第一篇：介紹比較摩托車車架應選擇什么樣的材料

介紹比較摩托車車架應選擇什么樣的材料

對于摩托車車架來說，通常由鋁、鋼或者合金焊接制作而成，碳素纖維僅僅用于一些特別昂貴或者定制車架。隨著摩托車技術的發展，車架材質也不斷改進，結構越來越輕巧。目前，CFRP（碳素纖維增強塑料）已漸漸地成為賽車車架的主流。在不久的將來，合金也可能成為車架主要材料，不過車架材料和車架制作方法有很大關聯。對于越野自行車（山地車）來說，已從鋼管逐步演變到鋁、鈦、碳纖維（即CFRP）。摩托車雖然有實驗性的鈦合金和碳素纖維增強塑料車架，但到目前為止，在材料的應用上還遠遠落后于自行車和山地車。鋁是迄今為止最好的山地車車架材料，嚴格地說，在懸掛出現前，鈦因輕巧耐用和所具有的固有彈性（可以吸收山地長途行駛中產生的震動）而成為最好的車架材料，而鋼則是僅次于鈦的車架材料，其價格相對比較便宜，且具有和鈦一樣的固有彈性。如維護適當的話，其使用壽命會很長。隨著車架懸掛的出現，鈦和鋼本身固有彈性所具有的優勢蕩然無存。懸掛所用的襯套和連接結構只能使用最小的側力來作用，否則會引起車架的彎曲變形。如果希望懸掛效果完美，車架的剛性必須很好。也許你覺得增強車架剛性非常容易，給車架多加點材料就行了，這對鋁制車架來說，多加材料是很好的方法；而對鋼車架來說，增加材料會使其非常沉重；對鈦車架來說，增加材料產生的效果比鋁車架要差，不過比鋼車架稍好。通常增強車架剛性需要很多艱辛的工作，而且車架不可能無限制地輕。對于越野車來說，其可以選用上述任一種材料，整車的所有功率需要傳輸到鏈條上，這需要車架具有很好的剛性，而且整車需要保持較輕的重量，鋁便成為越野車最常用的車架材料，它很少會彎曲變形，但如果重量過輕的話，車架容易產生裂縫，這也表明多數鋁車架最終會失效，而且車架重量越輕，失效得越快。鋁的這種特性非常令人討厭，當然，堅毅的越野賽車手們不會因此而感到憂慮，對他們來說，不僅希望知道到底什么樣的車架材料最好，而且他們也不想長久使用同一輛舊山地車。對于整天進行猛烈行駛的駕駛者來說有許多選擇，在經濟條件允許且不擔心維修的情況下，可以選擇使用具有懸掛結構的鋁車架，但即使配置一個懸掛座墊桿，當你站在腳蹬上行駛時，仍然很易被弄傷。當然碳素纖維材料車架剛性很好且重量很輕，也可選擇使用。鋼則是長途賽車的最佳選擇，憑其具有的固有彈性，較長的使用壽命和低廉的價格，使其在所有材料里脫穎而出。對于跨越式行駛用車架來說，強度則是一切，顯然碳素纖維很難讓人放心。由于重量并不是需要考慮的關鍵因素，因此也不必選用昂貴的鈦材料。在鋼和鋁中，鋼被更多地選用。在所有大公司成立后的3年左右時間內，其用于產品制作的材料都是鋼，相比其它材料來說，鋼也更易于組裝到一起。對于摩托車來說，以往鋁制車架從懸抱車架開始，到雙管車架成為主流，并一躍成為越野車車架的主流，鋁制車架首選量產的是日本的鈴木RG250。一直拘泥于延續懸抱車架的鈴木GSX-R75也最終演變成雙管車架。鋁制車架不同于具有較高強度和韌性的鋼管車架，在韌性和回復性方面表現銷差，但在重量和彈性上有較大的優越性，故成為高性能越野車的基本型式。鋁制車的制作方法是將鋁板材料壓制成型，或將斷面制成圓形、角狀或目字形，總之都是采取以彎曲管狀物的方式來制作車架。當然，像本田的SPADA250鑄造車架 也無可厚非，其形狀也非常地單純。但像鳥籠一樣用許多小口徑管構成的復雜設計已經不流行了。杜卡迪L型雙缸仍持續致力于圓形切面的鋼管車架，并一直保持了摩托車的高性能。杜卡迪916絕美的鋼梁車架證明了鐵合金在現代仍是最先進的科技，具有輕量和高韌性的優點。鋼管車架中的多半是大斷面脊背車架以及雙懸抱車架。意大利BIMOTA（比莫塔）的DBONE輕量車架正是最佳代表作，車架本身的單體重量只有5kg，但它被撞扁的機率也隨之提高了許多，即在摔車或沖擊時，車架變形或彎曲的情況會比較嚴重，所以設計者必須具備有將傷害減到最低限度的能力。鋼、鋁、鈦等金屬車架都是將壓裝成形的各部分材料熔接而組成的，最新的潮流更傾向于將支撐座位、擋泥板等次要零件用螺栓來組合，將車架的主體和副體分開來。如果主車架用鋁制，而副車架用鋼制，兩

者是無法直接焊接的。在主車架為鋁或鋼而副車架采用FRP或CFRP的無大梁式結構（以座位蓋或側蓋來作為強度支撐面）的時候，也有采用螺栓來支撐的方式。當然在不能相互焊接的金屬類組合或金屬和塑膠的組合上，也可以采用接合的方式。如果摩托車的車架采用CFRP材料，又會是怎樣的情形呢？所謂碳素纖維增強塑料是指將碳纖維與塑膠混合，車架就按照其要制作的形狀將碳纖維加入塑膠糊中凝固。如此制作出來的量產車架，如果不是形狀單純的圓形斷面管，就很難辦了，就像量產釣魚桿或自行車，在有角度處用金屬把手來結合，以增大強度，但這種方法無法實行規?；a。據報道，對自行車來說，用力踩腳踏的時候，車架的柔軟度非常重要，而材質的柔軟度排序依次為：鋼材最好，其次是碳素纖維增強塑料、鈦，最后是鋁。而鈦和碳素纖維增強塑料一直以來因具有較好的彈性而得到廣泛地應用。鋁在柔軟度方面確實有待加強，直到現在，仍采用在雙管鋁制車架內側開洞或堵塞等方法來改善柔軟度。在道路賽車世界里，追求高速行駛所作的努力一直沒有停止過，例如對一邊硬踩著剎車，一邊進入彎道的賽車手來說，就用車頭周圍及擺動旋軸等補強手法來彌補。如此一來，與其追求車架采用哪一種材質，倒不如深入研究采用哪一種材質補強最適合。（王春/文）

第二篇：比較教育學介紹

比較教育 ：

bǐ jiào jiào yù

研究不同國家、民族和地區的教育的學科。通過比較不同的教育制度，探討教育的共同特點、發展規律及其總的趨勢，并進行預測，以便根據本國的條件進行取長補短，為提高教育質量服務。

一、比較教育的史前時代

比較教育的史前史，可以一直追溯到古希臘和古羅馬時代。當不同國家的人們因旅行、貿易、戰爭和傳教等活動而互相往來時，就出現了教育與文化的交流。這種交流最初可能只是口頭傳遞，并逐漸發展到書面描述，從而實現各國教育的交流。美國比較教育學家諾亞和?？怂固狗Q這一時期的教育比較為“旅行者見聞”。

到中世紀及其以后，由于人們跨國界的貿易、旅行、考察和外交活動的擴大，有關不同國家教育的描述、比較和評論也日益增多。13世紀中葉，意大利旅行家馬可·波羅(MarcoPolo，約1254～1324)隨其父親和叔叔訪問東方一些國家，并在中國元朝供職達1．7年之久。他口述經人記錄的《馬可·波羅游記》廣泛介紹了東方國家的文化、社會風情和教育狀況。

由上可見，對于外國教育的比較研究，在古代就已經開始。

二、比較教育發展史上的“借鑒時代”

我們前面所說的教育比較，都還沒有真正形成相對完整的理論和方法體系，嚴格說來還不能看作教育學科體系中的一門學科，因而還不是真正的比較教育。直到19世紀，歐洲民族國家制度的興起和產業革命的爆發，促使歐美各國爭先恐后地推行富國強兵的政策。當時人們相信把一個國家的教育制度移植到另一個國家是完全可行的，所以各國都積極向國外派遣專家，從教育先進的國家學習經驗，以期為我所用，比較教育因此得以產生和發展起來。但這一時期的考察大多是表面化的、百科全書式的；往往忽視別國教育與當地計會生活的聯系，忽視對別國的教育經驗在本國的可行性的深入討論。因此，人們也把這一時期稱為“借鑒時代”。作為比較教育研究的第一階段——學科的倡導階段，方法上的特征是訪問與借鑒。

借鑒時代作為比較教育發展的第一階段，它的開始就是以1817年朱利安在巴黎《教育雜志》上連載發表《關于比較教育的工作綱要和初步意見》為標志的，“比較教育”這一術語也是在這部書中首次被正式使用的。

借鑒時代的另幾位重要的比較教育學家是法國的庫森(VictorCousin，1792～1867)。1831年，身為外國教育情報調查人的庫森，受法國教育部長之命考察普魯土的教育，并把考察結果寫成了《關于普魯士公立教育情況的報告》，為法國政府制定初等教育制度的基本法——1933年的《基佐法案》(Loi de Guizot)提供了重要參考。美國馬薩諸塞州的教育督察長霍拉斯·曼(HoraceMann，1796～1859)，1842年訪問歐洲歸來，撰寫了一本著名的《第七年報告》。這是一份對歐洲各國教育進行了歷時6個月的考察以后提交出來的報告書。日本的文部大臣田中不二□考察歐美教育制度后，編寫并整理了《理事功程》。

本階段比較教育研究的主要目的在于介紹外國教育經驗，作為改進本國教育制度的借鑒。

三、比較教育發展史上的“因素分析時代”

20世紀上半葉是比較教育研究的第二階段，是比較教育學科的形成階段，方法上的特征是因素分析，也被稱為因素分析時代。

要改革教育必須根據本國的具體情況，參照國際的教育經驗，作出正確的決策，因此，比較教育的研究重點，轉向分析決定各國教育制度的主要因素。比較教育在方法上一改過去那種孤立地研究和移植別國教育經驗的做法，開始密切聯系各國的社會文化和民族特性等因

素來分析研究各國的教育。在比較教育史上一般把這一時期也稱作“因素分析時代”。因素分析時代的開端，是以1900年英國比較教育學家薩德勒(Michael Sadler，1861～1943)發表論文《我們從對別國教育制度的研究中究竟能學到什么有價值的東西？》為標志的。

薩德勒是英國比較教育學家，撰寫了28卷的《教育問題專題報告》，自1897～1914年陸續發表。這些報告，詳細地描述了歐洲各國、美國以及英屬領地的教育狀況，分析了不同地區教育的社會文化背景，總結了教育經驗，并指出了教育發展的趨勢。他認為孤立地研究教育是不對的，必須重視教育的文化背景，研究決定教育制度的各種因素。他還提出民族特性這個概念來說明教育的思想和實踐，并且強調學習外國經驗的目的在于改進本國的教育制度。薩德勒的比較教育觀點，對這個時期比較教育研究的方向，特別是康德爾的比較教育觀點，產生了很大的影響，為以歷史主義為主要特征的因素分析理論奠定了方向，標志著比較教育的發展進入了一個新階段。

美國比較教育學家康德爾深受薩德勒的影響，他的研究工作更加典型地反映丁因素分析時代比較教育的特點。康德爾的比較教育思想集中體現在他1933年出版的代表作《比較教育》(1954年出版的修訂本更名《教育的新時代：比較研究》)一書中。康德爾是比較教育史上第二個系統闡述理論與方法的學者，按照美國比較教育家卡扎米亞斯和馬西亞拉斯對康德爾的《比較教育》論著的分析，得出工種主要目的。

第一，“報導－－描述”的目的。他向讀者提供各國教育制度的“情報”，并按問題把事實加以分類，例如分為教育制度、教育行政、中小學教育、中小學師資培訓等。他認為事實的報導是不夠的和有局限性的，但卻是比較研究過程中必要的一步。

第二，“歷史－－功能”的目的。按照康德爾的意見，比較教育不僅要描述事實，而且要說明特征。他指出，不應把教育作為孤立存在的事業來看待，它應同國家背景，同社會、經濟、政治和文化背景結合起來研究。

第三，“借鑒－－改善”的目的?？档聽栂Ｍㄟ^考察外國和本國的教育制度，研究比較教育的學生能夠養成一種更可取的哲學態度，其終極目的是為了改進本國的教育制度和培養對“民主”制度的忠誠。

與康德爾同時代的著名比較教育學家還有德國的施奈德（Friedrich Schneider，1881～1974)和英國的漢斯(NicholasHans，1888～1969)，他們的比較教育觀點基本一致。其中漢斯的思想更接近于康德爾。1947年，漢斯在英王學院任職期間撰寫了《比較教育：教育的因素和傳統研究》一書，書中他根據影響人的發展的天資、社會和訓練等因素，把一個民族的發展看做一個人的成長，認為影響教育制度的決定性因素可分作三類：自然因素(包括種族、語言、地理和經濟等因素)、宗教因素(包括天主教傳統、圣公會傳統和清教傳統等因素)和世俗因素(包括人文主義、社會主義、民族主義、民主主義等因素)，并對每一種因素又做了進一步的細致分析。在研究工作中，漢斯把因素分析法與歷史法緊密結合在一起，形成了自己獨特的研究方法。和康德爾、漢斯一樣，施奈德也提倡并運用因素分析的研究方法，但與前者強調注重教育以外的影響因素不同，施奈德在強調外部因素的同時，還特別強調教育的內部因素在國民教育制度形成過程中的重要作用。他在1947年發表的《各國教育的動力》一書中，指出了對教育有影響的國民性、地理位置、文化、經濟、科學、政治、宗教、外國影響等外部因素，還進一步分析了教育發展的內部動力。他認為，影響教育的內部因素主要有兩個方面，一是教育的消極性和積極性、必然和自由、統一件和多樣性練兩極辯證法的相互作用；二是教育理論和教育實踐之間的辯證作用。

在本階段，比較教育學已經開始從教育學分化出來，成為教育科學中一門獨立的分支學科，比較教育研究取得了一定的進展。但是從世界范圍來看，研究的規模還不夠廣泛，研究方法還比較單一，研究成果還不夠豐富。

第三篇：比較選擇類作文

一、比較選擇類作文

A Better Way to Get Information----Internet

It is said that the 21 century is the “century of information”.The ways for people to get information are varied.Between two main sources, internet and printed materials, I hold that internet is an obviously superior choice to printed books.My belief that internet is a better way to get information than printed books is based on the following two reasons.The first reason is that internet can provide us with information more conveniently.Just getting on the line, finding the right web-site and typing in the key words we want to search for, in several seconds, we can get thousands of pieces of relevant information.Sometimes, we can even get the exact message we want.But by reading books, we have to spend much time finding the right books, the right chapters, and then the right pages.The second reason for my preference for internet is that it can transmit the newest information much faster than printed materials.Internet can tell us what is happening throughout the world in few minutes.But if you want to get the same information in printed materials like newspapers or magazines, you have to wait until they are published.According to the above mentioned reasons, we can easily draw the conclusion that, compared with the printed materials, internet is for sure superior in conveying information.Which to Choose: to Further Study or to Find a Job?

A survey says that in recent years more students enter for postgraduate entrance examination.But many people argue against the tendency.They hold that to find a good job soon after graduation is more practical.Actually, different people have different opinions as to the question whether we should further study in graduate school or we should begin work, because both have their advantages and disadvantages.Many people appreciate the bright future a master’s degree may bring to them.Three years’ accumulation of knowledge is more likely to enable them to solve more challenging problems.And it is a fact that in many cases a graduate has more chances to get a promotion, and to have high salary than an undergraduate.But a promising job after college graduation is also attractive, especially when the job hunting competition becomes more and more fierce.A job in hand is worth two in the future.Another three years’ study means a delay but more heated competition with others later.However, both of them have their own problems.Academic study in graduate school may be difficult fir a freshman from college who has no practical experience, which may be also a problem when they search for a job three years later.Those without a master’s experience may come across many problems too, like special knowledge inefficiency, and research ability inadequacy.As far as I am concerned, I want to be more knowledgeable and capable through postgraduate study.So , given me the chance, I would choose to further study in graduate school.二、意義、重要性、危害性說明類作文

A Major Advantage of Advertising on TV

Some people complain abut the interference of TV adds in their enjoying excellent performances.Many others even turn to other channels when TV ads are released.They believe that TV ads mislead customers especially youngsters to have unreasonable consuming concepts.In spite of such hostile attitudes, we must admit that TV advertising is beneficial to us in various ways.The major advantage is to promote consumption.TV advertising promotes consumption for, firstly, it is an efficient way for manufacturers to publicize their products.TV is a medium, through which information can be spread quickly, vividly, and in a large scale.When WaHaHa, a kind of children’s drink, is released on TV, the song is imitated by children all over the nation nearly overnight.Along with its release the sales of the drink increases greatly.Without TV adds, a product would get a longer time to be acknowledged by a limited number of people.TV advertising promotes consumption for, secondly, it provides a good way for consumers to learn the products.This is a time when information is too excessive to be processed.Without TV adds, customers will spend large quantity of time looking for goods they want, and choosing from the alternatives.TV adds give them much information about products, the manufacturers, the places they can purchase or enjoy, and the possible effects.From the above reasoning, we can easily see the consumption promoting function of TV adds.We hope that TV ad agencies will give us more colorful and more trustworthy advertisements.The Importance of Keeping a Good Mood

Competition is one of the traits of this society.Heated competition in career and education has exerted great pressure on people, which brings about many physical illness and mental problems.In my opinion, a good mood is critically important for us under whatever situations.The importance can be show in the follow two aspects.For one thing, a good mood is beneficial to our health, both physically and mentally.People who are always gloomy, according to the Chinese traditional medicine, have more chance to suffer from physical illness such as kidney pains.On the contrary, keeping a good mood ,we can make ourselves relaxed and therefore can keep calm and optimistic in difficulties.Therefore , a good mood keeps doctors(including mental healing)away.For another, with a good, we are likely to work efficiently.The reason is that in a good mood we are more willing to cooperate with others, and are more willing to listen to others’ advice.With such relaxation, it is easy for all the people to cooperate to figure out solutions to the problems.Therefore it is not exaggerating to say that keeping a good mood is the precondition of working efficiency.From the reason we have presented above, we can surely come to the conclusion that keeping a good mood, we will be healthier, and in a good mood ,we are more likely to succeed in our career.Being Indulged in Computer Games Is Harmful

An excellent college student flunked because he could not concentrate on the study for being too indulged in computer games.He spent nearly all the money on games, which was earned by his father’s selling blood.When his father knelt down to beg him to return school, he was too much to show any regret.When computers’ entertaining function is highly spoken of, such a problem does deserve our serious concern.The most serious harm of computer games comes from their contents, which affect children’s mental health.Many games involve violence, such as fighting killing.To win or kill their opponents, children are permitted to use all various turn of mind is developed and rooted in them, which may induce future violent behaviors in their real life.Being indulged in computer games also does harm to children’s health.The computer can arouse many uncomfortable feeling , like a headache , poor eye sight and even losing hair.Being lack of sleep and dinner, children are more likely to get irritable and suffer from severe malnutrition.Of course, it is not the end of the story.Being indulged in computer games also affect children’s study, and their communication with others.All these facts show that it is time for us to manage computer games by the whole society.三，觀點論證類作文

My View on Man-Made Beauty

The Chinese traditional saying “Close make a person” reflects the importance of “appearance”.nowadays such a belief has its new content.Many people, especially young girls or ladies, are not content.with getting more beautiful by clothes.They turn to a more challenging practice of physiological reform to make them man-made beauties.I don’t think this practice should be advocated.The desire for beautiful appearance is one of human nature.The operations may really mean something to some people.At last they turn more beautiful.But a coin has two side, and so does the man-made beauty practice for two following reasons.Firstly, one’s appearance is the God’s blessing, and has been one part of our life.The reform of the original physiological structure may bring great harm to our body.After breast enlargement surgery ,many women look sexier than before.However many of them are found mammary gland disease.The more serious effect is that they risk being unable to breast feed.Secondly, the advocating for such a practice will mislead people in the judgment of true beauty.The concept of beauty is quite rich in its content.I should include many virtues like honesty, diligence, etc, which should be the real mainstream of our spiritual life.The practice and some contest about man-made beauty will confuse those who are to develop correct concept of beauty.Concerning the above possible harms the practice may bring about, we are strongly against it and advocate seeking true and natural beauty.四，現象解釋類作文

Why do College Student Have Difficulty in Finding Jobs?

In recent years college graduates are facing greater challenge in job markets.To avoid such an embarrassment, many students even choose to further their study to wait for another there years for a possible job opportunity.The reasons for the employment difficulties lie in the following three aspects.Firstly, the enlarged college enrollment supplies more than enough graduates with a certain specialty.There has been an overabundance of executive secretaries, lawyers, etc.therefore in the contest for a single position by tens of hundreds of graduate, most will suffer the failure.Secondly, job-finding difficulty also comes from the curricula design of many colleges.They have not adjusted their majors and subjects to meet the demand of modern society, so that students can’t find a position in the market to apply their knowledge in practice.Thirdly, I believe the difficulty also come from graduate themselves.The job demand are quite unbalanced between developed areas and underdeveloped areas.A large number of graduate would rather stay jobless in big cities than take position in small or underdeveloped cities.Taking all these reasons into account, we’d like to suggest that the should have a micromanagement in college enrollment and major design, and students have a bboader and more reasonable vivd about caReer.五，提出建議，解決問題類作文。

The Best Way to Stay Healthy

In such a quick fixed soci%ty, peopld have to bear burdens from education, work and families.Therefore it is necessary for them to attach more importance to their health.As to the best way to keep healthy, some people insist on a balanced diet, and some others argue for physical exercise.I agree with the latter.My suggestion of sports as the best way to stay healthy lies in the following reasons.Firstly, doing sports can keep you fit, for it helps you burn your excessive fat, which is much safer than any wonder drug, miracle diet or liposuction to lose weight.Secondly, doing sports can contribute a lot to patient’s recovery.However severe one’s illness may be, the process of exercise can more or less do good to him or her, for it can speed up the rate of blood circulation, can help him or her to inhale more fresh air.In this way exercise can quicken the process of recovery.Thirdly, by doing sports you can get your brain refreshed, which is vital importance to the people working at office and student in intensive study.The benefits of sports are than I have listed.Doing sports will make us fit, strong, and in good working condition, namely, it helps us stay healthy.◆ 說明文，顧名思義，是用來說明，解釋并闡述某一客觀事物得特點，性質，原理，發展過程及揭示其客觀事物本質的一種文體。說明文的目的在于給讀者提供關于某一客觀事物的信息，使讀者對這一客觀事物能有所認識，或是其原有的認識更新穎、更清楚、更完整。說明文一般用來解釋或闡述某事物，比如機器的操作過程和工作原理，事物發展過程、自然現象或社會現象的原因、項目計劃、解決問題的方法等。

◆ 議論文, 顧名思義，是用來對某事物的現象、問題等進行邏輯分析和論證，從而表明作者對這種事物所持的觀點、看法、立場以及見解的一種文體。議論文的目的在于表達作者的看法、立場、觀點和見解，并通過合力的客觀邏輯分析及主觀感性的勸說，讓讀者同意或接受作者的觀點，或對讀者原有的觀點產生偏向性影響。比如，說服讀者贊同一項政策或參與某種行動。政策演講，新聞社論，倡議書等都屬于議論文的范疇?！?比較:從上面兩種文體的概念和寫作目的可以看出說明文和議論文的共同點是，兩者均圍繞著某一事物或問題展開論說，各有說理的部分，使讀者對所寫的事物有所認識，所以兩種文體的界線不易劃分清楚；具體寫作時，兩者之間會相互滲透，因此，又將兩種文體稱為論說文。從兩種文體的寫作目的看，兩者還是有一定的區別：

A． 說明文的目的是提供信息，而議論文的目的是說服； B． 說明文基本上就事論事，不帶個人感情色彩，強調通過闡述事理使讀者對所寫事物認識識更新穎、更清楚、更深刻；

C． 議論文寫作時要求論點鮮明準確，論據充分有力，強調通過合理的客觀邏輯分析和主觀感情的勸說，即在客觀上以理服人，在主觀上以情動人，通過論證來影響或改變讀者的思想和行動。

Topics: Exposition I.Illustration: 1.College Students’ Everyday Expenses are High 2.Changes in My Home Town or Beijing in the Last Ten Years 3.Life on Campus Is Interesting(or Monotonous)4.There Is a Generation Gap 5.Sunday Is the busiest Day of the Week to Me or to Many Chinese 6.What the Service Trades Can Do for Us

The Advantages of Temporary Jobs

Several years ago, people were often a little surprised when they heard that a college student was doing a part-time or a temporary job.“ Why? Maybe he is short of money,” they thought.Nowadays, lots of college students are working as tutors.Some serve as tour guides or do whatever work they can find during vacations.In big cities, students often put up advertisements on bulletin boards or wire poles near bus stops.Are they all short of money? Perhaps not.“By doing part-time jobs, we have broadened our vision and gained some experience,” those who do temporary jobs often say.Since most students enter college as soon as they finish middle school, they lack experience in the ways of society.When they graduate from college, they often find the outside world is not as simple as they thought and have difficulty in adjusting themselves to reality.Many students find doing temporary jobs is a good way to solve the problem.While working, they learn how to deal with different kinds of people and situations.Gradually, they increase their knowledge and deepen their understanding of society.One of my classmates taught English to senior middle school students in his hometown during the last vacation.The first difficulty he met with was to find a classroom.His request of using a classroom in a middle school was turned down.However, he did not lose heart and tried hard to find some other place.Later, with the help of a former teacher of his, he succeeded.Temporary jobs can also help students improve their academic studies.My own experience is an example.During the last winter vacation, a friend asked me to help him improve his ability to understand spoken English.When I saw the teaching material, I felt a little frightened.For it was something like TOEFL, and I had not had any practical experience with it.However, I accepted the job.Every time before teaching him, I would listen to the tape again and again in order to get everything clear.It was time-consuming and troublesome.But later I found my own listening comprehension improved too.If one works as a tutor, he ought to understand everything in the texts he is teaching, or he may not be able to answer the student’s questions.If one serves as a tour guide, he should know something about places of historic interest and scenic beauty.Whatever job it may be, one has to learn in order to be qualified.Part-time jobs can also provide students with pocket money.Nowadays, the expenses of college students are high.They spend 60 to 70 yuan per month on the average.Girl students like to have some fashionable clothes, while boy students want good sneakers and T-shirts.The pay for temporary jobs can help cover the expenses.Besides, doing temporary jobs makes students feel self-reliant.“I feel rather ashamed every time I receive money from home.I’m no longer a child, yet I still have to be supported by my parents” — such words are often heard on campus.Young people talk a lot about independence.They are aware if one is not economically independent, one cannot enjoy true independence.Recently, a report in China Youth said that about one fifth of the country’s college students have done or are doing temporary jobs, and as the economic reform is going on, the number is increasing.Today, when people hear that a student is doing a temporary job, they no longer think he must be short of money, but look at him with approval.II.Division and classification: 1.2.3.4.Youth of the 1990s Qualifications for a Good Teacher or Student My Requirements for a Friend Ways of Spending One’s Spare Time 5.Kinds of Second Jobs 6.Different Attitudes Toward Work, Life, Death, or Illness

What We Want from Sports

Students in our school have one thing in common — an interest in sports.According to their different intentions in taking part in sports, they fall into three groups.Many students go to the playground when they feel tired after a few hours of study.These students put much more stress on their study efficiency than the fun of sports.They just want to go back to their classrooms from the playground with a clearer and quicker mind.Thus they don’t actually care whether they can enjoy themselves on the playground.Most of them choose long-distance running, the kind of exercise which few real sports enthusiasts like.So this group of students can be well labeled as study-oriented participants.Students that make up the second group are real sports lovers.Sometimes they even put aside their studies for a match.They take part in the sport that interests them most, not caring whether it is most beneficial to their health.They may be called fun-oriented sports participants.The third group want beauty from sports.Boys want to become strong;girls want to be slim and graceful.Those who consider sports the only way of reducing weight also belong to this group.They are very careful in choosing the kind of exercise they do, and are afraid that certain sports may ruin their figures.Horizontal bars and parallel bars are the boys’ choice, and the hula hoop is now the girls’ favorite.The appropriate name for this group may be beauty-oriented sports participants.No matter which group we belong to, we all benefit from sports.If you look around the campus, you will find that bookworms have disappeared, and, instead, there are healthy, strong, clever, modernized students everywhere.III.Comparison and contrast 1.Life in Middle School and College 2.Chinese and Foreign Teachers 3.Youth of the 1990s and Youth of the 1950s 4.Traveling by Train and by Plane 5.Chinese and Western Medicine or Food

Eating and Reading

As a creature, I eat;as a man, I read.Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of my mind, they are in a way quite similar.To keep ourselves alive, we need all kinds of nutrition.Eating is the most important way by which we can get starch, protein, vitamin, sugar, fat, and some trace elements.On the other hand, we eat not only because we have to do so, but also because we enjoy doing so.Having satisfied our hunger, eating can then be a kind of enjoyment.The color, the smell, and the taste of the food are considered as important as its nutritive value.Very often we eat some food not because it is nourishing but simply because we like it.This partiality for certain food will not affect our health, so long as we do not indulge heavily in it.There are many people, however, who do not eat the food they dislike and consequently suffer from malnutrition.So, for the sake of health, we have to eat some food even though we may not like it.Similarly, to enrich our minds, we need information and knowledge, which can be obtained through reading.Reading is one of the most important ways of learning.Without reading our minds will become empty like that of an animal.Sometimes, we take reading as a pastime, and we relax and learn at the same time.Since recreation is involved, we will naturally have a partiality for some particular kinds of books, just as we do for certain kinds of food.It is all right if we read more books on history than books on literature.But suppose we focus on one subject only and pay no attention to anything else, we will face the problem of imbalance.Nutrition for our minds should be as comprehensive as the nutrition for our bodies.An educated person is a person who knows a lot of things about something and something about a lot of things.One’s mind needs all kinds of nourishment, whether they are to one’s liking or not.Besides, there are other similarities between eating and reading.We should not eat too much without digesting and assimilating, nor should we read too much without understanding.While we are eating, we should leave out the rotten part of the food which will do harm to our health;and while we are reading, we should be able to reject the poisonous content in a book, if any, for it will poison our minds.So, eat sensibly and read sensibly to give yourself a strong body and a healthy mind.IV.1.2.3.Cause and Effect Why Some Students Make Better Progress than Others Why People Want to learn a Foreign Language Why Many Young Men Do Not Want to Marry Capable Young Women 4.Job Discrimination Against Women in China 5.Causes and Effects of Divorce in China

Being Short

Being short is something that cannot be helped.One cannot choose one’s appearance;it is already decided at the time when one is born.And it happens that one’s parents are both short, it is inevitable that one will remain short all his life, whether he likes it or not.Being short is a lifelong pity.Almost everyone wants to look beautiful and to be moderately tall.For me, it has always been a bad time during medical examinations when I have to stand on that terrible scale and have my height measured and recorded.Year after year, the figure seems to remain the same.Although now I have more or less reconciled to this unchanging fact, I just cannot help feeling regretful at times.How nice it would be if only I could be just an inch taller.Being short is a “handicap” and this is something that I hate most.During military training, I stood at the end of the line, because I was considered the shortest.And if they did not want too many students to march in a review, they always discarded the shortest, never the tallest.Though I do not really mind a great deal about joining in a review, I just do not feel good.I used to attend a volleyball training class, and every time we needed to separate into teams to play a match, the coach would say,“ You twelve shorter ones go there, and you twelve taller ones come here, please.”It sometimes makes me furious about being treated so unfairly.Short as I am, I am not a poor player and should be reckoned with.Being short is being inferior.Every day I live among people who are mostly taller than I am.Whether it is out of friendliness or whatever, very often, they pat me on the head, or throw one of their arms conveniently over my shoulder, and look down at me, while I have to look up at them.These gestures might not be ill intended, but I feel that these people are taking advantage of my shortness, and want to show they are superior to me.Being short is an impetus.When we, the short, have to live with these day-to-day disadvantages — the pity, the handicap, and the inferiority, we turn to other things to get self-confidence.We work industriously against prejudices to tell people that we are by no means inferior or handicapped.V.Definition 1.Materialism 2.Individualism 3.Happiness 4.Freedom 5.Values 6.Project Hope

The Red, Yellow, and White Roads

On reading the title, you may feel quite puzzled.“ What does it mean?” you may ask.To be frank with you, when a friend used this phrase, I was also at a loss what make of it until she explained it to me.“The red, yellow, and white roads”is a popular phrase among senior students in Chinese colleges.In their last year in college, students begin to consider their future jobs.It is time for them to decide whether they will be officials, businessmen, or intellectuals.Of course, different people make different choices.These choices, by and large, are generalized as the “red”, “yellow”, and “white” roads.The red road is considered to be the most promising one.Red in China is the color which has some connection with communism.The one who chooses to follow this road will, first of all, join the Communist Party.A diploma and a Party card will make it much easier for him than one without the two things to be promoted, first as section chief, and then as head of a department.Gradually, he will climb up the social ladder.The red road seems to provide a good chance for one to achieve his political goal.The second one is the yellow road.Yellow may remind us of gold.To be well-to-do is the goal.How does one achieve it? Positions in joint ventures run by China and some foreign countries are the most desirable for people who have chosen this road.Though they may have to work hard, they get good pay.Aside from that, those graduates who know foreign languages may have more opportunities to go abroad than people working elsewhere.On the whole, this is a profitable road.Lastly comes the white road.The color is not so delightful as the first two.People who choose this road will work very hard so as to become graduate students, and to be successful in the world of knowledge.It is an arduous road without much concrete and immediate benefits.Just like the color itself, the road is very clean and pure.The three roads reflect some characteristics of our society and show, in a way, what young people are thinking and dreaming of.It is good to know that young people are very practical now.But it is also rather disappointing to find that knowledge which is vital to our modernization is placed last.People are so obsessed by power and money that knowledge is devaluated.Argumentation ? Requirements for argumentation: 1)a debatable point 2)sufficient evidence 3)good logic: Inductive reasoning;deductive reasoning 4)clear logic 5)good use of the other three types of writing 6)an honest and friendly attitude 1.Everyone Should Be Given an Opportunity to Study in College 2.Wealth or Power Is a Sign of Success 3.Clothes Make a Man or Cosmetics Make a Woman 4.People’s Worth Are Shown in the Reward They Earn 5.Opportunity, Diligence, Perseverance or Resolution Is the Key to Success 6.Life Can Be Happy and Meaningful

The Three Gorges Project Is Beneficial

The Three Gorges lie in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.After years of investigation and research, many scientists and engineers have suggested that to control the floods brought by the Yangtze River to its lower reaches, a large dam should be built there.But many scientists and engineers disagree.Thus a heated debate has begun as to whether the project is beneficial.I am in favor of the project and believe that it will have more advantages than disadvantages.Those who are against the project argue that the project will bring about serious consequences.The Three Gorges are among the most beautiful and famous places in China.Here the tourists see not only the natural scenery, but also a lot of ancient cultural relics, which are of great historical value.Many of those places of interest will be submerged when the dam retains water at the normal level(175m).The project will affect the ecological environment of the Yangtze River.Some rare species of aquatic animals are faced with the danger of extinction.Moreover, the river-bed will be worsened.More seriously, when the dam begins to retain water, there may be earthquakes and landslips in the Three Gorges area.The Persian Gulf War gave rise to another doubt: if there should be a war and the Three Gorges Dam destroyed, the consequence would be ghastly.In short, the risks of the project may be too great for it to be beneficial.Their worries and warnings are well justified.But we should not give up eating for fear of choking.First of all, the feasibility of the project has been thoroughly examined.A new feasibility report by hundreds of experts has been submitted to the government.In the report, all the harmful effects have been taken into consideration and appropriate measures suggested.For example, to solve the problem of earthquakes and landslips that may be caused by the project, monitoring and forecasting will have to be stressed.The success of the Gezhou Dam which has stood the test of many great floods proves that our technology of water conservancy is up to the mark and able to withstand the stiffest test of natural disasters.It is estimated that once the Three Gorges Project is completed, the loss in agriculture caused by floods will be reduced by six to eight hundred million yuan each year;if there is a catastrophic flood, the loss will be reduced by twenty billion yuan.More importantly, the project will protect the lives of three hundred and fifty million people living in the plain east of the dam.The hydropower station on the dam will have a generating capacity ranking first in the world, five times that of Gezhou Dam.That means each year fifty million tons of coal will be saved.The electronic power it will produce will greatly push the development of industry in our country.The project will improve the transportation of the Yangtze River.Those dangerous shoals and rapids in the gorges today will disappear.The river in the dam area will be broadened.As a result, giant vessels will be able to sail straight from Shanghai to Chongqing.This is of vital importance to the economic development of Sichuan Province.It is clear that the Three Gorges Project will be beneficial to the country.Everything has its advantages and disadvantages.Since the project will bring more benefits than losses, it is worthwhile to take some risks.Life Can Be Happy and Meaningful

Not long ago, a poll was conducted among students in a middle school.They were asked to make a choice between these sentences — “No one can be happy”, and “One can be happy.” Shockingly enough, about 20 percent of the students agreed to the first statement.When I asked some of my friends for their opinions, most of them thought the former statement was true.When asked for explanations, they said, “Frankly speaking, life is bitter and meaningless.But to live on, we’d better say to ourselves that there is happiness in life.”

I have been thinking of this opinion ever since.The more I think, the more I am convinced that if we have a right attitude towards life, our lives can surely be happy and meaningful.It is true that all people have some bitter experiences.But it is through overcoming hardships that our happiness emerges.Many people admire Madam Curie, and say with a sigh, “If I could live like her, I would be the happiest person in the world.” But if we take a close look at her life, we will find her happiness is closely connected with her misfortunes.First of all, she did not have a happy childhood.When she was in France, she studies twice as hard as others but lived a poor and simple life.In her research work, she had to sit up late night after night.She experienced many losses, too — she lost her beloved father, her dear husband, and later her eyesight.But she never complained and never stopped working for the benefit of mankind.That is why her life was happy and meaningful.She fought against life’s bitterness and difficulties and conquered them all.Some people complain that their work is insignificant and thus their lives are meaningless.But what kind of work is significant? Workers, peasants, teachers, and scientists, they are all working for the welfare of mankind, themselves included.That is where the meaning of life lies.But some people seem to think little of such a life.Once a friend of mine told me he felt very wretched for having to work as a teacher.“Our lives can be compared to candles.While giving light to others, we ourselves are burning out.Our students may become famous one day, but what will become of us? We shall only remain what we are — fameless and wealthless.” Paradoxically, I would rather think he was giving a vivid description of nobleness of a teacher.If I can live the life of a teacher, to contribute the only thing I own — my knowledge — to the upbringing of young people, I will be very happy, because I am useful to others.Different people may think of differently.But of one thing I am certain: happiness never favors those who merely care about themselves, and the meaning of life cannot be understood by those who refuse to sacrifice anything for others.便條的寫作

書信由7個部分組成：

1.發信人信息（地址、郵編和寫信時間）2.收信人地址

3.對收信人的稱呼（后面的標點一般用逗號）4.正文 5.結尾客套語(后一定有逗號)6.簽名(后面一定不能有標點符號)7.職務名稱(如果寫信不是以集體的名義寫的,這部分則不要)便條則相對簡單,僅僅由時間、對方稱呼、正文、結尾客套語和簽名組成，當然如果便條是以集體的名義寫的，則要添加職務名稱。

邀請、約會便條

Dear Professor Ma，Feb.11 We would be very grateful if you could give us a talk on “the Skills for TeM-4 Writing” on this coming Friday, 3p.m.to 5p.m...If this subject does not suit you or that time is not convenient for you, any other similar topic and time would also be welcome.If you have any decision, call me at the cellphone number, 131X.Thank you.Respectfully yours，Mei Ying

Chairman of Students’ Union

July 15 Dear Professor Smith, These days I am very gloomy, because I meet many troubles in my thesis writing.I do not know how to define some key words of my study.So I am wondering whether you can give me some instruction.If it does not trouble you too much, shall we meet at your office this Friday morning and give me a call at 130x? Thank you.Sincerely yours, Wang Ling

抱怨、投訴便條

July 15 Dear Sir or Madam，I’m writing to bring your attention to a problem I’ve had with information availability with your product.I have been trying to get a person on the phone, but I filed by trying several departments.I hope you will address this problem to my satisfaction, or I will never do business with you again.I expect to hear from you soon.My telephone number is 0751X.Thank you.John Smith

Jun.15 Dear Sir or Madam, I’m writing to bring you attention to the noise from your construction site.It is time for many high school students to prepare for their college entrance examination.But your noisy working always lasts till midnight, which has disturbed their study and interfered in their normal rest.Therefore, it would be very considerate of you to stop working before 10 o’clock at least in these 10 days.Heartfelt thanks.Sincerely yours，John Smith

Chairman of Qingya Residential committee 道歉便條

Mar.1 Dear Professor Liu, I’m sorry I couldn’t make 2 o’clock appointment.There is to be an urgent conference in my department this afternoon and I have to make some preparation for it.Could we meet at 3 o’clock on this Friday afternoon? If that is not convenient for you, please leave me a note in my mailbox.With many apologies.Sincerely yours, Pan Yang

Mar.15 Dear Lucy, I’m terribly sorry for not being able to return you the book you lent me several months ago.You see, I’m writing my thesis paper, and this book is one of my important references.If it is possible, I want to keep it for another month.If not, I’ll return it soon.Many apologies and thanks again.Yours, John

祝賀便條

Mar.5, 2005 Dear Martin, I’m so pleased to hear that you’ve got the scholarship to the University of Columbia.Congratulations on your success.You really deserve it because you are such an intelligent and hardworking student.I’ve never doubted your ability to achieve great aims.You will have a brilliant future, and I wish you all the best in your life and academic studies in the USA.Yours, Ann

致謝便條

Jun.15 Dear Peter, I’m writing to show my gratitude for your invitation to your birthday party.That was a really wonderful party.I appreciate your considerate arrangement and wonderful performances you had prepared.And it also offered me a chance to meet many old friends.I really enjoyed that night and do hope you will have a wonderful life.Yours, Helen

留便條

Mar.15 Dear Mr.Zhang, A Mr.Lin Min who recently arrived from Beijing called you this morning when you were out.He said he wished to see you, for he had something important to consult with you.You’re requested to ring him up at any time this evening from 8 p.m.to 10 p.m.at 500-5566.Yours，Zhang Wei

通知、海報

Notice

May 18, 2005 Dear schoolmates, To improve our English, an English evening is going to be held by the Students’ Union of English department at the Students’ Center from 7 p.m.to 9 p.m.this Saturday.You can enjoy short plays, English songs and poems at evening.Many foreign friends will be invited to the evening and they will offer us wonderful performances.All the teachers and students are welcome to attend the English evening.Come and enjoy the evening.Students’ Union

Football Match

English 0401 vs.Chinese 0402 Time: 3 p.m., Dec.10, 2005 Place: The University Stadium Please contact the Physical culture and Sport commission.Tickets are limited.Fans should be quick.The Physical culture and sport commission

November 8, 2005

第四篇：濟南輕騎鈴木摩托車有限公司介紹

濟南輕騎鈴木摩托車有限公司

公司名稱：濟南輕騎鈴木摩托車有限公司 公司地址：濟南高新技術開發區東部新區 創立時間：1994年7月29日 投產時間：1996年7月10日

生產規模：現已成為摩托車年生產能力超過50萬輛，年產值超過20億元，年利稅過5億元的大型專業摩托車生產企業。投 資 方：中國南方工業集團公司：中央直屬的特大型企業集團，擁有特種裝備、汽車、摩托車、汽車零部件、光電等五大產業板塊，主營業務收入與資產規模突破1000億元。

日本鈴木株式會社：以輕型四輪車著稱世界，日本四大摩托車廠家之一

公司方針：以讓用戶更滿意為目標，創造更有價值的產品

上下同欲，建設光明的公司

敬業、認真、勤奮、干勁、不斷向上 經營宗旨：站在消費者立場上，奉獻有價值的產品

質量方針：制造贏得用戶滿意、有價值的產品，創建一流服務體制

環境方針：關愛環境 清潔生產

遵法守紀 預防污染

健全體制 持續改進

保護家園 貢獻人類

多年的市場沉淀配合日趨完善的公司管理，使輕騎鈴木開始進入高速發展時期。產品銷量的快速突破，市場規模的成倍擴張，一個迅速崛起并潛力無限的輕騎鈴木開始爆發出蓬勃的力量，令行業矚目。

摩托車行業新技術、新工藝日新月異，市場前沿資訊嬗變、變幻莫測，“自信而激情奔放、務實而胸懷理想”的輕騎鈴木人依靠對行業政策的迅速應對、對市場前瞻的精準把握，依靠鈴木模式高效協調的管理機制、與時俱進的運營體系，著力打造品牌、產品、技術、服務的企業核心競爭力，不斷規劃和開辟出新的事業平臺，聚集所有有效力量，健全更能實現巨大飛躍的高效體制。濟南輕騎鈴木摩托車有限公司，正逐步成長為一家令人信賴的優良的摩托車企業。

濟南輕騎鈴木摩托車有限公司的發展壯大離不開多年來一直關心、支持和幫助輕騎鈴木的各級領導和各界人士。諄諄關懷如春暖大地，潤物無語，方成就輕騎鈴木成為今日行業內最具成長性最具競爭力的摩托車企業之一。

“航道已經打通，號角已經吹響，風帆已經揚起，輕騎鈴木以更高昂的斗志和更快的速度開始新的航程。”

---總經理致辭---

全國的廣大用戶朋友們、摩托車的車迷朋友們：

大家好！非常感謝長久以來對敝公司產品的青睞，我代表公司全體員工向大家致以最真誠的謝意！

敝公司始終恪守“創造有價值的產品”這一宗旨，致力于向大家提供值得信賴的鈴木牌摩托車。而且，我們每時每刻都站在消費者的立場上，自我反省什么是真正的有價值的產品。

我認為可以從以下幾個方面闡釋什么是有價值的產品：

·值得信賴的、高質量的產品。

·性價比高的產品（不僅僅局限于購買時的價格，還包括購買之后的油耗費用和維修費用）。

·由于擁有而帶來喜悅及滿足感、自豪感的產品。

為了能夠制造出這樣的摩托車，我們努力不懈，我們的產品也正在一點一點地接近我們的理想。

敝公司作為日本鈴木株式會社在中國的摩托車生產基地，同時在鈴木的全球戰略中也占有重要的位置，自1996年開始正式投產以來，在以日本鈴木派遣的總經理為首的中日高管層的共同領導管理下，建立起了和日本鈴木同等水平的開發、生產、質量管理體系，以向中國的消費者提供和日本鈴木同等質量水準的產品作為我們的崇高使命。自正式投產以來的這12年里，在廣大消費者及社會各界的傾力支持下，敝公司取得了順利的發展。2007年我們又有了中國南方工業集團這樣新的合作伙伴，可以說這為敝公司的發展奠定了更加堅實的基礎。

真誠的希望廣大消費者和社會各界今后能夠繼續對敝公司及敝公司的產品給予一如既往的眷顧和信賴。此致!

濟南輕騎鈴木摩托車有限公司

總經理 岡崎 淳

公司榮譽

我公司作為一家大型摩托車制造企業，一直致力于向中國消費者提供卓越產品，通過多年的努力，先后獲得了“中國最具競爭力的摩托車品牌”、“中國市場知名品牌質量.信譽.服務滿意單位摩托車行業十大知名品牌”等稱號。

在管理創新、技術創新等方面，我公司先后獲得中國機械行業企業管理創新成果獎、全國優秀質量管理獎等榮譽稱號。

同時，我公司亦為社會的發展、環境的保護做出自己的貢獻，連續多年榮獲“外商投資先進企業”、“濟南市外商投資形象企業”、“省國稅百強納稅企業”、“納稅明星企業等榮譽稱號”、“環境保護信用等級A級企業”等榮譽稱號。

1999年6月17日，公司一次性通過嚴格的歐洲（南德意志集團管理服務股份公司）TUV（ISO9002）認證，并于2004年一次性通過ISO14000環境管理體系認證。

2002年，我公司獲日本鈴木公司海外出口生產基地稱號，2003年，又因“品質管理、成本控制、生產效率提高、營業推廣等方面在鈴木的眾多海外工廠中表現突出，經營業績優秀”，被鈴木公司評為“模范海外工廠，并一直保持該稱號。鈴木模范海外工廠 鈴木在中國的3S營銷網絡

環境管理體系認證證書 ＣＱＣ認證證書

質量管理

“站在消費者立場上，奉獻有價值的產品”，這一質量標準現已融入輕騎鈴木運營的每一個環節。日本鈴木本部定期派遣技術人員現場指導，開展技術、質量培訓；并長期派駐3名有經驗的技術、質量專家督導把關；每一崗位都制定嚴格的QSOS（工藝標準），關鍵工序由經過日本鈴木本部培訓的優秀人員擔當。3C認證證書 CQC認證證書

生產模式

以“生產與日本鈴木同等質量水平的摩托車”為目標。

由日本鈴木規劃設計并制造安裝大型壓力機、涂裝生產線、機械加工設備和檢測系統等關鍵設備。

采用鈴木TPICS生產管理系統，實行零部件“傳票卡制度”和“零庫存”的管理方式，融入鈴木“少、小、輕、短、美”的生產方式（少投入、小規模、輕巧化、短簡化、美觀化），建立高效簡捷運轉的生產管理體制。

遵循P-D-C-A目標管理流程，整合50％以上員工的集體智慧，積極開展“QC”和品質提案改善活動，工作現場嚴把5S關，整理、整頓、清掃、清潔、素養一個都不能少。使員工樹立起良好的集體榮譽感和團隊合作精神。

全面實行鈴木生產方式SPS（SUZUKI PRODUCTION SYSTEM），徹底做到一目了然的管理。

?。盒〕杀?；

少：少工時、少庫存；

輕：工裝設備輕量化；

短：短距離；

美：清潔、安全、有利于工作的5S： 整理 整頓 清掃 清潔 素養 環境

公司大事記

2010年公司大事記 ◆12月

※12月25日，公司三屆一次職（工）代表大會順利召開。◆11月

※3款GT新車和3款十五周年紀念版車型發布。

※公司完成了第二期代理公司銷售服務經理的教導型經理人培訓工作?！鵈RP試運行了技術管理系統、原材料管理系統。

※11月25日-26日，第二屆鈴木嘉年華（上海）成功舉行?！?0月

※10月16日，公司參加濟南市首屆外向型企業職工運動會，取得了團體第五名的好成績。

※10月27日-29日，第三季度全國代理商會議在成都順利召開?！九e辦了全國代理商標準點檢PK大賽決賽。※ERP項目中的營銷系統試運行?！?月

※9月13—17日，營銷本部首屆針對代理外勤人員的教導型經理人特訓活動開展。

※GSX賽道特訓營日完成北京站、廣州三水站活動?！?月

※8月12日，“南方集團第四屆職業技能競賽濟南輕騎鈴木摩托車有限公司選拔賽”圓滿結束。

※公司組織部分配套廠家召開了為期8天的“管理研修會”。◆7月

※7月28日，全國首家鈴木文化店在廣西合浦落成。

※7月28日-8月1日，公司二季度代理會在廣西北海召開?！?月

※6月5日，中國摩托車行業綠色環保宣言簽署儀式在北京釣魚臺國賓館舉行，公司岡崎淳總經理參加了簽署儀式?！?月11 日至13日，公司參加了在北京舉辦的“中國國際摩托車及零部件交易會”。

※6月21日至22日，中國質量認證中心青島分中心對公司質量、環境、3C進行了全面審核。

※6月27日，安徽省首屆鈴木改裝大賽在合肥舉行?！?月

※5月14日，公司召開“百日安全生產競賽”活動啟動會，百日安全競賽拉開帷幕。

※5月25-27日，由《中國兵器報》張永寧總編帶隊，就我公司各方面成功經驗進行了深入訪談。

※5月27日，山東省委調研組在高新區有關領導的陪同下，對我公司進行了現場調研。◆4月

※公司2010年董事會于4月19日在日本鈴木本社召開。※4月27-29日，公司一季度代理會在南昌召開。◆3月

※為慶?！叭藡D女節”100周年，公司工會舉辦了女工才藝展、征文、笑臉征集等豐富多彩的活動。

※為更快開展新工廠建設工作，公司成立了新工廠建設領導小組和搬遷辦公室，并對技術生產本部的任職做出部分調整，新任職將于4月1日起正式執行?！?月

※2月1日，濟南輕騎派遣80名工作人員來我公司進行為期三個月的研修學習?！?009優秀員工、優秀學員的評比工作順利完成，共評出優秀員工85名、優秀學員38名。

※公司迎來春節促銷開門紅，圓滿完成預期目標。◆1月

※經中國兵裝集團公司摩托車事業部黨委研究決定：任命馬洪同志為濟南輕騎鈴木摩托車有限公司黨委副書記，免去陳嫻同志的黨委書記職務。

※公司榮獲“2009工業能源交通郵電通信統計工作先進集體”、“2009年工業品、原材料價格統計工作先進集體”稱號；“2009年消防工作先進單位”三項榮譽稱號。

※1月25-29日，四季度代理商會議在海口召開。

※1月26日，鈴木公司海外擔當和久田先生來我公司視察?！?009年12月，公司下發了新的《就業規則》，并由人事部統一組織了修訂答疑培訓； ※2009年10月25—29日，公司在上海舉辦首屆鈴木嘉年華；

※2009年9月17日-20日，公司跟隨母公司——中國兵器裝備集團，參加了第八屆（重慶）摩托車博覽會。這是公司繼2004年參加第六屆（廣州）國際摩托車展覽會后，首次參展國內的摩托車博覽會；

※2009年9月4日，120臺QS125-5A（GT125國Ⅲ對應機種）在QS成車裝配線下線，這是首批國Ⅲ機種在輕騎鈴木實施量產； ※2009年7月31日，公司領導和ERP廠商——浪潮共同召開了項目的啟動會議，這標志著公司ERP項目正式全面啟動； ※2009年7月7日至9日，由山東省質量協會組織的QC成果發布會在威海召開，我公司機加工車間“卓越”QC小組的《降低AN150齒輪箱蓋加工不良率》、涂裝車間“卓越”QC小組的《降低GSX125車體的電泳不良率》、沖焊車間“橄欖樹”QC小組的《降低QS150T車體流出不良率》榮獲省級優秀QC成果獎。同時，涂裝車間“卓越”QC小組榮獲本次發布會“最佳發表獎”；

※2009年7月3日，公司和濟南技術學院共同舉辦了高級技工班畢業典禮； ※2009年6月，以“中國力量”為主題的首屆“中國摩托車十佳發動機”評選于6月正式拉開帷幕。在本次評選活動中，我公司參選的QS157FMI-3（駿威）和QS153FMI（駿馳）最終憑借領先的技術、超旺的人氣榮獲了首屆“中國摩托車十佳發動機”（合資）稱號；

※2009年6月，鈴木車友會試點方案在安徽、湖南、江西、遼寧、廣西五省開始實施；

※2009年6月8日，中國兵器裝備集團公司對“2008年工業企業勞動生產率及增長率排行榜”進行了通報，我公司位列“2008年工業企業勞動生產率排行榜”榜首；

※2009年于6月3日-5日，濟南市QC成果發布會在濟南市長清區召開,沖焊車間的《降低QS150T車體流出不良率》、涂裝車間的《降低GSX125車體電泳不良率》、機加工車間的《降低AN150齒輪箱加工不良率》榮獲發表會一等獎。發動機車間的《制作磁電機定子半圓鍵擠脫報警裝置提高確認效果》、完成車間的《降低FD110車型單車完成組裝工時》榮獲二等獎，同時我公司還榮獲本次發表會的“最佳組織獎”的榮譽稱號；

※2009年6月23日，公司2009ISO9001ISO14001外審圓滿結束； ※2009年5月24日至26日，中機車輛技術服務中心的審核專家一行4人對輕騎鈴木的獨立生產準入進行了現場審核；

※2009年4月15日，我公司被濟南市高新技術產業開發區財政局評為“會計基礎工作規范評審優秀單位”；

※2009年3月，公司安裝了考勤管理系統，并且從3月起公司實行刷卡考勤網絡管理；

※2009年3月30日，公司被國家統計局山東調查總隊評為“2008山東工業品價格統計調查先進單位”；

※2009年1月5日上午8時，公司2009年新年例會隆重舉行；

※2009年1月，我公司財務本部在中國南方工業集團公司會計信息基礎工作中獲得二等獎；

※2009年1月，國家啟動摩托車下鄉工作，公司全力以赴，準備摩托車下鄉招投標；

※ 2008年12月，《摩托車趨勢》雜志主辦的2008車型評選中，鈴木鋒彩憑借出色的綜合表現獲得“2008合作研發大獎”?！?2008年12月，濟南鈴木商學院成立。

※ 2008年11月，由《摩托車信息》雜志主辦的《中國摩托30年報告》中，輕騎鈴木榮膺“行業著名品牌”稱號，鈴木王GS125榮膺“行

業經典車型”稱號。

※ 2008年10月30日，中國南方工業集團公司黨組成員、副總經理龔艷德、辦公廳主任王進文、人力資源部副巡視員劉伯涵、科技質量部

副主任錢一欣、摩托車產業辦公室副主任肖勇等一行蒞臨我公司檢查指導工作?！?2008年5月，輕騎鈴木駿威GSX未來版上市發布會暨鈴木品牌全球新口號（WAY OF LIFE）中國啟動儀式在浙江蕭山召開。

※ 2008年5月，為支援四川災區，輕騎鈴木通過山東省慈善總會向災區人民捐款100萬元。在公司工會的黨委的的聯合倡議下，全體直供

共為災區人民捐款15余萬，并對位于地震災區的代理商四川金恒達商貿有限公司提供援助，向受災的銷售店員工發放慰問金。

※ 2008年3月16日，日本鈴木中國首家SUZUKI WORLD店在安徽六安開業，來自鈴木公司的高層、輕騎鈴木領導、六安市相關領導、安徽

鈴木代理及銷售店經理等嘉賓出席了開業典禮?！?2008年3月，輕騎鈴木榮獲濟南市“2007先進企業”稱號，總經理岡崎淳先生被評為濟南市“2007優秀企業家”?！?2008年2月，鈴木鋒彩125/150在國內上市。

※ 2007年11月30日，輕騎鈴木臨時董事會召開，并通過了岡崎淳先生接替日內地輝幸先生擔任輕騎鈴木副董事長、總經理職務的決議。

※ 2007年11月，南方集團副總經理、黨組成員、總會計師李守武先生一行來輕騎鈴木參觀視察。

※ 2007年10月25日，為期兩天的日本鈴木第二屆世界維修技能大賽在鈴木公司總部日本濱淞落下帷幕，代表中國參賽的輕騎鈴木選手袁

志剛獲得冠軍，這是中國選手首次奪得該項賽事的冠軍。

※ 2007年5月底，南方集團副總經理、黨組成員尹家緒先生一行來輕騎鈴木參觀視察。

※ 2007年4月21日，輕騎鈴木在昆明召開了鈴木韻彩QS100T和金版駿馳QS125-5/QS125-5C（GT125）兩款新車的上市發布會。

※ 2007年4月2日上午，濟南市市長張建國一行對輕騎鈴木進行了視察。※ 2007年3月31日，濟南市市委書記焉榮竹一行對輕騎鈴木進行了視察?！?2007年3月22日，輕騎鈴木2007董事會在濟南召開，本次會議是南方集團入股輕騎鈴木后的首次董事會。會議通過了輕騎鈴木

2006年經營報告等，并任命南方集團派遣的馬洪先生為輕騎鈴木財務副總經理。

※ 2007年1月26日，公司股權變更，中方股東由中國輕騎集團變更為中國南方工業集團公司。

※ 2006年7月，在第二屆鈴木亞洲樣板店評選活動中，輕騎鈴木浙江總代理杭州鈴木摩托車銷售有限公司成為中國區第一家獲得亞洲樣

板店得鈴木摩托銷售店。

※ 2006年6月14日-12月17，由輕騎鈴木和日本鈴木公司共同籌備的“鈴木魅力炫動中國”大型巡回秀活動正式啟動。

※ 2006年4月24日，輕騎鈴木常務副總經理陳嫻女士獲得山東省總工會頒發的山東省富民興魯勞動獎章，輕騎鈴木被評為濟南市五一勞

動獎狀先進單位

※ 2006年4月19日，輕騎鈴木在濟南泉城公園舉辦了“開業十周年員工表彰暨慶祝晚會”，會上輕騎鈴木對為公司發展做出重大貢獻的員工進行了表彰。

※ 2006年4月19日，輕騎鈴木2006營銷大會在濟南召開，來自全國各地的700多家銷售商和媒體參會。在本會議上輕騎鈴木公布了新的銷售政策，并推出了三款新品——鈴木駿威GSX125十周年紀念版、鈴木王GS125十周年紀念版、麗彩UZ125?！?2006年 4月18日，輕騎鈴木開業十周年慶祝大會隆重舉行，省市相關領導、鈴木公司代表及銷售商、配套商共同出席了本次大會?！?2005年11月，公司二期工程全面竣工投產。

※ 2005年5月24日，鈴木駿馳GT125、鈴木華彩QS125T-A及05升級版賽馳110碟剎款上市發布會在濟南召開

※ 2004年11月24日，鈴木新品駿威GSX125、GSX150在廣州召開了上市發布會。

※ 2004年9月10日--16日，公司作為中國區唯一代表赴日參加了日本鈴木株式會社舉辦的“維修技能世界競賽大會”，并取得了優異的成績。

※ 2004年9月9日，公司二期擴建工程開工典禮儀式隆重舉行,濟南市副市長楊佩欽等各級領導出席。二期工程投產后，公司的年生產能

力將提高一倍。

※ 2004年8月15日，公司通過ISO14001環境管理體系認證。

※ 2004年3月29日，公司迎來了首批海外研修團--巴基斯坦研修團?！?2003年12月30日，鈴木賽馳110彎梁車上市發布會在安徽合肥召開?！?2003年10月20日，國家車輛生產準入審查組一行5位專家于對公司進行了相關審查，并于12月順利通過。

※ 2003年10月1日，公司原總經理服部武夫先生任期屆滿，日內地輝幸先生成為公司新一任總經理。

※ 2003年7月16日，鈴木GS125動力升級版開始量產。

※ 2003年5月19日，公司投資外方股權轉讓手續辦理完成，鈴木株式會社增資240萬美元，收購日商巖井株式會社

※ 在公司10％的股份，總投資增長為960萬美元，股份增至40％。

※ 2002年10月25日，公司順利通過了ISO9001 2000版的升級審核，并于11月份獲取了TUV頒發的認證書。

※ 2002年5月11日，公司全國銷售商商務峰會在青島召開，在本次會議上，鈴木株式會社宣布了“輕騎鈴木為鈴

※ 木公司海外出口基地”，并授予授權證書。此次峰會為公司的跨越式發展樹立了一個里程碑。

※ 2002年8月份，公司成功推出了超級風暴太子QS150-A和風飚QS125-E兩款新車

※ 2002年5月11日，鈴木株式會社宣布授予輕騎鈴木為鈴木公司海外出口基地。

※ 2002年1月3日，在公司各級領導及全體員工的大力支持下，企業刊物《大家園》成功創刊。

※ 2001年12月6日，鈴木GM125正式投放市場，與消費者見面?！?2001年11月，出口版鈴木發動機X9174-A 正式量產。

※ 2001年10月1日，公司正式在全國各省全面實施“無憂服務工程”。

※ 2001年7月27日，全體員工在玉泉森信共聚一堂，慶祝公司開業5周年。※ 2000年11月22日，鈴木悠eQS125T新品發布會在廣州市東方賓館舉行?！?2000年7月19日，鈴木風暴QS125-A太子車正式量產下線，8月2日上市發布會在廈門召開?！?1999年10月9日，大連市長***參觀公司。

※ 1999年8月19日，鈴木株式會社社長鈴木修先生到公司視察。

※ 1999年6月17日，公司一次性通過嚴格的歐洲（南德意志集團管理服務股份公司）TüV（ISO9002）認證，并獲得證書。

※ 1999年5月15日，全國人大委員長李鵬參觀公司。

※ 1999年2月24日，公司被濟南市政府授予“濟南市1998先進企業”，“納稅先進企業”稱號。

※ 1999年2月1日，公司第一屆董事會第四次會議在泉城大酒店召開，友田義章先生任職到期，總經理由日本鈴 ※ 木株式會社代表服部武夫先生接任。

※ 1998年10月，輕騎鈴木青蘋果QC小組獲“全國優秀質量管理小組”稱號?！?1998年7月30日，全國人大常委會副委員長周光召由山東省副省長邵桂芳陪同到公司參觀座談。

※ 1998年5月25日，國家外經貿部長石廣生參觀公司?！?1998年5月，鈴木99新款鈴木王GS125（B型）投產?！?1998年4月4日，全國政協副主席毛致用到公司參觀。※ 1997年12月，鈴木超人QS150T踏板車投產。

※ 1997年11月19日，山東省副省長杜世成參觀公司。

※ 1997年10月29日，中國化學工業部部長陳士能先生參觀公司。※ 1997年6月8日，公司濟南服務中心開業。

※ 1997年5月28日，輕騎鈴木董事會決定公司新增資本1200萬美金，總注冊資本達到2400萬美元，新增資本按時到位。

※ 1997年1月，公司被授予“濟南市先進投資企業”及“外商投資形象企業”稱號。

※ 1996年11月8日，公司攜由日本鈴木公司引進的第二個產品－GSX250及已正式生產的GS125摩托車參加廣州國際

※ 汽車摩托車展覽會，此次參展是年輕的輕騎鈴木首次參加國際大型展覽。※ 1996年7月10日，公司總經理友田義章被授予“濟南市榮譽市民”稱號。※ 1996年7月8日，濟南市委書記孫淑義參觀公司。

※ 1996年2月13日，公司第一屆董事會第一次會議召開。中國輕騎集團董事長張家嶺先生任公司董事長，日本鈴

※ 木株式會社友田義章先生任公司總經理，李樹意先生任公司中方代表、副總經理。

※ 1996年1月31日，計15408平方米的主輔廠房全部竣工?！?1996年1月，公司試制10臺GS125.※ 1995年8月23日—11月23日，公司首批研修團赴日研修學習。

※ 1994年12月28日，合資公司奠基儀式舉行，國務院特區辦主任胡平、中國輕騎集團董事長張家嶺、日本鈴木

※ 株式會社代表友田義章及政府領導出席奠基儀式。

※ 1994年3月25日，中國輕騎集團、日本鈴木株式會社、日商巖井株式會社合資三方在日本簽訂了合資合同及章程。公司注冊資本

1200萬美元，其中中國輕騎集團占60%，日本鈴木株式會社占30％，日商巖井株式會社占10％。首期工程年設計生產能力20萬臺摩托

車?！?1992年10月，中國輕騎集團總裁張家嶺率團訪日，與日本鈴木株式會社商談建立合資公司的方案。

第五篇：比較選擇作文類型2

比較型作文

比較型作文一般分為說明式和議論式比較兩種。說明式比較在比較過程中，作者不發表個人意見，不體現個人取向，單純以說明介紹為目的。

議論式比較以比較事物優劣、闡明自己立場為目的，一般分為傾向型和中立型兩種類型。

一、傾向型比較論說文

1、首段

引言句（第一句）：引出比較的對象

主題句（第二句）：提出主題，明確表明作者的個人取向與偏好。

Topic 1 Which do you prefer: to live alone or to live with other classmates?

It is often difficult for undergraduates to decide whether they should live alone or they should live with other classmates.In my opinion, to live with others is always better.2、主體部分

對比點的筆墨分配應有所側重，對于作者持否定態度的事物優勢應少寫，而對于肯定的事物的優點則要多用筆墨，對于其缺點可輕描淡寫。Topic 1 Which do you prefer: to live alone or1

to live with other classmates?

My belief that to live with others is a better choice is based on the following two reasons(第一句承接首段的觀點，引出下文的發展模式).The first reason is that it is very convenient to ask classmates questions about courses and have various discussions with them if we live together...(A優點之一, 用拓展句加以說明）.But if we live alone, we have no one to ask for help…(轉折關聯詞說明B相應的缺點，并用拓展句加以說明）.The second reason for living with classmates is that it can help us have better personal relations.…(A優點之二（1句），用拓展句加以說明).In contrast, if living alone, it may not be easy for us to learn to get along well with others…(轉折關聯詞說明B相應的缺點，并用拓展句加以說明).3、結尾段=呼應主題句，強調被肯定事物的積極

作用。

Topic 1 Which do you prefer: to live alone or to live with other students?

In conclusion, living with others is the best2

choice for college students.It helps them to perform better in study and establish better personal relations.In contrast, living along would produce adverse impact and therefore should be avoided.