第一篇:專業英語考試小結
aliasing 混疊現象 amplifier放大器
burst 脈沖 bipolar(電子)雙極的 bandwidth帶寬,頻帶寬度
carrier載波,載流子 circuit電路 capacitor電容current電流 charge 電荷,充電diode 二極管
encryption編碼器,加密equalization均等(衡),均勻比
field(電,磁)場 filter濾波器 film膠片,薄膜gateway網關
impedance阻抗impairment失真,損傷 interference干擾
line電線,電網,市電Network網絡
microprocessor 微型處理器 moderm調制解調器 microelectronic 微電子parity奇偶,等價,類似
robustness強壯,雄壯,堅固,耐用 transistor 晶體管resistance電阻(值)
spectrum頻譜 substrate基質,底質 specturm光頻
Adative equalization 自適應均衡 acquisition time 采集時間 anti-aliasing filter 抗混疊濾波器analog modulation 模擬調制Bit error rates誤碼率 Bit stream比特流 bandpass signal帶通信號bus network總線binary-coded number 二進制編碼器bus interfaces 總線接口Compact disk激光磁盤(CD)Dynamic range 動態范圍digital signal processing(DSP)數字信號處理 digital modulation 數字調制digital communication systems 數字通信系統Electromagnetic wave 電磁波electromagnetic carrier電磁共振error-control codes差錯控制碼error-correction code 糾錯編碼electormagnetic induction 電磁感應
assignment頻率配置frequency spectrum 頻譜field-programmable現場可編程的Functional accelerator 性能加速器frequency Hand-held手持的 hold time 保持時間Low pass 低通Non-fading channel無衰落信道noise immunity抗擾度 negative-feedback amplifier 負反饋放大器Multi-path fading多徑衰弱 Power efficiency 功率效率 pules-width 脈沖寬度personal communication system 個人通信系統power dissipation 功率耗散quantization level(step)量化電平(間隔)radio frequencies無線電頻率 real time 實時serial data中行數據傳送 sample and hold circuit采樣保持電路 sampling interval 采樣間隔spread spectrum system擴頻系統 signal-to-noise信噪比signal-to-noise ratio信噪比spectralinversion頻譜反轉triode vacuum tube 真空三極管
AC 交流電ac自適應控制 AM幅度調制ADC 模/數變換器 AI人工智能
CATV 有線電視CAI計算機輔助教學CPU 中央處理器
DBMS數據庫管理系統DSP數字信號處理 DC直流電FM調頻
HDTV 高清晰度電視Hi-Fi高保真度
ISDN綜合業務數字網ISDN綜合業務數字網IC集成電路
LANs 局域網LED發光二極管PCM脈沖編碼調制
RF無線電頻率RAM隨機存取存儲器
SNR信噪比VLSI超大規模集成WWW萬維網 under sampling欠采樣Video conferencing 視頻會議
第二篇:英語考試小結
總結一:英語考試小結
英語其中考試我得了95分,雖然對其他同學來說,這分數很高,但是我并不滿意,因為班里還有100分呢。
其中有三分我扣得很可惜,因為我竟然沒看清題目,讓我們寫tf,我打成了勾叉,如果這三分不扣掉,我就變成98分了。
還有二分扣在哪里呢?原來我在正確抄寫下列句子中,加標點符號時把逗號寫成了句號,后面的大小寫也隨之錯了。所以加起來一共扣了5分。我拿到考卷的時候驚訝不已,心想:我怎么這么粗心,竟會把題目看錯。
不過,我以后還要更加仔細,不能像這次一樣細心大意了。(這句是經過提醒的,希望真能做到)
我回到家迅速訂正好,讓媽媽簽了名,理進書包......總結二:英語考試小結
我上個周末,給我最大的震撼的一件事是看了我們班這次英語校考的成績。這次考試有點難,不過學得扎實的同學,也能輕而易舉拿到80分。至于不及格的人數嘛,一個字:多;上70、80分的人數呢,也多。可見我們班還是有實力的。
這個世界上沒有傻子,也不會有天才,只有付出與回報。我們班上不是英語學不好,也不是有英語白癡。因為英語的學習氣氛一點兒也不濃:那些差生認為自己差到盡頭,好學生又不認真對待。同志們吶,英語會越學越難的。什么時態,什么從句,一下子就會竄出來。我覺得,全班要是團結起來,組建幾個英語學習小組,這對以后的我們定會受益匪淺。
這次考試,我要表揚一下第十五組,全組的組員都考得不錯。就拿黃欽禹來說,他的英語不太好,聽寫一直不及格。這個學期他的聽寫不僅及過幾次格,這次還考了70分的成績。這很值得表揚一番,說明他努力了,付出了,當然,他的組員和組長也為他操心不少,70分,不容易啊。陳思銘考得也不錯,盡管只有20多分。他比上個學期有進步了。任俊霖嘛,就是做題太不認真了,不然三四十分絕不在話下。
我一直都未盡好職責,不然當了幾個學期的課代表,大家的英語也不見得提升多少。我明白,我也會改進。同學們以后有不會的題目或建議盡管對我、miss姚或幾個課代表說。我們會用心為大家服務,與大家共同進步。
總結三:英語考試小結
今天我們還不知道英語總分成績,老師先讓把知道的一部卷子總結一下: 這次考試主要錯在沒有將實力完全發揮出來,尤其是后半章的筆試部分。幾個不應該錯的根據答語寫問句的題,我本該全對,但因為粗心開頭字母不該大些,卻大寫,這樣的低級錯誤導致我的筆試部分沒考好。其次是詞匯量,對于初一來說,我的詞匯量勉強過關,但對于像這次發展卷的題,我的詞匯量還是略有不足的,如油漆這個單詞就沒認出來,不過這次發展卷考得還行,只扣了一分。但這也充分反映了我做完形填空或根據短文填單詞一類的題時的一種格式化或定式思維一看到spend就想寫on,但其實呢它應該填with,主要就是沒有去理解文章,分析文章,只是用語法知識來做題,這種方法至少對這種題來說是絕對不行的。
這次選擇題考得不錯,但對于一些常用語的選擇有點模糊,不能在第一時間及時做出來,需加強此方面的練習,并對一些較細較繁雜語法點語法知識掌握的不是很準確,有時就不能活學活用,需加強此方面的練習!
總結四:英語考試小結
這次英語月考之所以沒有考好,總結原因如下:1平時沒有養成細致認真的習慣,考試的時候答題粗心大意、馬馬虎虎,導致很多題目會做卻被扣分甚至沒有做對。2準備不充分。毛主席說,不打無準備之仗。言外之意,無準備之仗很難打贏,我卻沒有按照這句至理名言行事,導致這次考試吃了虧。3沒有解決好興趣與課程學習的矛盾。自己有很多興趣,作為一個人,一個完整的人,一個明白的人,當然不應該同機器一樣,讓自己的興趣被平白無故抹煞,那樣不僅悲慘而且無知,但是,如果因為自己的興趣嚴重耽擱了學習就不好了,不僅不好,有時候真的是得不償失。失敗了怎么辦?認真反思是首先的:第一,這次失敗的原因是什么?要認真思考,挖掘根本的原因;第二,你接下來要干什么?確定自己的目標,不要因為失敗不甘心接著走,而是要正確地衡量自己。看看想要什么,自己的優勢在什么地方,弱勢是什么第三,確定目標。明確自己想要的,制定計劃,按部就班的走。失敗不可怕,可怕的是一蹶不振以及盲目的追求。
第三篇:英語考試失敗小結
英語考試失敗小結
英語考試失敗小結
英語這門可以說考得更加糟糕了。我們鄉下來得孩子似乎英語都不大好,大部分同學跟我一樣150分的試卷就考個30到50分,真是慚愧啊。說是在話,我一直想把英語提高上去,可就是提不上去啊。這能怪我嗎?可問題其它同學有得就考得那么好哪,而且還是一0直都好。不過,話又說回來,他們確實要認真多了,每天讀英語,看英語,上課似乎也特認真了。看樣子我也該反省反省自己了。以后,我想,我也應該更加認真,更加努力了。老師不是說過嗎,改聽聽力的時候就聽聽力,該做閱讀訓練的時候就做,該背單詞得時間就記單詞,好吧。廢話不多說把。請同學和老師看我的行動把。
第四篇:金融專業英語考試
金融專業英語考試
一、PROPER NAMESDirection: Please translate Chinese into English.1.資產質量
2.現場檢查
3.證券業監管
4.外匯標價
5.成本原則
6.資產負債表
7.投資性有價證券
8.財務會計
9.一般準備金
10.國庫券
二、CHOICES TOPIC
Direction: Read the sentence and select the best one from the four choices, then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.11.Which one is NOT the type of cost behavior?
A.Common cost
B.Variable cost
C.Fixed cost
D.Semi-variable cost
12.What does LOF stand for?_______
A.Listed Organized Firm
B.Listed Open-ended Fund
C.Listed Open-ended Federal
D.Listed Organized Fund
13.____ deposits are deposits that are made by one person as trustee for the other person.A.assetB.current
C.trustD.fixed
14.Which of the following is the credit in the five-category loan classification
system as having potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention?
A.lossB.substandard
C.doubtfulD.special mention
15.The monthly statement gives you a record of all the ____ of your account.A.transactionsB.principal
C.negotiableD.debt
16._____ currency is the actual currency of the transaction.A.localB.foreign
C.naturalD.base
17.______ refers to the common shares issues by the companies registered in China’s mainland and traded by domestic entities or retail investors in Chinese currency.A.T-bondsB.Convertible bonds
C.A-shareD.B-share
18.Which of the following does NOT belong to liquid assets?
A.CashB.Plant
C.InventoryD.Account receivalbe
19.In the CAMELS rating system, “C” stands for()?
A.Capital fundB.Capital adequacy
C.Capital concentrationD.Capital quality
20.Which of the following does NOT belong to policy bank?
A.The State Development Bank
B.The Bank of China
C.The Agricultural Development Bank of China
D.The Export and Import Bank of China
21._____ brings together two companies in a similar industry.A.horizontal mergerB.vertical merger
C.conglomerate mergerD.leveraged buyout
22.____ is a financial market in which new issues of securities are sold to initial
buyers by the corporation or government agency borrowing the funds.A.primary marketB.secondary market
C.domestic marketD.foreign market
23.Which of the following does NOT belong to foreign exchange?
A.Foreign currencies, including banknotes and coins
B.Payment vouchers denominated in foreign currency
C.Securities denominated in foreign currency
D.Assets held by foreign residents
24.Which one is the core of the banking licensing process?
A.informal pre-filing stageB.formal filing stage
C.the organizing stageD.the application stage
25.They are main user groups of foreign exchange markets except()?
A.banksB.brokers
C.customersD.government
第五篇:煙草專業英語考試總結
Chapter 1 單詞翻譯:
Nicotian煙草屬
combustion :燃燒.Solanaceae茄科
combustibility 可燃性度
nicotine 尼古丁,煙堿
pest resistance抗蟲害 agronomic performance農藝性能
Chinese-Style Cigarette :中式卷煙 Chinese-style cigarette:中式卷煙
Virginian-type cigarette:烤煙型卷煙 blended cigarette:混合型卷煙
tar content:焦油含量
aromatic芳香的limit regulation’:限焦令.Virginia tobacco :弗吉尼亞煙 Flue-cured tobacco:烤煙
Bright tobacco :淺色煙
Burley tobacco :白肋煙 Oriental tobacco 東方煙
Aromatic tobacco :香料煙
Maryland tobacco :馬里蘭煙 Cigar tobacco :雪茄煙
disease resistance:抗病性
plant's physiology:植物生理 thresh:打葉
redrying:復烤
aging:老化,(陳化、醇化)
fermentation 發酵 cigarette manufacture:卷煙生產
smoke chemistry:煙氣化學
cigar雪茄 cigarillo小雪茄
smokeless tobacco:無煙煙草
botanical植物的 air-curing 晾制 sun-curing曬制 fire-curing 熏制fiue-curing烤制
the State Tobacco Monopoly Administration :STMA officially:國家煙草專賣局
2.長句子翻譯
Tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.)is a kind of special plant containing nicotine, belong to Solanaceae, Nicotiana.Tobacco differs from other crops in that it is used mostly for combustion.Variables of botanical, physical and chemical characteristics of leaf tobacco determine degrees of combustibility, smoke composition, taste and aroma and, thus, product acceptability.煙草是一種特殊的含有尼古丁的植物,屬于茄科煙草屬。煙草作為燃燒物質又不同與其他作物,煙草的植物、物理、化學特性決定了其燃燒程度、煙氣組成、香氣、吸味和可接受程度。Because the properties of tobacco and, therefore, its usability vary markedly with variety, locality, system of production and curing method, standardization of the commercial product is essential for growers and users(i.e.manufacturers).It is based primarily on curing method(air-, sun-, fire-and flue-curing), locality of production(growth)and the way in which the leaf is to be used(cigarette, cigar, pipe, etc.).Further classification is then according to position on the stalk from which the leaves have originated and factors such as their color, quality and ripeness at harvest.由于煙草的性質及其可用性均隨品種、生產區域、生產方式和調制方法的不同而發生顯著的變化,因此,制定煙葉商品標準對煙草種植者和產品制造商來說都是十分必要的。先按煙草的調制方法(晾、曬、熏、烤)、生產區域和使用方式(卷煙、雪茄、斗煙等)進行分類,然后再依據煙葉的生長部位、顏色、質量和成熟度等因素進一步細分。3.簡答
根據煙草的調制方法,使用方式把煙草分為幾類?(至少寫五種,每種一分,共五分)Virginia tobacco弗吉尼亞煙Flue-cured tobacco烤煙Burley tobacco白肋煙sun-cured tobacco曬煙Oriental tobacco東方煙、香料煙Maryland tobacco馬里蘭煙Cigar tobacco雪茄煙
Cigarette卷煙light air-cured tobacco淺色晾煙dark air-cured tobacco深色晾煙
Chapter2 alkaloid生物堿Frost-free days無霜期blue mold 霜霉病photoperiodism光周期現象short-day plants 短日照植物seedlings幼苗bare-root transplants裸根移植plant populations植物種群nitrogen氮肥Topping打頂 stalk莖稈 suckering抹叉ripeness成熟premature未成熟的
Chapter 3 1.單詞翻譯
light air-cured:淺色晾曬型dark air-cured:深色晾曬型sun-cured:曬(煙)cigar filler:雪茄芯煙binder(雪茄煙)內衣;(雪茄煙)內包皮Turkish土耳其(煙葉)wrapper(雪茄煙)外衣;(雪茄煙)外包皮interspecific cross:雜交
gene mutations:基因突變broad terms:廣義breeder:育種人員;育種工作者; cultivar品種germplasm sources:種質資源genotypes:基因型
outlining tests概述測試trait:特征attribute屬性handling處理 lamina(煙葉)葉片 midvein:(煙葉葉片)中脈 filling:填充值 harsh(煙氣)粗糙、(煙氣)生硬 bitter苦pungent辛辣 aroma香氣mass selection:混合選擇allele:等位基因.pedigree雜交分離世代譜系backcross回交recurrent:輪回選擇haploid:單倍體
tissue culture techniques:組織培養技術doubled haploids:雙單倍體
inherited trait:遺傳性狀homozygote純合子interspcific bridge cross種間雜交 inbreeding近親繁殖genetically variable:基因變異recombination基因重組
black root rot:黑腐病crop failure:糧食欠收sensory properties:感官特性morphological形態特征pyrolysis:裂解heterosis雜種優勢 長句子翻譯
In broad terms, a modern breeding project will consist of three phases: planning, line development and testing.In the planning phase, a breeder should carefully define the goals to be accomplished.Generally, this will be correcting a deficiency in existing cultivars or increasing the desirability of cultivars for one or more traits.Other aspects of planning include identifying and/or selecting appropriate germplasm sources, choosing the best breeding method, identifying or developing techniques needed to evaluate the breeding materials and to select the best genotypes and outlining tests required to fully characterize the lines obtained from the breeding effort.The line development and testing phases are the parts of the project where the plans are carried out and, hopefully, the objectives accomplished.概括地講,現代育種項目包括制定計劃、品種培育和品系鑒定3個階段。在計劃制定階段,育種者必須仔細地確定欲完成的育種目標。一般是改進現有栽培品種的缺陷,或提高栽培品種一個或多個性狀合乎需要的程度。另外,計劃還應包含鑒定或篩選適當種質資源,選擇最佳的育種方法,鑒定或開發評價育種材料和選擇優良基因型所需要的技術,以及提出完全表征該育種研究篩選品系特性的鑒定要點。品系培育和鑒定階段是育種項目進行并最后完成所期望的目標的一部分。
There have been many advances in tobacco breeding and genetics over the past several years.Breeders have developed cultivars with high yield, good quality and resistance to several diseases.In addition, inheritance information has been obtained for numerous characteristics, and a vast array of germplasm has been collected and characterized.This solid base of genetic information and germplasm enhances the prospects for future advancements.Also, new information and emerging technologies in chemistry and biology, especially in genetic engineering, have promising applications in tobacco improvement.在過去的幾年里,煙草遺傳和育種上出現了許多新進展。育種學家培育出了高產、優質和抗多種病害的新品種。另外,還得到了許多性狀的遺傳信息,搜集和鑒定了大量的種質。遺傳信息和種質的堅實基礎展現了未來光明的發展前景,在化學和生物方面,尤其基因工程技術方面的新信息、新技術在煙草的改良中具有光明的應用前景。2.簡答 煙草改良常用的育種方法有哪些?(至少寫出五種,每種一分,共計五分)Backcross Breeding 回交育種Genetic engineering Breeding 基因工程育種 Haploids Breeding 單倍體育種Mass selection Breeding 混合選擇育種
Pedigree Breeding 系譜法育種,系統育種Pure-line selection Breeding 純系選擇育種 Recurrent selection Breeding 輪回選擇育種Introduction Breeding 引種育種 Hybridization Breeding 雜交育種Distant hybridization Breeding 遠緣雜交育種 Induced mutation breeding 誘變育種 3.看圖翻譯
1.下圖是一個完整煙草花的解剖圖,請選擇合適的英文單詞填空
雄蕊 stamens 雌蕊 pistil花藥anther花絲 filaments柱頭 stigma花柱style 花冠 corolla 子房 ovary花萼 calyx
Chapter 4
fungal:adj.真菌的,由真菌引起的 fungus:n.真菌;霉,霉菌 復數:fungi; funguses; bacterial:adj.細菌的;細菌性 bacterium: n.細菌 復數: bacteria yield and quality:產質量blue mold: 煙草霜霉病brown spot:煙草赤星病 powdery mildew:煙草白粉病target spot:煙草靶斑病wild fire :煙草野火病
angular leaf spot :煙草角斑病black shank:煙草黑脛病black root rot:煙草根黑腐病
stalk :n.[植]莖vascular: n.[植]維管的sore shin:煙草立枯病Granville wilt:煙草青枯病 collar rot:煙草菌核病(Sclerotinia rot)Fusarium wilt :煙草枯萎病hollow stalk:煙草空莖病efficient methods :有效方法disease control:病害控制cured tobacco:烤煙 nematode: 線蟲parasitic:adj.寄生的;寄生物的;由寄生蟲引起的屬(Genus)種(Species)insecticide :殺蟲劑pesticide:農藥 問題:
1.真菌病害:brown spot:煙草赤星病black shank:煙草黑脛病powdery mildew:煙草白粉病black root rot:煙草根黑腐病sore shin:煙草立枯病blue mold: 煙草霜霉病 2.細菌病害:hollow stalk:煙草空莖病angular leaf spot :煙草角斑病
3.根莖部病害:black shank:煙草黑脛病black root rot:煙草根黑腐病Fusarium wilt :煙草枯萎病hollow stalk:煙草空莖病sore shin:煙草立枯病Granville wilt:煙草青枯病 4.葉部病害:blue mold: 煙草霜霉病brown spot:煙草赤星病
powdery mildew:煙草白粉病target spot:煙草靶斑病wild fire :煙草野火病? 主要病源:funguses.真菌bacteria細菌 virus病毒nematode pests 有害線蟲insect pests害蟲
Chapter 7 Tobacco Leaf Chemistry constituent :n.成分,構成部分;委托人, 選民Carbohydrate:碳水化合物,糖類 Starch:淀粉Sugar:糖Sugar Ester:糖脂Cellulose:纖維素Pectin:果膠質 polymer :n.多聚物;[高分子] 聚合物 polysaccharide: n.多醣,聚糖,多聚糖 saccharide:糖類amylose :n.直鏈淀粉amylopectin :n.支鏈淀粉sucrose:蔗糖 blend:混合物stinging:刺激的odor:氣味,臭味reconstituted tobacco:重組煙草 fiber:纖維alkaloid:生物堿nicotine:尼古丁Plastid:質體pigment:色素
carotenoid:類胡蘿卜素 precursor:前體物volatile:易揮發的;易變的,不穩定的; aroma:芳香,香味;
煙草中碳水化合物主要有:Starch:淀粉Sugar:糖Sugar Ester:糖脂Cellulose:纖維素Pectin:果膠質
Chapter 8 1.單詞翻譯
filling value 填充值burn rate 燃燒率adsorption 吸附作用raw material 原料
cut rag 煙絲specific volume比容shred煙絲constant velocity勻速compress壓縮,壓緊;精簡adsorption equilibrium 吸附平衡vacuum drying 真空干燥relative humidity 相對濕度sulfuric acid 硫酸saturated飽和的;滲透的;深顏色的wrap paper 外包紙permeability滲透性;通透性additives添加劑ventilation通風設備;空氣流通puff抽吸口數circumference 圓周;周長the static burning rate靜燃速率equilibrium moisture平衡含水率,平衡水分taste吸味filter過濾材料tobacco blending配方body身份degree of damage殘傷度cigarette paper卷煙紙
長句子翻譯
There are three main ways to measure equilibrium moisture content.One method takes measurements by a gas with a fixed relative humidity that flows through a sample.Another method measures equilibrium moisture under the water vapor environment after evacuating air.The third way uses a desiccator and adjusts the humidity with a sulfuric acid solution or a saturated salt solution and takes measurements under atmospheric pressure.測定平衡含水率有三種主要方法。方法一是采用一種具有穩定相對濕度的氣體流過被測樣品進行測定。方法二是在抽出空氣后的水蒸汽的環境下測定平衡含水率。第三種方法使用了一個干燥器,通過調整含有硫酸溶液或飽和鹽溶液的濕度,在大氣壓下進行測定。
Chapter 10 1.單詞翻譯
Reconstituted sheet 再造煙葉expansion膨脹homogenized:均勻分布微粒的shred碎片slurring:稠漿法impregnation:滲入adhesives粘合劑slurry:漿體mainstream smoke:主流煙氣sidestream smoke測流煙氣lamina體積Slurry Sheet Process:稠漿法humectant:保濕劑 diced:切割cut filler:填料pulp紙漿 recon薄片煙Smoking Qualities :吸食質量 sensory quality:感官質量signature flavor:獨特風味carbon monoxide:一氧化碳 tailor-made:量身定做carcinogen致癌物shredded:切絲rolled stems:壓梗 filter過濾limonene ['lim?ni:n]:檸檬烯 長句子翻譯 Expanded tobacco is an essential part of processing of most cigarette products.It is an efficient means of expanding the volume of tobacco lamina by up to 100%.The main benefits of using expanded tobacco are: reduces cigarette weight while reserving its natural tobacco taste;increases the filling value and burn rate, thus reducing the number of puffs, which in turn reduces the tar and nicotine deliveries per cigarette.膨脹煙絲是大多數卷煙產品加工中的重要組成部分。它是一種有效的手段,能夠擴大煙草葉片體積高達100%。使用膨脹煙絲的主要好處是:減少卷煙的重量,同時保留其天然的煙草味道,增加填充值和燃燒率,從而降低了抽吸口數,也就是減少了每支卷煙的焦油和尼古丁含量。
Reconstituted sheet, commonly called recon, is now considered an integral part of processing any quality and cost-effective cigarettes product.Recent advances in paper making technology allow for producing tailor-made recon that can play a major role in the development of many blended cigarettes, Virginia, oriental and black cigarettes as well as other smoking products.再造薄片,俗稱薄片煙,現在被認為是具有優秀質量和具有成本效益香煙產品工序的一個組成部分。再造薄片技術的進步使量身訂做的薄片煙,在許多混合型卷煙的發展中起了重要的作用,在弗吉尼亞煙,東方煙和黑色香煙以及其他煙草產品也是如此。
Chapter 11 1.單詞翻譯
delivery /釋放量TSNA(tobacco specific nitrosamine)煙草特有的亞硝胺 benzo(a)pyrene B(a)P 苯并芘;苯并(a)芘dimension 規格、尺寸 rod /(煙)支;(煙)條;枝條carton
紙板箱neutralizer 中和劑
resin 樹脂;松香syrup 糖漿果汁;含藥糖漿integral 積分的;完整的,整體的 venation 脈絡;葉脈tobacco rod 煙條 煙絲被卷煙紙包卷后形成的長圓柱體。ash /??/ 灰分;煙灰wrapper包裝材料; /包裝/ 包裝紙;書皮binder粘合劑
inhale /in'heil/ 吸入aftertaste 余味shred
煙絲adverse effect 不利影響;副作用flavor grades(致香型)煙葉modifier grades調味型)煙葉filler grades(填充型)煙葉extensive
廣泛的;大量的volatile 揮發性的;不穩定的 ameliorate / 改善;減輕(痛苦等);改良processability 加工性;加工性能 pliable柔韌的;柔軟的;圓滑的;易曲折的evaporate蒸發,揮發
exterior外部;表面;外型;外貌stretch 伸展,延伸cellulosic有纖維質的 porous 多孔滲水的;能滲透的;有氣孔的cellulose acetate醋酸纖維 charcoal
木炭cosmetic化妝品;裝飾品firmness 硬度 長句子翻譯
Cigarette manufacturing involves developing a specific tobacco blend utilizing the desired tobacco types, breaking up the tobaccos stored in hogsheads or bales, combining the blend components, cutting the raw tobaccos into specific dimensions, applying casing and top dressing materials(unless it is a no-additive product), adjusting moisture content, selecting the appropriate filter, paper, cigarette design properties, combining these components into a rod(usually on a high speed machine), inserting the rods into a pack, placing the packs into cartons and consolidating the cartons into cases for distribution.卷煙制造過程包括根據所需類型開發出特定的葉組配方,解煙包,煙葉摻配,切絲,加香加料(不加香加料的卷煙除外),調節水分,選擇適宜的過濾嘴、卷煙紙、卷煙設計參數,卷成煙支(通常用高速卷煙機),裝盒,成條,最后裝箱以便于批發銷售。
The blend is the single most important factor in determining the smoke quality of a product.Blending can be defined as the combining of raw materials in grades identifiable through visual, chemical and smoking characteristics.Through blending, taste character, irritation/harshness and strength can be altered to the desired product brief.The blender must be familiar with the smoke characteristics of each individual grade of each tobacco type.He must be able to look at the quality of each individual grade and know how that appearance of the tobacco will marry with other blend components and smoke in the final product.配方是決定卷煙產品吸食質量的最主要的因素。配方可以定義為將依據外觀質量、化學成分和感官特性分級的煙葉原料進行組合。通過配方,口味特征、刺激性/粗糙感和勁頭可以被調整為所期望的產品特征。配方設計人員必須熟悉不同等級、不同類型煙葉的吸食特性。并且能夠根據某一等級煙葉原料的品質,知道它在與其他組分配時的表現,以及在最終產品中的吸食表現。
Cigarette paper is composed of an inorganic filler and cellulosic fiber.The most common inorganic filler is calcium carbonate(CaCO3).Special fillers may be used for reducing sidestream smoke yields.Common fibers used for cigarette papers include flax and wood pulp.卷煙紙由無機填料和纖維質材料組成。最為常用的無機填料是碳酸鈣(CaCO3)。有時會用一些特殊填料來減少測流煙氣量。卷煙紙使用的常見纖維包括亞麻纖維和木漿纖維。
簡答題
1煙株的煙葉由下至上分別為:sand lugs,primings腳葉,中下部葉(下二棚),cutters中部葉(腰葉),leaf上中部葉(上二棚),tips頂葉 2煙草可分為三類:
flavor grades(致香型)煙葉 modifier grades調味型)煙葉 filler grades(填充型)煙葉
Chapter 12 Cigarette Quality Assurance
parameter:參數instrumentation :n.使用儀器,裝設儀器; weight :重量cigarette:卷煙 circumference:圓周diameter:直徑ovality:橢圓度roundness:圓度pressure drop :壓降 resistance-to-draw(rtd):draw:吸引,拉,拖。draft :氣流filter rods :過濾嘴
ventilation :通風設備Ventilation:通風Dilution :稀釋low ‘tar’ cigarettes 低焦油卷煙 perforat :打孔Porosity : n.多孔性,有孔性porous : adj.有毛孔或氣孔的
perforation n.穿孔,貫穿,針孔,齒孔cigarette paper:卷煙紙tipping paper接裝紙(水松紙)plug wrap paper :成型紙(濾嘴棒紙)filter rod :濾嘴棒Moisture:水分 Water Content:含水率Total Oven Volatiles:烘箱總揮發物Plasticizer:增塑劑
cellulose acetate:醋酸纖維Smoking machine:吸煙機total particulate matter:總粒相物質 gas phase :氣相 簡答
卷煙的基本參數:Weight重量Circumference or Diameter Measurement圓周或直徑Pressure Drop壓降Ventilation通風度Firmness(Also Called Hardness)Including Filling Power堅實度Paper Porosity(or Permeability紙的孔隙度或透氣度Moisture水分Length長度Measurement of Plasticizer增塑劑Smoking Machines and Gas Phase Analyzers吸煙機和氣相分析儀Air Flow Measuring Instruments空氣流量測定儀Cigarette Pack Seal Testers卷煙的包裝密封性測試
chapter13 1煙氣收集的方法:Cambridge filter劍橋濾片Electrostatic Precipitation 靜電沉積器
Cold Traps冷阱Solid Adsorbents固體吸附Solvent Traps溶劑阱
Mainstream Smoke(MS)主流煙氣Sidestream Smoke(SS)測流煙氣Environmental tobacco Smoke(ETS)環境煙氣
smoke aerosol煙氣氣溶膠gas phase and particles氣相和粒相
劍橋濾片的優點:1.Effectively retains particulate phase smoke at room temperature2.Nonhygroscopic3.Easily fashioned into filters of uniform efficiency4.Requires minimum user preparation5.Inexpensive
影響劍橋濾片平衡的因素1.Temperature2.Filter loading3.Flow4.Moisture level of the pad What is TPM ? TPM=Total Particulate Matter = Nicotine + Tar + Water Chapter 14
Natural Tobacco Flavor top dressings flavor:加表用香精casing flavor :加料用香精filter flavor:濾嘴用香精 elucidate :vt.闡明,解釋flue-cured烤制
burley
oriental東方的 Maryland tobacco馬里蘭煙 Turkish tobacco土耳其煙 Aroma芳香,香味
香精可以分為三種top dressings flavor:加表用香精casing flavor :加料用香精filter flavor:濾嘴用香精
Chapter 16 1.單詞翻譯
controversial有爭議的,引起爭議的,被爭論的; 好爭論的
millennia一千年(millennium的名詞復數);千年期;myocardial 心肌的 infarction 梗塞形成,梗死形成peripheral:外圍的;次要的;(神經)末梢區域的
vascular 脈管的,血管的,含有血管的;chronic 慢性的長期的;obstructive故意阻礙的monograph專著,專論carcinogenic致癌物(質)的surgeon 外科醫生 長句子翻譯
Numerous studies were conducted on the association with smoking of four diseases: cancer of the lung, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease and chronic obstructive lung diseases.However, others maintain the conclusion that smoking is one of the factors contributing to these diseases is 'more fairly described as presumptive than as proved'.已經進行了大量有關吸煙與肺癌、心肌梗死、心腦血管疾病和慢性支氣管疾病關系的研究。然而,一些人堅持認為吸煙只是這些疾病的發病原因之一。