第一篇:電氣工程及自動(dòng)化中國(guó)礦業(yè)大學(xué)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)考試課文翻譯及單詞全部
angular角的,角度的Angular displacement 角位移
Active power balance有功功率平衡
AC transmission交流輸電 Accelerate加速,促進(jìn)
Automatic voltage regulator自動(dòng)電壓調(diào)節(jié)器 Automatic generation control(AGC)自動(dòng)發(fā)電控制 Asynchronous異步的 Bus母線
booster升電壓 Cable電纜; Customer客戶
Contingency意外事故,偶然事故
compensators(SVCs)靜止無(wú)功補(bǔ)償器
Disturbance擾動(dòng),干擾 Damp阻尼,減弱
Damping torque 阻尼轉(zhuǎn)矩 Decelerate減速 Dry period枯水期
Distributionsystem 配電系統(tǒng)
Excitation voltage勵(lì)磁電壓 Electric powersystem 電力系統(tǒng)
Economic dispatch/operation經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)度/經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行 Emission排放,放出 Electric clock電鐘
Electromechanical機(jī)電的 Eletromagnetic電磁的 Equilibrium平衡;均衡 Flexibility靈活性;機(jī)動(dòng)性 First-swing第一次搖擺 Fluctuation波動(dòng),起伏 Fuse保險(xiǎn)絲
Facility容易;方便 靈活; Fossil化石,石塊
Feeder饋線,饋電電路 Overload過(guò)載,超載 Outage停電,斷電
Optimal優(yōu)化的,最優(yōu)的 Out of step失步 Power versus angle relationship 功角關(guān)系 Power loss功率損耗
Production cost生產(chǎn)成本,Primary energy 一次能源 Power-angle relationship功角關(guān)系
Paramount 最高的;頭等的 Post-Disturbance干擾后的 Meter米;測(cè)量?jī)x表 Misoperation誤操作
Magnetizing current激磁電流
Mechanism機(jī)理,機(jī)制 Mechanical energy機(jī)械能 Mechanical/electrical torque機(jī)械/電氣轉(zhuǎn)矩 Reliable可靠的Replenishment(再)補(bǔ)充,充實(shí)
Rotor angle stability轉(zhuǎn)角穩(wěn)定性
Radius半徑
Reactive/active power無(wú)功/有功功率
Redundancy 多余,冗余 Small-signal stability小信號(hào)穩(wěn)定性
Subsystem子系統(tǒng),分系統(tǒng) Switching device 開關(guān)裝置 Subtransmission 二次輸電 Subtransmission system 二次輸電系統(tǒng)
Synchronous reactance同步電抗,功率---角度關(guān)系 Synchronous condenser同步調(diào)相機(jī)
Synchronizing torque 同步轉(zhuǎn)矩
Synchronously同步地
Shunt capacitor/reactor并聯(lián)電容器/并聯(lián)電抗器
Static var Series capacitor串聯(lián)電容器
Speed governor調(diào)速器 Substation變電所,變電站 Synchronism同步
Supplementary control輔助控制
Security安全性,可靠性 shedding低周減載
Short-circuit fault短路故障 Stabilize使。。。穩(wěn)定 tap-changing transformer可調(diào)分接頭變壓器
Transmission system輸電系統(tǒng)
Transmission line輸電線路 Tie-line聯(lián)絡(luò)線 Throttle閥門
Thermal unit熱力機(jī)組 Utility公用事業(yè);效用 Unstable不穩(wěn)定的 Underfrequency loadVar flow 無(wú)功潮流 Voltage drop電壓降落
Voltage stability 電壓穩(wěn)定性
Hydro-generation水力發(fā)電 Hydraulic水力(學(xué))的,水壓的in parallel 并聯(lián)地 Instability不穩(wěn)定性
Incandescent lamp白熾燈 Interconnection相互連接 Load-frequency control(LFC)負(fù)荷頻率控制
Nominal frequency額定頻率
Non-oscillatory非振蕩的,非周期的
第二篇:電氣工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)自薦書
自薦書
尊敬的領(lǐng)導(dǎo):
您好!
我是XX大學(xué)電氣工程與自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的一名應(yīng)屆本科畢業(yè)生。通過(guò)對(duì)貴公司的一些初步了解,本人有意加盟貴公司,為公司盡一份力。為便于公司對(duì)我的了解,現(xiàn)自我簡(jiǎn)介如下:
大學(xué)四年,是我來(lái)之不易的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)。在這大好時(shí)光里,我本著學(xué)好本專業(yè),盡量擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面,并加強(qiáng)能力鍛煉的原則,大量汲取知識(shí)財(cái)富,鍛煉了自己的各種能力。我努力的學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)課,深研專業(yè)知識(shí),并取得了優(yōu)異的成績(jī),多次名列前茅,連年獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。本人在幾年中系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)了電氣工程、控制科學(xué)與工程、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)、電路原理、電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、計(jì)算機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用、計(jì)算機(jī)軟件基礎(chǔ)、控制理論、電機(jī)與拖動(dòng)、電力電子技術(shù)、信號(hào)分析與處理、電力拖動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)、工業(yè)過(guò)程控制與自動(dòng)化儀表等。高年級(jí)可根據(jù)社會(huì)需要設(shè)置柔性的專業(yè)方向模塊課及選修課。
通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí),本人是能夠系統(tǒng)掌握工業(yè)與電氣工程有關(guān)的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制、工業(yè)過(guò)程控制、電氣工程、電力電子技術(shù)、檢測(cè)與自動(dòng)化儀表、電子與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域從事工程設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析、系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行、研制開發(fā)、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理等方面的高級(jí)工程技術(shù)人才。
通過(guò)幾年的學(xué)習(xí),本人具備以下幾方面的知識(shí)和能力:
1具備.電工技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制理論、信息處理、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)與應(yīng)用等較寬廣領(lǐng)域的工程技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)和一定的專業(yè)知識(shí)。
2.受到過(guò)電工電子、信息控制及計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)方面的基本訓(xùn)練。
3.具有工業(yè)過(guò)程控制與分析,解決強(qiáng)弱電并舉的寬口徑專業(yè)的技術(shù)問(wèn)題的能力。
此外,利用課余時(shí)間,我還多次參加各種文體活動(dòng),鍛煉了自己的交際能力。參加各種興趣小組,將所學(xué)用于實(shí)踐,加強(qiáng)了自己的動(dòng)手能力。因出色的表現(xiàn),在一年級(jí)就參加了校黨委主辦的黨校學(xué)習(xí),并以優(yōu)異的成績(jī)畢業(yè)。同時(shí),我還根據(jù)自己的興趣,輔修經(jīng)貿(mào)英語(yǔ),選修二外日語(yǔ)等多門人文,管理課程,使自己不僅成為一個(gè)合格的專業(yè)人才,而且努力成為一個(gè)知識(shí)全面,涉獵廣泛的全方位人才。
21世紀(jì)呼喚綜合性的人才,在幾年的學(xué)習(xí)生活中掌握了應(yīng)學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí),并通過(guò)學(xué)校的考核。同時(shí),在課余學(xué)習(xí)了計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí),能熟練使用網(wǎng)絡(luò),快速的在網(wǎng)上查找所需要的資料,能簡(jiǎn)單運(yùn)用辦公應(yīng)用軟件(Word、Excel),還簡(jiǎn)單學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)FLASH動(dòng)畫設(shè)計(jì)、網(wǎng)頁(yè)制作、Photoshop平面設(shè)計(jì)等入門課程。在日常工作中,我學(xué)會(huì)了以積極樂(lè)觀的心態(tài)面對(duì)生活,同時(shí)也認(rèn)識(shí)了很多不同性格的朋友,與其交往中更磨練了自己的意志,使我責(zé)任心更強(qiáng),更能吃苦耐勞,更應(yīng)誠(chéng)實(shí)、守信。我有很強(qiáng)的動(dòng)手能力,并且腳踏實(shí)地努力的辦好每一件事。在不斷的學(xué)習(xí)、生活中養(yǎng)成的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)塌實(shí)的工作作風(fēng)和團(tuán)體協(xié)作的精神,我體會(huì)到過(guò)去并不代表未來(lái),勤奮才是真實(shí)的內(nèi)涵,只有實(shí)際工作才能不斷的完善自己,才能做好本職工作。
“寬以待人、潔身自好”是我的處世原則;“精益求精、勇于進(jìn)取”是我的精神信念;“兢兢業(yè)業(yè)、不斷創(chuàng)新”是我的工作方式。我自信我的能力和熱情使我能勝任貴公司的技術(shù)開發(fā)及其他有關(guān)方面的工作。希望公司給我一次參加面試的機(jī)會(huì),我在此靜候佳音。謝謝!
此致
敬禮!
自薦人:XXX
2011年1月1日
聯(lián)系電話:158XXXXXXX
E-mail:
第三篇:電氣工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)自薦書
自薦書
尊敬的領(lǐng)導(dǎo):
您好!
“寬以待人、潔身自好”是我的處世原則;“精益求精、勇于進(jìn)取”是我的精神信念;“兢兢業(yè)業(yè)、不斷創(chuàng)新”是我的工作方式。我自信我的能力和熱情使我能勝任貴公司的技術(shù)開發(fā)及其它有關(guān)方面的工作。
我叫***,是內(nèi)蒙古機(jī)電職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院電氣工程與自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的一名應(yīng)屆專科畢業(yè)生。通過(guò)對(duì)貴公司的一些初步了解,本人有意加盟貴公司,為公司盡一份力。為便于公司對(duì)我的了解,現(xiàn)自我簡(jiǎn)介如下:
大學(xué)三年,是我來(lái)之不易的學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)。在這大好時(shí)光里,我本著學(xué)好本專業(yè),盡量擴(kuò)大知識(shí)面,并加強(qiáng)能力鍛煉的原則,大量汲取知識(shí)財(cái)富,鍛煉了自己的各種能力。我努力的學(xué)習(xí)基礎(chǔ)課,深研專業(yè)知識(shí),并取得了優(yōu)異的成績(jī),多次名列前茅,連年獲得獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金。本人在幾年中系統(tǒng)學(xué)習(xí)了電氣工程、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)、電路原理、電子技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)、計(jì)算機(jī)原理及應(yīng)用、計(jì)算機(jī)軟件基礎(chǔ)、控制理論、電機(jī)與拖動(dòng)、電力電子技術(shù)、信號(hào)分析與處理、電力拖動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)、工業(yè)過(guò)程控制與自動(dòng)化儀表等。高年級(jí)可根據(jù)社會(huì)需要設(shè)置柔性的專業(yè)方向模塊課及選修課。
通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí),本人是能夠系統(tǒng)掌握工業(yè)與電氣工程有關(guān)的運(yùn)動(dòng)控制、工業(yè)過(guò)程控制、電氣工程、電力電子技術(shù)、檢測(cè)與自動(dòng)化儀表、電子與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)等領(lǐng)域從事工程設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析、系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行、研制開發(fā)、經(jīng)濟(jì)管理等方面的高級(jí)工程技術(shù)人才。
通過(guò)幾年的學(xué)習(xí),本人具備以下幾方面的知識(shí)和能力:
1具備.電工技術(shù)、電子技術(shù)、自動(dòng)控制理論、信息處理、計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)與應(yīng)用等較寬廣領(lǐng)域的工程技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)和一定的專業(yè)知識(shí)。
2.受到過(guò)電工電子、信息控制及計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)方面的基本訓(xùn)練。
3.具有工業(yè)過(guò)程控制與分析,解決強(qiáng)弱電并舉的寬口徑專業(yè)的技術(shù)問(wèn)題的能力。
希望貴公司能提供一個(gè)讓我發(fā)揮專長(zhǎng)的平臺(tái),我定會(huì)竭盡全力的在工作中取得好的成績(jī)。
此致
敬禮!
自薦人:***2012年03月24日聯(lián)系電話:**********
第四篇:電氣工程及自動(dòng)化專業(yè)自薦信
尊敬的貴公司領(lǐng)導(dǎo):
您好!
非常感謝你能在百忙之中翻閱我的自薦信,但愿能給你帶來(lái)一份驚喜!我是四川省工程職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)的畢業(yè)生,我叫XX,現(xiàn)年XX歲。在即將走出校園、邁向社會(huì),開始新的人生旅途之際,我以滿腔的熱情和百倍的信心誠(chéng)摯地向您推薦自己,希望能夠加入貴公司的行列,為實(shí)現(xiàn)人生自我,學(xué)以致用,更為貴公司事業(yè)更上一層樓奉上一分綿薄之力。
當(dāng)今是一個(gè)機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)并存,知識(shí)與能力齊驅(qū)的時(shí)代,只有不斷地完善自我,才能成為激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中的弄潮兒,而幾年的大學(xué)生活正提供了這一契機(jī),讓我受益菲淺,在良好的環(huán)境中進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)與磨練,塑造一個(gè)全新的自我。最重要的是培養(yǎng)了我吃苦耐勞的精神,腳踏實(shí)地的作風(fēng),較強(qiáng)的社會(huì)工作能力。為了使自己能夠全方位的發(fā)展,更好的適應(yīng)這個(gè)日新月異的社會(huì)。
過(guò)去只能記載歷史,應(yīng)該好好把握的是未來(lái)。在以后的日子里,我會(huì)努力的工作,不斷的充實(shí)自己,完善自己,超越自己。在社會(huì)實(shí)踐工作方面,本著多學(xué)多練的態(tài)度,在實(shí)踐中鍛煉自己的工作能力、交際能力,培養(yǎng)團(tuán)體協(xié)作的精神。如蒙不棄,我愿貴公司共創(chuàng)美好未來(lái)。給我一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì),相信您不會(huì)后悔。
良禽擇木而棲,倘蒙錄用,當(dāng)盡職盡責(zé),不負(fù)所望。
第五篇:電氣工程及其自動(dòng)化專業(yè)英語(yǔ)第一章課文翻譯
第一章第一篇sectiong Two variables u(t)and i(t)are the most basic concepts in an electric circuit, they characterize the various relationships in an electric circuit u(t)和i(t)這兩個(gè)變量是電路中最基本的兩個(gè)變量,它們刻劃了電路的各種關(guān)系。
Charge and Current
The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for explaining all electrical phenomena.Also, the most basic quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge.Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of which matter consists, measured in coulombs(C).電荷和電流
電荷的概念是用來(lái)解釋所有電氣現(xiàn)象的基本概念。也即,電路中最基本的量是電荷。電荷是構(gòu)成物質(zhì)的原子微粒的電氣屬性,它是以庫(kù)侖為單位來(lái)度量的。
We know from elementary physics that all matter is made of fundamental building blocks known as atoms and that each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons.We also know that the charge e on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to 1.60210×10?19C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the same magnitude as the electron.The presence of equal numbers of protons and electrons leaves an atom neutrally charged.我們從基礎(chǔ)物理得知一切物質(zhì)是由被稱為原子的基本構(gòu)造部分組成的,并且每個(gè)原子是由電子,質(zhì)子和中子組成的。我們還知道電子的電量是負(fù)的并且在數(shù)值上等于1.602100×10-12C,而質(zhì)子所帶的正電量在數(shù)值上與電子相等。質(zhì)子和電子數(shù)量相同使得原子呈現(xiàn)電中性。
We consider the flow of electric charges.A unique feature of electric charge or electricity is the fact that it is mobile;that is, it can be transferred from one place to another, where it can be converted to another form of energy 讓我們來(lái)考慮一下電荷的流動(dòng)。電荷或電的特性是其運(yùn)動(dòng)的特性,也就是,它可以從一個(gè)地方被移送到另一個(gè)地方,在此它可以被轉(zhuǎn)換成另外一種形式的能量。When a conducting wire is connected to a battery(a source of electromotive force), the charges are compelled to move;positive charges move in one direction while negative charges move in the opposite direction.This motion of charges creates electric current.It is conventional to take the currentflow as the movement of positive charges, that is, opposite to the flow of negative charges, as Fig.l-1 illustrates.This convention was introduced by Benjamin Franklin(l706~l790), the American scientist and inventor.Although we now know that current in metallic conductors is due to negatively charged electrons, we will follow the universally accepted convention that current is the net flow of positive charges.Thus, Electric current is the time rate of charge, measured in amperes(A).Mathematically, the relationship among current i, charge q, and time t is 當(dāng)我們把一根導(dǎo)線連接到某一電池上時(shí)(一種電動(dòng)勢(shì)源),電荷被外力驅(qū)使移動(dòng);正電荷朝一個(gè)方向移動(dòng)而負(fù)電荷朝相反的方向移動(dòng)。這種電荷的移動(dòng)產(chǎn)生了電流。我們可以很方便地把電流看作是正電荷的移動(dòng),也即,與負(fù)電荷的流動(dòng)方向相反,如圖1-1所示。這一慣例是由美國(guó)科學(xué)家和發(fā)明家本杰明-富蘭克林引入的。雖然我們現(xiàn)在知道金屬導(dǎo)體中的電流是由負(fù)電荷引起的,但我們將遵循通用的慣例,即把電流看作是正電荷的單純的流動(dòng)。于是電流就是電荷的時(shí)率,它是以安培為單位來(lái)度量的。從數(shù)學(xué)上來(lái)說(shuō),電流i、電荷q以及時(shí)間t之
dqi???????????????????????????????間的關(guān)系是:
dt
The charge transferred between time t0 and t is obtained by integrating both sides of Eq.(1-1).We obtain 從時(shí)間t0到時(shí)間t所移送的電荷可由方程(1-1)兩邊積分求得。我們算得:
tq? ?tidt??????????????????????????????The way we define current as i in Eq.(1-l)suggests that current need not be a constant-valued function, charge can vary with time in several ways that may be represented by different kinds of mathematical functions 我們通過(guò)方程(1-1)定義電流的方式表明電流不必是一個(gè)恒值函數(shù),電荷可以不同的方式隨時(shí)間而變化,這些不同的方式可用各種數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù)表達(dá)出來(lái)。電壓,能量和功率
To move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction requires some work or energy transfer.This work is performed by an external electromotive force(emf), typically represented by the battery
dwin Fig.l-1.This emf is also known as voltage or potential difference.uab???????????????????????????????The voltage uab between two dqpoints a and b in an electric circuit is the energy(or work)needed to move a unit charge from a to b;mathematically 在導(dǎo)體中朝一個(gè)特定的方向移動(dòng)電荷需要一些功或者能量的傳遞,這個(gè)功是由外部的電動(dòng)勢(shì)來(lái)完成的。圖1-1所示的電池就是一個(gè)典型的例子。這種電動(dòng)勢(shì)也被稱為電壓或電位差。電路中a、b兩點(diǎn)間的電壓等于從a到b移動(dòng)單位電荷所需的能量(或所需做的功)。數(shù)學(xué)表達(dá)式為:
where w is energy in joules(J)and q is charge in coulombs(C).The voltage uab is measured in volts(V), named in honor of the Italian physicist Alessandro Antonio Volta(l745~l827), who invented the first voltaic battery.Thus, Voltage(or potential difference)is the energy required to move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts(V).式中w是單位為焦耳的能量而q是單位為庫(kù)侖的電荷。電壓Uab是以伏特為單位來(lái)度量的,它是為了紀(jì)念意大利物理學(xué)家Alessandro Antonio Volta而命名的,這位意大利物理學(xué)家發(fā)明了首個(gè)伏達(dá)電池。于是電壓(或電壓差)等于將單位電荷在元件中移動(dòng)所需的能量,它是以伏特為單位來(lái)度量的。
Fig.l-2 shows the voltage across an element(represented by a rectangular block)connected to points a and b.The plus(+)and minus(-)signs are used to define reference direction or voltage polarity.The uab can be
0 2 interpreted in two ways: ①point a is at a potential of uab volts higher than point b;②the potential at point a with respect to point b is uab.It follows logically that in general 圖1-2顯示了某個(gè)元件(用一個(gè)矩形框來(lái)表示)兩端a、b之間的電壓。正號(hào)(+)和負(fù)號(hào)(-)被用來(lái)指明參考方向或電壓的極性,Uab可以通過(guò)以下兩種方法來(lái)解釋。1)在Uab伏特的電位中a點(diǎn)電位高于b點(diǎn),2)a點(diǎn)電位相對(duì)于b點(diǎn)而言是Uab,通常在邏輯上遵循
uab?-uba?????????????????????????????
Although current and voltage are the two basic variables in an electric circuit, they are not sufficient by themselves.For practical purposes, we need to know power and energy.To relate power and energy to voltage and current, we recall from physics that power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy, measured in watts(W).We write this relationship as 雖然電流和電壓是電路的兩個(gè)基本變量,但僅有它們兩個(gè)是不夠的。從實(shí)際應(yīng)用來(lái)說(shuō),我們需要知道功率和能量。為了把功率和能量同電壓、電流聯(lián)系起來(lái),我們重溫物理學(xué)中關(guān)于功率是消耗或吸收的能量的時(shí)率,它是以瓦特為單位來(lái)度量的。我們把這個(gè)關(guān)系式寫成:
dw
p?????????????????????????????? dtWhere p is power in watts(W), w is energy in joules(J), and t is time in seconds(s).From Eq.(1-1), Eq.(1-3), and Eq.(1-5), it follows that 式中p是以瓦特為單位的功率,w是以焦耳為單位的能量,t是以秒為單位的時(shí)間,從方程(1-1)、(1-3)和(1-5)可以推出
p?ui????????????????????????????
Because u and i are generally function of time, the power p in Eq.(1-6)is a time-varying quantity and is called the instantaneous power.The power absorbed or supplied by an element is the product of the voltage across the element and the current through it.If the power has a plus sign, power is being delivered to or absorbed by the element.If, on the other hand, the power has a minus sign, power is being supplied by the element.But how do we know when the power has a negative or a positive sign?
由于u和i通常是時(shí)間的函數(shù),方程(1-6)中的功率p是個(gè)時(shí)間變量于是被稱為瞬時(shí)功率,某一元件吸收或提供的功率等于元件兩端電壓和通過(guò)它的電流的乘積。如果這個(gè)功率的符號(hào)是正的,那么功率向元件釋放或被元件吸收。另一方面,如果功率的符號(hào)是負(fù)的,那么功率是由元件提供的。但我們?nèi)绾蔚弥螘r(shí)功率為正或?yàn)樨?fù)?
Current direction and voltage polarity play a major role in determining the sign of power.It is therefore important that we pay attention to the relationship between current i and voltage u in Fig.1-3(a).The voltage polarity and current i direction must conform with those shown in Fig.1-3(a)in order for the power to have a positive sign.This is known as the passive sign convention.By the passive sign convention, current enters through the positive polarity of the voltage.In this case, p = ui or ui ﹥ 0 implies that the element is absorbing power.However, if p =-ui or ui ﹤ 0, as in Fig.1-3(b), the element is releasing or supplying power.在我們確定功率符號(hào)時(shí),電流的方向和電壓的極性起著主要的作用,這就是我們?cè)诜治鰣D1-3(a)所顯示的電流i和電壓u的關(guān)系時(shí)特別謹(jǐn)慎的重要原因。為了使功率的符號(hào)為正,電壓的極性和電流的方向必須與圖1-3(a)所示的一致。這種情況被稱為無(wú)源符號(hào)慣例,對(duì)于無(wú)源符號(hào)慣例來(lái)說(shuō),電流流進(jìn)電壓的正極。在這種情況下,p=ui或ui>0,表明元件是在吸收功率。而如果p=-ui或ui<0,如圖1-3(b)所示時(shí),表明元件是在釋放或提供功率。
In fact, the law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit.For this reason, the algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of time, must be zero 事實(shí)上,在任何電路中必須遵循能量守恒定律。由于這個(gè)原因,任一電路中在任何瞬間功率的代數(shù)和必須等于零
?p?0??????????????????????????This again confirms the fact that the total power supplied to the circuit must balance the total power absorbed.From Eq.(l-7), the energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to time t is 這再一次證明了提供給電路的功率必須與吸收的功率相平衡這一事實(shí)。從方程(1-7)可知,從時(shí)間t0到時(shí)間t被元件吸收或由元件提供的功率等于
t w??pdt??????????????????????????????t
Section2 An electric circuit is simply an interconnection of the elements.There are two types of elements found in electric circuits: passive elements and active elements.An active element is capable of generating energy while a passive element is not.Examples of passive elements are resistors, capacitors, and inductors.The most important active elements are voltage or current sources that generally deliver power to the circuit connected to them.電路僅僅是元件之間的相互結(jié)合。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)電路中存在有兩種元件:無(wú)源元件和有源元件。有源元件能夠產(chǎn)生能量而無(wú)源元件卻不能,無(wú)源元件有電阻、電容和電感器等。最重要的有源元件是通常向與它們相連的電路釋放能量的電壓和電流源。
Independent sources
An ideal independent source is an active element that provides a specified voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit variables.An independent voltage source is a two-terminal element, such as a battery or a generator, which maintains a specified voltage between its terminals.The voltage is completely independent of the current through the element.The symbol for a voltage source having u volts across its terminals is
0 4 shown in Fig.1-4(a).The polarity is as shown,indicating that terminal a is u volts above terminal b.Thus if u > 0, then terminal a is at a higher potential than terminal b.The opposite is true, of course, if u < 0 一個(gè)理想的獨(dú)立源是產(chǎn)生完全獨(dú)立于其它電路變量的特定電壓或電流的有源元件。一個(gè)獨(dú)立電壓源是一個(gè)二端口元件,如一個(gè)電池或一臺(tái)發(fā)電機(jī),它們?cè)谄涠瞬烤S持某個(gè)特定的電壓。該電壓完全獨(dú)立于流過(guò)元件的電流,在其端部具有u伏電壓的電壓源的符號(hào)如圖1-4(a)所示,極性如圖所示,它表明a端比b端高u伏。如果u>0,那么a端的電位高于b端,當(dāng)然,如果u<0,反之亦然。In Fig.1-4(a), the voltage u may be time varying, or it may be constant, in which case we would probably label it U.Another symbol that is often used for a constant voltage source, such as a battery with U volts across its terminals, is shown in Fig.1-4(b).In the case of constant sources we shall use Fig.1-4(a)and 1-4(b)interchangeably.在圖1-4(a)中,電壓u可以是隨時(shí)間而變化,或者可以是恒定的,在這種情況下我們可能把它標(biāo)為U,對(duì)于恒定電壓源我們通常使用另一種符號(hào),例如在兩端只有U伏電壓的電池組,如圖1-4(b)所示。在恒定源的情況下我們可以交替地使用于圖1-4(a)或圖1-4(b)
We might observe at this point that the polarity marks on Fig.1-4(b)are redundant since the polarity could be defined by the positions of the longer and shorter lines.我們可能已經(jīng)注意到這一點(diǎn),即圖1-4(b)中的極性標(biāo)號(hào),是多余的因?yàn)槲覀兛梢愿鶕?jù)長(zhǎng)天線的位置符,確定電池極性
An independent current source is a two-terminal element through which a specified current flows.The current is completely independent of the voltage across the element.The symbol for an independent current source is shown in Fig.1-5, where i is the specified current.The direction of the current is indicated by the arrow 一個(gè)獨(dú)立電流源是二端元件在兩端之間特定的電流流過(guò),該電流完全獨(dú)立于元件兩端的電壓,一個(gè)獨(dú)立電流源的符合如圖1-5所示。圖中i是特定電流,該電流的方向由箭頭標(biāo)明
Independent sources are usually meant to deliver power to the external circuit and not to absorb it.Thus if u is the voltage across the source and its current i is directed out of the positive terminal, then the source is delivering power, given by p = ui, to the external circuit.Otherwise it is absorbing power.For example, in Fig.1-6(a)the battery is delivering 24 W to the external circuit.In Fig.1-6(b)the battery is absorbing 24 W, as would be the case when it is being charged.獨(dú)立源通常指的是向外電路釋放功率而非吸收功率,因此如果u是電源兩端的電壓而電流i直接從其正端流出,那么該電源正在向?qū)﹄娐丰尫殴β剩墒絧=ui算出。否則它就在吸收功率。例如圖1-6(a)中電池正在向外電路釋放功率24w,在圖1-6(b)中,電池就在充電情況,吸收功率24w。Dependent sources
An ideal dependent(or controlled)source is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.Dependent sources are usually designated by diamond-shaped symbols, as shown in Fig.1-7Since the control of the dependent source is achieved by a voltage or current of some other element in the circuit, and the source can be voltage or current, it follows that there are four possible types of dependent sources, namely:(1)A voltage-controlled voltage source(VCVS).(2)A current-controlled voltage source(CCVS).(3)A voltage-controlled current source(VCCS).(4)A current-controlled current source(CCCS).Dependent sources are useful in modeling elements such as transistors, operational amplifiers and integrated circuits.一個(gè)理想的受控源是一個(gè)有源元件,它的電源量是由另外一個(gè)電壓和電流所控制。
受控源通常用菱形符號(hào)表明,如圖1-7所示。由于控制受控源的控制量來(lái)自于電路中其他元件的電壓或電流,同時(shí)由于受控源可以是電壓源或電流源。由此可以推出四種可能的受控源類型,即 電壓控制電壓源(VCVS)電流控制電壓源(CCVS)電壓控制電流源(VCCS)電流控制電流源(CCCS)
受控源在模擬諸如晶體管、運(yùn)算放大器以及集成電路這些元件時(shí)是很有用的 It should be noted that an ideal voltage source(dependent or independent)will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow.Thus an ideal source could in theory supply an infinite amount of energy.It should also be noted that not only do sources supply power to a circuit, but they can absorb power from a circuit too.For a voltage source, we know the voltage but not the current supplied or drawn by it.By the same token, we know the current supplied by a current source but not the voltage across it.應(yīng)該注意的是:一個(gè)理想電壓源(獨(dú)立或受控)可向電路提供以保證其端電壓為規(guī)定值所需的任意電流,而電流源可向電路提供以保證其電流為規(guī)定值所必須的電壓。還應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是電源不僅向電路提供功率,他們也可從電路吸收功率。對(duì)于一個(gè)電壓源來(lái)說(shuō),我們知道的是由其提供或所獲得的電壓而非電流,同理,我們知道電流源所提供的電流而非電流源兩端的電壓。