第一篇：碩士畢業論文修改葵花寶典

論文修改寶典

Papertest檢測常識（以下簡稱PT）

一、親們最關心的是哪些地方需要改，哪些地方不需要改以及如何修改！

不需要改的地方：

A、由于PT是采用通篇檢測的原則，所以目錄、聲明、小標題和參考文獻部分也會參與檢測，這幾部分如果有標紅的地方可以直接跳過，不改，也可以在提交PT論文檢測的時候將目錄、聲明、參考文獻刪除，不參與檢測，還能省錢。（這部分字數少，不檢測的話對

重復率的影響就1%左右）

B、論文檢測，本來就是個機器活，機器肯定不如人腦，會有一定的誤判存在，這個是可以理解的。而PT的檢測又是最嚴格，那么肯定會存在少量太嚴不沾邊的誤判，這些可以直接跳過，不修改。比如：“我是她兒子”和“她是我兒子”任何檢測系統檢測出來肯定都是百分百相似。機器是死的，人是活的，我們可以靈活修改。

C、當抄襲的內容是法規條文名人名言概念真理等固定的條款，這種情況就不需要修改了，改也改不出一個道道。

需要修改的地方：

PT檢測報告中：句子不同顏色表示不同的相似度，紅色表示相似度在百分之70以上，橙色表示相似度在百分之40-70，綠色表示合格的句子。所以在排除以上三種不需要改的情況之后，紅色句子重點修改，橙色句子稍微修改。綠色句子中要是有您知道是抄襲的句子也需要修改。（任何系統的對比庫都是有限的，雖然有幾十億上百億的數據，但畢竟這世界資料那么多，而且很多是有版權的，肯定不可能全部都收錄，存在部分檢測不到是正常的）

修改方法總結：

只留下肯定改不了的部分如專業術語、數據等，其他的都用同義詞替換，并改變描述方式（變原句為倒裝句、被動句、主動句），另外還可以把超長句拆分成幾個短句。注意修改過程中可以適當增減字數，但是不能改變太多，比如原本一個句子四十個字被改成十個，或者八十個，甚至直接刪除標紅的句子，這樣有可能會越改越重復，甚至還可能導致原本檢測不重復的地方在下次檢測中會變成重復的。（這是由于PT和知網檢測系統都采用了模糊算法，如果整體結構和大綱被打亂（比如刪除了A這個標紅的句子），可能引起句子B前后檢測標紅不一致（第一次檢測合格，第二次卻被標紅）簡而言之，修改會引起“蝴蝶效應”，所以當您的文章相似度比較少的時候（比如低于30%），修改過程中不要對字數改變太大，而如果您的相似度很高，（比如高于40%）您就可以大刀闊斧的修改，甚至直接刪除標紅的句子，否則幾乎每個句子都要重新修改又要考慮到字數的話就工作量太大了。具體修改案例見底部。

二、PT數據庫有哪些

PaperTest的比對指紋數據庫庫由超過9000萬的學術期刊和學位論文，以及一個超過10億數量的互聯網網頁數據庫組成。指紋庫是指提取的文章關鍵性特征信息，并非全文。

現在大家寫論文主要都是通過互聯網來收集資料，為了更大程度順應市場規則，PT采用優先互聯網匹配原則，也就是說當我們匹配到了互聯網的文章后，就不會再去匹配論文資源庫了，這樣就能為最多的買家提供最有效最準確的論文修改指導。另外大家注意到兩個問題：一是買家A第一次用PT檢測是90%，修改數次之后用PT檢測只有10%，那么可以很肯定的說知網也低于10%（因為PT比知網嚴格，幾乎檢測的相似度都比知網高，而如果）

為什么引用也會全部標紅？先說一下知網對于引用庫的檢測原則吧，知網在檢測專用術語中有兩種庫的概念，我們暫且用一種通俗易懂的語言來解釋，一種是抄襲庫，一種是引用庫。斷句的時候，當發現一句話，來自于抄襲庫，他則算是抄襲，如果發現是引用庫的時候，則算引用，所以無論你在文中的引用符號標得多么先進，他都以他的庫為標準，所以建議不要過度引用。在PaperPass論文修改的過程中，你加了引用的地方可以暫且先pass掉，畢竟論文中是允許存在一定的引用的。

所有的修改完后，建議再次進行一次檢測，檢測完后，確定無問題了，無可以修改的地方了，可以采用知網做一次定稿檢測。為了論文順利通過，修修改改是必要的，別偷懶，順利畢業比什么都重要。

修改方法案例分析

例如下句：

過熱故障中的過熱與變壓器正常運行下的發熱是有區別的，正常運行時的其發熱源來自于繞組和鐵芯，即銅損和鐵損，而變壓器過熱故障是由于受到有效熱應力而造成的絕緣加速劣化，它具有中等水平的能量密度。

論文更改為：

幾乎被標紅，說明與相似文獻存在重合和高度相似，經過以上方式結合，本句可改為： 過熱故障中出現的過熱容易與變壓器正常運行下的發熱相混淆，后者是因為其繞組和鐵芯會出現銅損和鐵損的現象，這是正常運行過程中的發熱，而變壓器過熱故障是受到有效熱應力造成的絕緣加速劣化，具有中等水平的能力密度。

這樣修改幾乎可以降低抄襲率一半。

例如下句：

上世紀九十年代以來，在生產力提高、科技進步、跨國公司活躍等因素的共同驅動下，經濟全球化席卷全球，世界經濟越來越成為一 個整體，跨國公司根據其戰略部署在世界范圍內對生產要素和資源進行優化配置和重新整合，這導致國際貿易和分工的方式悄然發生 了變化，由傳統的產業間分工模式逐步演化為同一產品不同工序和區段上的分工體系，即產品內分工。

論文更改為:

從20世紀末以來，在新的科技革命及跨國公司迅速發展的帶動下，全球經濟日趨一體化，各國經濟在世界范圍內實現了競爭與協作相結合的良好共存局面。在全球范圍內，各生產要素由于跨國公司的快速發展實現了優化配置和重新整合，從而使國陳貿易和世界分工的方式產生了適應新時代要求的變化，傳統的產業分工方式開始轉變為因產品在工序和區段上的差異而進行的分工方式，這也就是我 們所說的產品之中的分工。

例如下句：

在透明水杯的清水中放入少量纖維進行攪動，便可以直觀地發現纖維呈立體懸浮狀亂向分散，且長時間放置都不會有太大變化，說明合成纖維的質量較好；質量差的纖維經攪動后可能分散，但時隔不久便會上浮為一絮狀層。質量差的纖維在混凝土的實際配制過程中多不易均勻分散。

論文更改為：

（本段完全被標紅，修改方式只有一種，就是打亂順序，重新組織）

將少量纖維放入盛裝清水的透明容器中，邊攪動邊觀察纖維變化情況，如果合成纖維質量較好，那么就可以直觀地看到纖維呈立體懸浮狀分散，隨著時間的推移，位置也不會發生明顯的變化；若合成纖維質量較差，那么攪動的過程中，纖維可能分散，并且容易上浮形成絮狀層。質量差的纖維在混凝土的實際配制過程中多不易均勻分散。

例如下句：

對施工單位或業主提出的設計變更要求要進行統籌考慮，確定其必要性，同時將設計變更對施工工期和費用的影響進行全面分析，非改不可的要調整施工計劃，以盡可能減少對工程的不利影響。

論文更改為：

施工單位或業主一旦提出設計變更要求，要進行統籌考慮，考察變更的必要性，同時，將設計變更對施工工期、費用等方面可能造成的影響進行全面而科學的分析，遇到非改不可的變更要調整施工計劃，盡可能將其對工程的不利影響降到最小

“反反抄襲”密招一：改寫

躲避“論文測謊儀”的方法聽起來有些笨，但卻很“實用”，那就是——改寫。“不是論文不能抄，要看你會抄不會抄！”。

東拼西湊其實并沒有過時，關鍵在于要仔細，不能露出馬腳。首先在不同的資料當中找到我需要的東西，然后把每句話變變句式，換換說法，加一些解釋性的擴充，略作增刪，最后把這些部分組織到一起，論文就大功告成了。雖然繁瑣一點，但是最后出爐的論文，絕對就像去韓國做了整容手術，煥然一新！再牛的測謊儀見到我這論文，估計也只有哀嘆的份兒。

多加參考書目，把腳注一通亂加，那就是雙重保險了！”有的時候，東拼西湊出一大段話，但是又不知道怎么改寫更好，就干脆給這段話原封不動地加上一個引號，然后再給這段話編一個相應的腳注。首先，?引用?部分不算作抄襲，論文測謊儀會自動剔除；其次，老師根本不可能有精力去檢查我的每個腳注是否真實。這樣一來，我的抄襲怎么可能被發現呢？

“反反抄襲”密招二：翻譯

要抄，就不能留下任何痕跡。她的方法更加繁瑣，但也更加保險，那就是翻譯。跨語言的論文測謊系統還沒有研發出來。廣泛查閱外文資料，挑出可以為我所用的部分，按照一定框架合在一起，一篇拼湊的英文論文就誕生啦！再把它翻譯成中文，畢業論文不就有著落了嗎？說抄襲，測謊儀軟件查得出來嗎？

這種方法對英語水平有很高要求，不過，英語一般的同學也有自己的“門道”。有些同學付錢給學校里英語專業的研究生，請他們對自己的“雙語論文”全程把關。“很多學校的墻上貼著這種小廣告，英語專業的學生為人操刀論文，價格也不菲，少則幾百元多則上千元。

“反反抄襲”密招三：取巧

改寫也好，翻譯也罷，都是力氣活兒。幾萬字的論文，如果字字改寫，句句翻譯，恐怕論文沒寫完，已經是人比黃花瘦，華發上鬢頭了。理工科學生是天下最幸福的人，因為“理工科的論文，變變數據圖表啊，變變操作環節啊，就可以變成自己的東西了，反抄襲軟件根本查不出來”。理工科的個人成果要好出一些，數據不一樣，畫圖不一樣，結果就不一樣。自己寫個軟件，下載一個源代碼，然后根據需要加以修改，就能把代碼變成自己的啦！最后用自己的框架搭建起來，畢業設計就完成了。

“反反抄襲”密招四：Google新用

如果說以上所有同學的“反反抄襲”密招都還在大家的理解范圍之內的話，那么這種“反反抄襲”法，則讓人瞠目結舌，以為自己遇到了火星人。

這種方法，命名為“Google法”。“所謂?Google法?，就是找一篇現成的論文，把論文的每一段都用Google在線翻譯成英文，然后將翻譯好的英文用Google在線翻譯全部轉回中文。猛地看上去，跟原文差不多；可是仔細一看，其實每句話都不一樣！只要自己再把少量的語病改一改，就大功告成了。”

提交論文之前，上淘寶網，有很多賣家會提供論文檢測服務！賣家也持有類似的論文檢測軟件，通過賣家可以查看自己的論文有哪些破綻，再把露出馬腳的部分精心修改。這樣一來，把畢業論文交上去，就不會有什么風險了。有很多同學都準備這樣做，花錢買個放心唄！

修改其實很簡單，不要被紅字所嚇倒，沉下心來，任何文章都能改好，最后祝您順利通過學校的論文答辯！！

第二篇：畢業論文無敵修改寶典(碩士、本科通用)

關于知網學位論文檢測系統的說明

常見的修改方法總結： 1.替換關鍵字 2.打亂句子結構 3.改寫標紅的句子 4.不要刪除標紅的句子 5.關鍵字用同義替換 注：

修改建議

1、知網學位論文檢測為整篇上傳，格式對檢測結果可能會造成影響，需要將最終交稿格式提交檢測，將影響降到最小，此影響為幾十字的小段可能檢測不出。對于3萬字符以上文字較多的論文是可以忽略的。

2、上傳論文后，系統會自動檢測該論文的章節信息，如果有自動生成的目錄信息，那么系統會將論文按章節分段檢測，否則會自動分段檢測。

3、有部分同學反映說自己在段落中明明引用或者抄襲了其他文獻的段落或句子，為什么沒有檢測出來，這是正常的。中國知網對該套檢測系統的靈敏度設置了一個閥值，該閥值為5%，以段落計，低于5%的抄襲或引用是檢測不出來的，這種情況常見于大段落中的小句或者小概念。舉個例子：假如段落1有10000字，那么引用單篇文獻500字以下，是不會被檢測出來的。實際上這里也告訴同學們一個修改的方法，就是對段落抄襲千萬不要選一篇文章來引用，盡可能多的選擇多篇文獻，一篇截取幾句，這樣是不會被檢測出來的。

4、針對標紅文字的修改方式除了3中提到的外，還有改詞、換句、改變描述方式（變原句為倒裝句、被動句、主動句等）、打亂段落順序、刪除關鍵詞匯、關鍵句等。經過實踐證明，使用以上方法結合，可有效降低復制比，保證順利通過。

例如下句：過熱故障中的過熱與變壓器正常運行下的發熱是有區別的，正常運行時的其發熱源來自于繞組和鐵芯，即銅損和鐵損，而變壓器過熱故障是由于受到有效熱應力而造成的絕緣加速劣化，它具有中等水平的能量密度。

幾乎被標紅，說明與相似文獻存在重合和高度相似，經過以上方式結合，本句可改為：

過熱故障中出現的過熱容易與變壓器正常運行下的發熱相混淆，后者是因為其繞組和鐵芯會出現銅損和鐵損的現象，這是正常運行過程中的發熱，而變壓器過熱故障是受到有效熱應力造成的絕緣加速劣化，具有中等水平的能力密度。

這樣修改幾乎可以降低抄襲率一半。

四、注意

知網檢測由于是采用模糊算法，如果整體結構和大綱被打亂，可能引起同一段落的文章檢測前后標紅不一致，這是正常的，所以請親們在修改標紅的時候盡量變換句式，不要打亂論文原來的整體大綱和結構，同時本店再次承諾，本店所使用的知網學位檢測系統和由于全國高校的相同，對比相同的數據庫，所以本店保證檢測結果肯定和高校結果一樣。

版本二

論文修改密集 躲避學術不端檢測 論文修改方法介紹

學術不端檢測系統簡介

在每個學生畢業時都要寫一篇學位論文，現在學位論文的過關不僅是要求過答辯就OK，還要通過學術不端檢測！自從2008年各高校使用中國知網論文學術不端檢測系統后，每年各高校都會使用該系統對每屆畢業生的論文進行一下測試，此系統不是軟件，不是下載一下就可以用的。軟件在北京的中國知網，各高

校也只是擁有賬號和密碼，可以進去提交論文，且上傳文章的篇數是根據本校畢業生的人數來定的。一般每年若有1000人畢業，該校會有1020個檢測指標使用。學校的檢測是免費的。

學校將論文上傳到該系統后，文章就會與中國知網所收錄的期刊文章、報紙文章、本、碩、博論文庫等庫存內容進行比對。全文比對結束后，會出現一個百分比，就是你的文章抄襲別人內容占你整篇文章的百分比。這個百分比如果超過本校的規定指標（一般學校規定是不準超過30%，有的學校規定是不準超過10%，這些是各個學校自己定的，沒有定論），如超標，就會被推遲答辯和取消授予學位資格。這已經成為事實，各高校都有案例可查。

有的同學說，我不擔心，我引用了。我們的回答是：機器檢測，說不準，機器畢竟是機器。如果超標，哭都來不及。

現在您不用擔心了！！

可以到我店進行提前檢測，檢測后進行相關的修改，躲過學校的最終檢測，避免自己因此耽誤畢業。

強烈呼吁廣大同學，不要把希望寄托在學校的免費檢測上，那次檢測如果結果不妙，將會成為您終生的遺憾！

現在江湖中流傳多份修改密集。店主根據多年的工作經驗總結，實際上很簡單：就是改變句子的結構。比如，將：“彎變的月亮”改變成：“天上有個彎彎的像鐮刀一樣的月亮”。這樣改后，就是創新了，至少可以躲過檢測系統了。還有一個比較急辦方法，抄書。因為不管是中國知網還是萬方，哪家公司也沒有收錄書籍。但你要看清楚，書的封面要寫了“中國優秀博士論文??”，這樣的書肯定已經被收錄了，可以抄教材等。但店主還是友情提示和強烈建議下：身邊壞人

多，為將來的飛黃騰達，盡量不要抄太多，被別人舉報的話一下就聲敗名裂了。但急時倒可以采用此法。

具體點，就把店主在江湖中搜集到的的有關內容匯集一下：

江湖傳說一

改詞、換句、改變描述方式（變原句為倒裝句、被動句、主動句等）、打亂段落順序、刪除關鍵詞匯、關鍵句等。經過實踐證明，使用以上方法結合，可有效降低復制比，保證順利通過。

江湖傳說二

應對cnki中國知網學術不端論文檢測系統之修改論文技巧

論文測謊儀（cnki中國知網學術不端論文檢測系統）在一定程度上遏制了明目張膽的學術作假行為，但也助長了造假的水平進化。

“反抄襲”軟件遭遇大學生“反反抄襲”，越來越多的學生已經開動了“腦筋”。畢竟大家從小就在應試教育中摸爬滾打，大家早就練就了一身超常的反偵察功夫，“道高一尺，魔高一丈”，為了對付“反抄襲”軟件，大學生想出了五花八門的“反反抄襲”密招。“反反抄襲”密招一：改寫

躲避“論文測謊儀”的方法聽起來有些笨，但卻很“實用”，那就是——改寫。“不是論文不能抄，要看你會抄不會抄！”。

東拼西湊其實并沒有過時，關鍵在于要仔細，不能露出馬腳。首先在不同的資料當中找到我需要的東西，然后把每句話變變句式，換換說法，加一些解釋性的擴充，略作增刪，最后把這些部分組織到一起，論文就大功告成了。雖然繁瑣一點，但是最后出爐的論文，絕對就像去韓國做了整容手術，煥然一新！再牛的測謊儀見到我這論文，估計也只有哀嘆的份兒。

“反反抄襲”密招二：翻譯

要抄，就不能留下任何痕跡。她的方法更加繁瑣，但也更加保險，那就是翻譯。跨語言的論文測謊系統還沒有研發出來。廣泛查閱外文資料，挑出可以為我所用的部分，按照一定框架合在一起，一篇拼湊的英文論文就誕生啦！再把它翻譯成中文，畢業論文不就有著落了嗎？說抄襲，測謊儀軟件查得出來嗎？

這種方法對英語水平有很高要求，不過，英語一般的同學也有自己的“門道”。有些同學付錢給學校里英語專業的研究生，請他們對自己的“雙語論文”全程把關。“很多學校的墻上貼著這種小廣告，英語專業的學生為人操刀論文，價格也不菲，少則幾百元多則上千元。“反反抄襲”密招三：取巧

改寫也好，翻譯也罷，都是力氣活兒。幾萬字的論文，如果字字改寫，句句翻譯，恐怕論文沒寫完，已經是人比黃花瘦，華發上鬢頭了。理工科學生是天下最幸福的人，因為“理工科的論文，變變數據圖表啊，變變操作環節啊，就可以變成自己的東西了，反抄襲軟件根本查不出來”。理工科的個人成果要好出一些，數據不一樣，畫圖不一樣，結果就不一樣。自己寫個軟件，下載一個源代碼，然后根據需要加以修改，就能把代碼變成自己的啦！最后用自己的框架搭建起來，畢業設計就完成了。

“反反抄襲”密招四：Google新用

如果說以上所有同學的“反反抄襲”密招都還在大家的理解范圍之內的話，那么這種“反反抄襲”法，則讓人瞠目結舌，以為自己遇到了火星人。

這種方法，命名為“Google法”。“所謂‘Google法’，就是找一篇現成的論文，把論文的每一段都用Google在線翻譯成英文，然后將翻譯好的英文

用Google在線翻譯全部轉回中文。猛地看上去，跟原文差不多；可是仔細一看，其實每句話都不一樣！只要自己再把少量的語病改一改，就大功告成了。”

提交論文之前，上淘寶網，有很多賣家會提供論文檢測服務！賣家也持有類似的論文檢測軟件，通過賣家可以查看自己的論文有哪些破綻，再把露出馬腳的部分精心修改。這樣一來，把畢業論文交上去，就不會有什么風險了。有很多同學都準備這樣做，花錢買個放心唄！

版本三

關于知網學位論文檢測系統的說明及修改指導意見

修改前一定要看下面幾條，否則可能會釀成嚴重后果：

檢測報告中只給出有抄襲的段落，其他段落自動不給出的，請大家注意！比如整體復制比是0的話，檢測報告是空白的，啥都沒有！

1、初檢段落A未發現抄襲，復檢的時候怎么又發現抄襲了？

這是因為知網算法的問題，每次檢測都要自動分段，與系統開發者設置的閾值有關，也可能是系統升級的原因。但是只要您把第一次標紅內容都修改了，第二次檢測不管會不會出現新抄襲段落復制比都會降低的。

2、怎么和學校的復制比不一樣啊？

我們這里檢測內容一般有摘要 正文 參考文獻，如果學校檢測的只是正文，那測出來的復制比不一樣的。由于系統升級也可能導致有差異。在您沒做任何修改的前提下，學校檢測指出的抄襲段落是一樣的。

3、我標注為引用的怎么也被標紅了？

案例：一個哥們，測出來96%，可以說是全抄的，他說“不會吧，我全標注為引用了啊”。

檢測系統不管您是不是標注為引用，統統列出來。如果標注為引用就排除，那檢測就沒任何意義，大家隨便抄，想抄多少就抄多少，只要標注引用就可以啦！

4、怎么指出的復制文章題目我都沒參考過呢？

感覺好像都是自己沒見過的文章，這很正常，都是相互引用造成的，比如您引用

了毛主席的話，很多人也引用了，那給出的復制來源文章題目就會有很多沒見過的！

5、有些我參考的內容沒測出來

軟件開發者給檢測系統的靈敏度設置了一個閥值，據說該閥值3%，以段落計，低3%的抄襲或引用是檢測不出來的，這種情況常見于大段落中（這個段落就是上面的分段）的小句或者小概念。舉個例子：假如某檢測段落有 10000字，那么引用單篇文獻 500 字以下，是不會被檢測出來的。抄書也測不出來，目前世界上沒有任何一個檢測系統，能把您抄的東西全部查出來！

6、你這里檢測通過了，導師怎么還說明顯看出我是抄襲的啊？是不是測的不準？

修改抄襲內容后，檢測系統檢測不出來了，但是導師還是能看出來的，這是人和機器的不同，我們這里測出來抄襲是0的論文，導師那里他也可以肉眼判斷說您是抄襲的！所以改的時候一定要注意！

7、我檢測通過了怎么還被取消了答辯資格？

一定要注意，學校檢測論文只是論文答辯前的一個小環節，檢測通過之后，專家還要審查論文，如果發現您的論文改的一塌糊涂，句子都不通順，還有明顯抄襲的跡象（盡管檢測系統發現不了，專家肉眼發現），取消答辯資格是很正常的！因此，改論文時一定要注意踏踏實實改，沒有任何可以投機的辦法，否則后果很嚴重，過了檢測可能也無法答辯或者答辯無法通過。

8、學校復制比35%，你這里36%，是不是同一個系統啊？ 復制比=抄襲字符數除以總檢測字符數

分子分母任何一個數據有變化，都影響到復制比的！多加幾個空格，復制比就有差異了！

9、沒測完啊，我的第n章內容檢測報告怎么沒有？

檢測報告如果有些章節缺失，不是沒檢測完，是這些章節未發現抄襲，系統自動排除，所以檢測報告中沒有。假如總復制比是0，也就是全文未發現抄襲，那檢測報告里什么都沒有。

修改辦法：檢測系統沒想象中可怕，檢測比對的是相同字段，而不是相同意思，所以只要大家換一種表達方式，意思是一樣的，也查不出來，還有改詞、換句、加自己的話，改變描述方式（變原句為倒裝句、被動句、主動句等）、打亂段落順序、刪除可有可無的關鍵詞匯、關鍵句等。經過實踐證明，使用以上方法結合，可有效降低復制比，保證順利通過。例如下句：

過熱故障中的過熱與變壓器正常運行下的發熱是有區別的，正常運行時的其發熱源來自于繞組和鐵芯，即銅損和鐵損，而變壓器過熱故障是由于受到有效熱應力而造成的絕緣加速劣化，它具有中等水平的能量密度。

幾乎被標紅，說明與相似文獻存在重合和高度相似，經過以上方式結合，本句可改為：

過熱故障中出現的過熱容易與變壓器正常運行下的發熱相混淆，后者是因為其繞組和鐵芯會出現銅損和鐵損的現象，這是正常運行過程中的發熱，而變壓器過熱故障是受到有效熱應力造成的絕緣加速劣化，具有中等水平的能力密度。

這樣修改幾乎可以降低抄襲率一半。

再舉一例：

標紅抄襲段落：

上世紀九十年代以來，在生產力提高、科技進步、跨國公司活躍等因素的共同驅動下，經濟全球化席卷全球，世界經濟越來越成為一 個整體，跨國公司根據其戰略部署在世界范圍內對生產要素和資源進行優化配置和重新整合，這導致國際貿易和分工的方式悄然發生 了變化，由傳統的產業間分工模式逐步演化為同一產品不同工序和區段上的分工體系，即產品內分工。

論文更改為: 從20世紀末以來，在新的科技革命及跨國公司迅速發展的帶動下，全球經濟日趨一體化，各國經濟在世界范圍內實現了競爭與協作相 結合的良好共存

局面。在全球范圍內，各生產要素由于跨國公司的快速發展實現了優化配置和重新整合，從而使國陳貿易和世界分工 的方式產生了適應新時代要求的變化，傳統的產業分工方式開始轉變為因產品在工序和區段上的差異而進行的分工方式，這也就是我 們所說的產品之中的分工。

第三篇：畢業論文修改

分類號

UDC

單位代碼

1166

1密 級

公開

學

號

2009402034

四川民族學院

學士學位論文

高中英語詞匯教學的探析

(初稿)

論文作者：

周均梅 指導教師：

學科專業：

研究方向：

提交日期：

2013年

月

日

中 國 ? 康定

English Department

Sichuan University for Nationalities

Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools

by ZHOU Jun-mei

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Department In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement For the Degree of B.A.in English

Sichuan University For Nationalities May 2013 Thesis Supervisor:

高中英語詞匯教學的探析

摘要

愛瑪在高中英語詞匯教學中，傳統的教學模式給老師的授課和學生的學習帶來很多問題。致力于語言教學的國內外學者普遍認為詞匯知識在語言運用和篇章理解方面有著至關重要的作用。自新課改以來，大多數中學都采用了新思路和新的教學方法，就本文的問卷調查來看，其成果不可忽視。該文章意在遵循新課改的要求，探析英語詞匯教學中的規律和方法，主要從三個方面進行闡述：其一，新課改下,英語詞匯教學的現狀，從正反兩方面分析，提出問題。其二，.英語詞匯教學應遵循的規律，著重研究詞匯教學中應注意的單詞固有規律、學生生理與心理特點以及學生的記憶規律。其三，針對英語詞匯教學探究的教學方法，具體有語境記單詞教學法，以及對所學單詞的復現和運用。

關鍵詞：語詞匯教學;注意因素;有效方法

i

Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools

Abstract

In terms of vocabulary teaching in senior high school, the traditional pattern has caused lots of problems to both the teachers and students.The domestic and abroad scholars, devoted to language teaching, generally believe that lexical knowledge is pretty crucial for the use of language and the comprehension of writings.Since the New English Curriculum, innovative ideas and teaching methods are introduced in most senior high.From the survey I conducted, the achievement it has got can’t be ignored.Based on the New English Curriculum, this essay aims at exploring the rules and approaches in vocabulary teaching, and it can be divided into three parts: first, the recent situation of words teaching under the reform.Both the positive and negative sides are presented, and key questions are put forward.Second, the rules one should obey, namely, words’ rules, students’ characteristics on physiology and psychology, and the memory law.Last but not least, some practible ways on this topic, like using contexts together with any other methods(such as roots, affix, and derivative terms), phonetic teaching, classification and utilization of words, and combination of related words, are provided.Key words: vocabulary teaching；factors；effective methods

ii

Acknowledgements

Here I owe the most sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Ms Xiao who leads me to finish this article.I thank her for her endless patience towards me and smart guide in mentality.She impressed the definition of teaching methods on me, and let me know that what I write must be practical and effective.Based on this, a survey among students seems a must.Therefore, I appreciate those friends who helped me finish the survey among freshmen in Southwest Petroleum University.As far as I am concerned, it is tough work to convince the freshmen to believe this is an innocent survey.Obviously, this investigation is very critic to my essay.And I thank them to analyze the questionnaire.I’ll also grateful to my classmates, because they gave me appropriate suggestions, and recommended me many useful books.As to some parts of my essay, they raised very meaningful questions and shared their opinions with me, which benefited my article a lot.Thus I realize that my essay have to be referred to the real situation in the class of senior high schools, the objective of the New English Curriculum, and some rules teachers need to obey.Last but not least, I thank my family very much.During my stay at school, they encourage me all the way, and provide me with careful care and sufficient money.What’s more, they are my inexhaustible.iii

Contents 中文摘要……………………………………………………………………………i Abstract………………..………………………………………………….………ii Acknowledgements..………………………………………………………….iii Introduction………………………………………………………… …………..1 Chapter One The present situation of lexical teaching in Senior High schools.........................................................................................3 1.1 Definition Positive phenomena are showed: teaching approaches of teachers and study methods of students are both improved.......................3 1.2 Negative aspects: unavoidable problems exist…………………………4 1.3 Questions are put forward…………………………………………………..5 Chapter Two The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching……………………………………………….6 2.1.The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching………………………………………………………………………….…6 2.1.1 The rules in vocabulary itself………….………………………… …… ….6 2.1.2 The factors of students’ physiology and psychology……………………..8 2.1.3 Teaching procedures should be in line with the memory law...................9 2.2 Feasible teaching approaches on English lexicon………………………9 2.2.1 The importance of the context and extra-curriculum reading……………9 2.2.2.Using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches……………………………………………………………….11 2.2.3 Activities to help remembering words……………………………… ……14 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………....15

Bibliography….………………………………………………….… ……………16 Appendix A….………………………………………………….… …………......17 Appendix B….………………………………………………….… ……………..19

ii

Analysis of Lexical Teaching in Senior High Schools

Introduction

Since 20 century 70s, with the further researches into acquisition of language, we can recognize clearly that the mastery of vocabulary is quite crucial for language understanding and language output(Wang Jing，2009:11).The famous linguist Wilkins said: ―Without grammar, we can hardly express something;while without words, we can not express anything.‖（Wilkins D.A.，1972:85）So if one wants to learn a language well, the most basic thing he needs to do is learn words.While in traditional teaching pattern, teachers usually teach words solely.That is: they teach students to read new words, and give students the meanings, some collocations, and then ask them to remember.That is force-feeding method of teaching，aiming at increasing the quantity of words, not the quality of words’ output.As a result, students will be in a state of ―passive‖, very negative and lack interest, to some extent.Successful learning is forged out of learners’ motive and impulse, compiling methods of studying materials , interesting ,etc（He Keyong,2002:334）.There is no doubt that teachers are supposed to respect students’ emotion and interest, to obey the memory law.Besides, most words have not only a single meaning, and they are connected with other words and phrases closely.Quite a few linguists consider that teachers can not teach vocabulary solely.They should provide concrete context and typical sentences to teach, classify words due to meanings, expand interrelated words(synonyms, antonym, hyponymy),adopt topic inductions(based on a certain topic, students are going to imagine other words and collocations), and also conduct ways of roots、derivatives and compound words.But vocabulary is the sign of one’s thought, we learn and use them constantly because they can convey some meaning, and offer us ideas(He Keyong, 2002:344).To have a solid knowledge of learned words, students should practice them in real situations, and promote ability of using them.There is also another thing we should pay attention to that among the information we have forgotten, 80% is acquired at the first time of learning, and we lost it within 24 hours, after which the forgetting rate will decline(Li Guanyi, 2007:8).Besides observing this rule ,students also need remember the words repeatedly and regularly.Moreover ,as a teacher, presiding students actively output vocabulary rightly by using communicating principles of teaching is necessary In this essay ,I intend to discuss some factors influencing results of teaching and effective teaching methods for vocabulary, coming up with an approach of putting new words in contexts , and then students can think out their own ways to quicken and fortify their memory, such as working in groups to show special ways of remembering words ,using roots and derivatives.Chapter One The present situation of lexical teaching in Senior High schools.1.1 Positive phenomena are showed: teaching approaches of teachers and study methods of students are both improved.The modern education of China focuses on students’ quality education, and promotes their all-around ability.In line with this objective, the New English Curriculum was conducted at the beginning of 21 century, aiming at upgrading students’ mind, lighten their study burden, and make them more skillful in practice.In terms of the reform, the English teachers are required to plan the classes fit for the traits of teenagers’ physiology and psychology, linguistic rules of acquiring linguistics, in order to meet different needs of students.The questionnaire conducted among the freshmen(whose hometown is Chengdu)in Southwest Petroleum University this year, is named ―Questionnaire on how the Senior High students study English and remember English words‖(It is abbreviated as ―Questionnaire‖ in the following contents).From questions 11-14 in the Questionnaire, one can judge that English teachers have noticed that students play an most important role during lexical teaching, so that they have been adopting a series of effective approaches to present new looks in class:

? To introduce cooperative and inquiry learning process, and lessen students’ study burden to give more time and space.? To change the dubious and sole way of explaining and extending vocabulary, to practice the learnt words in certain contexts, and to set scenes to use them.? To adopt new and interesting ways(the Natural Approach/ Total Physical Response/ the Silent Way/Audio-lingual Method, etc.)based on students’ features.? To apply multimedia which gather pictures/sound/letters/ video together besides the basic teaching device like chalks and blackboards, thus make the word

teaching more vivid and direct, and making the students more impressive on what the teacher imparts.While teachers’ aim is not to teach knowledge but methods, thus drawing out their study potential, achieving the goal of teaching.During the New English Curriculum, students’ study is more and more drew our attention.Among the Questionnaire, questions 6、8、11、17、24、26、27、30、31 have showed that: ? They have realized that they themselves are the master of study;therefore they summarize effective approaches of learning and remembering vocabulary and discuss their doubts actively.? They are exploring the rules of study constantly, classify the words which are similar in pronunciation, spelling, meaning, or have opposite meaning;they are also engaged in analyzing lexical roots, the speech, derivation and collocation.Then they can easily form a memory system.? Besides applying what they have learned in practice, students use their spare time to learn extracurricular material, enriching their mind.From these phenomena we can conclude that the lexical teaching methods of Senior High schools in Chengdu are efficient to some extent.However, there are also many aspects need improving because there are some unavoidable problems.1.2 Negative aspects: unavoidable problems exist

The New English Curriculum is certainly a kind of reform, and it can be more effective in exploiting students’ potential and interest in applying the knowledge, which adapts to the social development better.Nevertheless, the solutions are always accompanied with problems.The reform helps to promote, while it never can achieve its goal in a short of time.The traditional lexical teaching still prevails among the Senior High schools, which means not that all the traditional ways are useless, but one needs to remove its bad ones.From questions 1、15、19、28 , one can conclude some drawbacks: ? The teacher, as a leading factor, and the textbook, as a classroom center unscientifically dominate the whole class, making students have little time and

chance to think and participate.? The teachers teach nonstandard pronunciation, causing students’ difficulties in listening and communication;the teacher imparts words solely without any context and explains words simply, causing students’ great troubles in translation and comprehension.? The teacher goes against the memory law because he/ she doesn’t lead students to do review, and rarely put them in use.? The teacher seldom expand the words to other usage except in the book, making students can’t master and use them flexibly.These problems led to some ―problem students‖.From questions 3, 4, 5,7,25, one can get the following troubles of the students.? Most students are quite reliable on their teachers, short of perseverance, can’t review the learnt vocabulary regularly actively, and don’t look up words in dictionaries.? Most students have got used to the teacher acting as a leading factor in class, reciting words repeatedly in order to pass exams.? Students can use what they have remembered to solve practical problems, and can’t flexibly understand the words in other contexts and scenes.1.3 Questions are put forward.These negative sides are not produced in one day, and they are brought by the traditional teaching which has profound origins.That’s to say, we can’t handle them in one moment.It is the specific situations that one takes in account to reform the previous teaching selectively.Only borrowing the essence of lexical teaching overseas and innovate new approaches, can one succeed.Therefore, what causes these problems in lexical teaching? Certainly it connects closely with the necessary factors of the class: teachers, students, textbooks, the vocabulary itself, teaching approaches, etc.However everything has its rules.So in the teaching procedures, what kind of rules will the teachers obey and what factors they need to notice? Is there any effective lexical teaching methods?

Chapter Two The factors and rules that English teachers need to notice in lexical teaching.2.1 The rules and factors that teachers should obey during their teaching.2.1.1 The rules in vocabulary itself

Each language has an abundant glossary, and every word is unique, but not isolated(Lan Chun, 2009:82).Without connection with those elements to which it closely relates to, the teaching is ineffective, and efforts don’t get reward.In order to make the teaching procedure promptly and effectively, and deepen students’ impression, comprehension and flexibility of using the words, teachers must analyze a certain word in different perspectives, as well as what it is associated with.Phonetic factors.Linguisticians believe that though the definition of vocabulary is various, the relevant basic content it refers to is just a matter of sound and meaning(Lu Guoqiang, 2007:1).From questions 10 and 23, one can judge that it is a popular recognition of students that the standard pronunciation helps a lot to listening and spelling.As a matter of fact, the standard pronunciation can benefits their expressions.Therefore, teachers ought to lead students to analyze phonetic symbols, spell and articulate correctly.Then students practice in this way repeatedly and regard it as a way of remembering words, which can avoid learning by rote.―Tease‖, taken for example, is pronunciated [ti: z].Before teaching students to read it, teachers can ask them to count how many vowels there are, whether every vowel has a corresponding pronunciation, and if they have, then how to?

Through analyzing, one can know that there are 3 vowels, among which, the ―ea‖ in the middle reads [i:], and the ―e‖ at the end is silent.From this, students can see that there is just only one vowel sound in the phonetic symbol, so‖ tease‖ is a single syllable.In that way, it is stressed.Those words like eat, meat, neat, least, beat, contain ―ea‖ reading [i:].Besides, teachers will also guide students to find out differences between [t]and[d], [i:] and[i], [s]and[z].Thus students will master some

pronunciation rules themselves, generalize some words containing the same pronunciation, and they can learn vocabulary by themselves in the long run.Word-formation.Aimed at fostering students’ ability to decompose word-buildings, and strengthen their understanding, the approaches like conversion, derivative, compound, acronym, blend, backformation, etc, are introduced.Here, examples are given about the former three kinds.Conversion.Among the English words one learns, the words whose part of speech can be conversed account a large proportion.For example, ―look‖ is usually used as a verb means ‖看‖ in Chinese.While in the phrase ―have a look‖, it is a noun.What’s more, when it refers to the expressions on face, it is a noun.Another example, ―head‖ is usually used as a noun, meaning ―頭部‖ in Chinese.While when it acts as a verb, it means ―to lead‖, ―to entitle‖.Here examples are given to show nouns changed into verbs.Besides this, there are also adjectives changed into verbs(like better), adverbs changed into verbs(like out), adjectives changed into nouns(like the old), etc.Derivations.Generally prefix and suffix are added to words to alter their part of speech and meaning.For example, ―-r‖ is added to the verb ―write‖, and the noun ―writer‖ is formed.―Dis-‖ is added to the verb ―like‖, then the antonym ―dislike‖ got.―Ness‖ is added to the adjective ―nice‖, and then the noun ―niceness‖ formed.The following are some common affixes:

Noun affixes:-ness,-or,-er,-tion,-ence,-ian,-ess,-ty,-al,-sion； Verb affixes:-fy, en-,-ize,-ate;

Adjective affixes:-y,-ed,-ful,-tive,-able,-ing,-ish,-less,-y;Negative affixes: dis-,il-, im-,-in, anti-, mis-, non-;

If students have mastered these common affixes, they can be more skillful in applying words in practice.Compound.Compound words are formed by two or more words, which are easily understood.For example, a noun and a noun: policeman, blackboard, weekend, airplane, chairman；a gerund and a noun: waiting-room, living-room, dining-room；a adjective and a noun: gentleman, blue-sky, warm-heart, present-day.Besides, there 7

are also compound words that consisting of adjectives and verbs, prepositions and nouns, verbs and adverbs, adjectives and adverbs, etc.Very word has its unique traits and if students find and take advantage of them, they can go further and avoid cram up.2.1.2 The factors of students’ physiology and psychology.Education must adapt to students’ growth.It must be based on the development situation of personal physiology and psychology, development rules, mature mechanism, as well as fit for a certain level of growth, the developing order, all-round cultivation, uniqueness, etc.Thus, education can be a reliable insurance(Li Sen &Chen Xiaorui，2009:59).The Senior High students are transmitting from youngsters to adults, and finalize their shapes and personalities.Though their bodies and minds become mature gradually, their intelligence is more and more perfected, and their improvement on the faculty of memory, judge, logic thinking is outstanding, there appear many conflicts and contradictions.Above all, they strengthen their self-consciousness, independence of judging things, and competence of analyzing;on the other hand, their psychology is so unstable and sentimental that they are easily disturbed by outside things and will easily rebel others.Second, their perseverance increase to a higher level, and they can control and drive themselves to some extent;however, they still lack of willpower, and easily turn impulse and paranoid.Third, they are very enthusiastic and self confident;but they are also conceited.When they fail, they can never recover and then they will feel the study is boring.In addition, the day they step into the Senior High schools, they begin to burden all kinds of pressure, especially the college entrance examination.This results in their anxiety, tense, and tiredness.Based on the above analysis, one can judge that those students’ potential to learn is endless.But if the English teachers merely add the task of remembering and doing exercises, or just tell them some skills to cope with exams, their subjective initiative, activity, and the ability to think can’t find a way out.As a result, teachers, the ones that they can depend on, will one day make them lose their own thinking and creativity.Therefore, under the New English Curriculum, tedious lexical teaching approaches should be renewed, students’ potential needs exploiting, and passing exams is not that important as previous.To find out efficient methods, in what way students want to be taught must be taken into consideration.To sum up, I think that the approaches which can activate students’ initiative and interests, that to say, fit for their physiology and psychology, deserve the description ―efficient‖.2.1.3 Teaching procedures should be in line with the memory law.The great psychologist, H.Ebbinghaus discovered that lethe begins upon the moment the study stops.While the process is not heterogeneous.First, the Lethe’s speed is fast and quantity large, and then its speed will slow down and quantity small(Yang Hong&Wu Tianwu&Wang Chengxiang, 2006:143).As to daily study, teachers need to supervise and urge students to make a plan of remembering vocabulary and conduct it regularly.Sometimes, tests are supposed to be given to help them consolidate their impression and understanding.To deal with the newly learnt words, teachers can introduce this method: remembering the words every a unit time.For example, a student learns 10 words in 5 minutes in the morning;and uses another 5minutes to review in the middle of the morning;and repeats the review in more times until the student can remember all of them.What’s more, in daily class, teachers repeat the words to make them notice and review.In addition, contexts and scenes are supposed to be introduced.2.2 Feasible teaching approaches on English lexicon.2.2.1 The importance of the context and extra-curriculum reading.There is no doubt that all kinds of efficient methods have been put forward and applied in practice.Among these methods, one can find out that the most popular ones are like conversion, derivative, compound, acronym, blend, backformation which have been mentioned above.What’s more, introducing some social common sense by using the target word, giving students some scenes or contexts to figure out the word’s meaning, making some comparison between the similar words and

phrases, using the target words to tell or make up stories which can interest students, are also prevail among the Senior High classes.However, the context is the crucial factor or medium which determines different connotations of the same word, that is to say, without the context, a word’s diverse meaning can’ t be conveyed, and this word means little to the learners.As a result, learners can understand the same word in different texts, let alone use it flexibly.There is a common view that different contexts can endow the same word different connotation.On the other hand, individual words are critical in building blocks in text-meaning construction, efficient in converting graphic symbols into sound or meaning or information, and indispensable in comprehension(Keiko Koda, 2007:29).All in all, reading texts and studying glossary are simultaneous, and each of them benefits the other.From this reason, one can judge that lexical learning or teaching can’t be separated from the context.But in the textbooks, there are indeed many writings and grammar points, which are mastered by the students skillfully.Then why they can’t understand other texts from extra-curriculum materials, consisting of the same vocabulary they have learned? And why they can’t use the same glossary elastically in another way which is different from the usage in the text book?

That’s because students are lack of extra-curriculum reading.Repeated contact with a large amount of words in print is potential to gaining scholarly glossary, and developing techniques for studying new words from texts.It is quite necessary.While in most Senior High schools’ English classes, the textbook is the main-oriented material and teachers spend little time to notice the importance of extra-curriculum reading to students’ study.And then students have the excuse that it is not necessary to read other things because their main objective is to pass exams and get high scores and the teachers design the exams in line with the textbook.So this is a vicious circle in our education.So, from here, one can discover the reason for the students do little extra reading in English.If effective methods are intended to acquire, extra reading must be encouraged and studying new words in personal-suit ways should be incited.Nevertheless, teachers can’t spend much time in guiding students to do extra-reading in class because the class time is limited and the chief aim is to meet the syllabus’ requirements.Therefore there must be a plan, which both can make teachers have time to lead students to do extra-reading, and doesn’t affect the teaching procedures.But how to design that kind of plan? 2.2.2.Using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches.To assure the normal teaching process, teachers can lead students just do extra-reading once or twice a week.However, there are so many good methods to teach words.And if teachers merely use only the context, that will be tedious and soon the students will get bored.So how can the teachers balance the context and the vivid atmosphere?

As far as I am concerned, using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches.Well, maybe it makes people feel confused.Let me explain.Teachers can choose one passage from the extra-reading exercises as an example, but the passage must be suitable for students in both the degree of difficulty and rationality of arranging the new words.In that case, teachers have to figure out which level of English and vocabularies have the students are in, which part the students know well and which part they should make efforts to remedy.Referring to the passage ―After Divorce‖ in Appendixⅱ, one can see clearly how to make it.First, the passage is given with the 10 new words which are going to be learnt, and phonetic symbols are showed just after these words to facilitate students to pronounce.Second, after students finish the whole passage, they ought to know the main idea of the passage.Then, they’ll do a test.In the text, 10 questions are designed directed against the 10 words one by one.These questions are mainly about the words’ meaning, and conducted to let the students to dope out their meaning according to the context.Each question has 3 options that show 3 kinds of meaning of the same word, and students are required to choose the best one due to their

understanding.Third, the teacher leads students to analyze these questions one by one.While I have mentioned that each has its own traits, so various ways are encouraged to use that is to say, each word has a special way to learn.The specific learning procedures of each word is showed obviously in Appendixⅱ.And here I just select some typical points to discuss.Take the first word, ―split‖ for example, this word is very simple, but it is not easy to remember because its pronunciation /split/ and spelling will easily make students mix it with ―spilt‖, ―slip‖, ―splice‖, ―spiel‖ etc.So I suggest that teachers can use phonetic factors to remember.Above all, teachers teach students to enunciate the phonetic symbol ―sp‖, and to generalize some words containing the same sound: speed, space, spot, speak, spic, etc.Then, teachers can teach students to articulate the sound ―spl‖, and classify some words owning the articulation, splat, slake , spleen, splice, spore, etc.Therefore, the word ―split‖ can impress students well with its pronunciation.In addition, teachers can introduce the phrases ―split the vote‖, ―split the ticket‖ to students.In this way, students can learn something about the American election as well as the phrases themselves.I think this is better than only explaining the word or phrases.The same way is also applied to explain the second word ―parochial‖, the third word ―welfare‖, the fifth word ―utilities‖, etc.Another way is to use derivatives.For instance, the forth word ―comfortably‖, here I adopt derivatives.First of all, this word is derived from ―comfort‖, from which one can get a series of words.Com-in ―comfort‖ originally means combination/commonness, or serves as a root to stress the tone.And the ―-fort‖ originally refers to strengthen/enhance/reinforce.So the word ―comfort‖ can be explained in this way: if people come together to strengthen their union and care each other, the world will be peaceful and people will be cozy.Based on this, ―comfortable‖, ―comforts‖, ―comforting‖, ―comforter‖, ―comfortably‖ are got.The same way is suitable for the seventh word the eighth one ―extended‖.Then, I must mention that using interesting story to arouse students’ interest in

learning the knowledge the teachers are talking about is very popular nowadays.In the passage After Divorce, the word, ―teased‖ whose archetype is ―tease‖, is imparted through a fair tale.To explain the phrase, I use the story of the Crow and the Fox which has been very familiar to all the students in their childhood.Here it is used to show the fox cheats the crow to drop the meat from her mouth with a cunning strategy.This action of the fox is called ―to tease out the meat from the crow‖.Among the ten words, the tenth one ―hardship‖ is a compound word.In this situation, when learners meet it, first of all, they need to find how many words subject to ―hardship‖.It is easy to know that there are two words in it: ―hard‖ and ―ship‖.―Hard‖ means strict, severe, difficult, tough, solid, rigid, etc, and ship is a noun and verb meaning a large boat which carries passengers or cargo.Furthermore, it means a kind of relationship, ability, or situation, like judgeship, friendship, headship, relationship, etc.In this case, hardship can be explained this way: a sort of difficult situation.Besides all of above, I also use turn scenes into sentences which contain target words to require students to think out the word’s meaning in differences.This is used on the word ―split‖, ―teased‖, ―extended‖ in the passage After Divorce.What’s more, giving students target word’s synonymies and anonyms which I have used to explain nearly all the ten words.Perhaps limited by the passage, many interesting and effective methods are not adopted in these words.While if possible, teachers can integrate more in teaching.For example, telling differences between two or more words and phrases, making dialogues, reciting tongue twisters, making up short stories.Forth, after learning all the words, students are asked to reread the passage and redo the questions.At the same time, their speed should be much quicker.Fifth, students may forget what they have learnt very quickly within 24 hours.Consequently, the next class, teachers have to review those words for them.But, that will make the students passive.Therefore, students need to do the review themselves.They should work in groups, and each group has 2-3 people.The task is

that each group has to come up with a way to deepen the memory of at least two new words.They can copy the teachers’ way but their explanation must be correct;they can also create new ways like singing a song, playing a game, reciting something, doing some comparison, etc.However, since time is limited, their review should be controlled within 10 minutes.And every class, 2 or 3 groups are supposed to perform.As to the rest of the words which have been learnt last time but not reviewed by groups’ performance, teachers can help students go through them in 5 minutes.2.2.3 Activities to help remembering words.Although some students have a very large vocabulary, they always do badly in exams.To some extent, it is because they don’t know how to use them.And they are under great pressure of the college entrance examination, and have much exercise to do.So, English teachers can plan some activities to arouse their initiative in lexical learning, and use their mastered glossary in practice.These activities can be words’ competition, using given words to make up a short story in 5minutes, singing English songs, watching interesting movies and then taking notes to repeat the plots in English, debates, etc.Whatever ways teachers apply, the aim is to enhance the students’ ability of using what they have learnt in practice.This benefits a lot to their listening, reading comprehension, writing, speaking, and even single option.And this method can also lessen their stress, finding some pleasure similar to the undergraduates.14

Conclusion

It’s easy to point out the drawbacks of teachers’ teaching pattern;it’s a bit difficult to figure out the reasons;the most difficult thing is to feel the feasible ways of teaching and they will turn out effective in practice.While teaching lexicon is a very applicative technique, in that case, if one designs new methods to teach, he must conduct it in class.And based on observe and study teaching situation and the average level of the student body in a certain school, one can come up with the authentic problems and set a point where teachers should focus on their weak parts and make great efforts to improve.Only in this way can the methods agree with the real conditions, and turn out successful.As to new teachers, raising some new approaches to solve teaching lexical problems is not an easy thing.Therefore, except doing and analyzing investigates, and comparing different results caused by different methods, they need to consult those teachers who have rich experience, and good at managing the whole class.Perhaps not all the suggestions those teachers give are suitable for a certain school, but one can combine the advice with the local situation, and come up with the way fit for the class.That’s to say, selecting the ones fit the teachers’ personalities and the students’ study.Besides that, as I stated before, taking the factors: rules in vocabulary itself, students’ physiology and psychology, the memory law into consideration is really an important stage.And the method, using the context as a medium to convey multiple effectual lexical teaching approaches is just a minimum one, and whether it suits specific classes, one needs to implement it and refine it.Anyway, this procedure is mainly to explain in all kinds of ways.Thus, it can not be avoided that the students will get tired to some extend.Therefore, I propose some activities which interest students and provoke their potential.And of course, teachers need to consider the local conditions.Generally speaking, watching movies, performing a play, holding a debate, etc are all ways to make students learn something and happy.Bibliography 崔剛，孔憲遂，《英語教學十六講》，北京:清華大學出版社，2009。

王晶，《詞匯深度知識及其在教學上的運用》，遼寧：沈陽航空工業學院外國語學院，2009（11）。

Wilkins D.A.Linguistics in Language Teaching.Cambridge: MIT press, 1972.何克勇，《英語詞匯及起源》，北京: 清華大學出版社，2002。

李觀義，《具有中國特色的外語教學法》，上海：上海外語教育出版社，2007。Keiko Koda.Insight into Second Language Reading.Beijing: Cambridge University press, 2007.伍謙光，《語義學導論》，長沙：湖南教育出版社，1998。

李森，陳曉瑞，《現代教育學基礎》，上海：華東師范大學出版社,2009。陽紅，吳天武，王呈祥：《心理學新編》，武漢：華中師范大學出版社，2006。藍純，《語言學概論》，北京：外語教學與研究出版社，2009。

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Appendix A 新課改下高中學生對英語學習和英語單詞記憶問卷調查

調查對象：西南石油大學2012屆成都籍新生

調查人數：100人 調查時間：2012年9月1日~2012年9月9日

調查人：周均梅

1.你在做英語試卷的時候，覺得哪部分是最難的？（）

A．聽力（40％）B.單項選擇（4％）C.完形填空（32％）D.閱讀理解（12％）

E.書面表達

（8％）

F.短文改錯（4％）2.你一周上英語課的節數（不含晚自習）（）

A.14節（20％）B.12節（28％）C.11節（16％）

D.10節（8％）

E.9節（4％）F.8節（0%）

G.7節（0%）

H.6節（24%）3.你有沒有制定自己的記憶單詞的計劃？為什么？（）

A.有，這樣可以幫助我更好地鞏固單詞，形成單詞記憶的系統。（12％）B.沒有，感覺沒必要，平時要考試或者聽寫的時候再臨時記憶。（32％）C.有時，但是不能堅持，缺乏毅力。（48％）D.從未，我不喜歡學習英語，覺得記憶單詞非常枯燥。（8％）4.在英語課堂上，你喜歡―老師努力講解，學生認真聽和記筆記‖這種教學方法嗎？（）

A.非常喜歡（8％）B.喜歡（12％）C.還可以（48％）

D.不喜歡（32％）5．你會對學過的單詞做及時的復習嗎？（）

A.會復習（28％）B.不會復習（24％）

C.有時復習（44％）

D.大部分時間會復習（4％）

6.到目前為止，你認為記憶單詞最有效的方法是？（）

A.老師指導的方法（20％）

B.自己總結的方法（44％）

C.同學介紹的方法（20％）D.其他方面的方法（16％）

7.你在讀英語文章碰到生詞時，會查字典嗎 ？（）

A.讀完文章后推測該詞的含義，再查字典（28％）B.先停下來查字典，確定其含義后再繼續讀。（28％）

C.只要了解文章大意，推斷出文章的大意即可（8％）

D.知道文章的大意就好，沒必要追究每個單詞的含義（36％）

8.你平時記憶單詞的時候，會把拼寫相似、含義相近或相反、發音相似等詞進行聯系記憶嗎？（）

A.經常會(16％)

B.偶爾會（64％）C.一般不會（8％）

D.從不（12％）9.你記憶生詞時會將該詞的名詞形式、動詞形式、形容詞形式、副詞形式以及其基本用法綜合記憶嗎？（）

A.經常會（12％）B.偶爾會（48％）

C.一般不會（28％）

D.從不（12％）10.你認為標準發音和單詞記憶有聯系嗎？（）

A.完全無關（20％）

B.正確發音能增強學生語感，幫助正確拼寫單詞（40％）

C.有一定聯系，但不大（20％）

D.不清楚（20％）

11.你是喜歡老師以―單詞讀音—單詞含義—單詞運用‖的教學方法一個人講解，還是喜歡參與小組討論、與同學合作學習的方法來記憶單詞？（）

A.老師一個人講解，學生做筆記（12％）

B.兩種方法都用會比較好（32％）

C.比較喜歡與同學討論，合作性學習（48％）

D.用任何一種都行（8％）12.學習新單詞的時候，老師會提供一定的語境進行練習嗎？（）

A.經常（44％）

B.偶爾（28％）

C.很少（16％）

D.基本沒有（12％）13.你所在的學校，已經使用多媒體對英語進行教學了嗎？（）

A.是的，全多媒體教學（32％）

B.是的，偶爾使用（24％）

C.有在用，但是很少（20％）

D.基本沒有（24％）

14.通常你的英語老師會用一些有趣的方法幫你記單詞嗎？（例如：編順口溜、玩游戲、講故事）（）

A.經常（14％）

B.偶爾（32％）

C.很少（24％）

D.基本沒有（32％）15.你認為老師應著重哪些方面的講解（）（可多選）

A、語法（20％）

B、詞匯（28％）C、翻譯（44％）

D、語篇分析

（28％）

E、做題技巧（16％）

16.你認為大學英語教學的重心應該是（）（可多選）

A、語法（16％）

B、聽力（48％）

C、閱讀（20％）

D、口語（44%）

E、寫作（8％）

17.你認為在英語課堂中，最有利于提高你的英語能力的活動是：（）（可多選）

A、兩人對話（12％）B、小組討論（28％）C、個人發言（36％）D、其他（24％）18．每天你課外學習英語多長時間？（）

A．2小時以上

（8％）

B、1小時左右（40％）C.一個半小時左右（16%）D、少于1小時（36％）

19． 你閱讀除課文以外的其它英語讀物嗎？（）

A、經常（20％）

B、偶爾

（20％）

C、從不（40％）20.在聽英語時，碰到生詞我會跳過生詞繼續聽下去。（）

A、非常同意（12％）B、同意（48％）

C、不同意（12％）D、無所謂（28％）21.在英語課上，我注意老師在口語表達中常用的詞語（）。

A、經常注意（12％）B、有時注意（52％）C、沒注意過（20％）

D、他用什么詞語與我無關（16％）

22．我會有選擇的記憶課外閱讀材料中碰到的生詞和未學過的短語。（）

A：非常同意（18％）

B：同意（30％）C：有點同意（18％）

D：有點不同意（28％）

E：不同意（6%）

F：非常不同意（0%）

23．假如在聽力時碰到生詞，我會盡量記住生詞的發音，然后根據發音在字典上查找它的拼寫及相關意思。（）

A：非常同意（20％）B：同意（20％）C：有點同意（36％）D：有點不同意（20％）

E：不同意（4％）

F：非常不同意（0%）24．寫作文時我盡量使用剛學過的生詞和短語。（）

A：非常同意（32％）B：同意（40％）C：有點同意（12％）D：有點不同意（8％）

E：不同意（4％）

F：非常不同意（4％）

25．我用重復念和重復拼寫的方法來記生詞。（）

A：非常同意（28％）B：同意（48％）

C：有點同意（8％）D：有點不同意（12％）

E：不同意（4％）F：非常不同意（0%）26．記單詞時，我會聯想有關的同義詞或反義詞。（）

A：非常同意（20％）

B：同意（28％）C：有點同意（16％）

D：有點不同意（20％）

E：不同意（16％）

F：非常不同意（0%）27．記單詞時，我經常聯想同詞根的詞。.（）

A：非常同意（8％）B：同意（40％）C：有點同意（44％）D：有點不同意（12％）

E：不同意（16％）F：非常不同意（4％）

28．學習單詞時，我只記憶精讀課本詞匯表上列出的詞。（）

A：非常同意（20％）B：同意（28％）C：有點同意（12％）D：有點不同意（20％）

E：不同意（20％）F：非常不同意（0%）

29．我不僅學習詞匯在課文中的意思，而且學習詞匯在課文以外的意思。（）

A：非常同意（20％）

B：同意（40％）

C：有點同意（12％）

D：有點不同意（16％）

E：不同意（4％）

F：非常不同意（8％）30．我課外主動看英語電視和電影。（）

A：非常同意（12％）B：同意（44％）C：有點同意（28％）D：有點不同意（8％）

E：不同意（8％）

F：非常不同意（0%）31．我堅持每星期用英語寫一篇日記。（）

A：非常同意（8％）B：同意（28％）C：有點同意（24％）D:有點不同意（16％）

E：不同意（24％）F：非常不同意（0%）32．我經常去英語角和別人交談。（）

A：非常同意（24％）

B：同意（24％）

C：有點同意（12％）

D：有點不同意（32％）

E：不同意（4％）

F：非常不同意（4％）33．我主動通過生詞的漢語意思來記住所學的生詞。（）

A：非常同意（4％）B：同意（32％）C：有點同意（24％）D：有點不同意（24％）

E：不同意（12％）

F：非常不同意（4%）

Appendix B After Divorce My parents divorced/ di′v ?:st /（離婚）when I was two, and the repercussions/、ri:p ? ｀k ? ? ? n/(影響)of their split /split/lasted long after it was final.My mother was a parochial /p ?｀r?uki? l/school teacher who earned just enough to stay off welfare/｀welfε? /, but not enough for us to live comfortably/｀k ? mf ? t ? bli/.Utilities /ju:｀tiliti/in our home were shut off（不夠用）from time to time, and it seemed like we would never catch up.My mother also worked nights, so after school I would go to my grandparents' house.I spent little time with my mother because she worked during the week, and eventually(最后)on weekends, too.My most painful memories of that time are not of being teased/ti:zd/ for my limited wardrobe/｀w ?:dr ?u b/, or the times we had no running water because my mother missed payments.The most difficult experience was watching my mother cry at night, while I hugged her and told her I loved her.Through all this, I learned so much.I came to value education, family and faith.I worked hard in school, and earned good grades.I learned from my mother's example(she went back to school after three children and a divorce)that it is important for a woman to go to college and not depend on a man.I came to value extended/iks｀tendid/ family support and developed a close relationship with my grandparents and cousins because I was with them so much while my mother

worked.Last, my faith became very strong.Although my mother was very busy, she made sure we all went to church together every Sunday.Most important, we did not blame God for our situation.Instead, we thanked Him for the good things in our lives.We were grateful for the people who cared about us, for not being on the streets, and for good health when we did not have health insurance/in｀? u?r?ns /.My parents' divorce caused hardships/｀ha:d?ip/ and pain, but it was also an experience that I would not change because of how much I learned.1.What does the word ―split‖ mean?()

A.An opening(裂縫)made violently as by pulling apart;B.A break or separation in some relationship.C.A promised or claimed share of loot(戰利品)or money.2What does the word ―parochial‖ mean?()

A Relating to or supported by or located in a parish(教區)；

B.Narrowly limited in outlook or scope;C.Some place which is too far away or remote.3.What does the word ―welfare‖ mean?()

A.Governmental provision of economic support to people in need.B.Something beneficial that aids or improves someone’s life or well-being.C.A contented(滿足的)state of being happy, healthy and prosperous(繁榮的).4.What does the word ―comfortably‖ mean?()A.In mental comfort(舒適);without stress.B.In physical comfort.C.In financial(經濟的)comfort.5.What does the word ―Utilities‖ mean?()

A A company that performs a public service;subject to government regulation.B Some daily tools or things used in household such as soap(肥皂)and washing powder.C The quality of being of practical use.6.What does the word ―teased‖ mean?()A.Feeling mild pleasurable excitement.B.Mock or make fun of some one;playfully.C.Annoy(使 煩惱)persistently（不斷地）7.What does the word ―wardrobe‖ mean?()

A A tall piece of furniture that provides storage(儲存)space of clothes;has a door and rails or hooks for hanging clothes.B Collection for clothing belonging to one person.C Collection for costumes(服飾)belonging to a theatrical（劇院的）company.8.What does the word ―extended‖ mean?()A Quite long in duration(延長);B Great in rang(范圍)or scope(視野)C Became large in material(物質)rang or stretched forth 9.What does the word ―insurance‖ mean?()

A Promise of reimbursement(退還，償還)in the case of loss;a kind of business paid to people or companies that so concerned about danger that they have made B Written contract or certificate of insurance;

C Protection for the safety of somebody or something.10.What does the word ―hardships‖ mean?()

A Situation in which your life is difficult or unpleasant, often because you don’t have enough money.B Ships which is old and can’t work well.C Some problems which are hard to solve.Following is the teaching procedures: 1.Split.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciate it correctly.Then give them its part of speech.And its elementary meaning is‖分開、分裂、斷裂、分擔‖，which in English we can connect it with‖cut/share/break/crack/segment/disagree/divide/sever/separate,etc‖.Moreover, Split can be transitive verb, intransitive verb, adjective and noun.What’s more ,students can associate the opposite meaning:―聯合、團結、聯系、結合‖，which in English we can say ―unite/connect/combine/together/same/cooperate, etc‖.②Give students the following sentences and ask them to figure out what split means in each sentence:

*If something splits or you split it, it is broken into parts.*A split in a group is a disagreement between its members.*A split is a long crack.*If some people split something, they share it with each other.③ Giving some usage of split in order to help students to consolidate their impression about it.Ask them whether they know ―split the ticket/split the vote/split one’s side‖.Then Teacher explains them in details.*split the vote:(the candidate, the small parties)to attract another candidate’s or party’s votes causing destruction to both sides and makes the third win.And this usually happens in the western countries.*split the ticket: to vote for more than one party.*split one’s sides: to laugh very happily so that one will press his belly.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―split‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 1.2.Parochial ①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciate it correctly.Generally speaking, it is adjective.When teaching this word, Teacher shows the meaning in English;at the same time, students guess it in Chinese.For example, parochial is closely connected with parish;it also refer to ―narrow/limited/ short sighted/small-minded‖ ②Parochial school.It is a kind of religious school, as a sort of assistant education of normal one in West countries, especially America.Another narrow usage is that it refers to the grammar schools of Christianity established by small parishes.As to British education, the parochial schools set up by the national religion form the basis of the educational system assisted by the state.③Some collocations and use in scene.For example: *parochial affairs;

*He is too parochial in his outlook because he is in parish.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at parochial in the passage, identify its 21

meaning and finish exercise 2.3.Welfare.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.In English, its meaning is very similar to or closely connected with benefit/prosperity/interest/advantage/health/peace.So students can guess its basic meaning is ―福利、健康、安寧、幸福‖.And it is a noun.②Next analyze its formation to make it impressed on students.From its spelling and pronunciation we can jude that welfare consists of two parts: ―wel‖ and ―fare‖.―Wel‖ is similar to well, and we can treat it as ―good/fine/well‖；on the other hand, ―fare‖ convey the meaning ―fee/the price of ticket/food‖.In that case, the compound word ―welfare‖ is associated with benefit/prosperity/interests, etc.③ Teacher gives students some expressions of welfare in our daily life.* welfare fund

*social welfare

*welfare state

*child welfare

④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―welfare‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 3.4.Comfortably.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.In English, its meaning is very similar to or closely connected with cosines/ease/pleasure, etc.What’s more, it is an adverb.② Point out that comfort is comfortably’s derivation.Let’s start from the derivation, comfort(it can be a noun and a verb), which can be divided into two parts: ―com‖ and ―fort‖.The root ―com‖ is interrelated with combination/commonness, that is to say, it means ―共同的‖in Chinese;on the other hand, it serves as a root to stress the tone.The root ―fort‖ is closely linked with strengthen/enhance/reinforce, which mostly means ―加強‖in Chinese.So the word comfort can be explained in this way: if people come together to strengthen their union and care each other, the world will be peaceful and people will be cozy.Comfort +-able(an adjective derivational morpheme, meaning‖可……的‖ in Chinese):comfortable(舒適的)；

Comfort +-ing(an adjective derivational morpheme, meaning possessing a certain quality): comforting(令人舒適的)；

Comfort +-er(an noun derivational morpheme, meaning a kind of people or thing): comforter(安慰者、羊毛圍巾)；

Comfortable +-ly(an adverb derivational morpheme): comfortably(舒適地)；

Comfort +-s(a plural derivational morpheme，standing nouns): comforts(令人愉快的人或物)③Give some expressions used in daily life, and set a scene to make students to use them in conversation.*comfortably off

*creature comforts

* comfortable winner ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―comfortably‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 4.5.Utilities.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Teacher leads students to figure out its archetype ―utility‖, which can be both a noun and a adjective.Being a noun, it possesses two parts of meaning.On the one hand, its meaning is abstract, sharing the same connotation with effectiveness/use/function to some degree;on the other hand, its meaning is concrete, sharing the same connotation with service/ public welfare/tool/implement to some

degree.Being an adjective, it means useful in many ways or works.Teacher gives definitions or examples to make it more clear to students:(1).The utility of something is its usefulness.(2).A utility is an important service such as water, electricity, or gas that is provided for everyone, and that everyone pays for.② In English, the root ―util-‖ refers to ―use‖.In that case, ―-ity‖ is added to it to form a word ―utility‖, connecting with ―use‖.③So Teacher show students some utility’s phrases.First, let them guess;And then give them the answers;Last, set some scenes to practice.*utility pole

*domestic utility

*utility service

*utility room

*utility theory ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―utilities‖ in the passage, identify it-s meaning and finish exercise 5.6.Teased.①Giving basic information about this word, which is: Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Teacher point-s out that its archetype is tease, which can be a noun and a verb.As a noun, it has the meaning of ―someone who likes laughing at or playing jokes on others‖.As a verb, it means ―to laugh at others or make jokes about them in order to embarrass, annoy, or ups-et them.‖ Teacher shows students several sentences to deepen their comprehension.*My brother is such a tease.*The best way to deal with a tease is to ignore him.*The other boys tease him because he is fat.②From tease, one can get teaser, possessing the same meaning as ―someone who likes laughing at or playing jokes on others‖.What’s more, it refers to ―a difficult question, especially in competition‖.For example, whether to accept this offer is really a teaser.③ Teacher uses the tale of the Crow and the Fox to explain the phrase ―tease out‖.ThenTeacher gives a conclusion: the phrase means using some cunning way to get certain information / solution/secret/profit, etc.So in this tale, the fox tries to tease out the meat from the crow.More sentences are imparted: *They try to tease out the answer without appearing to ask him.*The thief intended to tease out the key to the door from the baby.④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―teased‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 6.7.Wardrobe.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.It is a nou-n.When one sees this word, he can get the same meaning from closet/bureau, and kn-o w that it means ―a tall cupboard or cabinet in which one can hang your clothes‖.More sentences are showed to students:

*Someone’s wardrobe is the total collection of clothes that they have.*She stuffed her clothes in the wardrobe.② Wardrobe can be divided into two parts: ―ward‖ and ―robe‖.Ward: as a noun, it means ―a room in a hospital which has beds for many people, ofte-n people who need similar treatment‖(病房)or ―a district which forms part of a political constituency or

local council‖（行政區、選區）.*Ward off(v.avoid)

*warder(n.someone who works in a prison supervising the prisoners.)

*warden(n.doorkeeper/the head of a county)

Robe: a loose piece of clothing which covers all of your body and reaches the ground.(睡袍)For example, she put her robe on the chair.*Work robe

*baby robe

To sum up, the word, wardrobe can be explained this way: a cabinet where one’s clot-hes are deposited.③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―wardrobe‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 7.8.Extended.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.First, Teach –er shows students its archetype ―extend‖.Extend is a transitive verb and intransitive verb.And ―extend‖ contains two-faced meaning.On the one hand, it approximates to reach /increase/expand /enlarge /stretch/ magnify /broaden/ lengthen out, meaning ―延伸、增大、擴大‖ in Chinese.On the other hand, it approximates to donate /give grant supply/ furnish /contribute /allot/ provide /present, meaning ―給予、捐贈、分配‖in Chinese.Some examples are given: *The boss extended money to create new products.*This metal will extend when it is heated.②Extend can be separated into two parts: ―ex-‖ and ―-tend‖.Ex-: A: to make something out, such as exclude/expel/expose/extract, etc.B: something or someone is no longer the one it or he once was, such ex-wife, ex-president, ex-colonial.Tend-: A: to notice/ look after /care/mind, etc.B: something is likely to happen frequently;someone is likely to behave/say in a certain way.To sum up, ―extend‖ basically can be explained this way: something is likely to get larger/more/longer/out/spread.More meaning of it is show in the following sentences: *This speech has extended for two hours.(持續)*This paper extends to a lot of practical problems.(涉及)*I’m glad that you extended my mother an invitation.(發出)③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―extended‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 8.9.Insurance.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.Generally speaking, it is a noun, meaning an arrangement where you pay money to a company, and they pay money back once something bad occurs to you, such as if your belongings are stolen or damaged/ if you catch a severe disease(保險);What’s more it also refers to some measures done to make up great loss in future（保險措施）.②Teacher tells students that insurance’s verb is insure(intransitive and transitive).And insure can be analyzed as following: insure consists of two parts: ―in‖ and ―sure‖.In-: inside;in power;on position or it is a negative affix.Sure: certain;firmly assure something;and it can be both an adjective and adverb.Therefore we can explain ―insure‖ in this way: one is certain about something heartily(確

定)；one promises somebody something(保證);one safeguards somebody/something（保護）.Moreover, some synonyms are offered: *assure

*affirm

*guarantee

*certify ③Teacher introduces some expressions used in daily life: *insurance company

* insurance act

* insurance law

*insurance amount

*insurance industry ④Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―insurance‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 9.10.Hardship.①Giving basic information about this word, that is :Due to phonetic symbol in the passage, Teacher leads students to spell and pronunciation it correctly.It is usually used as a noun, approximating to ―difficulty/ trouble/ handicap, etc‖.②Two parts(hard and ship)forms ―hardship‖.From this, hardship is defined as a compo--und word.Hard: strict, severe, difficult, tough, solid, rigid, etc.Ship: a noun and verb;a large boat which carries passengers or cargo.Furthermore, it means a kind of relationship, ability, or situation, like judgeship/friendship/leadship/relationship, etc.So in hardship,-ship means a kind of situation, and hard refer to difficult.Thus, hards--hip signifies a sort of difficult situation.③Based on these analyses, Teacher lets students look at ―insurance‖ in the passage, identify its meaning and finish exercise 10.25

第四篇：碩士畢業論文摘要

摘要

風景區是我國旅游業發展的主要載體，但由于管理體制不健全，已導致了資源破壞、環境污染、利益分配不均、國有資產流失等問題。改革現有風景區管理體制，破解旅游業發展瓶頸，探討建立一個既有利于資源和生態保護又能兼顧旅游開發、既有助于推動經濟社會發展又有利于促進當地群眾脫貧致富的體系，以風景區管理體制的革新帶動整個旅游產業的發展，已成為一個十分重要的課題。

本文以南灣湖風景區為實例，從我國風景區管理體制的建立和發展入手，對風景區的性質和功能、產權性質、產品屬性、經營和管理、開發和保護等要素進行剖析，分析現行管理體制的缺陷，提出了改革和完善風景區管理體制的方向。在探討南灣湖風景區管理體制問題上，一是把風景區的產權分解為所有權、管理權和經營權，實行“三權分立”；二是在分析南灣湖風景區利益相關者的基礎上，構建南灣湖風景區利益相關者圖譜，著重分析了核心層利益主體的利益訴求，為重構風景區管理體制框架奠定基礎；三是從投資融資、主導市場的角度，主張建立與南灣湖風景區不相隸屬的南灣湖旅游集團有限公司，實行門票專營，政企分開，管理與經營分開，使管理更加規范、運作更加順暢。在上述論述的基礎上，提出建立三個體系的構想：一是構建合理的行政管理體系，二是鼓勵以市場為主體的經營體系，三是探索以法律為基礎的監管體系。

關鍵詞：風景區管理體制經營模式利益相關者信陽市南灣湖風景區

第五篇：碩士畢業論文致謝

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當我從一個默默的湘中小城來到省城長沙，踏入當時的長沙鐵道學院時，命運便把我和這片寧靜的校園緊緊地拴在了一起，一晃便是七年，人生能有多少個七年啊，我很慶幸這段最美好的青春年華都留在了母校。我愛你，中南大學鐵道學院!

在舉筆即將完成這篇致謝的時候，我猛然發覺自己即刻將離開校園，人生又將寫下新的篇章。在這離別之際，盡管依依不舍，卻很珍惜，因為在我的生命中有那么多可親可敬可愛的人值得感激。

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首先，我要感謝我敬愛的導師——吳小萍教授。從本科畢業設計開始便師從于吳小萍教授，老師給我最大的印象便是待人和藹可親、治學嚴謹。在三年的研究生生涯中，很幸運又得到老師的抬愛，師恩如母，永刻于心。難忘老師美麗的心靈和身影，難忘老師給予國家重點課題研究的機會，難忘老師堅強的性格與不屈的意志。做為我的導師，感謝您對我科研學習上的嚴厲與教誨;做為我的長輩，感謝您給予我母親般的關懷與香甜可口的飯菜;做為我的朋友，感謝您對我知心好友般的促膝而談以及耐心地傾聽我的心聲。此刻，似乎無法用言語來形容我的感激之情，惟愿師生情誼一生延續。祝愿老師及家人健康快樂，永遠幸福!

對我學業最支持的當然是父母，感謝你們竭盡所能地為我提供良好的學習環境，給予了我健康的體魄，誠樸正直的品質，這些都是我受益終身的財富。我親愛的弟弟，感謝你對哥哥的愛，我很愛你，愿你學習進步，你是我最大的牽掛與希望。感謝爺爺奶奶和所有親人們給予我成長的關懷，祝你們永遠健康平安。

衷心感謝答辯委員會的各位老師們，你們百忙之中抽出時間來審閱論文，為我指點迷津;感謝王衛東老師和蒲浩老師平時對我的關心與指導，謝謝你們。

感謝劉虹師姐、楊曉宇師兄在我考研時對我的幫助;感謝秦曦青師姐的雪中送炭，謝謝你在我找工作的時候給予的大力幫助;感謝冉冒平、楊舟、李俊芳、鄭小燕和陳劍偉幾位師兄師姐，還有李洪旺、李文、蘇卿、梅盛四位師弟師妹在學習上的幫助;感謝我的五位同門立國，洪強，松真，小喬，小可愛，正是因為你們這三年來的陪伴，在一起開心玩鬧，互相傾聽，規劃未來，從此我的生活變得多姿多彩，愿我們的友誼地久天長;感謝和我朝夕相處的同寢室三年的華仔和中流，能與你們共處一室相處三年也是緣分，謝謝你們在學習上對我的幫助，還有生活上對我的關心，我們相知相惜，畢業也不會使得我們因為分隔兩地而顯得那么的遙遠。

感謝我的本科同學兼好友蘭玉、陳軼君、趙練橫、楊峰、付黎龍、馬玉林，謝謝你們平時對我的關心與幫助;感謝遠在德國的好友謝歡，謝謝你幫找到了需要的參考文獻;感謝那群與我在籃球場上一起奔跑的矯健身影，劉競、老秦、羅玉、高杰、華山、友華、阿根、老盧、凳子、朝輝、周峰等等;感謝那些和我一起騎單車在春天里馳騁的颯爽英姿，曲曲、祝志恒、胡文軍、方薇等等。感謝在大學里給予我家一般溫暖的一個個伙伴們，兄弟們，與你們在一起的日子我終生難忘，與你們在一起的日子里我的生活一絲都不孤寂。為了理想和愛情，我們每個人做出了不同的抉擇，祝福我們都能快樂，今后再相聚，我們干杯!

感謝中鐵十七局的結拜兄長韋兄，謝謝你一直以來對我的支持與鼓勵;感謝南海艦隊的知己陳巍，謝謝你一路走來的陪伴，愿你我早日找到屬于自己的幸福;感謝中鐵十七局的曹總對我關心與厚愛，謝謝您為我做的一切，愿您及您的家人健康快樂;感謝華南理工的老鄉小新每次熱情地接待，讓我異鄉也感受到家鄉般的溫暖;感謝鐵四院的孫澤兵給予我在實習時的幫助與關懷;感謝懷化鐵路公司的春曉阿姨對我關于生命以及如何對待生活的教誨;感謝當年工作在贛龍鐵路線上的工班長黃文明，謝謝你頗有哲理的故事，從此擰亮了我心中的明燈。

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