves at 10:04 this evening.火車今晚10:04分開。☆現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時由 am/is/are 加現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。

例句:

They’re having a meeting.他們在開會。

I’m studying at an evening school.我在上夜校。

Mike is coming home on Thursday.邁克星期四回來。

They’re having a party next week.下星期他們將開一個晚會。

You’re always interrupting me!你老打斷我的話!(抱怨)

My father is always losing his car keys.我爸老丟車鑰匙。(不滿)

She’s always helping people.她老是幫助別人。(贊揚(yáng))主要用來描述“說話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動作,或是“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進(jìn)行的動作。它適用于下面的情況:

1)“說話、寫文章的當(dāng)刻”正在發(fā)生的動作。例如:

They are having a football match.他們正在賽足球。

She is writing her term paper.她正在寫學(xué)期論文。

Someone is asking for you on the phone.有人找你聽電話。

2)“現(xiàn)階段”一直在進(jìn)行的動作。這種情況并不是說某個動作在說話的那會兒正在發(fā)生,而是說某個動作在當(dāng)前一段時間內(nèi)一直在進(jìn)行著,或是重復(fù)地發(fā)生著。例如:

He is preparing for CET Band Six.他在為大學(xué)英語六級考試作準(zhǔn)備。

How are you getting along with your new job? 你那份新工作干得怎么樣?

3)表示說話人的情感,如:贊許、批評;喜歡、厭惡等。這時的動作并不是正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行,而是表示經(jīng)常性,相當(dāng)于“一般現(xiàn)在時”所描述的情況。例如:

He is always thinking of others , not of himself.(表示贊許)他總是為他人著想,而不為自己。

She is often doing well at school.(表示滿意)她在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)挺不錯的。

Are you feeling better today?(表示親切)你今天覺得好一些嗎?

One of my roommates is constantly leaving things about.(表示不滿)我的一個室友老是亂扔?xùn)|西。

Some sellers are often knocking at our door and promoting their products to us.(表示不喜歡)有些推銷員老是敲我家的門,向我們推銷他們的產(chǎn)品。

4)表示在近期按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作,用于這種情況僅限于少量的動詞,如:go , come , leave ,arrive , see , have , lunch(吃午飯), return, dine(進(jìn)餐,尤指晚餐), work , sleep , stay , play , do , wear(穿,戴)等。例如:

I'm dinning out with my friends this evening.今晚我將和朋友在外面吃飯。

An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon.今天下午一位美國教授要來作報告。

We are having a holiday next Wednesday.下周三我們放假。

Are you staying here till next week? 你要在這兒呆到下星期嗎? 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表將來,主要表示按計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作:

I’m leaving tomorrow.我明天走。

They’re getting married next month.他們下個月結(jié)婚。

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時與一般現(xiàn)在時均可表示將來,區(qū)別是:用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時表示將來,其計劃性較強(qiáng),并往往暗示一種意圖;而一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來,則其客觀性較強(qiáng),即通常被視為客觀事實(shí),多指按時刻表或規(guī)定要發(fā)生的情況:

I’m not going out this evening.今晚我不準(zhǔn)備出去。

What time does the train leave? 火車什么時候開? ☆過去進(jìn)行時

主要表示在過去的某個時間點(diǎn)上正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的動作。由于它的定義是表示在過去的某個時間點(diǎn)上正在發(fā)生、進(jìn)行的動作,所以,句子常帶有一個表示“過去某個時間點(diǎn)”的狀語。這個狀語可能是短語,詞組,或是一個從句。也可能是通過上下文來表達(dá)這層意思。過去進(jìn)行時主要用于下面的情景中:

1)表示在過去某時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作,例如:

At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.昨天這個時候,我正在收拾東西去露營。

When I came to see her last time, she was writing an article.上次我來看她的時候,她正在寫一篇文章。

What were you doing at eight last night ? 昨晚八點(diǎn)鐘你在做什么?

2)用于故事的開頭,交代故事發(fā)生的背景情況。

過去進(jìn)行時所描述的動作是“正在進(jìn)行”,所以,在這種情景中用“過去進(jìn)行時”可以給讀者一種“動感”,從而能使文章更加生動活潑。例如:

One night, he was typing in his study.Suddenly , a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity ?.一天晚上,他正在書房里打字。突然,一個人闖進(jìn)屋來,切斷了電源??

3)(僅限少數(shù)動詞)表示在過去的未來時間要發(fā)生的動作。例如:

When National Day was coming near , they began to make a plan for the holiday.國慶節(jié)即將來臨的時候,他們開始制訂度假計劃。

She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday.她告訴我她將去海南度假。

My friend said to me that he was lunching with one of his customers that day.我朋友對我說,他今天要與他的一位客戶一塊兒吃午飯。

We left there when it's getting dark.天快黑的時候,我們離開了那兒。用過去進(jìn)行時表示現(xiàn)在,主要是為了使語氣委婉、客氣。如:

I was wondering if you could give me a lift.我不知你能否讓我搭一下車。

We were hoping you would stay with us.我們很希望你能跟我們住在一起。

How much did you want to spend, sir? 先生,您打算花多少錢?

注:一般過去時也有類似用法,但比較而言,用過去進(jìn)行時顯得更客氣,更不肯定。

☆過去完成時

由 had 加動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成。

例句:

She said she had never been to Paris.她說她從未去過巴黎。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.警察到達(dá)時,小偷們早就跑了。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.到了十二歲那年,愛迪生開始自己謀生。

一、過去完成時的概念與結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)

概念:過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動作,即“過去的過去(past-in-the-past)”。

----|--------------------------||---------------------------->

那時以前 那時 現(xiàn)在構(gòu)成:過去完成時由“助動詞 had + 過去分詞”構(gòu)成,其中 had 通用于各種人稱。

They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.二、過去完成時的判斷依據(jù)

1.由時間狀語來判定

一般說來,各種時態(tài)都有特定的時間狀語。與過去完成時連用的時間狀語有:

(1)by + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。

如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.(2)by the end of + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。

如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.(3)before + 過去的時間點(diǎn)。

如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2.由“過去的過去”來判定。

過去完成時表示“過去的過去”,是指過去某一動作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作,即動作有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的用過去完成時,在后的用一般過去時。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:

(1)賓語從句中

當(dāng)賓語從句的主句為一般過去時,且從句的動作先于主句的動作時,從句要用過去完成時。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。如:

She said that she had seen the film before.(2)狀語從句中

在時間、條件、原因、方式等狀語從句中,主、從句的動作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動作在前的,要用過去完成時,動作在后的要用一般過去時。如:

When I got to the station, the train had already left.After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過去時。如:

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.(3)表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示“原本?,未能?”

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3.根據(jù)上、下文來判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday.We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.三、過去完成時的主要用法

1.過去完成時表示一個動作或狀態(tài)在過去某一時間或動作之前已經(jīng)完成或結(jié)束,即發(fā)生在“過去的過去”。如:

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒來時,雨已經(jīng)停了。(主句的動作發(fā)生在“過去的過去”)

2.過去完成時是一個相對的時態(tài),表示的是“過去的過去”,只有和過去某一時間或某一動作相比較時才使用它。如:

He told me that he had written a new book.(had written 發(fā)生在 told 之前)

3.過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用,它不能離開過去時間而獨(dú)立存在。此時多與 already,yet,still,just,before,never 等時間副詞及 by,before,until 等引導(dǎo)的短語或從句連用。

如:Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.4.過去完成時表示某一動作或狀態(tài)在過去某時之前已經(jīng)開始,一直延續(xù)到這一過去時間,而且動作尚未結(jié)束,仍然有繼續(xù)下去的可能。

如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.(had worked 已有了 20 年,還有繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去的可能)

四、過去完成時與現(xiàn)在完成時的區(qū)別

現(xiàn)在完成時表示的動作發(fā)生在過去,但側(cè)重對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動詞 have(has)+ 過去分詞”;過去完成時則是一個相對的時態(tài),它所表示的動作不僅發(fā)生在過去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”,只有和過去某時或某動作相比較時,才用到它。試比較:

I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。

I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會了 1000 個英語單詞。

-I'm sorry to keep you waiting.對不起,讓你久等了。

John returned home yesterday.約翰昨天回到家的。

-Where had he been?

他去哪兒了?(答語中使用過去完成時是指約翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即“過去的過去”)

五、過去完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別

雖然這兩種時態(tài)都表示過去發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):

1.時間狀語不同:過去完成時在時間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過去的過去”;而一般過去時只強(qiáng)調(diào)過去某一特定的時間。試比較:

They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2.在沒有明確的過去時間狀語作標(biāo)志時,謂語動詞動作發(fā)生的時間先后須依據(jù)上下文來判斷:先發(fā)生的用過去完成時,后發(fā)生的則用一般過去時。如:

She was very happy.Her whole family were pleased with her, too.She had just won the first in the composition competition.3.當(dāng)兩個或兩個以上接連發(fā)生的動作用 and 或 but 連接時,按時間順序,只需用一般過去時來代替過去完成時;另外,在 before,after,as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時間的先后,因此也可以用過去時來代替過去完成時。如:

He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.I(had)called her before I left the office.過去完成時可表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法和打算,通常連用的動詞是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等:

I had meant to come, but something happened.我本想來,但有事就沒有來。

I had intended to speak, but time did not permit.我本想發(fā)言,但時間不允許。

We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t.我們本想你來看我們的,但你沒有來。☆現(xiàn)在完成時

由 have 加動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成,主語是第三人稱單數(shù)時,要將 have 改為 has。

例句:

I have seen the film already.我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。(現(xiàn)在我知道電影的內(nèi)容了。)

Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了嗎?(你知道它在哪里?)

She has been a dancer for ten years.她已當(dāng)了十年的舞蹈演員了。

We’ve planted thousands of trees in the past few years.過去幾年我們種了成千上萬棵樹。

對于初接觸現(xiàn)在完成時的人來說,往往會產(chǎn)生一種茫然,因為它似乎與一般過去時相似。那就是,這兩種時態(tài)描述的動作都始于過去。其實(shí)不然,現(xiàn)在完成時主要表示,發(fā)生在過去的動作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在剛剛完成、或許還要延續(xù);側(cè)重于這個動作對現(xiàn)在帶來的結(jié)果、產(chǎn)生的影響、積累的總和等等。而一般過去時則只不過是表示動作發(fā)生在過去的什么時候。弄清了這一區(qū)別,就很容易理解現(xiàn)在完成時了。它主要適用于下面的幾種情況:

1)表示截止現(xiàn)在業(yè)已完成的動作

By now, I have collected all the data that I need.到現(xiàn)在為止,我已收集到了我所需的全部資料。

She has read 150 pages today.她今天已看了150頁。

We haven't met for many years.我們已多年沒見了。

They have developed a new product.他們研制成功了一種新產(chǎn)品。

2)表示發(fā)生在過去而對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生影響、帶來結(jié)果的動作

Have you had your dinner? 你吃晚飯了嗎?

She has been to the United States.她已去美國了。

You have grown much taller.你長高了許多。

3)表示過去發(fā)生的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并可能還要延續(xù)

It has been five years since he joined the army.他參軍五年了。

They have learned English for eight years.他們已學(xué)了八年的英語了。

So far we've only discussed the first five chapters.至今我們還只討論了前五章。

幾點(diǎn)注意

1)一個句子應(yīng)該用什么時態(tài)只能取決于它需要表達(dá)的意思,以及它所處的語言環(huán)境。例如:

He speaks English.(一般現(xiàn)在時,說明動作發(fā)生的經(jīng)常性。)

He spoke English when he was in New Zealand.(一般過去時,說明動作發(fā)生的時間。)

He is speaking English.(現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時,說明動作正在進(jìn)行。)

He has spoken English for three years since he came to the USA.(現(xiàn)在完成時,這里說明動作的總和。)

He has been speaking English since he came to the USA.(現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時,強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的連續(xù)性。)

2)在含有時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果主句的謂語動詞是一般將來時,那么從句的謂語動詞就只能用一般現(xiàn)在時來表示將來時;如果主句的謂語動詞是過去將來時,那么從句的謂語動詞就只能用一般過去時來表示過去將來時。

例如:I will not play tennis if it rains tomorrow.I would not play tennis if it rained the next day.3)有些動詞表示無法持續(xù)的動作,它們一般不宜用于進(jìn)行時態(tài)中。這類動詞常見的有:be , believe , consist , find , forget , hate , have , hope , hear , know , like , love , notice , prefer , remember , see , seem , smell , suggest , taste , understand , want , wish , sit down , stand up 等等。

Be動詞若是用于進(jìn)行時態(tài),可表示暫時、短暫的情況或表現(xiàn)。例如:

Tom is being a good boy today.湯姆今天很乖。

He is being childish.他這樣做是耍孩子氣。

You are not being modest.你這樣說不太謙虛。

4)關(guān)于現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語問題

A.凡是“完成時態(tài)”都表示,不知道也不管動作發(fā)生的具體時間, 所以在使用現(xiàn)在完成時的句子里,不可以帶有表示具體過去時間的狀語,如:yesterday , last week(month , year , etc.), two weeks ago , in 1999等;但常和有些副詞連用,如: just , before , already , often , never , ever , not?yet , always等等。

B.在以when提問的特殊疑問中不能用現(xiàn)在完成時。另外,ago不能用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子里,因為它表示從現(xiàn)在算起的以前某個時間,屬于表示具體過去時間的狀語。但是可以用before 來表示“以前”的意義,因為它只表示“以前”,而不知什么時候的以前。

C.如果是不表示連續(xù)性的動詞用于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子,不可以和以for表示的“一段時間”的狀語連用。在這種情況下,應(yīng)該用“It has been ? ;since?”的句式來表達(dá)。如:

He has joined the army for five years.(錯誤)

It has been five years since he joined the army.(正確)

能與現(xiàn)在完成時連用詞語很多,如副詞just, already, yet, before, ever, recently 等,但下面是一些典型而且重要的例子:

(1)since(自從):不管用作介詞、連詞還是副詞, 句子(主句)謂語通常都用現(xiàn)在完成時:

I haven’t seen her since last week.自上周以來我一直未見過她。

Where have you been since I last saw? 自我上次見到你之后你到哪里去了?

【注】有時可用其他時態(tài)的情況,但須注意:

① 對于某些表示狀態(tài)的動詞(如 seem 等),或因語義等方面的原因,有時可能用一般現(xiàn)在時比較現(xiàn)在完成時更合適:

It seems like years since we last met.我們似乎幾年未見面了。

Since when does the $42 plus $5 service charge come to $48? 從什么什候開始42元加5元的服務(wù)費(fèi)等于48元了?

② 若不是指從過去持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,而是指從較遠(yuǎn)的過去持續(xù)到在一個較近的過去,則用過去完成時:

Yesterday he told me that he hadn’t eaten anything since Tuesday.他昨天告訴我自星期二以來他一直未吃任何東西。(指從星期二至昨天未吃東西)

③ 表示時間長度時,通常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替現(xiàn)在完成時:

It’s ten years since he left here.他離開這兒已10年了。

(2)so far(到目前為止):

So far there has been no bad news.到現(xiàn)在為止還沒有什么壞消息。

We haven’t had any trouble so far.到目前為止,我們還沒有遇到任何麻煩。

(3)in [for, during] the past [last] ? years(在過去?年中):

In the past two years I’ve seen him little.過去兩年我很少見到他。

I have been here(for)the last [past] month.最近一個月里我都在這兒。

【注】在一定的上下文里,若是以過去時間為起點(diǎn),也可用過去完成時。

(4)up to [until] now(到現(xiàn)在為止):

Up to now, the work has been easy.到現(xiàn)在為止這工作還算容易。

I have heard nothing from him up to now.到現(xiàn)在為止我還沒有聽到他一點(diǎn)音信。

(5)It’s [will be] the first time that?(第一次?):

It’s the first time I’ve come here.這是我第一次來這兒。

Don’t forget, it’ll be the first time I’ve spoken in public.別忘了,這是我第一次在公共場合發(fā)言。☆ 過去將來時

由would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to等加動詞原形構(gòu)成, 也可由was/were on the point of加動名詞構(gòu)成。

例句:

I knew you would agree.我知道你會同意的。

I said I would arrange everything.我說我來安排一切。表示過去的某時以后將要發(fā)生的動作。但這個“將來”時間絕不會延伸到“現(xiàn)在”;而僅限于“過去時間區(qū)域內(nèi)”。由此可以看出,含這個時態(tài)的句子常帶一個表示“過去某個時間點(diǎn)”的狀語。這個狀語或是一個短語,或是一個句子。這個時態(tài)常用于:

A)賓語從句或間接引語中;B)表示過去習(xí)慣性的動作;C)表示過去情況中的“愿望”、“傾向”,多用于否定句。例如:

A)When I thought about it , I wondered what their reaction would be.當(dāng)我考慮這件事時,我想知道他們的反應(yīng)是什么。

She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day.她告訴我,她第二天要去歐洲旅行。

He didn't expect that we would all be there.他沒料到我們會全在那兒。

B)During that period , he would do morning-exercises every day.在那段時間,他每天早鍛煉。

Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with some housework.無論他什么時間有空,他總是幫他媽媽干點(diǎn)家務(wù)活。

C)No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it.不管工作有多難,他總會堅持不懈地把它干完。

They knew that we would never permit such a thing.他們知道我們絕不會允許發(fā)生這樣的事。

Even after the lecture ended, the audience would not leave.甚至在講座結(jié)束之后,聽眾仍不肯離去。

was / were going to + 動詞原形;was / were to + 動詞原形;was / were about to + 動詞原形等結(jié)構(gòu)都可表達(dá)當(dāng)時一種未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的意圖或打算。如:

The conference was going to be held the next month.會議下個月開。

We were to have our class at eight.八點(diǎn)我們該上課了。

I was about to tell him about it when Wu Dong got in.就在我要告訴他時,吳東進(jìn)來了

第五篇:名詞單復(fù)數(shù)、動詞第三人稱單數(shù)、定冠詞的用法練習(xí)題

前段學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容歸納性練習(xí)

一.

1.I can see three ________ in the zoo.A monkeys

B monkeys

C monkey

2.The pig has four ______.A.foot B.feet C.foots

3.My two brothers are both ______.A.policeman B.policemans C.policemen 4.There are four ___________ in the class.A.Japanese B.Japaneses C.Japan

5.I can see ten _____ in the picture.A.sheep B.dog C.pig 6.The _____ has three______.A.boys, watches B.boy, watch C.boy, watches

7.C an you see _______on the plate? A.bread B.breads C.breades 8.The girl often brushes her_____ before she goes to bed.A.tooth B.tooths C.teeth

9.Mr Black often drink some _________.A.milk B.milks C.milkes

10.There are some _____ on the floor.A.child B.water C.books

11._______ will learn English.A.Woman B.Women C.Man

12.Lucy will show us some new ____ of hers.A.photo B.photos C.photoes 13.I drank two ______.A.bottles of orange B.bottle of orange C.bottles of oranges

14.The cat eats two ______ last night.A.mouses B.mice C.mouse 15.I need a pen and some _____.A.books B.desk C.chair Jim was late for two classes this morning.He said that he forgot both of the ______.A.rooms number

B.Room number C.Room’s number D.Room numbers

17.The newly-built library is a ______ building.A.five-storey

B.five storeys C.five-storey’s

D.five storeys’ 18.---Whose umbrella is it?---It’s _______.A.somebody else’s

B.Somebody else

C.Somebody’s else’s

D.Somebody’s else

19.I feel terribly hot, What’s the _____?

A.temperature of room

B.Room’s temperature C.Room temperature

D.Temperature of room’s

20._______ will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.A.The Evens B.The Evens’C.The Evenses D.The Evenses’ 二.

()21._____ you have a book?

A.Do B.Are C.Is D.Have()22.They _________ on a farm.A.working B.is work C.work D.is worked()23.Does Peter like to watch TV?__________.A.Yes, he like B.No, he doesn’t C.Yes, he’d like D.No, he likes

()24.She doesn’t __________ her homework in the afternoon.A.doing B.to do C.does D.do

()25.How ______ Mr.Brown _________ to America? A.do,go B.is,go C.does,go D.does,goes

()26.Where’s my camera? I_______ it.A.am not finding B.am not seeing C.can’t find D.can’t look at()27.How___ he go to work? He ____ to work by bike.A.does go B.do;goes C.do go D.does;goes

()28.___ you usually late for school? No, ___.A.Do I am B.Does not C.Are I’m not D.Are I aren’t

()29._____ she _____ home at six every day?

A.Is , leave B.Does , leave C.Is , leaves D.Does , left

()30.Mr.Yang ______ English this term.A.teaches our B.teaches us C.teachs us D.teach our

填空.31.She_____ _____(do)her homework every day.32.He_____ _____(live)in Huanggang.33.He_____ _____(need)a pair pf shoes.34.Danny_____ _____(see)the apple tree? 35.She_____ _____(come)from America.36.The girl_____ _____(look)out of the window and sees many bieds in the sky.37.Jenny runs home and_____ _____(sit)on the chair.38.Let

him

_____(play)basketball.39.Everyone_____(know)what he really like.40..Tose girls____(be)my sister.三.選擇:

41.At that time Tom was _______ one-year-old baby.A.a

B.an

C.the

D./

42._______ tiger is _______ China.A.The;a

B.A;the

C.The;from

D.The;the

43.We can’t see _______ sun at _______ night.A.the;the

B.the;/

C.a;/

D./;/

8._______ useful book it is!

A.What an

B.How a

C.What a

D.What

44.One afternoon he found _______ handbag.There was _______ “s”on the corner of_______ ha ndbag.A.a;an;the

B.a;a;the

C.an;an;an

D.the;a;a

45._______ old lady with white hair spoke _______ English well at _______ meeting.A.An;an;a

B.The;/;an C.The;/;a

D.The;/;the

46._______ Great Wall is _______ longest wall in the world.A.A;a

B.The;the

C.A;the

D.The;a

47._______ new bridge has been built over Huangpu River.A.The;a

B.A;/

C.A;the

D.An;the

48._______ woman over there is _______ popular teacher in our school.A.A;an

B.The;a

C.The;the

D.A;the

49.He used to be _______ teacher but later he turned _______ writer.A.a;a

B.a;the

C./;a

D.a;/

50.They made him _______ king.A.a

B.the

C.an

D./

51.His father is _______ English teacher.He works in our school.A.a

B.an

C.the

D./

52.Is he _______ American boy ?

A.an

B.a

C.one

D./

53.Does Tom often play _______ football after _______ school?

A./;/

B./;the

C.the;/

D.a;/

54.They passed our school _______ day before yesterday.A.an

B.one

C.a

D.the

55.Australia is _______ English-speaking country.A.a

B.an

C.the

D./

55.She has _______ orange skirt._______ skirt is nice.A.a;The

B.an;The

C.an;A

D.the;The

56.This is _______ apple.It’s _______ big apple.A.an;a

B.a;the

C.a;an

D.an;the

57.Look at _______ horse over there.A.a

B.an

C.the

D./

58.Don’t play _______ basketball here.It’s dangerous.A.a

B.an

C./

D.the

59.There is _______ old woman in the car.A./

B.the

C.a

D.an

60.Beijing is _______ beautiful city.It’s _______ capital of China.A.a;a

B.the;the

C./;the

D.a;the

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