第一篇：詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)總結(jié)

詞匯學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1.Word definition: A word is defined by the association of a given sense with a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.[ P 2]

2.The development of English vocabulary[P 3]

(1)The Old English: 449-1100,(2)Middle English: 1100-1500

(3)Modern English: 1500-present

3.Classification of English Words[P 9]

(1)By origin: native words and loan words

(2)By level of usage: common words;literal words;colloquial words;slang words;technical words

(3)By notion: function words and content words

4.Function words & content words[P 17]

Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and so forth.Functions words behave like grammatical signals or functional markers, expressing the kinds of connection between content words.5.Morpheme definition[P 21]

The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.6.Allomorphs[P 22]

An allomorph is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.7.Classification of morphemes[P 23]

A.Free morphemes and bound morphemes

B.Roots and affixes

8.區(qū)分Inflectional affixes 和Derivational affixes[P 25]

9.Definition of root stem and base [P 33]

(1)Root: A root is a form which is not further analyzable, either in terms of derivational or inflectional morphology.(2)A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology….Inflectional(but not derivational)affixes are added to it: it is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.(3)A base is any form to which affixes if any kind can be added;it may also be defined as”a form to which a rule of word-formation is applied”.10.Differences of root, stem and base [P 33]

(1)Any root or stem can be termed a base.But a base differs from a root, in that the former is a derivationally analyzable form to which derivational affixes are added, while the latter is a form which permits no further analysis.(2)A base is also different from a stem since both derivational and inflectional affixes can be attached to a base, whereas only inflectional affixes can be added to a stem.11.Definition of derivation [P 42]

Derivation may be defined as a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combining form, to an already existing word.12.Classifications of prefixes [P 44](給定前綴須知意思，連線題)

(1)“negative” prefixes: un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-

(2)“reversative or privative” prefixes: un-, de-, dis-

(3)“pejorative” prefixes: mis-, mal-, pseudo-

(4)“prefixes of degree or size”: arch-, super-, out-, sub-, over-, under-, hyper-, ultra-, mini-

(5)Prefixes of attitude: co-, counter-, anti-, pro-

(6)“l(fā)ocative” prefixes: super-, sub-, inter-, trans-

(7)Prefixes of time and order: fore-, pre-, post-, ex-, re-

(8)“number” prefixes: uni-/mono-, bi-/di-, tri-, multi-/poly-

(9)A miscellaneous catalogue: auto-, neo-, pan-, proto-, semi-, vice-

13.Classifications of suffixes [P 49]

(1)According to the word-class o the word they form

(2)According to the kind of base

14.Differences between initialisms and acronyms [P 72]

Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase;an initialism is pronounced letter by letter.Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc.Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.15.Clipping [P 75]

The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word, which is also available in its full form.16.Blending [P 77]

Blending is the process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.17.Conventionality [P 93]

Most English words are conventional, arbitrary symbols;consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the sound-symbol and its sense.A more convincing evidence of the conventional and arbitrary nature of the connection between sound-symbol and meaning can be illustrated by a set of homophones.18.Lexical meaning [P 97] 填空

Lexical meaning may be subdivided into denotative meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning and affective meaning.19.Two process leading to polysemy [P 111]

There are two important process in the development of word meaning: radiation and concatenation.20.Types of homonyms 對(duì)其進(jìn)行區(qū)分[P 115]

(1)Perfect homonyms: Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.E.g.lie, page, base.(2)Homophones: Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.E.g.bear/bare, dear/ deer, air/heir, pair/pear.(3)Homographs: Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.E.g.lead, sow, tear.21.文體效果

Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieve humor or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect.[P 121]

Synonyms, therefore, are extremely valuable stylistically in helping to avoid monotonous repetition and in achieving precision.[P 133]

22.Definition and types of antonym 需舉例[P 136]

Definition: the term antonym is used for “oppositeness of meaning”;words that are opposite are antonyms.Types:

(1)On the basis of semantic contrastContraries: Contraries or contrary terms display a type of semantic ○

contrast, illustrated by such pairs as rich and poor, heavy and light.Complementaries: Complementaries or contradictories represent a type ○

of binary semantic opposition.The assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other;an entity cannot be both at once.E.g.alive and dead, single and married present and absent.Conversives: Another important type of binary opposition.E.g.lend and ○

borrow, husband and wife, employer and employee, above and below.(2)On the basis of morphological structureRoot antonyms: E.g.deep and shallow, love and hate, up and down.○Derivational antonyms: Words with the same roots having negative affixes.○

E.g.happy and unhappy, possible and impossible, loyal and disloyal, prewar and postwar, harmful and harmless.23.簡答 Two types of contexts [P 152]

The meanings of words, especially those of polysemous words may be viewed as determined either by linguistic(or verbal)contexts or extra-linguistic(or nonverbal)contexts.(1)Linguistic context: The three main types of linguistic context are the lexical,grammatical, and verbal context in its broad sense.(2)Extra-linguistic context/ Context of situation

（不會(huì)答，求高人解答)

24.Linguistic cause 簡答[P 172]

Change of meaning is frequently brought about by two tendencies in a linguistic system: towards ellipsis and towards analogy.25.Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 連線題[P 176]

A.Restriction of meaning(specialization);

B.Extension of meaning(generalization);

C.Degeneration of meaning(pejoration);

D.Elevation of meaning(amelioration).26.The common categories of metonymy 連線題[P 187]

A.Sign for the person or thing signified: e.g.from the cradle to the grave;the Cross;bloodshed;crown, scepter, throne.B.Container for its contents;the place for the people occupying it: e.g.the bottle;wardrobe;the town;the chair.C.The abstract for the concrete: e.g.a beauty;the pride;authority or authorities;the management;the press.D.The concrete for the abstract: e.g.tongue;name;seat;the floor;brain;ear.E.A part for the whole and vice versa: for a part to indicate the whole, we have following examples: a sail;hand;head.The whole may be named for a part, e.g.the smiling year;the army;a country.F.The material for the thing made: silver;nickel;plastic;nylons;marble;rubbers.27.填空題 [P 191]

To sum up, an idiom may be defined as a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function as a single unit of meaning.It is an established form, one that has been accepted by traditional usage.As such, the component words, word order and meaning of each idiom should be learned as a whole.

第二篇：詞匯學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)總結(jié)

詞匯學(xué)期末復(fù)習(xí)

1.In brief, a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and minimum free form;with a unity of sound and meaning(both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function.2.The morpheme(詞素)is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.Example: One morpheme: nation Two morphemes: nation-al Three morphemes: nation-al-ize Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize 3.An allomorph(詞素變體)is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.For example: go: went, gone-ion/-tion/-sion/-ation are the positional variants of the same suffix.4.Inflectional affixes(曲折詞綴)

Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes.For example: cats, walked, walking, John’s book? 5.Derivational affixes(派生詞綴)

Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.For example: re＋write, mini＋car, work＋er 6.Connotative meaning(內(nèi)涵意義)

In contrast to denotative meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations which a word suggests or implies.Mother(a female parent)is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, ‘tenderness’, ‘forgiving’, etc.Home(a dwelling place)may suggest ‘family, warmth, safety, love, convenience’, etc 7.Stylistic meaning(文體意義)

Words may have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.Examples: male parent, father, daddy ；

residence, home, pad 8.Affective meaning(情感意義)

Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories:

Appreciative or commendatory(褒義): words of positive overtones used to show appreciation or approval.eg: love, cherish, prize, admire, worship, charm.Pejorative or derogatory(貶義): words of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.eg : hate, vicious.9.Collocative meaning(搭配意義)

Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words, it is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.eg:pretty: girl, woman, flower, etc.handsome: boy, man, car, etc.10.a)Radiation輻射型：

It is the semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meaning radiates out of it.Though all the secondary meanings are independent of one another, they can all be traced back to the primary meaning.face

head

11.b)Concatenation 連鎖型:

It is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning.E.g.candidate：

1)white-roped 2)office seeker in white gowns 3)a person who seeks an office 4)a person proposed for a place, award, etc.12.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context.a)lexical context: refers to the lexemes that co-occur with the word in question.The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring lexemes.E.g“paper” : a term paper，today’s paper ；“do ” : do one’s teeth: brush，do fish: cook.13.b)grammatical context: In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.E.g.“become”

become + adj./n., means‘begin to be’

become + pron./n., means ‘suit, befit’

become + of, means ‘happen to, often in a bad way’ 1.Causes of changes in word meaning 1)historical cause :It often happens that though a word retain its original form, its meaning has changed because the object it denotes has changed, this is the historical cause of semantic change.eg.pencil(from Latin word meaning)—a little tail or a fine brush, like our Chinese pen

when it was made of wood and graphite石墨，it was still called a “pencil”

2)Social cause : Change in word meaning results from a constant verbal traffic between common words and various technical words.eg.hot and cold have changed their meaning in the field of politics, as in “cold war”,” hot war” and “hot line”

3)Foreign influences : The influence of foreign words is a particularly important cause.eg.stool: any kind of seat for one person including a king’s seat

The French word chair was adopted to denote a more comfortable piece of furniture.4)Linguistic cause

Towards ellipsis 省略

a general---a general officer;uniform—uniform dress

Towards analogy 類推

Energetic(精力旺盛)—formerly meant “to operate, effect” as in “the most energetic chemicals”, now energetic means “of , having or showing energy, vigorous, forceful” as if it had been derived from energy 5)Psychological cause 1）Euphemism（委婉詞）：

It refers that the word changed after people use mild, agreeable language when speaking of an unpleasant or embarrassing fact and of taboo subjects as sex and the excretive processes of the body such as death can be used as '' go west''.2）Grandiloquence（夸張）：

It refers to the use of long, important-sounding words for effect.The desire to upgrade or raise the social status of a position, occupation, or institution by changing its common name to one felt to confer greater dignity or importance is another psychological factor in the change of word meaning.In a sense, it is a form of euphemism.e.g.''hair stylist'' was upgraded as ''hairologist'' for barbers.3）Cynicism（挖苦語）：

It refers that the desire to sneer(冷笑)and to be sarcastic(諷刺)cause the semantic change.e.g.sanctimonious(假裝神圣)means ''devoted, holy or scared'' and now means ''pretending to be very holy or pious''.2.The difference between suffixation and conversion The difference between suffixation and conversion is whether the addition of an affix is needed.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems , and mainly change the word class.They may also add attached meaning to the stem.eg: hard harden,attract attractive.Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix.It is also called zero derivation(零位派生).eg:Verb-noun conversion : a three-year wait.It is a good buy.3.The fundamental features / the character of the basic word stock基本詞匯

All national character 全民性:The basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us , which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language.eg: rain, head,brother.Stability穩(wěn)定性: They are likely to remain relatively unchanged.Productivity 能產(chǎn)性:They are mostly root words, means they can form new words with other roots and affixes.eg.postman, chairman, workman.Polysemy : They often possess more than one meaning.Collocability 搭配性: many of them have many set expressions, proverbial sayings and so on.eg,heart: a heart of gold, learn by heart.4..The characteristics /features of compounds 1)Phonological features e.g.Compound

Free phrase

a ’fat cat

a fat ’cat

’greenhouse

green ’house

a ’dark horse

a dark ’horse

2)Semantic features : ‘one-wordness’: every compound should express a single idea just as one word;the elements are inseparable and the change of the element would result in the loss of the original identity.3)Grammatical features :Tend to fill a single grammatical slot in a sentence.e.g.He bad-mouthed me.In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.e.g.hot line, red tape 5.homonymy

第三篇：詩歌總結(jié) 復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)

詩歌鑒賞答題模式歸類

一、題型意識(shí)（拿到題目，先作題型判斷）

詩歌鑒賞四大題型： 形象題 語言題 技巧題 主旨題

二、審題意識(shí)（問什么答什么，怎么問怎么答）

抓住題干的審題點(diǎn)，勾畫出來，體會(huì)其所示該題的信息區(qū)源、回答思路、回答角度，甚至答案。

三、術(shù)語意識(shí)

答案的精準(zhǔn)建立在正確識(shí)別并使用詩歌鑒賞相關(guān)術(shù)語的基礎(chǔ)上，積累必備的鑒賞術(shù)語是至關(guān)重要的。務(wù)必梳理成體系，強(qiáng)化記憶。

四、套路意識(shí) 牢牢掌握經(jīng)典題型的回答套路，事半功倍。

第一種類型 形象題 分析人物形象

1.提問方式：這首詩塑造了一個(gè)的什么樣的人物形象？ 2.提問變體：這首詞體現(xiàn)了某某什么樣的人生態(tài)度？你怎么看待某某形象？ 3.解答分析： 概括形象特點(diǎn)公式：外在形象+內(nèi)在品性+基本身份 4.答題步驟：

①概括形象特點(diǎn)； 總 ②找出并描摹詩歌形象； 分 ③揭示作者情感。總 注意：有手法點(diǎn)手法

5.答題示例： 尋陸鴻漸不遇 皎然

移家雖帶郭，野徑入桑麻。近種籬邊菊，秋來未著花。扣門無犬吠，欲去問西家。報(bào)道山中去，歸來每日斜。

注：帶郭，意即靠近外城。

詩中的陸鴻漸是一個(gè)怎樣的人物形象？請(qǐng)簡要分析。

答案：詩中的陸鴻漸是一個(gè)寄情山水、不以塵事為念的高人逸士形象。（步驟一）前四句通過對(duì)幽僻、高雅的隱居之地的景物描寫，表現(xiàn)了陸鴻漸的高潔不俗。最后兩句通過西鄰對(duì)陸鴻漸行蹤的敘述，側(cè)面烘托（點(diǎn)手法）了陸鴻漸的瀟灑疏放。（步驟二）作者通過陸鴻漸這一形象的塑造表現(xiàn)了對(duì)隱逸生活的向往和追求。（步驟三）分析物象 物象：托物言志詩中的意象簡稱物象。答題步驟： ①物象特點(diǎn)（外+內(nèi)）②聯(lián)系詩歌描繪分析 ③體現(xiàn)出什么“志”

答題示例： 畫菊

花開不并百花從，獨(dú)立疏籬趣未窮。寧可枝頭抱香死，何曾吹落北風(fēng)中。請(qǐng)分析菊花的形象。

詩人刻畫了菊花獨(dú)立寒秋，傲霜開放的傲岸高潔形象。（步驟一）菊花獨(dú)立疏籬，不求虛榮，不屑與“百花”為伍；寧可帶著清香枯死枝頭，絕不向北風(fēng)屈服飄零落地。（步驟二）這里的菊花正是詩人的自我寫照，它堅(jiān)持節(jié)操、傲然不屈的頑強(qiáng)精神，體現(xiàn)了詩人的耿耿忠心、錚錚鐵骨的高風(fēng)亮節(jié)。（步驟三）分析意境

1.提問方式：這首詩營造了一種怎樣的意境？

2.提問變體：這首詩描繪了一幅怎樣的畫面？表達(dá)了詩人怎樣的思想感情？ 3.解答分析：所謂意境，包括景、情、境三個(gè)方面。答題時(shí)三方面缺一不可。4.答題步驟：

①描繪詩中展現(xiàn)的圖景畫面。考生應(yīng)抓住詩中的主要景物，用自己的語言再現(xiàn)畫面。②概括景物所營造的氛圍特點(diǎn)。一般用兩個(gè)雙音節(jié)詞即可，例如孤寂冷清、恬靜優(yōu)美、雄渾壯闊、蕭瑟凄涼等，注意要能準(zhǔn)確地體現(xiàn)景物的特點(diǎn)和情調(diào)。

③分析作者的思想感情。切忌空洞，要答具體。比如光答“表達(dá)了作者感傷的情懷”是不行的，應(yīng)答出為什么而“感傷”。

5.答題示例： 絕句二首(其一)杜甫

遲日江山麗，春風(fēng)花草香。泥融飛燕子，沙暖睡鴛鴦。

注此詩寫于詩人經(jīng)過“一歲四行役”的奔波流離之后，暫時(shí)定居成都草堂時(shí)。此詩描繪了怎樣的景物？表達(dá)了詩人怎樣的感情？請(qǐng)簡要分析。

答：此詩描繪了一派美麗的初春景象：春天陽光普照，四野青綠，江水映日，春風(fēng)送來花草的馨香，泥融土濕，燕子正繁忙地銜泥筑巢，日麗沙暖，鴛鴦在沙洲上靜睡不動(dòng)。(步驟一)這是一幅明凈絢麗的春景圖。(步驟二)表現(xiàn)了詩人結(jié)束奔波流離生活安定后愉悅閑適的心境。(步驟三)第二種類型 語言題 語言風(fēng)格題

1.提問方式：這首詩在語言上有何特色？

2.提問變體：請(qǐng)分析這首詩的語言風(fēng)格。談?wù)劥嗽姷恼Z言藝術(shù)。

3.解答分析：這種題型不是要求揣摩個(gè)別字詞運(yùn)用的巧妙，而是要品味整首詩表現(xiàn)出來的語言風(fēng)格。能用來答題的詞一般有：清新自然、樸實(shí)無華、華美絢麗、明白曉暢、多用口語、委婉含蓄、雄渾豪放、筆調(diào)婉約、簡練生動(dòng)??

4.答題步驟：(1)用一兩個(gè)詞準(zhǔn)確點(diǎn)明語言特色。(2)用詩中有關(guān)語句具體分析這種特色。(3)指出表現(xiàn)了作者怎樣的感情。5.答題示例： 春怨

打起黃鶯兒，莫教枝上啼。啼時(shí)驚妾夢，不得到遼西。請(qǐng)分析此詩的語言特色。

答：此詩語言特點(diǎn)是清新自然，口語化，(步驟一)“黃鶯兒”是兒化音，顯出女子的純真嬌憨。“啼時(shí)驚妾夢，不得到遼西”用質(zhì)樸的語言表明了打黃鶯是因?yàn)樗@擾了自己思

念丈夫的美夢。(步驟二)這樣非常自然地表現(xiàn)了女子對(duì)丈夫的思念之情。(步驟三)煉字題 1.提問方式：這一聯(lián)中最生動(dòng)傳神的是什么字？為什么？ 2.提問變體：某字歷來為人稱道，你認(rèn)為它好在哪里？ 3.解答分析：答題時(shí)不能把該字孤立起來談，得放在句中，結(jié)合全詩的意境情感來分析。4.答題步驟：(1)解釋該字在句中的含義。(2)展開聯(lián)想把該字放入原句中描述景象。(3)點(diǎn)出該字烘托了怎樣的意境，或表達(dá)了怎樣的感情，有什么效果。5.答題示例： 南浦別·白居易

南浦凄凄別，西風(fēng)裊裊秋。一看腸一斷，好去莫回頭。

前人認(rèn)為，“看”字看似平常，實(shí)際上非常傳神，它能真切透露出抒情主人公的形象。你同意這種說法嗎？為什么？

答：同意。看，在詩中指回望。(步驟一)離人孤獨(dú)地走了，還頻頻回望，每一次回望，都令自己肝腸寸斷。此字讓我們仿佛看到抒情主人公淚眼朦朧，想看又不敢看的形象。(步驟二)只一“看”字，就淋漓盡致地（步驟四）表現(xiàn)了離別的酸楚。(步驟三)一詞領(lǐng)全詩型 1.提問方式：某詞是全詩的關(guān)鍵，為什么？

2.解答分析：古詩非常講究構(gòu)思，往往一個(gè)字或一個(gè)詞就構(gòu)成全詩的線索，全詩的感情基調(diào)、全詩的思想，抓住這個(gè)詞命題往往可以以小見大，考出考生對(duì)全詩的把握程度。3.答題步驟：(1)該詞對(duì)突出主旨所起的作用。(2)從該詞在詩中結(jié)構(gòu)上所起的作用考慮。4.答題示例： 春夜洛城·聞笛李白

誰家玉笛暗飛聲，散入春風(fēng)滿洛城。此夜曲中聞?wù)哿稳瞬黄鸸蕡@情？ “折柳”二字是全詩的關(guān)鍵，“折柳”寓意是什么？你是否同意“關(guān)鍵”之說，為什么？(2002年高考題)答：“折柳”的寓意是“惜別懷遠(yuǎn)”，而詩歌的主旨正是思鄉(xiāng)之情。(步驟一)這種思鄉(xiāng)之情是從聽到“折柳”曲的笛聲引起的。(步驟二)可見“折柳”是全詩的關(guān)鍵。

第三種類型 技巧題

1.提問方式：這首詩用了怎樣的表現(xiàn)手法？

2.提問變體：請(qǐng)分析這首詩的表現(xiàn)技巧(或藝術(shù)手法，或手法)。詩人是怎樣抒發(fā)自己的情感的？有何效果？ 3.解答分析：要準(zhǔn)確答題，必須熟悉常用的一些表現(xiàn)手法：表現(xiàn)手法分抒情手法、描寫手法、修辭手法三大類。

抒情手法有直抒胸臆和間接抒情兩種。間接抒情又分借景抒情、托物言志、敘事抒情、用典抒情（借古諷今）。

描寫手法主要有：(1)襯托，分正襯和反襯。反襯又有動(dòng)靜襯（以動(dòng)襯靜、以靜襯動(dòng)），如“明月松間照，清泉石上流”；聲寂襯（以聲襯靜），如“日出驚山鳥，時(shí)鳴春澗中”；以樂景襯哀情，如“映階碧草自春色，隔葉黃鸝空好音”等。(2)聯(lián)想和想像，又叫虛實(shí)結(jié)合。(3)對(duì)比。(4)白描。如“春種一粒粟，秋收萬顆籽。田野無閑田，農(nóng)夫皆餓死”。（5）觀察角度的變化。遠(yuǎn)近高低，視聽觸嗅、聲光色態(tài)。

修辭手法常見的有：(1)比興。如“關(guān)關(guān)雎鳩，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑”。先言它物引起所詠之物。(2)比喻。(3)擬人。(4)夸張。(5)雙關(guān)。如“東邊日出西邊雨，道是

無晴卻有晴”，“晴”暗指感情的“情”。(6)設(shè)問（7）反問（8）借代（9）對(duì)偶。4.答題步驟：(1)準(zhǔn)確指出用了何種手法。(2)結(jié)合詩句闡釋這種手法的具體運(yùn)用。(3)此手法傳達(dá)出詩人怎樣的感情。（4）有什么效果。5.答題示例： 早行 陳與義

露侵駝褐曉寒輕，星斗闌干分外明。寂寞小橋和夢過，稻田深處草蟲鳴。

此詩主要用了什么表現(xiàn)手法？有何效果？

答：主要用了反襯手法。(步驟一)天未放亮，星斗縱橫，分外明亮，反襯夜色之暗；“草蟲鳴”反襯出環(huán)境的寂靜。(步驟二)兩處反襯都突出了（步驟四）詩人出行之早，心中由飄泊引起的孤獨(dú)寂寞。(步驟三)

第四種類型 主旨題

1、提問方式： 評(píng)價(jià)詩作的思想感情，或概括詩歌的主題思想

2、提問變體：請(qǐng)分析某句詩的思想感情或內(nèi)涵，闡述詩歌所表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)、態(tài)度、主張，就某個(gè)人對(duì)詩歌的評(píng)價(jià)談?wù)勀愕目捶ǖ取?/p>

3、解答分析：在具體操作中，我們往往用“描繪了??的景物，塑造了??的形象，抒發(fā)了詩人??的情感，歌頌了??的品質(zhì)，批判了??的觀點(diǎn)”等句式。

4、答題步驟：

①點(diǎn)明作者的情感，詩歌的主旨。（情感主旨結(jié)論公式：情感具體內(nèi)涵+情感基調(diào)）總 ②進(jìn)行有理有據(jù)的簡要闡釋，它包括：“譯一譯”，對(duì)能體現(xiàn)詩歌主旨的詩句進(jìn)行文學(xué)化的翻譯描繪、概括說明；“引一引”，特別重要的詩句、關(guān)鍵詞、意象要特別的點(diǎn)出來專門闡釋；“點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)”，語言技巧、結(jié)構(gòu)章法的使用及其作用（點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)即可，不展開）。分 注意：用總分的結(jié)構(gòu)安排答題層次。

5.答題示例： 江間作四首（其三）潘大臨①

西山通虎穴②，赤壁隱龍宮。形勝三分國，波流萬世功。沙明拳宿鷺③，天闊退飛鴻。最羨漁竿客，歸船雨打篷。

?注?①潘大臨（約1057～1106)：字邠老，黃州（今湖北黃岡）人，善詩文。曾隨蘇軾同游赤壁。②西山：在湖北鄂州西，山幽僻深邃．③拳宿鷺：指白鷺?biāo)邥r(shí)一腿蜷縮的樣子。從全詩看，作者向往一種什么樣的生活？請(qǐng)簡要分析。答：向往一種隱逸的生活。（步驟一）詩的前兩聯(lián)，作者從眼前之景，轉(zhuǎn)入懷古，遙想當(dāng)年赤壁之戰(zhàn)時(shí)的人事，而今安在，從而發(fā)出了“波流萬世功”的感嘆。詩的后兩聯(lián)，作者贊嘆宿鷺、飛鴻的閑適，接著又仿佛看到了漁翁的扁舟，聯(lián)系到“波流萬世功”的感嘆，于是提出“最羨漁竿客”，想駕一葉小舟在煙雨朦朧中歸去！(步驟二

第四篇：高等數(shù)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)總結(jié)

高等數(shù)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)總結(jié)

★高等數(shù)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)總結(jié) 希望有參考作用★ 張宇

下面是我給一個(gè)朋友寫的，大概是今年4月份寫的，發(fā)給同學(xué)們做個(gè)參考：

我把高數(shù)的東西整理了一下，按照這個(gè)復(fù)習(xí)，保證可以串起來，同時(shí)別忘了把基本功打好！高等數(shù)學(xué)

1）洛必達(dá)法則求極限，最常用，要熟練；

2）無窮小代換求極限，在解題中非常有用，幾個(gè)等價(jià)公式要倒背如流；

3）求含參數(shù)的極限，關(guān)鍵是把握常量變量的關(guān)系，求解過程體現(xiàn)你極限計(jì)算的基本功； 4）1的∞次方的極限是重點(diǎn)，多練幾個(gè)題；

5）函數(shù)連續(xù)計(jì)算中要會(huì)對(duì)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行修改定義、補(bǔ)充定義，看看書上怎么寫的，給你說句話你體會(huì)一下，“連續(xù)的概念是逐點(diǎn)概念”，所以問題就是圍繞特殊點(diǎn)展開的，這是數(shù)學(xué)思想了；

6）閉區(qū)間連續(xù)函數(shù)性質(zhì)四定理非常重要，把它們背下來，然后結(jié)合例題搞定；

7）記住趨向不同，結(jié)果就大不一樣的極限；

8）兩個(gè)重要極限、兩個(gè)基本極限把它們的推倒過程多寫寫，記住；關(guān)鍵還是剛才的要點(diǎn)，一個(gè)是用e的抬頭法，一個(gè)是注意“趨向不同，結(jié)果就大不一樣的極限”，還有注意lnx的定義域>0;

9）要注意存在與任意的關(guān)系，存在就是說只要有一個(gè)符合就成立，任意是說只要有一個(gè)不符合就不成立，你體會(huì)體會(huì)。例題：無窮大無窮小有界變量無界變量；

10）注意夾逼定理的條件很強(qiáng)，不要漏掉要點(diǎn)；

11）“見根號(hào)差，用有理化”！！這是思維定勢，很管用；

第二章

1）導(dǎo)數(shù)的概念非常重要！！一定會(huì)在解答題（主觀題）中讓你展現(xiàn)出你對(duì)它的理解是透徹的，所以這里不要用什么特殊化思想，就是嚴(yán)格按照定義來演算推理；

2）導(dǎo)數(shù)公式倒背如流的要求不算過分吧 呵呵；

3）連續(xù)可導(dǎo)的要求一個(gè)弱一個(gè)強(qiáng)，只要改變條件的強(qiáng)弱就會(huì)有截然不同的做法，你做題的時(shí)候一定要總結(jié)一下，回顧一下，看看條件的強(qiáng)弱問題，然后在每個(gè)題上標(biāo)記出來，便于以后再復(fù)習(xí)；

4）由于有些函數(shù)求導(dǎo)會(huì)出現(xiàn)x在分母上出現(xiàn)，所以要知道：即使不是分段函數(shù)，有時(shí)也要用定義去求導(dǎo)，而且乘積中某個(gè)因子在某點(diǎn)不可導(dǎo)，但乘積在該點(diǎn)也可能可導(dǎo)；

5）中值定理的難點(diǎn)在于構(gòu)造輔助函數(shù)，構(gòu)造函數(shù)是根據(jù)題目的要求來的，除了陳文燈等人寫的方法外，關(guān)鍵是多看例題，熟練了，自然就會(huì)了（我上次給同學(xué)們說的是“微分方程法”和“湊”法，這兩個(gè)掌握了就足夠了）；

6）函數(shù)性態(tài)部分是基本功，一定要耐心的按照函數(shù)作圖的幾大步驟認(rèn)真做幾個(gè)題，這樣就可以把函數(shù)的各種性態(tài)串起來了，方法：抄例題，然后背下來，自己默一遍；

7）三個(gè)式子的不等事，即A 8）能用微分中值定理的，一般用積分中值定理也可以搞定，你也試試吧，體會(huì)一下數(shù)學(xué)思想和定理的聯(lián)系，是有好處的；

9）這部分的經(jīng)濟(jì)應(yīng)用題不難，關(guān)鍵是仔細(xì)一些，對(duì)彈性等概念理解好，你經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的好的多了，我就不說了：）；

第三章

1）一元函數(shù)積分是高等數(shù)學(xué)中最重要的部分之一，一元函數(shù)的積分不學(xué)扎實(shí)，后面的多元函數(shù)的積分就是空中樓閣，要熟練掌握各種積分方法和幾種常見的積分類型，如有理函數(shù)，三角函數(shù)的有理式和簡單無理函數(shù)的積分；

2）給你說幾個(gè)準(zhǔn)公式： ； ；，作題時(shí)相當(dāng)有用的哦，關(guān)鍵是反過來用你要有意識(shí)；

3）這里特別提醒注意積分限函數(shù)，一句話：“積分限x在積分過程中是常量，在積分完畢后是變量”，這是核心的東西，抓住它就不會(huì)迷失方向；

4）旋轉(zhuǎn)體的體積看來是一定要考了，當(dāng)然是重點(diǎn)，關(guān)鍵：一個(gè)是公式記清，應(yīng)該是繞x軸還是y軸都要搞的清清楚楚，另一個(gè)就是體會(huì)移圖和移軸的不同，這里要用到積分的計(jì)算，是體現(xiàn)基本功的地方；

5）積分在經(jīng)濟(jì)中的應(yīng)用也是重重之重，記清概念，把握公式，清醒審題，仔細(xì)答題，搞定；

6）廣義積分關(guān)鍵是計(jì)算，不是證明！！記住重點(diǎn)；

7）廣義積分中積分函數(shù)是加減函數(shù)時(shí)不能將加減函數(shù)拆開分別積分，應(yīng)將加減函數(shù)整體積分。積分上下限代入積分函數(shù)若無意義，則理解為取極限，你做做這個(gè)題就明白了：I=.作者： ypcworld2005-10-12 12:47回復(fù)此發(fā)言

------------------高等數(shù)學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)總結(jié)

8）其實(shí)廣義積分和定積分的概念很容易搞清，一句話：定積分存在有兩個(gè)必要條件，即積分區(qū)間有限，被積函數(shù)有界。破壞了積分區(qū)間有限，引出無窮區(qū)間上的廣義積分，破壞了被積函數(shù)有界，引出無界函數(shù)的廣義積分。

9）把握住上面的這句話，就可以不暈了，看出來了吧，基本概念非常清楚的人才能學(xué)好；

10）定積分是一個(gè)數(shù)！！這是一個(gè)經(jīng)常命題的地方，好記嗎？那就記住吧；

11）不定積分去根號(hào)時(shí)不用考慮絕對(duì)值，而定積分去根號(hào)時(shí)則要考慮絕對(duì)值！！這個(gè)好錯(cuò)，一定要記住，會(huì)的可不要錯(cuò)哦，不然就慘嘍；

12）經(jīng)驗(yàn)一個(gè)：三角有理函數(shù)式的積分，若有理函數(shù)式分母為，則可以通過分子分母同時(shí)乘上一個(gè)式子，使分母變?yōu)榉e的形式，另外，還可以直接變形為積的形式來求解

13）被積函數(shù)只要是可以看成兩個(gè)不同類函數(shù)的積，就要優(yōu)先考慮分步積分法，經(jīng)驗(yàn)哦：）；

14）這里提一下，對(duì)于選擇題中的抽象函數(shù)問題，我個(gè)人的認(rèn)識(shí)是：將復(fù)雜的形式化成簡單的形式，比如對(duì)抽象復(fù)合函數(shù)做變量替換，與其說是一種技巧方法，不如說是一條普遍的規(guī)律，任何事物都有由繁到簡的趨勢，這是可以上升到哲學(xué)層面的認(rèn)識(shí)問題，（哈哈，這是英語學(xué)多了，not so much?as?用了一下）；

15）一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)：如果在一個(gè)函數(shù)或者積分等中的函數(shù)，當(dāng)它是同一個(gè)x的函數(shù)時(shí)，比如f(x)g(x)的形式，可以對(duì)其中的任何一個(gè)進(jìn)行放大縮小或者變形，而另一個(gè)可以不動(dòng)，這樣的處理往往是需要的，很有用，當(dāng)你作不下去時(shí)，想想我說的這個(gè)

你自己做題和總結(jié)時(shí)，也應(yīng)該有意識(shí)的做這樣一些歸納。自己的東西才最管用的。

三角函數(shù)公式大全

發(fā)表日期：2007-1-28 13:15:39 文章分類：技術(shù)八卦來源：轉(zhuǎn)載自從數(shù)學(xué)論壇上找到了這個(gè)列表，非常的全面，但是網(wǎng)頁排版稍微有點(diǎn)不方便，故轉(zhuǎn)載于此：

誘導(dǎo)公式

sin(-a)=-sin(a)

cos(-a)=cos(a)

sin(pi/2-a)=cos(a)

cos(pi/2-a)=sin(a)

sin(pi/2+a)=cos(a)

cos(pi/2+a)=-sin(a)

sin(pi-a)=sin(a)

cos(pi-a)=-cos(a)

sin(pi+a)=-sin(a)

cos(pi+a)=-cos(a)

tgA=tanA=sinA/cosA

兩角和與差的三角函數(shù)

sin(a+b)=sin(a)cos(b)+cos(α)sin(b)

cos(a+b)=cos(a)cos(b)-sin(a)sin(b)

sin(a-b)=sin(a)cos(b)-cos(a)sin(b)

cos(a-b)=cos(a)cos(b)+sin(a)sin(b)

tan(a+b)=(tan(a)+tan(b))/(1-tan(a)tan(b))

tan(a-b)=(tan(a)-tan(b))/(1+tan(a)tan(b))

三角函數(shù)和差化積公式

sin(a)+sin(b)=2sin((a+b)/2)cos((a-b)/2)

sin(a)-sin(b)=2cos((a+b)/2)sin((a-b)/2)

cos(a)+cos(b)=2cos((a+b)/2)cos((a-b)/2)

cos(a)-cos(b)=-2sin((a+b)/2)sin((a-b)/2)

積化和差公式

sin(a)sin(b)=-1/2*[cos(a+b)-cos(a-b)]

cos(a)cos(b)=1/2*[cos(a+b)+cos(a-b)]

sin(a)cos(b)=1/2*[sin(a+b)+sin(a-b)]

二倍角公式

sin(2a)=2sin(a)cos(a)

cos(2a)=cos^2(a)-sin^2(a)=2cos^2(a)-1=1-2sin^2(a)

半角公式

sin^2(a/2)=(1-cos(a))/2

cos^2(a/2)=(1+cos(a))/2

tan(a/2)=(1-cos(a))/sin(a)=sin(a)/(1+cos(a))

萬能公式

sin(a)=(2tan(a/2))/(1+tan^2(a/2))

cos(a)=(1-tan^2(a/2))/(1+tan^2(a/2))

tan(a)=(2tan(a/2))/(1-tan^2(a/2))

其它公式

a*sin(a)+b*cos(a)=sqrt(a^2+b^2)sin(a+c)[其中，tan(c)=b/a] a*sin(a)-b*cos(a)=sqrt(a^2+b^2)cos(a-c)[其中，tan(c)=a/b] 1+sin(a)=(sin(a/2)+cos(a/2))^2

1-sin(a)=(sin(a/2)-cos(a/2))^2

其他非重點(diǎn)三角函數(shù)

csc(a)=1/sin(a)

sec(a)=1/cos(a)

雙曲函數(shù)

sinh(a)=(e^a-e^(-a))/2

cosh(a)=(e^a+e^(-a))/2

tgh(a)=sinh(a)/cosh(a)

第五篇：詞匯學(xué)心得體會(huì)

詞匯學(xué)感想

轉(zhuǎn)眼間，詞匯學(xué)這門課程，我已學(xué)了一學(xué)期。回想剛開學(xué)時(shí)，對(duì)這門課充滿了抱怨與懷疑。“不就是單詞么，有必要開設(shè)一門課程嗎，我從小學(xué)就開始背單詞，難道還不會(huì)嗎？還有什么好學(xué)的”我相信很多人開始都抱有這樣的想法。但上了兩節(jié)課之后，我才發(fā)現(xiàn)里面別有洞天。首先是老師很幽默，知識(shí)淵博，各種搞笑的段子，會(huì)讓你不知不覺愛上這么課。老師經(jīng)常會(huì)用些重慶方言把單詞諧音，這樣便于記憶，雖然老師經(jīng)常說些我們聽不懂的東西，但毫無疑問，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，原來英語可以這樣學(xué)。

從這門課中，我學(xué)習(xí)到，一個(gè)很簡單的單詞，經(jīng)過派生，復(fù)合，轉(zhuǎn)化，可以演變成成千上萬的單詞，多么富有魔力的事情。同時(shí)也讓我看到，自己要學(xué)的還很多，要走的路還很長。就拿最近學(xué)的單詞的縮略來說，以往在平時(shí)生活中，其實(shí)是經(jīng)常看到譬如

VIP.OPEC 這樣的縮寫單詞，只是我從來不會(huì)想他具體有哪些單詞組成，為什么要這樣寫。而這么課卻教我以后在生活中留心觀察。又比如 ：Like 這個(gè)單詞，放在以前，他就是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞呀，還有什么疑問，現(xiàn)在我才知道，他還可以做名詞，形容詞等我想，我最大的收獲，不是新認(rèn)識(shí)了多少個(gè)單詞，新知道了多少個(gè)詞性，最重要的是，我學(xué)會(huì)了把一個(gè)很小很簡單的東西深入思考，留心生活，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，英語早已充次于我們的生活當(dāng)中，把他作為你的生命組成部分，而不僅僅是專業(yè)。