第一篇：講英語的國家

以英語為母語的國家有十余個

它們是：美國，加拿大，英國，愛爾蘭，澳大利亞，新西蘭，南非和幾個加勒比國家。

以英語為官方語言的國家超過七十個

以英語作為官方語言的有：(171個國家)

* 英國

* 澳大利亞

* 巴哈馬群島

* 博茨瓦納（但國語是Setswana）

* 加拿大（連同法語）

* 斐濟（但是國語是斐濟語）

* 香港（連同漢語）

* 印度（連同孟加拉語，泰盧固語，馬拉地語，泰米爾語，烏爾都語，Gujarati，Malayalam，埃納德語，Oriya，Punjabi，阿薩姆語，克什米爾語，Sindhi，梵語）

* 肯尼亞（連同Kiswahili）

* 基里巴斯

* 尼日爾利亞

* 巴基斯坦

* 愛爾蘭（但是第二語言，第一語言是愛爾蘭語）

* 南非（連同南非荷蘭語，Ndebele，Northern Sotho，梭托語，斯威士語，Tsonga，茨瓦納語，Venda，班圖語，祖魯語）

* 新西蘭（習慣上的官方語言；其它法律規定的是毛利語）

* 新加坡（連同馬來語，泰米爾語和漢語。國語是馬來語）

* 菲律賓（但國語是菲律賓語）

* 岡比亞

* 美國的部分地區。美國聯邦政府沒有一種官方語言；英語是習慣上的第一語言，而不是法律上規定的。英語在下列州或地區是官方語言：

o 阿拉巴馬州o 亞利桑那州o 阿肯色州o 阿肯色州o 科羅拉多州o 佛羅里達州o 喬治亞州o 夏威夷州（連同夏威夷語）o 伊利諾州o 印地安那州o 肯塔基州o 路易斯安那州o 密西西比州o 蒙大拿州o 內布拉斯加州o 新罕布什爾州

o 新墨西哥州（連同西班牙語）o 北卡羅萊納州

o 北達科他州o 波多黎各（連同西班牙語）o 南卡羅萊那州

o 南達科他州o 田納西州o 維吉尼亞州o 懷俄明州

第二篇：英語國家概況美國部分精講2

Chapter 17 American History(III)in post-W.W.II Era(1945-1980S)

[被屏蔽廣告]

必背細節

1.On Feb 22,1946,George Kennan, a high-ranking official in the American embassy to Moscow, wrote in the telegram that the U.S.policy should be vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies.Later the containment policy became the official policy towards the Soviet Union.1946年2月22日，美國駐蘇聯大使喬治。凱南在他的電報中主張對蘇聯采取遏制政策。

2． The open declaration of the containment policy was made by President Truman on March 12,1949 in a speech to the joint session of congress.1949年3月12日杜魯門總統在國會聯席會議上公開宣布了遏制政策。

3． In order to protect Western Europe from possible Soviet expansion, the U.S.decided to offer Western European countries economic aid.This later came to be called the Marshall plan.為了保護西歐不受蘇聯擴張影響，美國決定給予西歐國家經濟支援，此舉后來被稱作“馬歇爾計劃?！?/p>

4． The North Atlantic Treaty, which was signed on April 4,1949,marked the beginning of U.S.efforts in setting up a military alliance around the Soviet Union and its allies.美國于1949年4月4日簽訂的北大西洋公約標志著美國開始致力于在蘇聯及其盟國周圍建立軍事同盟。

5． When the Korean War broke out in June,1950,Truman sent the 7th Fleet to the Taiwan Straits to prevent the PLA from liberating Taiwan.1950年6月朝鮮戰爭爆發，美國杜魯門政府第七艦隊進駐臺灣海峽，阻止中國人民解放軍解放臺灣。

6． The Montgomery boycott was led by Martin Luther King, Jr,a young black clergyman who later became a national leader of the Civil Rights movement.1955年的蒙哥馬利抵制公共汽車公司運動由小馬丁。路德。金領導，他是一個黑人牧師，后來成為民權運動的全國領導人。

7． Since 1945 the United States had entered a twenty-five-year economic boom.The cornerstones were the automobile,housing,and defense industries.自1945年以來，美國經濟進入了長達25年的繁榮期，經濟繁榮的基本為汽車，住房和國防工業。

8． Between 1946 and 1961,more than 63.5 million babies were born in the U.S,making the baby-boom generation the largest by far in the American history.從1946年到1961年，是美國歷史上的生育高峰期。

9． When the Cuban Missile Crisis happened in 1962,the president of American is Kennedy,the president of Russia is Khrushchev.1962年古巴導彈危機爆發時，美國在位總統為肯尼迪，蘇聯首領為赫魯曉夫。

10． Richard Nixon ,who was elected on a platform of ending the Vietnam War, changed the strategy into “Vietnamization” of the war building up South Vietnamese troops to replace American fighting force.里查德。尼克松以結束越戰作為自己的競選綱領，提出把戰略改為戰爭越南化，即建立越南軍隊以其代替美國軍隊。

11． In the late 1960s and early 1970s the U.S began to look for a way to improve relations with China so as to get China's help for its withdrawal from south Vietnam and to work with China against Soviet expansion.20世紀60年代末70年代初，美國改善對華關系的有兩上：一是以便從越撤軍時能得到中國的幫助，再是希望與中國合作聯手對付蘇聯的擴張。

12． In February 1972,President Nixon visited China and met Mao Zedong and the two countries issued the Shanhai Communique.This visit ended twenty-three years of hostility and led to the establishment of diplomatic relations in January 1979.1972年2月尼克松與毛澤東東會晤，雙方

簽署了《上海聯合公報》。

13． From 1972 to 1979,the key problem that affected the progress in U.S.-China relations remained the Taiwan problem.1972-1979年，影響中美關系的主要問題還是臺灣問題。

14． Kennedy initiated the program called the New Frontier.Johnson also started a War on Poverty.肯尼迪執政時啟動了“新邊疆號召”，約翰遜做總統時發動了反貧困大戰。

15． The two famous leaders of black movements in the U.S.in the 60s were Martin Luther King,who advocated non-violent Civil Rights movement,and Malcolm X,who advocated violence in self defense,and attempted to separate themselves from whith society.60年代美國有名的黑人運動領袖為馬丁。路德。金和邁克姆。X。

16． Nixon resigned because of Watergate Scandal ,the first president to do so in American history.水門事件使尼克松成為美國歷史上第一位辭職的總統。

17． From the mid-seventies onwards ,the U.S suffered from“stagflation”,that is ,the occurrence of stagnation and inflation at the same time.從70年代中期開始，美國開始遭受“經濟滯脹”即經濟停滯與通貨膨脹的同時出現。

有幾個名詞解釋我就不一一列出了，只把題目列出，你們翻到書本記憶吧。

1． The Truman Doctrime 杜魯門主義

2． The Marshal Plan(馬歇爾計劃)

3． McCarthyism（麥卡錫主義）

4． Montgomery bus boycott（蒙哥馬利抵制公共汽車公司運動）

5． The New Frontier（新邊疆號召）

6． The Counterculture（反文化運動）

7． Watergate Scandal（水門事件）2001年全國統考第52題已考8． The little Rock Incident（小石城事件）

英語國家概況美國部分精講

Chapter 18 the Economy 美國經濟

[被屏蔽廣告]

1． The U.S is by far the biggest industrial country in the world.It is first in such advanced field as computers, space, nuclear energy and electronics.到止前為止，美國是世界上最大的工業國，在計算機，宇航，核能和電子等先進領域居世界首位。

2． Now American has more than half of the European market in transistors, oil refining,farm products,telecommunications,and computers.現在美國的晶體管，煉油，農產品，通訊和計算機占歐洲市場分額的一半多。

3． The U.S has less than 6% of the world's populatinon.Yet it products about 25% of the total world output.美國擁有不到6%世界人口，卻生產出占世界總產量的25%的產品。(2001,23題已考）

4． The U.S has a free-marked economy with a dominant private sector.The privately owned and operated businesses, including farms,produce about 85% of the total output of goods and services.Of course,the government has always been an important element American economy.美國經濟是以私營為主的自由市場經濟。(2002,44)

5． In the postwar years government involvement was again emphasized when the U.S adopted the Keynesian theory in running the economy.But the American economy was still plagued by stagflation.In the early 1980s,under the Reagan Administration, the traditional Keynesian theory was replaced by new monetarist policies.二戰后美國采納了凱恩斯理論來管理國這經濟，再次強調政府于預。但美國經濟還是出現連年的經濟滯脹，于是，在80年代初期，在里根政府的領導下，傳統的凱恩斯理論被新的貨幣主義政策所代替。

6． The cultivated land in the U.S makes up 21% of the total land, and people who are engaged in farming make up only 2.7% of the total population.Yet the U.S grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world.It is the world's leading exporter of agricultural products.在美國，耕地占國土總面積的21%，而從事農業生產的人口只占總人口的2。7%。然而，美國還生產出占全世界近1/4的糧食。美國是世界上最大的農產口出口國。

7． The U.S ranks first in the production and export of corn.It produces nearly 50% of the corn in the world.The Corn Belt is in the Midwest.Iowa is the leading corn-producing state.The Midwest is the most important agricultural region of the U.S.美國的玉米產量幾乎占到世界總產量的50%，是世界最大的玉米生產和出口國，玉米帶主要位于中西藏部地區，衣阿華是主要的玉米生產洲，中西部是美國最重要的農業區。

8． Wheat is American's most important food crop.It is second only to corn in production every year.The Wheat Belt is located near the Corn Belt in the Midwest.小麥是美國最重要的食用作物，小麥帶也位于中西部地區。

9． The U.S ranks second in the export of rice in the world after Thailand.美國的大米出口量僅次于泰國，居世界第二位。

10． The Midwest is the nation' leading center of heavy industry.Texas is the country's leading state in oil and natural gas deposits。中西部是美國最重要的重工業中心，得克薩斯是美國石油和天然氣儲量最大的州。

11． Huston is now the greatest commercial center of the Southwest and the chemical capital of the world.It is a center of petrochemical and synthetic rubber production.It is also the home of the space center.休斯敦被稱作世界化工之都，是美國西南部地區最大的商業中心，也是石油化工和合成橡膠中心，還是宇航中心所在地。

12． The state of California now has passed New York as the most populous state.It is now first in manufacturing ,especially the manufacture of aircraft parts and missiles ,and in shipbuilding ,as well as in food production.加利福尼亞為美國人口最大的州，其飛機和導彈加工業，造船業和食口加工業居世界首位。

13.Currently U.S.exports are about 15% of the world's total.The U.S imports bout 13% of all world imports,Canada is the largest single source of goods imports by the U.S., outside of North American, Europe is the largest source of imports.當前美國的出口額占世界總出口額的確良15%，進口額占到期13%，加拿大是美國進口產品的最大來源地，在北美以外，歐洲則是最大的進口來源。

14.Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the U.S.肥沃的壤，廣袤的森林，充足的水源和豐富的礦藏是美國的主要自然資源。

15.Unemploument, inflation ,financial deficit, and trade deficit are the trouble that always face the U.S.失業，通貨膨脹，財政赤字和貿易赤字是美國一直面臨的問題。

16．The estimated number of people living under the poverty line in 1995 was 35.7 million which made up about 14% of the total population.據估計，1995美國生活在貧困線以下的人口達3570萬人，占總人口的14%。

17，The leading farm products in the U.S are corn ,wheat ,rice ,soybeans, oranges, meat, milk, apple, oats, cotton, tobacco, etc.美國的主要農作物有玉米，小麥，大米，大豆，桔子，肉類，牛奶，蘋果，燕麥和煙草等。

18．The Midwest round the Great Lakes, the Middle Atlantic state, the south, and the Pacific Coast

are the major industrial regions of the U.S.五大湖區周圍的中西部，大西洋中部各州，南部和太平洋沿岸為美國主要的工業區。

必背解釋：

Monetarist policies(貨幣主義政策)

Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early 1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory(傳統的凱恩斯理論)was replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut to increase economic dynamism.On the other hand, interest rates were raised to reduce the supply of money.Briefly discuss the factors that contributed to the fast growth of the American economy.簡要論述美國經濟迅速增長的幾個因數：

The fast growth of the American economy has been contributable to many factors:

1> The geographical location of the U.S.provides very good conditions for the country to grow and become strong.2>the U.S has been by being a land rich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil, together with a moderate climate.3>American has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labor necessary for a constantly expanding economy.4>The U.S has a skillful and willing labor force.The American labor force is not only hard-working ,but also willing to experiment, to change and to learn new technology.英語國家概況美國部分精講

Chapter 19 Political institution（政治制度）

[被屏蔽廣告]

1．The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world.It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.美國憲法是世界上最早的成文憲法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。

2．In 1787,Congress called for a meeting of delegate from all the states to revise the Articles of Confederation.1787年，國會召開各州代表參加的大會，主要目的是修改有明顯缺點的《聯邦條款》。

3．The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial.Each branch has part of the powers but not all the power.美國政府被分為3部分：立法機構，行政機構和司法機構。

4．In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.有兩種情可以提出修改憲法條款，但不管是哪種，修正案必須經過3/4的批準才能生效。

5．The President of the U.S is the head of the executive branch and the head of the state elected by the whole nation.The Constitution requires the President to be a natural-born American citizen at least 35 years of age.The president election was held every 4 years.憲法規定總統必須是美國本土出生的美國公民，至少年滿35歲，總統選舉每四年舉行一次。

6． In American ,the “winner-take-all” system applies in all states expect Maine.在美國，嬴者全贏的制度適用于除緬因州外的各州。

7．The electors of all fifty states and the District of Columbia-a total of 538 persons-comprise what is known as the Electoral College.To be successful, a candidate for the Presidency must receive 270 votes.50個州加上哥倫比亞特區共有538位總統候選人，他們組成選舉團，要成為美國總統，候選人則要獲得270票。

8．The presidential term of 4 years begin on Jan 20 following the November election, The president publicly takes an oath of office, which is administered by the Chief Justice of the U.S.A

president can be elected to office only twice.美國總統任期為4年，每位總統任期最多只能兩屆，總統宣誓就職儀式是由美國首席娃哈哈官主持的。

9． Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives.The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.國會由參議院和眾議院組成，參議院由各州派出兩名議員共同組成，眾議院成員數則按各州人口及大小而定，因此眾義員數憲法沒有具體規定。

10． The Constitution requires that U.S.Senators must be at least 30 years of age, citizens of the U.S for at least 9 years, and residents of the states from which they are elected.The senatorial term is 6 years, and every 2 years one-third of the Senate stands for re-election.憲法規定美國參議員必須是年滿30歲有美國公民資格9年以上的公民，并且是選其為議員的州的居民，參議員任期為6年，且每月年改選1/3的議員。

11． Menber of the House of Representative must be at least 25, citizens for 7 years, and residents of the states which send them to Congress.Today, the House is composed of 435 members.Since members of the House serve two-year terms, the life of a Congress is considered to be 2 years.憲法規定美國眾議員必須是年滿25歲有美國公民資格7年以上的公民，并且是選其為議員的州的居民，現在，眾議院由來35名議員組成，由于眾議員任期為2年，所以國會任期往往被認為是2年。

12． Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.除了稅收法案必須首先由眾議院提出，國會的兩院各自有權就任何提議立法。

13． The Constitution provides that the Vice president shall be president of the Senate.He has no vote, except in a case of a tie.The House of Representatives choose its own presiding officer-the Speaker of the House.憲法規定由美國副總統擔任參議院議長，議長不參加投票，除非出現兩派票數相等的情況，眾議院則選出他自己的主持官員，-眾議院議長。

14． According to the Constitution, the judicial power of the U.S shall be vested in one Supreme Court.The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 court of appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction.U.S.judges are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.根據憲法規定，美國的司法權屬于最高法院，司法體系結構為：最高法院，11個上訴法院，91個地方法院，3個有特殊司法權的法院，美國的法官是由總統任命并由參議院批準的。

15． The Supreme Court is the highest court of the U.S and is the only organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution The Supreme Court at present consists of a Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices.最高法院是美國最高等的法院，也是惟一有權解釋的機構，目前法院由一名首席娃哈哈官和顏悅色名助理法官組成。

16． The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in only two kinds of cases: those involving foreign dignitaries, and those to which a state in a party.高等法院最初只對兩種案件擁有司法權：涉及國外達官貴人，一個州為一方當事人。

17． In general, American has a two-party system.There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans.There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.一般說來，美國實行的是兩黨制，兩大主要政黨為：民主黨和共和黨，美國政黨的歷史可分為四個時期。

18． The first period of the party system in American refer to the appearance of the Federalists and

the Anti-federalists.The third phase of the two-party system ran from the 1860s to the 1920s with the Republican Party dominating the political scene for most of the time.美國政黨制的第一階段出現了兩個主要黨派，聯邦派各反聯邦派，第三階段從容不迫9世紀60年代到達9世紀20年代，絕大部分時間是共和黨執政。（2002，21題）

19． In the 28 terms of the House of Representatives from 1933 to 1989,the Democrats enjoyed a majority of 26 terms, in the Senate, the Democrats had a majority for 23 terms.從1933年到1989年的確屆眾議院中，民主黨在于6屆中擁有多數席位，在參議院中民主黨在于23屆中擁有多數席位。

20． After the 1828 election of Andrew Jackson, the Democratic-Republican party split.The main faction, led by Andrew Jackson, called themselves the Democratic Party, while the faction opposed to Jackson formed the Whig party in 1834.1828年安德魯。杰克遜當選總統后，民主共和黨分裂，由安德魯。杰克遜領導的主派自稱為民主黨，反對杰克遜的一派于1834年另立輝格黨

必背解釋：

1.聯邦制：the Federal system

2.the Bill of Right <權利法案》

3.“winner-talk-al ”system(羸者全羸)

必背問答：

1． What mechanism did the writers of the American Constitution introduce to provide safeguards?

They introduced the mechanism of separation of powers and checks and balances.2.According to the Constitution, what judicial power does the President have?

The president has the power to give reprieves(緩刑)and pardons(赦免)in dederal criminal cases.3。What are the two special powers of the Senate?

There are two special powers: one is to confirm presidential appointments of high officials of the federal government;the other is to ratify all treaties by a two-thirds vote.4.What is the cause for the decline of the influence of political parties?

There are two major factors:1>the decline of patronage using the Party's influence to bring material benefits to its followers;2>the wide use of direct primarsies in nominating candidates for public office.（1。利用黨的影響給其追隨者利益的特權減小了，2，廣泛采用直接初選提名公職候選人）

第三篇：英語國家概況名詞解釋

Terms

1.A-level: General Certificate of Education Advanced Level referred to as A-level, It is a British general secondary education certificate examination’ advanced courses, is the British national curriculum system, and the students of the university entrance exam courses.2.bible: The Bible is the holy book of Christianity.It consists of two testaments.The Old Testament contains the Jewish writings before the coming of Christ.The much shorter New Testament contains four accounts(“gospel”)of the life of Christ, followed by the writings of the early Christians, of whom St Paul was the greatest.3.WASP:White Anglo-Saxon Protestant of the original meaning is to point to the United States in power elite group and its culture, customs and moral behavior standard, can now be referring to the European American Protestant people.This group has a huge economic and political power, American society and for the most part of the upper middle class.Despite the increasingly diverse American society, but their cultural, moral and value orientation is to a great extent, affects the development of the United States.4.Independence Day: commonly known as the Fourth of July, is a federal holiday in the United States celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.5.wall street:Wall Street is the financial district of New York City, named after and centered on the eight-block-long, 0.7 miles(1.1 km)long street running from Broadway to South Street on the East River in Lower Manhattan.Over time, the term has become a metonym for the financial markets of the United States as a whole, the American financial sector(even if financial firms are not physically located there), or signifying New York-based financial interests.Wall Street is the home of the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies.Several other major exchanges have or had headquarters in the Wall Street area, including NASDAQ, the New York Mercantile Exchange, the New York Board of Trade, and the former American Stock Exchange.Anchored by Wall Street, New York City has been called the world's principal financial center.6.Hollywood:is a district in the central region of Los Angeles, California, in the United States.It is notable for its place as the home of the entertainment industry, including several of its historic studios.Its name has come to represent the motion picture industry of the United States.Hollywood is also a highly ethnically diverse, densely populated, economically diverse neighborhood and retail business district.Hollywood was a small community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903.It merged with the City of Los Angeles in 1910, and soon thereafter a film industry began to emerge, eventually becoming dominant in the world.7.Pilgrim Fathers: is a name commonly applied to early settlers of the Plymouth Colony in

present-day Plymouth, Massachusetts, United States.Their leadership came from the religious congregations of Brownist English Dissenters who had fled the volatile political environment in England for the relative calm and tolerance of 16th–17th century Holland in the Netherlands.Concerned with losing their cultural identity, the group later arranged with English investors to establish a new colony in North America.8.Great Charter:Magna Carta(Latin for Great Charter), also called Magna Carta Libertatum or The Great Charter of the Liberties of England, is an Angevin charter originally issued in Latin in June 1215.It was sealed under oath by King John at Runnymede, on the bank of the River Thames near Windsor, England at June 15, 1215.Magna Carta was the first document forced onto a King of England by a group of his subjects, the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their rights.Question:

Melting pot: is a metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements “melting together” into a harmonious whole with a common culture.It is particularly used to describe the assimilation of immigrants to the United States.The melting-together metaphor was in use by the 1780s.The exact term “melting pot” came into general usage in the United States after it was used as a metaphor describing a fusion of nationalities, cultures and ethnicities in the 1908 play of the same name.Separation of powers: Separation of Powers(三權分立)is the basic of thewestern capitalist countries.The origin of the principle of separation of powers can be traced back to(追溯到)the period of Aristotle(亞里士多德時期).It is proposed to avoid the abuse of power(濫用權力).The US Government is divided into three branches so that no one branch has all the power.Each branch has its own purpose:

Legislative Branch(立法機構)— to make laws;

Executive Branch(行政機構)—to executive laws;

Judicial Branch(司法)—interpret the laws;

Civil war(U.S.): was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865, after seven Southern slave states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America(the “Confederacy” or the “South”, which grew to include eleven states).The states that remained in the Union were known as the “Union” or the “North”.The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories.Foreign powers did not intervene.After four years of bloody combat that left over 600,000 soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South's infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and guaranteeing civil rights to the freed slaves began.Presidential Election: is an indirect vote in which citizens cast ballots for a slate of members of the U.S.Electoral College;these electors in turn directly elect the President and Vice President.Presidential elections occur quadrennially(the count beginning with the year 1792)on Election Day, the Tuesday between November 2 and 8, coinciding with the general elections of various

other federal, states and local races.The most recent was the 2012 election, held on November 6.The next election will be the 2016 election, which will be held on November 8, 2016.British Newspaper culture: Traditionally, UK newspapers could be split into more serious-minded newspapers, usually referred to as the broadsheets due to their large size, and sometimes known collectively as “the quality press ”, and less serious newspapers, generally known as tabloids , and collectively as “the popular press”, which have tended to focus more on celebrity coverage and human interest stories rather than political reporting or overseas news.Democracy with a constitutional monarchy : Initially after the American and French revolutions, the question was open whether a democracy, in order to restrain unchecked majority rule, should have an élite upper chamber, the members perhaps appointed meritorious experts or having lifetime tenures, or should have a constitutional monarch with limited but real powers.Some countries(as The United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Scandinavian countries, Thailand, Japan and Bhutan)turned powerful monarchs into constitutional monarchs with limited or, often gradually, merely symbolic roles.Often the monarchy was abolished along with the aristocratic system(as in France, China, Russia, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Italy, Greece and Egypt).Many nations had élite upper houses of legislatures which often had lifetime tenure, but eventually these lost power(as in Britain)or else became elective and remained powerful.Industrial Revolution: was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, and the development of machine tools.It also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal.

第四篇：英語國家概況選擇題

Chapter1 1.The two main islands of the British Isles are A.不列顛群島的兩個主要島嶼是

A.Great Britain and Ireland C.Great Britain and Wales

B.Great Britain and Scotland

D.Great Britain and England 2.B is the capital city of Scotland.是蘇格蘭的首府

A.Belfast

B.Edinburgh C.Aberdeen D.Cardiff 3.Among the four parts of the United Kingdom, D is the smallest.在英國的四個部分中，是最小的

A.England Ireland B.Scotland

C.Wales

D.Northern 4.English belongs to the C group of Indo-European family of languages.英語屬于印歐語系語系

A.Celtic

B.Indo-Iranian C.Germanic D.Roman 5.The introduction of Christianity to Britain added the first element of D words to English.基督教傳入英國，增加了英語的第一個元素。

A.Danish and Finnish C.French and Italian

B.Dutch and German D.Latin and Greek 6.The evolution of Middle English was reinforced by the A influence.中間英語的演變因影響而增強 A.Norman

B.Dutch

C.German

D.Danish 7.Samuel Johnson’s dictionary was influential in establishing a standard form of C.塞繆爾約翰遜的字典對建立標準形式有很大影響

A.grammar

B.handwriting C.spelling

D.pronunciation 8.At present, nearly C of the world’s population communicate in English.世界上幾乎人都用英語交流。

A.half

B.a quarter

C.one third

D.one fifth Chapter2 9.The D attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.對羅馬的進攻在410年結束了羅馬在英國的占領

A.Norman

B.Danish

C.Celtic

D.Germanic 10.By the late 7th century, D became the dominant religion in England.到了7世紀晚期，成為英格蘭的主流宗教

A.Celtic Christianity

B.Anglo-Saxon Christianity D.Roman Christianity C.Germanic Christianity

11.The C marked the establishment of feudalism in England.標志著英國封建制度的建立

A.Viking invasion

B.signing of the Magna Carta D.Adoption of common law C.Norman Conquest

12.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule ofC.玫瑰戰爭的結束導致了統治的結束

A.the House of Valois

B.the House of York C.the House of Tudor

D.the House of Lancaster 13.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort to A.宗教改革的直接原因是國王亨利八世的努力

A.divorce his wife

B.break with Rome C.support the Protestants church

D.declare his supreme power over the 14.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between B.英國之間的內戰于1642年爆發

A.Protestants and Puritans C.nobles and peasants

B.Royalists and Parliamentarians D.aristocrats and Christians 15.A was passed after the Glorious Revolution.在光榮革命之后頒布

A.Bill of Rights

B.Act of Supremacy

D.Magna Carta C.Provisions of Oxford 16.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the C century.工業革命是在英國在世紀中葉完成的。

A.17th

B.18th

C.19th

D.20th Chapter3 17.The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three of the following branches with the exception of the C.英國政府的特點是，在除了以下的三個分支機構。

A.judiciary

B.legislature C.monarchy D.executive 18.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on D.英國君主制的重要性體現在它對的影響上

A.passing the bills C.political parties

B.advising the government

D.public attitude 19.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to B the House of Commons.作為一個修訂，上議院將會作為下議院的

A.rival

B.complement C.criticize D.inspect 20.Aisat the center of the British political system.英國政治體系的中心

A.The Cabinet

B.The House of Lords D.The privy Council

C.The house of Commons

21.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to B.英國秘密委員會的主要職責是

A.make decisions Cabinet B.give advice

C.pass bills D.supervise the 22.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a B system.般來說，英國議會在系統上運行

A.single-party B.two-party

C.three-party D.multi-party 23.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and D.保守黨的政策以實用主義和為特征

A.government intervention C.social reform

B.nationalization of enterprises D.a belief in individualism 24.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every C years.在英國，議會大選每隔年舉行一次。A.three

B.four

C.five

D.six Chapter5 Null Chapter6 Null Chapter8 Null Chapter9 Null Chapter10 Null Chapter12 Null Chapter13 Null

第五篇：英語?？? 72講

英語?？?

課堂筆記

英語?？? 72講

陸曄

Part I Reading Comprehension

Passage One The last few days before Christmas passed quickly and it was soon Christmas Eve.That night when everyone went to bed, Bunny couldn't sleep.He still couldn't think of what he wanted his special Christmas present to be.He wondered how Santa would know what to bring him if he didn't know himself.As he was sitting up in bed, Bunny heard a big noise on the roof and a sound downstairs.It was Santa Claus, he realized.Bunny jumped out of bed and raced down the hall to the stairs hoping to catch a glimpse of the old fellow before Santa departed for his next stop.By the time Bunny reached the bottom of the stairs, though, everything was again silent.Brightly wrapped presents were piled under the Christmas tree, but Santa was gone.A little disappointed, Bunny turned to climb back upstairs when he heard a cry.“Hello,” said Bunny.“Is somebody there?” He was answered by another cry.Bunny looked around the big pile of presents to see what was making the noise.Right under the tree was a funny looking brown animal with big feet and mournful eyes.Bunny might have mistaken the creature for a dog, if it hadn't been for the antlers(鹿角)on his head.“Are you a reindeer?” asked Bunny.“Yes,” replied the brown creature with antlers, “my name is Ralph.” “And you were pulling Santa's sled?” “I was until I got air-sick,” replied Ralph, “Santa had to leave me here and go on with the other seven reindeer.” “Isn't it a bit unusual for a reindeer to get air-sick.I mean, isn't flying what reindeer are famous for?” “I'm afraid that I've always had a sensitive(敏感的)stomach when it comes to flying,” replied Ralph.“But everyone expected me to pull Santa's sled, so when it was my turn I gave it a try.I'm afraid I just wasn't cut out for the job.Now I'm stuck here and I don't know how to get back to the North Pole.” “Well, if you like, you can stay with us as a friend,” 英語?？?

課堂筆記

said Bunny.As he made the offer, Bunny suddenly realized the special present he wanted from Santa was a new friend!

1.Why couldn't Bunny fall asleep on Christmas Eve? A．He was looking forward to seeing his special present.B．He wanted to take a look at Santa when he came at night.C．He was disturbed by a noise on the roof of his house.D．He was thinking what present to ask from Santa.From the third sentence of the first paragraph we know that the answer is D.D．He was thinking what present to ask from Santa.2.Why did Bunny feel disappointed?

A.Santa left before he could have a look at him.B.Santa didn't bring the special present he wanted.C.Everything was silent and there was no sign of Santa coming.D.There was a pile of presents under the Christmas tree but nothing for him.The third paragraph tells us Bunny felt disappointed because Santa left before he could have a look at him.So the answer is A.A.Santa left before he could have a look at him.3.What do we learn about reindeer from the passage? A.They make big noises while they are flying.B.They look like dogs except for the antlers.C.They are all especially good at pulling sleds.D.They suffer stomachaches when they take to the air.The last sentence of the fifth paragraph tells us the answer should be B.B.They look like dogs except for the antlers.4.Why didn't Ralph go with the other seven reindeer? A.He got stuck in the chimney.B.Bunny asked him to stay.C.He was air-sick.D.He didn't know how to get back to the North Pole.From the ninth paragraph we know that the answer is C.英語?？?

課堂筆記

C.He was air-sick.5.This passage seems to tell us that ________.A.Santa knows what present a child wants without even being told B.reindeer are hired to bring presents to children on Christmas Eve C.if a child stays awake on Christmas Eve, he could catch a glimpse of Santa D.parents take great care when choosing Christmas presents for their children From the whole passage, we know that the answer should be Santa knows what present a child wants without even being told.The answer is A.A.Santa knows what present a child wants without even being told Passage Two

A study suggests that dirty air can reduce lung development.Researchers at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles published their work in the “New England Journal of Medicine”.About one thousand seven hundred children from different communities in Southern California took part in the study.The scientists tested the children every year for eight years, starting at age ten.They say this is the longest study ever done on air pollution and the health of children.The scientists found that children who lived in areas with the dirtiest air were five times more likely to grow up with weak lungs.Many were using less than eighty percent of normal lung strength to breathe.The damage from dirty air was as bad as that found in children with parents who smoke.Children with reduced lung power may suffer more severe effects from a common cold, for example.But the researchers express greater concerns about long-term effects.They say adults normally begin to lose one percent of their lung power each year after age twenty.The doctors note that weak lung activity is the second leading cause of early deaths among adults.The first is smoking.By the time people are eighteen, their lungs are fully developed, or close to it.The doctors say it is impossible to recover from any damage.Researchers say they are still not sure how air pollution affects lung development.They believe that pollution affects the tiny air spaces where oxygen and carbon dioxide 3 英語?？?

課堂筆記

(二氧化碳)are exchanged.Arden Pope is an economics professor at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah.Professor Pope wrote a commentary about the study.He noted that air quality in Southern California has improved since the study began in the early nineteen-nineties.Clean-air laws have reduced pollution from vehicles, industry and other causes.But dirty air is still a problem in areas of California and other places.Professor Pope says continued efforts to improve air quality are likely to provide additional improvements in health.6.A study done by researchers at the University of Southern California indicates that ________.A.1,700 children from Southern California have weak lung activities B.children in Southern California use less lung strength to breathe C.air pollution may affect the growth of children's lungs

D.80 percent of children in Southern California suffer from air pollution From the third paragraph, we know that the answer should be C.C.air pollution may affect the growth of children's lungs

7.According to the article, children living in dirty air A.may lose eighty percent of their normal lung strength B.may suffer more severe effects from a common cold C.were five times more likely to catch a common cold D.were unlikely to recover from any lung damage

From the fourth paragraph, we know that the answer should be B.B.may

suffer more severe effects from a common cold 8.Why do the researchers express greater concern about the long-term effects of air pollution on children?

A.They begin to lose 1% of their lung power each year after 20.B.They do not show any signs of lung damage when they are young.C.They may suffer early death when they grow up.D.They cannot expect to have their lungs fully developed at 18.The third sentence in the fifth paragraph tells us the answer is C.C.They may suffer early death when they grow up.英語?？?

課堂筆記

D.9.What do we learn from the passage about the air in Southern California? A.It is unlikely to improve in the near future.B.It is free of pollution from vehicles and industry.C.It is as dirty as it was before.D.It is cleaner than it was in the early 1990s.The last two sentences in the eighth paragraph illustrates that the answer should be D.It is cleaner than it was in the early 1990s.10.Professor Pope believes that ________.A.improvement in air quality will provide further health benefits B.clean-air laws should be passed to reduce air pollution in California

C.further studies should be done to find out how dirty air affects lung development D.air pollution does even greater harm to children's health than their parents' smoking

From the last sentence in the last paragraph we know that the answer is A.A.improvement in air quality will provide further health benefits Part III Cloze The girl took ____________(1)the pudding from its __________(2)and started to make a ___________(3)of it, …

1.down

2.stand

3.parcel We were young;we were smart;we were looking forward to the world of work.And _______(51)we graduated from Oxford University in the early 1970s, my wife and I thought we'd ________(52)it all.We'd both have successful, satisfying careers(事業).We'd have ________(53)time to travel the world and have fun.51.A.when B.since C.as 52.A.do

D.while

B.have C.make

D.take B.little

C.enough

D.few 53.A.plenty 英語?？?

課堂筆記

Translation 杰克堅持每天鍛煉身體，所以他精力充沛，學習效率高。

Jack works out every day.As a result, he is quite energetic and efficient in his studies.美國總統克林頓來華訪問的結果是成功的。

The visit of Bill Clinton, the president of the United States, to China turned out to be a great success.最為奇怪的是，在失物招領啟事貼出兩星期后竟然沒有人來認領這輛小汽車。Most curious of all, no one has come to claim the car yet although the finding notice of lost property was put up two weeks ago.為了援助災區的人民，這位著名的流行歌手將在全國進行短期的巡回義演。This well-known pop singer will make a national tour to give benefit performances in aid of the people in the flood-stricken area on a short-term basis.只要不斷努力學習新知識，你就能跟上時代的步伐。

As long as you keep learning new knowledge, you’ll be able to keep up with the pace of our age/keep pace with the times.能請你把音樂開輕點嗎？我無法專心工作。

Would you please turn the music down? I can’t concentrate on my work.夫婦倆為他們的女兒感到驕傲，因為她在奧運會上獲得了兩枚金牌和一枚銀牌。

The couple was proud of their daughter, who won two gold medals and a silver medal at the Olympic Games.他們已安排好讓我們明天去游覽西湖，我相信我們在那兒一定會玩得很開心。They've arranged for us to visit the West Lake tomorrow.I'm sure we'll have a good time there(we'll enjoy ourselves there).眾所周知，肺癌至少部分地是由于吸煙過多而引起的。

It is well known that lung cancer is caused at least in part by smoking too much.他看起來雖然很鎮定，但實際上卻非常緊張。He looked calm, but actually he was very nervous.6 英語?？?

課堂筆記

全球變暖是由世界各地的大氣污染造成的。

Global warming results from air pollution all over the world.圣誕節臨近時，許多商店開始促銷活動以吸引購物者。

As Christmas draws near, many shops begin their sales campaigns to attract shoppers.