第一篇:自我描述形容詞
自我描述形容詞able 有才干的,能干的 active 主動(dòng)的,活躍的 adaptable適應(yīng)性強(qiáng)的 adroit靈巧的,機(jī)敏的 aggressive有進(jìn)取心的 ambitious有雄心壯志的dutiful盡職的knowledgeable有見(jiàn)識(shí)的,知識(shí)豐富的 dynamic精力充沛的logical邏輯性強(qiáng)的 earnest認(rèn)真的,熱心的loyal忠心耿耿的 well-educated受過(guò)良好教育的methodical有方法的 efficient有效率的modest謙虛的 energetic精力充沛的motivated目的明確的 enthusiastic充滿熱情的objective客觀的 amiable和藹可親的 amicable友好的analytical善于分析的 apprehensive有理解力的 aspiring有志氣的,有抱負(fù)的 capable有能力的,有才能的 careful仔細(xì)的,認(rèn)真的 candid正直的 charitable寬厚的 competent能勝任的 confident有信心的conscientious認(rèn)真的自覺(jué)的,盡職的considerate考慮周到的 constructive建設(shè)性的 contemplative好沉思的 cooperative有合作精神的 creative富創(chuàng)造力的dashing活躍的,有拼搏精神的 dedicated有奉獻(xiàn)精神的 devoted投入的 dependable可靠的 disciplined守紀(jì)律的 expressivity善于表達(dá)faithful守信的,忠誠(chéng)的forceful(性格)堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的frank直率的,真誠(chéng)的friendly友好的frugal儉樸的generous寬宏大量的gentle有禮貌的hard-working勤勞的honest誠(chéng)實(shí)的hospitable殷勤的,好客的humorous有幽默感的impartial公正的independent有主見(jiàn)的industrious勤奮的ingenious有獨(dú)創(chuàng)性的have an inquiring mind愛(ài)動(dòng)腦筋intellective智商高的intelligent聰明的inventive有發(fā)明才能,有創(chuàng)造力的just正直的kind-hearted好心的open-minded開(kāi)明的,虛心的 orderly守紀(jì)律的 practical實(shí)際的,有實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)的 precise一絲不茍的 persevering不屈不撓的 punctual守時(shí)的 qualified合格的 rational有理性的 realistic實(shí)事求是的 reasonable講道理的 reliable可信賴(lài)的 responsible負(fù)責(zé)的 self-conscious自覺(jué)的 selfless無(wú)私的 sensible明白事理的 sincere真誠(chéng)的smart精明的,聰明的 spirited生氣勃勃的 straightforward坦率的 strong-wined意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的 sweet-tempered性情溫和的 temperate穩(wěn)健的相關(guān)譯名education教育
educational background教育程度educational history'學(xué)歷curriculum課程major主修minor輔修
excellent leader優(yōu)秀干部student council學(xué)生會(huì)academic year學(xué)年semester學(xué)期(美)term學(xué)期(英)president校長(zhǎng)
vice-president副校長(zhǎng) vice-monitor副班長(zhǎng)
commissary in charge of study學(xué)習(xí)委員
commissary in charge of entertainment文娛委員commissary in charge of sports體育委員
commissary in charge of physical labor勞動(dòng)委員Party branch secretary黨支部書(shū)記League branch secretary團(tuán)支部書(shū)記
educational highlights課程重點(diǎn)部分curriculum included課程包括specialized courses專(zhuān)門(mén)課程courses taken所學(xué)課程courses completed所學(xué)課程special training特別訓(xùn)練off-ob training脫產(chǎn)培訓(xùn)in-ob training在職培訓(xùn)social practice社會(huì)實(shí)踐part-time jobs業(yè)余工作summer jobs暑期工作vacation jobs假期工作refresher course進(jìn)修課程
extracurricular activities體育活動(dòng)recreational activities娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)academic activities學(xué)術(shù)活動(dòng)social activities社會(huì)活動(dòng)rewards獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)
scholarship獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金
moral, academic and physical excellenceof academic year三好學(xué)生
excellent League member優(yōu)秀團(tuán)員 academic dean教務(wù)員
department chairman系主任professor教授
associate professor副教授guest professor客座教授lecturer講師
teaching assistant助教research fellow研究員
research assistant助理研究員supervisor論文導(dǎo)師
probation teacher代課教師tutor家庭教師
intelligence quotient智商pass及格fail不及格marks分?jǐn)?shù)grades分?jǐn)?shù)scores分?jǐn)?shù)
examination考試grade年級(jí) class班級(jí)
monitor班長(zhǎng) commissary in chare of organization組織委員commissary in charge of publicity宣傳委員degree學(xué)位
post doctor博士后doctor(Ph.D)博士master碩士bachelor學(xué)士
gradate student研究生abroad student留學(xué)生
returned student回國(guó)留學(xué)生foreign student外國(guó)留學(xué)生undergraduate大學(xué)肄業(yè)生senior大學(xué)四年級(jí)學(xué)生junior大學(xué)三年級(jí)學(xué)生
sophomore大學(xué)二年級(jí)學(xué)生freshman大學(xué)一年級(jí)學(xué)生guest student.旁聽(tīng)生(英)auditor旁聽(tīng)生(美)
government-supported student公費(fèi)生
commoner自費(fèi)生extern走讀生
day-student走讀生
intern實(shí)習(xí)生
prize fellow獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金生graduate畢業(yè)生
excellent graduate優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)生
graduation thesis /senior design project畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)
transcript成績(jī)單objective求職意向
CV(Curriculum Vita)簡(jiǎn)歷cover Letter求職信Resume簡(jiǎn)歷citizenship國(guó)籍
部分課程名稱(chēng)
Specialized English專(zhuān)業(yè)外語(yǔ)College Physics大學(xué)物理Principle of Marxist Philosophy(Epistemology馬克思主義哲學(xué)原理(認(rèn)識(shí)論)
Deng XiaoPing Theory鄧小平理論Study on Mao Zedong Thought毛澤東思想研究
Physical Education體育
Cultivation of Ideological Morality思想品德修養(yǎng)
Education of Situation and Policy形勢(shì)政策教育
Military Theory軍事理論
Political Economics政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)Advanced Mathematics高等數(shù)學(xué)Probability and Mathematical Statistics概率論與數(shù)理統(tǒng)計(jì)
Basics of Computer Applications計(jì)算機(jī)應(yīng)用基礎(chǔ)
Introduction to Database數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)概論
College English大學(xué)英語(yǔ)
The University Language and Literature大學(xué)語(yǔ)文
第二篇:as 形容詞 as
as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as 1)在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so? as。例如:
He cannot run so/as fast as you.他沒(méi)你跑得快。
2)當(dāng)as? as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式:as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞/ as + many/much +名詞。例如:
This is as good an example as the other is.這個(gè)例子和另外一個(gè)一樣好。
I can carry as much paper as you can.你能搬多少紙,我也能。
3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),放在as的前面。例如:
This room is twice as big as that one.這房間的面積是那間的兩倍。
Your room is the same size as mine.你的房間和我的一樣大。
4)倍數(shù)+ as + adj.+ as <=> 倍數(shù)+ the ? + of。例如:
This bridge is three times as long as that one.這座橋的長(zhǎng)度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.你的房間是我的兩倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.2)在該結(jié)構(gòu)的兩個(gè)as之間通常接形容詞或副詞的原級(jí),但若涉及數(shù)量或程度,可用“as much+不可數(shù)名詞+as”和“as many+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+as”。如:
You’ve made as many mistakes as I have.你犯的錯(cuò)誤和我犯的一樣多。I haven’t got as much money as I thought.我不像原來(lái)想像的有那么多錢(qián)。其間接形容詞時(shí),有時(shí)該形容詞還可修飾另一名詞,但這個(gè)名詞應(yīng)帶有不定冠詞(注意詞序)。如:
She is as good a teacher as her mother.她和她媽媽一樣是位好老師。也可說(shuō)。如:She is a teacher as good as her mother.但不說(shuō)。如:She is as a good teacher as her mother./ They are as good teachers as us.(3)第二個(gè)as后接從句時(shí),該as通常為連詞,但有時(shí)這個(gè)as還充當(dāng)其后從句的主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),此時(shí)該as實(shí)為關(guān)系代詞。如:
I gave him as much as he could eat.他能吃多少,我就給了他多少。
We’ve got food for as many people as want it.我們的食物,無(wú)論多少人吃都?jí)蛄恕?4)該結(jié)構(gòu)根據(jù)情況可用使用以下修飾語(yǔ)。如:(not)nearly, almost, just, nothing like, exactly, not quite, half, one-ten, twice, three times, 30 per cent等,并且這些修飾語(yǔ)必須置于第一個(gè)as之前,而不能置于其后。如:
He doesn’t play half as well as his sister.他演奏的水平不及他姐姐的一半。This dress is twice as expensive as that.這件連衣裙比那件貴一倍。(5)若第二個(gè)as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)表示將來(lái)意義的從句,則該從句可用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái),也可直接使用將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)。如:
We’ll get there as soon as you do [will].你一到,我們就到。(from www.tmdps.cn)(6)在非正式場(chǎng)合(尤其是美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中),有時(shí)可以省略第一個(gè)as。如:
When over forty, he married a woman poor as himself.他在40多歲時(shí)娶了一個(gè)像他本人一樣窮的女人。
另外,若意思明確,有時(shí)可省略第二個(gè)as及其后的相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)。如:
The radios in that shop will be cheaper, but not as good.那家商店的收音機(jī)會(huì)便宜些,但質(zhì)量沒(méi)那么好。take up 開(kāi)始從事When did he take up football? 他是什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始踢足球的? 占用;化去The work took up all his time.那工作花費(fèi)了他所有的時(shí)間。take-up名詞 n.拿起;抬起;舉起 2.拉緊;收緊;卷緊3.(照相機(jī)等的)卷片裝置4.【紡】織縮;卷取 take up 1.占去,占據(jù);開(kāi)始從事;拿起,接收take up占去,占據(jù);開(kāi)始從事;拿起,接收 2.拿起;著手處理;占去take up 拿起;著手處理;占去
3.開(kāi)始(學(xué)習(xí)或某種愛(ài)好);從事;提出;接受;占(時(shí)間,空間等);拿起;接納(乘客等)take up 開(kāi)始(學(xué)習(xí)或某種愛(ài)好);從事;提出;接受;占(時(shí)間,空間等);拿起;接納(乘客等)
第三篇:形容詞
A:形容詞
1、形容詞及其用法
形容詞修飾名詞,說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常,可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類(lèi),其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。
1)直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級(jí)的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如:hot 熱的。
2)敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ),所以又稱(chēng)為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類(lèi)形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類(lèi)。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(錯(cuò))He is an ill man.(對(duì))The man is ill.(ill是敘述形容詞)
(錯(cuò))She is an afraid girl.(對(duì))The girl is afraid.(afraid是敘述形容詞)
這類(lèi)詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí),要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),要放在這些詞之后,例如:
something nice
2.以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞
1)大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly(致命的),lovely,lonely,likely(很可能的),lively(生動(dòng)活潑的),ugly(丑的),brotherly(兄弟般的),仍為形容詞。
改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò))She sang lovely.(錯(cuò))He spoke to me very friendly.(對(duì))Her singing was lovely.(對(duì))He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。
Daily(日常的,每日的),weekly,monthly,yearly,early(早期的)
The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.用形容詞表示類(lèi)別和整體
1)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類(lèi)人,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope.2)有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋?/p>
限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色)--出處--材料性質(zhì),類(lèi)別--名詞
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例題: 1)Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two other B.two little other C.two other little
D.little other two
答案:C。由“限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色)--性質(zhì)--名詞”的公式可知數(shù)詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有C符合答案。2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone
B.Chinese old stone C.old stone Chinese D.Chinese stone old 答案A.幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來(lái)源+質(zhì)地+用途+國(guó)家+名詞。
5下列幾類(lèi)形容詞也沒(méi)有比較等級(jí):
(1)表示“終極”意義或絕對(duì)概念的形容詞或副詞。如: blind, dead, living, full, perfect(ly), round, wrong等。
(2)表示時(shí)間、方位或方向的形容詞或副詞。如:back, backward(向后), forward(向前), front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, 等。
(3)部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如: cultural, educational, golden, scientific, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容詞。如: mere(僅僅的), minimal(極少的、最小的), matchless(無(wú)敵的), sole(僅有的、唯一的), only unique(獨(dú)一無(wú)二的)等。6形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的后置
a.前面我們講到形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),位置要放在所修飾的名詞前面,但當(dāng)它帶有表示量度的詞或詞組時(shí),定語(yǔ)后置。
They have built a bridge a hundred meters long.他們建成了一座一百米長(zhǎng)的橋。
Last year we built a building thirteen storeys(樓層,pl.)high.去年,我們蓋了一棟十三層的高樓。
b.帶有表示量度的詞或詞組,作表語(yǔ)時(shí),也后置。The bridge is a hundred meters long.這座橋長(zhǎng)達(dá)一百米。The building is thirteen storeys high.這個(gè)大樓有十三層高。注意
量度詞組變成合成語(yǔ)時(shí),作定語(yǔ)用,放在名詞前。They have built a two-hundred-meter-long bridge.他們已經(jīng)修建了一座長(zhǎng)二百米的橋。
Last year we built a thirteen-storey-high building.去年我們建了一座高十三層的大樓。
c.另外,一些形容詞或形容詞詞組常用來(lái)放在句首、句中或句尾,作狀語(yǔ)。He returned home, tired and hungry.他又累又餓地回到了家。
Cold and hungry, he walked in the street.又冷又餓,他走在街道上。
B: 副詞及其基本用法 副詞的種類(lèi)、用法和位置
副詞在句子中修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、場(chǎng)所、狀態(tài)及程度。1.副詞的種類(lèi)
(1)時(shí)間副詞
①表示大體時(shí)間:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far
②表示頻率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom(很少),never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once(立刻,同時(shí)),immediately,at first,at last,finally
(2)地點(diǎn)副詞
①表地點(diǎn):here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,Nowhere(無(wú)處、哪里都不),somewhere.②表位置關(guān)系(后接賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用作介詞):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,Away(在某距離處),near,off,past
(3)方式副詞表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“怎樣地”,(此類(lèi)副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構(gòu)成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly.(4)程度副詞 多數(shù)用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞:much,(a)little,a bit,very,so,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly(幾乎、將近、差不多),almost,hardly(幾乎沒(méi)有)
(5)疑問(wèn)副詞 構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句:how,when, where,why
(6)連接副詞 連接主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)從句:how,when,where,why
(7)關(guān)系副詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句:when,where,why
(8)其它性質(zhì)的副詞對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi):
frankly(坦率地說(shuō),說(shuō)真的),generally(一般說(shuō)來(lái)),luckily(幸運(yùn)地是),first of all(首先)等。
1.地點(diǎn)副詞、時(shí)間副詞和方式副詞一般放在句末 注意
地點(diǎn)副詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置,不屬于這種情況。有時(shí)少數(shù)地點(diǎn)副詞和時(shí)間副詞可以作定語(yǔ),放在所修飾詞的后邊。
The students here are all from China.I'll wait for you here.(地點(diǎn)副詞)我將在這兒等你。
I'll meet him at the station tomorrow.(時(shí)間副詞)明天我將去車(chē)站接他。
Tomorrow I'll meet him at the station.注意
有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間,也可把時(shí)間副詞放在句首。The boy wrote the homework quickly.(方式副詞)這個(gè)男孩子寫(xiě)作業(yè)很快。
They did their experiments carefully in the lab yesterday.昨天他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室認(rèn)真地做實(shí)驗(yàn)。
The students all worked well here last week 這些學(xué)生上周在這里都做得很好
2.頻度副詞在句中位置有以下兩種
a.在be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后。She is always kind to us(be動(dòng)詞)她對(duì)我們總是很好。
I can never forget the day.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)我永遠(yuǎn)也不能忘掉這一天。
The work has never been done.助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞(頻度副詞never放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞has的后面)
這件工作永遠(yuǎn)也做不完。b.在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前
He often goes to school early.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)他常常早到校。
3.程度副詞有下列二種情況
a.修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí),它在句中的位置與頻度副詞的情況相似。He is almost forty years old.(在be動(dòng)詞之后)他快四十歲了。
(注意,如果句末同時(shí)有幾個(gè)副詞,它的基本順序是:方式副詞+地點(diǎn)副詞+時(shí)間副詞。)He can hardly understand you.(在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后)他幾乎聽(tīng)不懂你的活。
b.修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí),放在它所修飾的詞的前面。He studies much harder now.現(xiàn)在他學(xué)習(xí)努力多了。
The room is big enough to hold fifty persons.(enough修飾形容詞)這個(gè)房間夠大的可以容納50人。
He runs fast enough.(enough修飾副詞)他跑得夠快的。
注意:副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。
改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò))I very like English.(對(duì))I like English very much.注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.兼有兩種形式的副詞
1)close與closely
close意思是“近”; closely 意思是“仔細(xì)地”
He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely.2)late 與lately
late意思是“晚”; lately 意思是“最近”
You have come too late.What have you been doing lately? 3)deep與deeply
deep意思是“深”,表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,“深深地”
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high與highly
high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much
The plane was flying high.I think highly of(高度贊揚(yáng))your opinion.5)wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是“廣泛地”,“在許多地方”
He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.6)free與freely
free的意思是“免費(fèi)”;freely 的意思是“無(wú)限制地”
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.You may speak freely;say what you like.7某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別
(1)already, yet, still
already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生,主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事發(fā)生,主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句;still表示某事還在進(jìn)行,主要用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句,有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如:
We've already watched that film.I haven't finished my homework yet.He still works until late every night.(2)too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句,too和as well多用于口語(yǔ),一般放在句末,而also多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ),一般放在句中與動(dòng)詞連用。
either用于否定句和否定的疑問(wèn)句,往往放在句末。如:He went there too.He didn't go there either.I like you as well.I also went there.形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)
⑴ 規(guī)則變化
變化規(guī)則 1.一般在詞尾直接加-er或-est Tall-taller-tallest, long-longer-longest
2.以不發(fā)音的字母e 結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加-r 或-st Nice-nicer-nicest, large-larger-largest
3.以輔音字母+ 結(jié)尾的詞,把 y變?yōu)閕,再加er 或 est Heavy-heavier-heaviest Happy-happier-happiest
4.重讀閉音節(jié),末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母,再加er 或 est Big-bigger-biggest Fat-fatter-fattest
5.部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級(jí)前加more 構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和most 構(gòu)成最高級(jí) Slowly-more slowly-most slowly
Beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
⑵ 不規(guī)則變化
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) Good/well better best Bad/ill/badly worse Worst Many/much more most little less least
far Farther/further Farther/further old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
其用法與形容詞相似,只是副詞最高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如:
Of all the boys,he sings(the)most beautifully.9.as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as
1)在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so? as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.2)當(dāng)as? as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式。
as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞
as + many/much +名詞
This is as good an example as the other is.I can carry as much paper as you can..3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine.4)倍數(shù)+ as + adj.+ as <=> 倍數(shù)+ the+ n.+ of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.Your room is twice the size of mine.10.比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than
You are taller than I.They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.注意:
1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。
(錯(cuò))He is more cleverer than his brother.(對(duì))He is more clever than his brother.(對(duì))He is clever than his brother.2)要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對(duì)象中。
(錯(cuò))China is larger that any country in Asia.(對(duì))China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3)要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型,遵循前后一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4)要注意冠詞的使用,后有名詞的時(shí)候,前面才有可能有名詞。
比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters.11可修飾比較級(jí)的詞
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等
2)還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。
3)以上詞(除by far)外,必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。
典型例題:
1)----Are you feeling ____?
----Yes,I'm fine now.A.any well B.any better C.quite good D.quite better
答案:B.any 可修飾比較級(jí),quite修飾原級(jí),well的比較級(jí)為better.2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.A.more B.much more C.much
D.more much 答案:C.much可修飾比較級(jí),因此B,C都說(shuō)得通,但easier本身已是比較級(jí),不需more,因此C為正確答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.A.the happiest time B.a more happier time C.much happiest time D.a much happier time 答案:D。many,old 和 far
1)如果后接名詞時(shí),much more +不可數(shù)名詞
many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)
2)old 有兩種比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長(zhǎng)幼關(guān)系。
My elder brother is an engineer.Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.3)far 有兩種比較級(jí),farther,further.在英語(yǔ)中兩者都可指距離。
在美語(yǔ)中,father 表示距離,further表示進(jìn)一步。
I have nothing further to say.13.the + 最高級(jí) + 比較范圍
1)The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.形容詞最高級(jí)前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級(jí)前可不用。
形容詞most前面沒(méi)有the,不表示最高級(jí)的含義,只表示“非常”。
It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.注意: 使用最高級(jí)要注意將主語(yǔ)包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。
(錯(cuò))Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.(對(duì))Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2)下列詞可修飾最高級(jí),by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.注意:
a.very可修飾最高級(jí),但位置與much不同。
This is the very best.This is much the best.b.序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級(jí)。
Africa is the second largest continent.3)句型轉(zhuǎn)換:
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4)“否定詞語(yǔ)+比較級(jí)”,“否定詞語(yǔ)+ so? as”結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級(jí)含義。
Nothing is so easy as this.=Nothing is easier than this.=This is the easiest thing.14.和more有關(guān)的詞組 1)the more? the more? 越??就越??
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.2)more B than A 與其說(shuō)A不如說(shuō)B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3)no more? than? 與??一樣??,不比??多
The officials(官員)could see no more than the Emperor(皇帝).no less? than? 與??一樣??
He is no less diligent(勤奮)than you.4)more than 不只是,非常
She is more than kind to us all.典型例題
1)The weather in China is different from____.A.in America B.one in America C.America D.that in America 答案:D.本題意為“中國(guó)的天氣比美國(guó)熱。”比較的是天氣而不是國(guó)家,C不能選。A沒(méi)有名詞,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用來(lái)代替可數(shù)名詞,而that可車(chē)以代替不可數(shù)或抽象名詞,所以選D。
2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors(拖拉機(jī))in 1988 as the year before.A.as twice many B.as many twice C.twice as many D.twice many as 答案C.此句意為“這個(gè)廠1988能生產(chǎn)的拖拉機(jī)是往年的兩倍”。
表示倍數(shù)用“倍數(shù)+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對(duì)象”的句型。所以此句答案為C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.重點(diǎn)提示:
常見(jiàn)比較級(jí)五句型
1> Who / Which + be +比較級(jí) , A or B ?
Who is taller, Tom or John?
Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer?
2> ~ + be + the 比較級(jí) + of the two.(兩個(gè)之中比較?的那一個(gè),~包含在兩個(gè)之中)
Tom is the taller of the two.= Tom is taller than the other boy.3> much / a lot / even / far + 比較級(jí)
A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle.計(jì)算機(jī)比自行車(chē)貴多了。
4> “The+形容詞比較級(jí)..., the+形容詞比較級(jí)...”, 表示 “ 越...就越...”。
The more you study, the more you know.你學(xué)的越多, 就知道的越多。
5> “ 形容詞比較級(jí) + and + 形容詞比較級(jí) ”, 表示 “ 越來(lái)越...”。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper.計(jì)算機(jī)越來(lái)越便宜。
/ 3)最高級(jí)不一定就是第一
1> Who / Which + be +最高級(jí), A, B, or C ?
Who is the tallest, Tom, Jack, or David? Tom, Jack與David三個(gè)人中誰(shuí)最高?
Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle, or a car? 自行車(chē),摩托車(chē)和汽車(chē),哪一個(gè)最貴?
2> ~ + be + one of the +最高級(jí) +復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 表示“最??的??之一”。
The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.黃河是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流之一。
3> “?+ be +the + 序數(shù)詞 +最高級(jí) +單數(shù)名詞 + 范圍”, 表示“??是??.的第幾??”。
She is the second tallest student in our class.她是我們班第二高的學(xué)生。
4> ~ + be + the 最高級(jí) ~ that 某人 have/ has ever + 過(guò)去分詞.This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.這是我看過(guò)的最有趣的書(shū)。沒(méi)有比較級(jí)的形容詞和副詞
第四篇:對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單表達(dá)自我的形容詞的認(rèn)識(shí)
對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單表達(dá)自我的形容詞的認(rèn)識(shí)
西北師范大學(xué)教育學(xué)院甘肅蘭州430070
摘要目前的研究在于探索對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單詞的知覺(jué)是否會(huì)影響自我對(duì)其他事物的評(píng)估過(guò)程。在研究領(lǐng)域,被試所認(rèn)為的表達(dá)自我的形容詞并不一定都是表達(dá)自我的形容詞。值得擁有的形容詞比不值得擁有的形容詞更容易區(qū)別。結(jié)論建議人們盡可能快速的感知能夠加強(qiáng)積極情緒形容詞,而忽視帶來(lái)消極情緒的形容詞。引言在社會(huì)心理學(xué)中,目前關(guān)于自我認(rèn)知和自我相關(guān)的研究占有重要的地位,需要特別指出的是自我圖示已經(jīng)被認(rèn)為是各部分協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一的核心。在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,自我圖示和自知之明相似,在理想中。信息的有效組合過(guò)程中,自我圖示幫助整合各方面的信息。
認(rèn)為自我認(rèn)識(shí)是一個(gè)有縮略圖的組織的理論被爭(zhēng)論,自我相關(guān)與其他信息相比被定義為更深刻的更快速的過(guò)程。許多研究已經(jīng)顯示包括特殊領(lǐng)域在內(nèi)的擁有自我圖示是更加敏感的的對(duì)于包含信息的領(lǐng)域在獲取信息的過(guò)程中也更加有效,并且能夠加強(qiáng)對(duì)相關(guān)領(lǐng)域信息的記憶。盡管在對(duì)于自我的信息刺激中,編碼會(huì)在更深層次和更快的速度中,但仍然不能確定是否這種加強(qiáng)是由于自我相關(guān)信息的認(rèn)知結(jié)構(gòu)或是由于其他刺激的特點(diǎn)與自我滿意度無(wú)關(guān),最初以自我參照劃分等級(jí),對(duì)有特點(diǎn)的形容詞和想要擁有的形容詞進(jìn)行記憶。Fergusal等人爭(zhēng)論,自我相關(guān)可能與自我關(guān)系不大,但是在更深層次的關(guān)于某個(gè)項(xiàng)目會(huì)引起批評(píng),不論一個(gè)項(xiàng)目被認(rèn)為是好還是壞,是積極還是消極。隨后的研究并沒(méi)有證明自我相關(guān)與值得擁有形容詞之間的關(guān)系。
方法
被試
來(lái)自加拿大的昂斯大學(xué)專(zhuān)業(yè)為心理學(xué)的大一的學(xué)生,男18名,女18名被試。被試將各自完成實(shí)驗(yàn),并且獲得學(xué)分。
材料
刺激材料。在研究中,刺激包括24各形容詞和12各自我無(wú)關(guān)的形容詞。關(guān)于自我的形容詞是從安德森的555各有特點(diǎn)的詞中選擇的。從555各形容詞中選擇有4到6各字母組成96個(gè)形容詞。由103名被試組成的獨(dú)立組對(duì)這96各詞劃分等級(jí),從1到7由最不值得擁有到最值得擁有分別計(jì)分。
這96個(gè)詞的得分平均值從1.30到6.73,總體得分的平均值為3.92.基于此項(xiàng)的得分12各最不值得擁有的形容詞和12個(gè)最值得擁有的形容詞就被選出來(lái)了,作為最后實(shí)驗(yàn)的材料。最不值得擁有的12個(gè)形容詞的得分從1.30到2.57,平均得分是1.85,最值得擁有的形容詞得分是從5.32到6.44,平均得分是5.95.這12個(gè)與自我無(wú)關(guān)的形容詞是從Franic等人的研究中獲取的。這12個(gè)普通形容詞是由4到6個(gè)字母組成的。在英語(yǔ)中,關(guān)于自我的形容詞與個(gè)性無(wú)關(guān)。
96個(gè)由4到6個(gè)字母組成自我調(diào)查問(wèn)卷編制完成,以問(wèn)卷的形式編織的版面,按照字母表的順序排形容詞的順序,12個(gè)值得擁有的和12個(gè)不值得擁有的形容詞也被按字母表的順序排列。這一問(wèn)卷要求被試選擇出他們認(rèn)為描述自我的形容詞。
過(guò)程
獲得同意后,每一個(gè)被試被帶到一個(gè)彼此相鄰的實(shí)驗(yàn)中,并且坐在桌子前,桌上有計(jì)算機(jī)顯示器和鍵盤(pán),被試被告知首先他們將完成一個(gè)詞的學(xué)習(xí),并且說(shuō)明每一項(xiàng)任務(wù),而且計(jì)算機(jī)自動(dòng)記錄答案。被試的注意力集中在計(jì)算機(jī)的屏幕上,按空格鍵開(kāi)始反應(yīng),每一個(gè)單詞在屏幕中央呈現(xiàn)500毫秒,按照先前安排的任意順序,將36個(gè)刺激項(xiàng)目小寫(xiě)呈現(xiàn)在電腦屏幕中央,每一個(gè)刺激項(xiàng)目呈現(xiàn)16.7毫秒,然后在呈現(xiàn)小寫(xiě)的下一個(gè)詞接近500毫秒。在每個(gè)單詞呈現(xiàn)后,被試按要求按鍵作出反應(yīng),Y表示是關(guān)于自我的形容詞,N表示不
是關(guān)于自我的形容詞,如果被試按Y鍵,將被繼續(xù)出現(xiàn)選擇是值得擁有的形容詞還是不值得擁有的形容詞,然后程序安排按空格鍵表示坐下一詞的反應(yīng)。當(dāng)被試完成36個(gè)詞的選擇,他們將會(huì)要求完成簡(jiǎn)單的關(guān)于自我的問(wèn)卷。
結(jié)論
平均的,被試猜想大約有12.44(12%)個(gè)關(guān)于自我的形容詞而結(jié)論只有6.48個(gè)詞,被試平均可以肯定的是關(guān)于自我肯定的而大約有7.56(21%)個(gè)而結(jié)論只有4.16。93%的詞被認(rèn)為與自我無(wú)關(guān),只有3%的詞被認(rèn)為有積極內(nèi)容,4%的詞被認(rèn)為是消極內(nèi)容。
為了準(zhǔn)確的區(qū)別兩者之間的關(guān)系,單因素分析的方法被用來(lái)測(cè)評(píng)與自我有關(guān)的形容詞的支持及相關(guān)系數(shù),并且用Wilk的方法在證明相關(guān)關(guān)系上失敗了,得到的結(jié)論是F(2.34)=1.61,P>.10.接下來(lái),運(yùn)用單因素組間數(shù)據(jù)的分析計(jì)算,值得擁有的形容詞大多數(shù)都與自我無(wú)關(guān),不值得擁有的形容詞能夠清晰的區(qū)分。運(yùn)用Wilk的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),結(jié)論為F(2.34)=4.43.P<.05.運(yùn)用t檢驗(yàn)可以準(zhǔn)確區(qū)分兩者之間的關(guān)系,平均值為.024,t(36)=2.91,P<.01.結(jié)論關(guān)于值得擁有的形容詞和不值得擁有的形容詞與自我沒(méi)有關(guān)系。平均值為.21.討論
關(guān)于自我圖示的研究重點(diǎn)在于探索深思熟慮的或是易于理解的的相關(guān)及反應(yīng)。目前的研究,嘗試著擴(kuò)大自我圖示的結(jié)構(gòu)。嚴(yán)格的知覺(jué)任務(wù)對(duì)自我圖示并不要求直接解釋。如果自我圖示在研究中出現(xiàn),它將會(huì)被假設(shè)這些結(jié)構(gòu)可能會(huì)在原則上影響自我形容詞的描述。無(wú)論如何,在沒(méi)有證據(jù)支持圖示的結(jié)構(gòu)的水平上,簡(jiǎn)單的原則存在的形容詞所支持的描述自我的形容詞。
無(wú)論如何,證據(jù)模式得到了一些支持,但在形式上與一般的模式不同。最初任務(wù)項(xiàng)目的知覺(jué)是在對(duì)積極形容詞認(rèn)識(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上。特別的,認(rèn)識(shí)值得擁有的形容詞比不值得擁有的形容詞具有優(yōu)勢(shì)。結(jié)果建議,直接知覺(jué)或是幾乎接近直接知覺(jué)的詞能夠加強(qiáng)值得擁有的形容詞,而忽略不值得擁有的形容詞,被試對(duì)直接擁有的形容詞更加敏感,因此,被試認(rèn)為自己是積極的或是擁有積極意向的。
目前,關(guān)于自我圖示的功能是否是由于目前刺激太簡(jiǎn)單引起的,仍然是個(gè)問(wèn)題。因此,被試表示出更高的敏感度。關(guān)于值得擁有的形容詞信息,不是因?yàn)檫@些詞滿足于自我想象,而是因?yàn)檫@些信息讓人高興。同時(shí),在語(yǔ)言學(xué)意義上的形容詞的精確度和一些普通形容詞是否與自我相關(guān)都缺乏區(qū)別。
所給予的關(guān)于形式認(rèn)定仍然不同,在信息進(jìn)程上,還未取得進(jìn)展,一些方式引起了評(píng)論性的反應(yīng)。假設(shè)在關(guān)于評(píng)價(jià)和認(rèn)知上能夠使個(gè)人項(xiàng)目更加概念化。因此,直到最近,關(guān)于自我評(píng)價(jià)仍沒(méi)有取得突破。在這個(gè)領(lǐng)域更多的興趣點(diǎn)開(kāi)始呈現(xiàn),在個(gè)人和社會(huì)心理學(xué)中希望關(guān)于評(píng)價(jià)和認(rèn)知的研究越來(lái)越多。
摘要;
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第五篇:形容詞材料
初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全:形容詞和副詞
A:形容詞
1、形容詞及其用法
形容詞修飾 名詞,說(shuō)明事物或人的性質(zhì)或特征。通常,可將形容詞分成性質(zhì)形容詞和敘述形容詞兩類(lèi),其位置不一定都放在名詞前面。
1)直接說(shuō)明事物的性質(zhì)或特征的形容詞是性質(zhì)形容詞,它有級(jí)的變化,可以用程度副詞修飾,在句中可作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。例如:hot 熱的。
2)敘述形容詞只能作表語(yǔ),所以又稱(chēng)為表語(yǔ)形容詞。這類(lèi)形容詞沒(méi)有級(jí)的變化,也不可用程度副詞修飾。大多數(shù)以a開(kāi)頭的形容詞都屬于這一類(lèi)。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(錯(cuò))He is an ill man.(對(duì))The man is ill.(錯(cuò))She is an afraid girl.(對(duì))The girl is afraid.這類(lèi)詞還有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。3)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞時(shí),要放在名詞的前邊。但是如果形容詞修飾以-thing為字尾的詞語(yǔ)時(shí),要放在這些詞之后,例如:
something nice 2.以-ly結(jié)尾的形容詞 1)大部分形容詞加-ly可構(gòu)成副詞。但 friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍為形容詞。
改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò))She sang lovely.(錯(cuò))He spoke to me very friendly.(對(duì))Her singing was lovely.(對(duì))He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 結(jié)尾既為形容詞,也為副詞。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.3 用形容詞表示類(lèi)別和整體 1)某些形容詞加上定冠詞可以泛指一類(lèi)人,與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope.2)有關(guān)國(guó)家和民族的形容詞加上定冠詞指這個(gè)民族的整體,與動(dòng)詞的復(fù)數(shù)連用。
the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.4 多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞的順序
多個(gè)形容詞修飾名詞時(shí),其順序?yàn)椋?/p>
限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色)--出處--材料性質(zhì),類(lèi)別--名詞
a small round table
a tall gray building
a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school
an expensive Japanese sports car 典型例題: 1)Tony is going camping with ___ boys.A.little two other B.two little other
C.two other little
D.little other two
答案:C。由“限定詞--數(shù)詞--描繪詞--(大小,長(zhǎng)短,形狀,新舊,顏色)--性質(zhì)--名詞”的公式可知數(shù)詞,描繪詞,性質(zhì)依次順序,只有C符合答案。2)One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.A.old Chinese stone
B.Chinese old stone
C.old stone Chinese
D.Chinese stone old 答案A.幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞,他們的排列順序是:年齡,形狀,大小+顏色+來(lái)源+質(zhì)地+用途+國(guó)家+名詞。
3)----How was your recent visit to Qingdao?----It was great.We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.A.few last sunny
B.last few sunny
C.last sunny few
D.few sunny last 答案:B。本題考查多個(gè)形容詞的排序問(wèn)題。一般與被修飾形容詞關(guān)系密切的形容詞靠近名詞;如果幾個(gè)形容詞的重要性差不多,音節(jié)少的形容詞在前,音節(jié)多的方在后,在不能確定時(shí),可參照下表:
限定詞+數(shù)量詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+ those + three + beautiful + large + square
新舊+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞 old + brown + wood + table
5下列幾類(lèi)形容詞也沒(méi)有比較等級(jí):
(1)表示“終極”意義或絕對(duì)概念的形容詞或副詞。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示時(shí)間、方位或方向的形容詞或副詞。如:back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如:atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容詞。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。
6形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的后置
a.前面我們講到形容詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),位置要放在所修飾的名詞前面,但當(dāng)它帶有表示量度的詞或詞組時(shí),定語(yǔ)后置。
They have built a bridge a hundred meters long.他們建成了一座一百米長(zhǎng)的橋。Last year we built a building thirteen storeys high.去年,我們蓋了一棟十三層的高樓。
b.帶有表示量度的詞或詞組,作表語(yǔ)時(shí),也后置。
The bridge is a hundred meters long.這座橋長(zhǎng)達(dá)一百米。
The building is thirteen storeys high.這個(gè)大樓有十三層高。
They have built a two-hundred-meter-long bridge.他們已經(jīng)修建了一座長(zhǎng)二百米的橋。
注意
量度詞組變成合成語(yǔ)時(shí),作定語(yǔ)用,放在名詞前。
Last year we built a thirteen-storey-high building.去年我們建了一座高十三層的大樓。
c.另外,一些形容詞或形容詞詞組常用來(lái)放在句首、句中或句尾,作狀語(yǔ)。
He returned home, tired and hungry.他又累又餓地回到了家。
Cold and hungry, he walked in the street.又冷又餓,他走在街道上。B: 副詞及其基本用法副詞的種類(lèi)、用法和位置
副詞在句子中修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或整個(gè)句子。用來(lái)表示時(shí)間、場(chǎng)所、狀態(tài)及程度。副詞的種類(lèi) 1.副詞的種類(lèi)
(1)時(shí)間副詞
①表示大體時(shí)間:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,so far
②表示頻率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never
③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally
(2)地點(diǎn)副詞
①表地點(diǎn):here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere.②表位置關(guān)系(后接賓語(yǔ)時(shí),用作介詞):
above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past
(3)方式副詞表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞“怎樣地”,(此類(lèi)副詞大部分由形容詞加ly構(gòu)成):
badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently, politely,sadly,properly,rapidly, wrongly,suddenly.(4)程度副詞 多數(shù)用來(lái)修飾形容詞或副詞:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite,rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly
(5)疑問(wèn)副詞 構(gòu)成特殊疑問(wèn)句:how,when, where,why
(6)連接副詞 連接主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)從句:how,when,where,why
(7)關(guān)系副詞 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句:when,where,why
(8)其它性質(zhì)的副詞對(duì)整個(gè)句子進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,一般用逗號(hào)與主句隔開(kāi):
frankly(坦率地說(shuō),說(shuō)真的),generally(一般說(shuō)來(lái)),luckily(幸運(yùn)地是),first of all(首先)等。1.地點(diǎn)副詞、時(shí)間副詞和方式副詞一般放在句末
注意
地點(diǎn)副詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)要后置,不屬于這種情況。有時(shí)少數(shù)地點(diǎn)副詞和時(shí)間副詞可以作定語(yǔ),放在所修飾詞的后邊。
The students here are all from China.I'll wait for you here.(地點(diǎn)副詞)
我將在這兒等你。
I'll meet him at the station tomorrow.(時(shí)間副詞)
明天我將去車(chē)站接他。
Tomorrow I'll meet him at the station.注意
有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間,也可把時(shí)間副詞放在句首。
The boy wrote the homework quickly.(方式副詞)
這個(gè)男孩子寫(xiě)作業(yè)很快。
They did their experiments carefully in the labyesterday.方式 地點(diǎn)時(shí)間
昨天他們?cè)趯?shí)驗(yàn)室認(rèn)真地做實(shí)驗(yàn)。
The students all worked well here last week
這些學(xué)生上周在這里都做得很好。2.頻度副詞在句中位置有以下兩種
a.在be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞及第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞之后。
She is always kind to us(be動(dòng)詞)
她對(duì)我們總是很好。
I can never forget the day.(情態(tài)動(dòng)詞)
我永遠(yuǎn)也不能忘掉這一天。
The work has never been done.助動(dòng)詞 助動(dòng)詞
(頻度副詞never放在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞has的后面)
這件工作永遠(yuǎn)也做不完。
b.在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前
He often goes to school early.(實(shí)義動(dòng)詞)
他常常早到校。
3.程度副詞有下列二種情況
a.修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí),它在句中的位置與頻度副詞的情況相似。
He is almost forty years old.(在be動(dòng)詞之后)
他快四十歲了。
注意
如果句末同時(shí)有幾個(gè)副詞,它的基本順序是:方式副詞+地點(diǎn)副詞+時(shí)間副詞。
He can hardly understand you.(在情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后)
他幾乎聽(tīng)不懂你的活。
I like the boy.(在實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前)
我相當(dāng)喜歡這個(gè)男孩子。
b.修飾形容詞、副詞時(shí),放在它所修飾的詞的前面。
He studies much harder now.現(xiàn)在他學(xué)習(xí)努力多了。
The room is big enough to hold fifty persons.(enough修飾形容詞)
這個(gè)房間夠大的可以容納50人。
He runs fast enough.(enough修飾副詞)
他跑得夠快的。
注意:副詞very 可以修飾形容詞,但不能修飾動(dòng)詞。
改錯(cuò):(錯(cuò))I very like English.(對(duì))I like English very much.注意:副詞enough要放在形容詞的后面,形容詞enough放在名詞前后都可。
I don't know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.6 兼有兩種形式的副詞 1)close與closely
close意思是“近”; closely 意思是“仔細(xì)地”
He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely.2)late 與lately
late意思是“晚”; lately 意思是“最近”
You have come too late.What have you been doing lately? 3)deep與deeply
deep意思是“深”,表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,“深深地”
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high與highly
high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much
The plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.5)wide與widely
wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是“廣泛地”,“在許多地方”
He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.6)free與freely
free的意思是“免費(fèi)”;freely 的意思是“無(wú)限制地”
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.You may speak freely;say what you like.7某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別
(1)already, yet, still
already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生,主要用于肯定句;yet表示期待某事發(fā)生,主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句;still表示某事還在進(jìn)行,主要用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句,有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如:
We've already watched that film.I haven't finished my homework yet.He still works until late every night.(2)too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句,too和as well多用于口語(yǔ),一般放在句末,而also多用于書(shū)面語(yǔ),一般放在句中與動(dòng)詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問(wèn)句,往往放在句末。如:He went there too.He didn't go there either.I like you as well.I also went there.8 形容詞與副詞的比較級(jí)
⑴ 規(guī)則變化
變化規(guī)則 example 1.一般在詞尾直接加-er或-est Tall-taller-tallest, long-longer-longest 2.以不發(fā)音的字母e 結(jié)尾的單詞在詞尾直接加-r 或-st Nice-nicer-nicest, large-larger-largest 3.以輔音字母+ 結(jié)尾的詞,把 y變?yōu)閕,再加er 或 est Heavy-heavier-heaviest Happy-happier-happiest 4.重讀閉音節(jié),末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母,雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)輔音字母,再加er 或 est Big-bigger-biggest Fat-fatter-fattest 5.部分雙音節(jié)詞和多音節(jié)詞分別在原級(jí)前加more 構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和most 構(gòu)成最高級(jí) Slowly-more slowly-most slowly Beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful
⑵ 不規(guī)則變化
原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí) Good/well better best Bad/ill/badly worse Worst Many/much more most little less least far Farther/further Farther/further old Older/elder Oldest/eldest
其用法與形容詞相似,只是副詞最高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如:
Of all the boys he sings(the)most beautifully.We must work harder.9.as + 形容詞或副詞原級(jí) + as 1)在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中可用so… as。
He cannot run so/as fast as you.2)當(dāng)as… as 中間有名詞時(shí)采用以下格式。
as +形容詞+ a +單數(shù)名詞
as + many/much +名詞
This is as good an example as the other is.I can carry as much paper as you can..3)用表示倍數(shù)的詞或其他程度副詞做修飾語(yǔ)時(shí),放在as的前面。
This room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine.4)倍數(shù)+ as + adj.+ as <=> 倍數(shù)+ than + of
This bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.Your room is twice the size of mine.10.比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞 + than You are taller than I.They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.注意:
1)要避免重復(fù)使用比較級(jí)。
(錯(cuò))He is more cleverer than his brother.(對(duì))He is more clever than his brother.(對(duì))He is clever than his brother.2)要避免將主語(yǔ)含在比較對(duì)象中。
(錯(cuò))China is larger that any country in Asia.(對(duì))China is larger than any other countries in Asia.3)要注意對(duì)應(yīng)句型,遵循前后一致的原則。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4)要注意冠詞的使用,后有名詞的時(shí)候,前面才有可能有名詞。
比較:Which is large, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.She is the taller of the two sisters.11可修飾比較級(jí)的詞
1)a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even等 2)還可以用表示倍數(shù)的詞或度量名詞作修飾語(yǔ)。
3)以上詞(除by far)外,必須置于比較級(jí)形容詞或副詞的前面。
典型例題:
1)----Are you feeling ____?
----Yes,I'm fine now.A.any well B.any better C.quite good
D.quite better
答案:B.any 可修飾比較級(jí),quite修飾原級(jí),well的比較級(jí)為better.2)The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.A.more
B.much more
C.much
D.more much 答案:C.much可修飾比較級(jí),因此B,C都說(shuō)得通,但easier本身已是比較級(jí),不需more,因此C為正確答案。
3)If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.A.the happiest time
B.a more happier time
C.much happiest time
D.a much happier time 答案:D。many,old 和 far 1)如果后接名詞時(shí),much more +不可數(shù)名詞
many more +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)
2)old 有兩種比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的長(zhǎng)幼關(guān)系。
My elder brother is an engineer.Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.3)far 有兩種比較級(jí),farther,further.在英語(yǔ)中兩者都可指距離。
在美語(yǔ)中,father 表示距離,further表示進(jìn)一步。
I have nothing further to say.13.the + 最高級(jí) + 比較范圍
1)The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.形容詞最高級(jí)前通常必須用定冠詞 the,副詞最高級(jí)前可不用。
形容詞most前面沒(méi)有the,不表示最高級(jí)的含義,只表示“非常”。
It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.注意: 使用最高級(jí)要注意將主語(yǔ)包括在比較范圍內(nèi)。
(錯(cuò))Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.(對(duì))Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2)下列詞可修飾最高級(jí),by far, far, much, mostly, almost
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.注意:
a.very可修飾最高級(jí),但位置與much不同。
This is the very best.This is much the best.b.序數(shù)詞通常只修飾最高級(jí)。
Africa is the second largest continent.3)句型轉(zhuǎn)換:
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4)“否定詞語(yǔ)+比較級(jí)”,“否定詞語(yǔ)+ so… as”結(jié)構(gòu)表示最高級(jí)含義。
Nothing is so easy as this.=Nothing is easier than this.=This is the easiest thing.14.和more有關(guān)的詞組 1)the more… the more… 越……就越……
The harder you work,the greater progress you'll make.2)more B than A 與其說(shuō)A不如說(shuō)B
less A than B
He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3)no more… than… 與……一樣……,不比……多
The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less… than… 與……一樣……
He is no less diligent than you.典型例題
1)The weather in China is different from____.A.in America
B.one in America
C.America
D.that in America
答案:D.本題意為“中國(guó)的天氣比美國(guó)熱。”比較的是天氣而不是國(guó)家,C不能選。A沒(méi)有名詞,后句成分不全,排除。B和D中,B中的one常用來(lái)代替可數(shù)名詞,而that可車(chē)以代替不可數(shù)或抽象名詞,所以選D。2)After the new technique was introduced,the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.A.as twice many
B.as many twice
C.twice as many D.twice many as
答案C.此句意為“這個(gè)廠1988能生產(chǎn)的拖拉機(jī)是往年的兩倍”。表示倍數(shù)用“倍數(shù)+ as + 形容詞原形+ as +比較對(duì)象”的句型。所以此句答案為C。
This ruler is three times as long as that one.重點(diǎn)提示:
常見(jiàn)比較級(jí)五句型
1> Who / Which + be +比較級(jí) , A or B ?
Who is taller, Tom or John?
Which is more expensive, a bicycle or a computer?
2> ~ + be + the 比較級(jí) + of the two.(兩個(gè)之中比較…的那一個(gè),~包含在兩個(gè)之中)Tom is the taller of the two.= Tom is taller than the other boy.3> much / a lot / even / far + 比較級(jí)
A compute is much more expensive than a bicycle.計(jì)算機(jī)比自行車(chē)貴多了。
4> “The+形容詞比較級(jí)..., the+形容詞比較級(jí)...”, 表示 “ 越...就越...”。
The more you study, the more you know.你學(xué)的越多, 就知道的越多。
5> “ 形容詞比較級(jí) + and + 形容詞比較級(jí) ”, 表示 “ 越來(lái)越...”。
The computer is cheaper and cheaper.計(jì)算機(jī)越來(lái)越便宜。
/
3)最高級(jí)不一定就是第一
1> Who / Which + be +最高級(jí), A, B, or C ?
Who is the tallest, Tom, Jack, or David? Tom, Jack與David三個(gè)人中誰(shuí)最高?
Which is the most expensive, a bicycle, a motorcycle, or a car? 自行車(chē),摩托車(chē)和汽車(chē),哪一個(gè)最貴?
2> ~ + be + one of the +最高級(jí) +復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 表示“最……的……之一”。
The Yellow River is one of the longest rivers in China.黃河是中國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流之一。
3> “…+ be +the + 序數(shù)詞 +最高級(jí) +單數(shù)名詞 + 范圍”, 表示“……是…….的第幾……”。
She is the second tallest student in our class.她是我們班第二高的學(xué)生。
4> ~ + be + the 最高級(jí) ~ that 某人 have/ has ever + 過(guò)去分詞.This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.這是我看過(guò)的最有趣的書(shū)。沒(méi)有比較級(jí)的形容詞和副詞
1)有些程度副詞,如:quite, rather, comparatively, incomparably, relatively, fairly等與形容詞連用具有“比較”含義。故這時(shí)句中的形容詞不能再使用比較級(jí)。例如:
It is a set of comparatively new instrument in our laboratory.This book is rather difficult for the juniors, but fairly easy for the seniors.2)下列幾類(lèi)形容詞也沒(méi)有比較等級(jí):
(1)表示“終極”意義或絕對(duì)概念的形容詞或副詞。如:absolute(ly), blind, dead, excellent, entire, living, full, perfect(ly), round, relative, wrong等。
(2)表示時(shí)間、方位或方向的形容詞或副詞。如:back, backward, forward, front, past, monthly, weekly, present, southern, vertical等。
(3)部分表示事物性質(zhì)、物質(zhì)材料或結(jié)構(gòu)成分的形容詞。如:atomic, cultural, economic, educational, golden, political, scientific, silken, urban, wooden等。
(4)本身具有“最”或“唯一”概念的形容詞。如:maximal, mere, minimal, matchless, sole, only unique等。
真題再現(xiàn)
1.-Which is ____ season in Beijing?(2003年)
-I think it's autumn.A.good B.better C.best D.the best
解析:正確答案為D。該題的核心詞為season。根據(jù)比較級(jí)與最高級(jí)的知識(shí),兩者之間用比較級(jí),而三者或三者以上用最高級(jí),北京有四季,因此本題應(yīng)選擇最高級(jí)。又因?yàn)樾稳菰~最高級(jí)前要加定冠詞the,因此答案為D。
2.-Which is__________ , the sun, the moon or the earth?(2004年)
--Of course, the moon is.A.small B.smaller C.smallest D.the smallest
解析:正確答案為D。該題的核心詞在第一句句尾,“the sun, the moon or the earth”,提問(wèn)的對(duì)象為三者,應(yīng)該選擇最高級(jí)。
3.The air in Beijing is getting much _____ now than a few years ago.(2005年)
A.clean B.cleaner C.cleanest D.the cleanest
解析:正確答案為B。該題的核心詞為than,than一詞是比較級(jí)的標(biāo)志。
4.Mobile phones are very popular now and they are _____ than before.(2005年)
A.cheap B.cheaper C.cheapest D.the cheapest
解析:正確答案為B。該題與第三題相似,核心詞為than。
4)more than 不只是,非常
She is more than kind to us all.