第一篇:肯尼迪演講分析
姓名:劉槐學號;P101011851班級:08級英語(1)班
對肯尼迪總統的就職演講文章進行分析
人物方面:肯尼迪總統是美國口才最好的總統之一,此篇文章是其于一九六一年的就職演講辭。在本文中他呼呼吁語果斷和犧牲精神來應對當前的許多挑戰。這一演講詞重新肯定了杰佛遜與威爾遜的第一任就職演講辭所立下的原則。具有一脈相承的作用,同時又用他們的威信來為自己的演講服務使其的演講更具說服力,因為如果民眾否認了肯尼迪在此演講中所宣揚的精神,那么也是對前面兩位總統的否定,也更是對美國所宣稱的自由、民主、平等、博愛等人權的否定—自我的否定。
從全文來看:本文短小簡練,布局合理,邏輯性強,而且嚴密,語氣鏗鏘有力,擲地有聲如排山倒海之勢。
從文章結構來看采用了由近到遠,由此及彼;首先本文第一段對這次大選的結果進行了過大的說明即“我們今天慶祝的不是一次政黨的勝利,而是一次自由的慶典:它象征著結束,也象征著開始;意味著更新,也意味著變革等話來勾起聽眾的興趣,進而能更好的闡述自己新的執政理念,也好讓觀眾洗耳恭聽。
其次,將話題擴大到當今世界人權之現狀:雖然人權是人類與生俱來的—上帝所賜予,但任然處于爭議中,人們的人權任被剝奪。再到美國自身的人權現狀說美國獨立戰爭使每個美國人擁有了自由,而如今美國人任將繼續堅貞不渝的擁有與維護即便付出任何代價,應付任何艱辛,支持任何朋友,反對任何敵人,以確保自由的存在與實現。
再次從和則兩利,分則兩傷的角度來說明自己與盟友的關系。只要團結,則在許多合作事業中幾乎沒有什么事辦不到的。如果分裂,意見分歧,各行其是;那么我們便無可作為。
又接著從周邊的國家的角度來談美國要如何來確保他們擁有人權。即將美好諾言化作善行,在爭取進步的心聯盟中援助自由和自由之政府來擺脫貧困的枷鎖。
最后又將話題線索轉到美國自身,用“不要問你們的國家能為你們做什么,而要問你們能為國家做什么”。呼吁同胞們為國家做貢獻,為自由而爭取。
帶有濃厚的宗教色彩。如本文第二自然段“人權并非來自政府的慷慨施予,而是上帝所賜”。及最后一段中“祈求上帝的保佑與扶攜,但我們知道在這個世界上,上帝的任務肯定就是我們自己應肩負的責任”。在演講中與上帝有關的話說明了在美國人大都信仰基督教。而肯尼迪多次提到上帝就是要用上帝的名義來說服民眾并讓之相信。
本文運用了多種修辭手法。并列法“We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom” 矛盾法”Symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning;signifying renewal ,as well as change”排比法“We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe.”是演講更具有氣勢,如 排山倒海之勢向聽眾涌來,更具說服力,感染力,更讓聽眾信服,洗耳恭聽。
第二篇:肯尼迪演講分析
Name:張莉
Number: A32009011009 Course:修辭學 Teacher:葛老師 Date: 2012-5-5
An Analysis of the Inaugural Address of John F.Kenned
In 1961 when the cold war was reaching its peak and there was also the wide-spread movement of national liberation throughout the world, JFK became the 35th president of the United States, the youngest man---and the first Catholic---ever elected to the office.Cocksure and bellicose, this young president delivered his Inaugural Address with a flourish of rhetoric.Millions of his audience were reportedly moved by JFK's inaugural address, not by what JFK was saying, but by how he phrased it.His address is a very good example of the power of words.Kennedy’s speech is designed to convince and to persuade.To convince the American people and the world that the president and his team were capable of leadership;to persuade the allies to stand with the United States;to persuade the newly independent countries and other poor third world countries that the new administration would be friendly to them… All of these themes will be revealed from the following analysis:
(1)First, the speech’s words are chosen in a deliberate way.For instance, there are some adjective words concerning convinces and persuade in the speech: “steady, powerful” in paragraph 13;“fruitful” in paragraph 23;“solemn” in paragraph 1;“peaceful” in paragraph 9.Words are various from verbs to nouns: such as “loyalty, power, commit”;“pledge” in paragraph5, 7, 10, 8…in order to show speaker's passion and draw audience's attention.It makes the speech appeal to emotion.The words “us, me, our” convey a kind of team spirit and makes the team’s inner differences smaller;make people feel more comfortable and thus it is easier to gain their support.(2)Second, syntactically, there are various types of sentences in this speech.Grammatically, there are 20 simple sentences like “the world is very different now” in paragraph2;compound sentences like “ask not what your country can do for you;ask what you can do for your country” in paragraph 25;complex sentence like “since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been…national loyalty” in paragraph 21;compound-complex sentences like “for only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.” in paragraph 12.Functionally, apart from a lot of declarative sentences like “this much we pledge--and more” in paragraph 5, there are also 14 imperative sentences like “let both…”in paragraph 15—18, they gave rise to resonance and increased speaker's tone.Short sentences are also used to make the meaning easy to understand.With the help of different types of sentences, the whole essay was displayed in an appropriate way.(3)Third, the speech is rich in figures of speech.Both phonetic and syntactic figures of speech are adopted.Phonetically, alliteration, consonance and pun are used, which makes the speech more rhythmic, appealing and witty.Alliteration often produces some aesthetic appeal and helps readers to remember.There are more than 27 cases of alliteration in the speech:” …we shall pay any price, ..bear any burden…to assure the survival and the success of liberty” in paragraph 4;....“…the same high standards of strength and sacrifice….lead the .land we .love…” in ....paragraph 27;“precise proposals” in paragraph 16 and so on.The use of alliteration ..helps to catch audience’s attention and strengthen the expressive force.The typical example of consonance is in paragraph 4” well or ill”;” cultura.l and ..spiritual” in paragraph 6....Pun is reflected by the word “judge”.It is a homophone.It refers to a person in the speech, but actually, it implies the right action, which is accepted by lots of people in the world.Syntactically, the speech’s use of repetition and parallelism helps to make the language musical, emphatic, attractive and memorable.Repetition is the dominate figure in the speech.It runs through the whole speech, in paragraph 6, 7,8,10,11,17,18...“To those...”5 times;” let both...” 4 times.Through the repetition, Kennedy’s attitudes towards different countries are revealed.It is beneficial to convince and persuade those countries to stand with America.Besides, it strengthens the speech’s emotions and tone and also the artistic appeal of the language.There are more than 20 cases of parallelism in the speech: in paragraph1, 3, 4, 14, 22 and so on.Among which in paragraph15, 16, 17, 18 repetition and parallelism are used together to help audience catch his thought of speech, thus makes is easy to convey his ideas.“Let both sides explore...”and “Let both sides...”and “Let both sides seek...”and “Let both sides unite...” which makes the speech a powerful appeal.Anaphora is used in paragraph 14:”So let us begin anew… Let us never negotiate…Let us never fear …” it is a kind of repetition of the same word at the beginning of successive clauses, sentences or verses.Anaphora and Parallelism are often used jointly to gain more emphasis to convey strong emotions.The above sentence in paragraph 14 is also a case in point.Through the adoption of the two rhetorical devices, the strong emotions of appealing is revealed.In conclusion, the above paragraphs analyze the speech “Inaugural Address” both lexically and syntactically.Figures of speech are also analyzed in detail with examples.Furthermore, Kennedy's inaugural address is a great classic.It’s successful.
第三篇:肯尼迪演講
就職演說
今天我們歡慶的不是一次政黨的勝利,而是一個自由的盛典;它象征著結束,也象征著開始;意味著改良,也意味著革新。因為我已在你們和全能的上帝面前,宣讀了我們祖先在將近一又四分之三世紀以前所擬定的那同一份莊嚴的誓言。現今世界已經很不同了,因為人在自己血肉之軀的手中握有足以消滅一切形式的人類貧窮和一切形式的人類生命的力量。可是我們祖先奮斗不息所維護的革命信念,在世界各地仍處于爭論之中。那信念確認,人權并非來自政府的慷慨施予,而是上帝所賜。我們至今不敢忘記我們是那第一次革命的繼承者。讓我從此時此地告訴我們的朋友,也告訴我們的敵人,這革命的火炬已傳遞給新一代的美國人,他們出生在本世紀,經歷過戰爭的鍛煉,受過嚴酷而艱苦的和平的熏陶,以我們的古代傳統自豪,而且不愿目睹或容許人權逐步被褫奪。對于這些人權我國一向堅貞不移,當前在國內和全世界我們也是對之力加維護的。讓每一個國家——不管它希望我們好或希望我們壞——知道,我們將付出任何代價,忍受任何重負,應付任何艱辛,支持任何朋友,反對任何敵人,以確保自由的存在與實現。這是我們矢志不移的事--而且還不止此。
對于那些和我們擁有共同文化和精神起源的老盟邦,我們保證待之以摯友之誠。在我們面臨風險的共同事業中,只要團結,我們將所向披靡;倘若分裂,則將一事無成——因為在意見分歧、四分五裂的情況下,我們將怯于應對強大的挑戰。對于那些我們歡迎其加入自由國家行列的新國家,我們要提出保證,在一種形式的殖民統治消失之后,絕不允許簡單地代之以另一種遠為冷酷的暴政。我們不應總是期望他們支持我們的觀點,我們卻始終希望他們能強有力地維護他們自身的自由,讓我們牢記,過去那些愚蠢地追求權力的人們、那些騎在虎背上狐假虎威的人,最終卻被老虎所吞噬。
對于那些布滿半個地球,居住在茅舍和鄉村中,力求打破普遍貧困的桎梏的人們,我們保證盡最大努力助其自救,不管需要多長時間。這并非因為共產黨人會那樣做,也不是由于我們要求他們的選票,而是由于那樣做是正確的。
自由社會若不能幫助眾多的窮人,也就不能保全那少數的富人。對于我國邊界以南的各姐妹共和國,我們提出一項特殊的保證:要把我們的美好諾言化作行動:在謀求發展的新聯盟中,援助自由的人們和自由的政府來擺脫貧困的枷鎖。但這種為實現自身愿望而進行的和平革命不應成為敵對勢力的俎上魚肉。讓我們所有的鄰邦都知道,我們將與他們聯合起來,抵御對美洲任何地區的侵略或顛覆。讓所有其它勢力都知道,西半球的人民決定自己當家作主。
對于各主權國家的世界性議會——聯合國,這個在戰爭手段遠遠超過和平手段的時代里我們最后的最美好的希望,我們愿重申我們的支持諾言:不讓它變成僅供謾罵的講壇,強化其對于新國弱國的保護,擴大其權力運用的領域。
最后,對于那些與我們為敵的國家,我們提供的不是保證,而是要求:雙方重新著手尋求和平,不要等到科學所釋出的毀滅性的黑暗力量在有意或無意中以人們自我毀滅的方式吞噬了全人類。
我們不敢以軟弱去誘惑他們。因為只有當我們的武力無可置疑地強大時,我們才能對其不被使用確信無疑。
然而這兩個強有力的國家集團,誰也不能對當前的趨勢放心 --雙方都因現代武器的高昂造價而不勝重負,雙方都因致命的原子力量穩步發展而產生理所當然的驚駭,可是雙方又都在競爭以圖改變那不穩定的恐怖的均衡,而正是這種均衡暫時阻止了人類的末日之戰。因此,讓我們重新開始。雙方都應記住,謙恭并不象征懦弱,而誠意則終須驗證。讓我們決不因畏懼而談判。但讓我們決不畏懼談判。
讓雙方探究那使我們團結在一起的因素,而不是糾纏于那使我們分裂的問題。讓雙方第一次制訂有關檢查和管制武器的嚴肅而確切的計劃,并且把那足以毀滅其它國家的無限制的力量置于所有國家的絕對管制之下。
讓雙方都謀求激發科學的神奇力量而不是它的恐怖因素。讓我們一道去探索星球,治理沙漠,根除疾病,開發深海資源,鼓勵藝術和商務。讓雙方攜手在世界各個角落遵循以賽亞的命令,去“卸下沉重的負擔??讓被壓迫者得到自由。”
如果一個合作的灘頭堡壘能夠逼退猜疑的叢林,那么,讓雙方聯合作一次新的努力吧,不是追求新的權力均衡,而是建立一個新的法治世界——在那里,強者公正,弱者安全,和平在握。
凡此種種不會在最初的一百天中完成,不會在最初的一千天中完成,不會在本政府任期中完成,甚至也不能在我們活在這星球上的一生中完成。但讓我們開始。我的公民伙伴們,我們事業的最后成敗的關鍵,主要不是掌握在我手里,而是操在你們手中。自從這個國家締造之日起,每一代的美國人都曾應召以驗證其對國家的忠誠。響應此項召喚而服軍役的美國青年人的墳瑩遍布全球。
現在那召喚我們的號角又再度響起——不是號召我們拿起武器,盡管我們需要武器;不是號召我們去作戰,盡管我們已嚴陣以待;那是號召我們肩負起持久和戰線模糊的斗爭。年復一年地,在希望中歡欣,在憂患中忍耐,這是一場反抗人類共同的敵人——暴政、貧困、疾病以及戰爭本身——的斗爭。
我們能否結成一個遍及東西南北的全球性的偉大聯盟以對付這些敵人,以確保全人類享有更為富裕的生活?你們是否愿意參與這歷史性的努力? 在世界的漫長歷史中,只有少數幾代人被賦予這種在自由遭遇最大危機時保衛自由的使命。我決不在這使命之前退縮;我歡迎它。我不相信我們中間有任何人會愿意跟別人及別的時代交換位置。我們在這個努力中所貢獻的精力、信念與犧牲,將點燃我們的國家以及所有為她服務的人,而這火焰放射的光輝必將照亮整個世界。
所以,我的美國同胞們,不要問你的國家能為你做些什么,而要問你能為國家做些什么。全世界的公民伙伴們,不要問美國能為你們做些什么,而要問我們在一起能為人類的自由做些什么。最后,不管你是美國的公民或世界它國的公民,請將我們所要求于你們的有關力量與犧牲的同樣高的標準拿來要求我們。憑著正直的良心——我們唯一可靠的酬勞,憑著歷史——我們行為的最后裁判者,讓我們挺身而出領導我們所摯愛的國家,祈求上帝的庇佑與扶攜;同時確信,上帝在這塵世的任務,必然就是我們自己所應肩負的任務。
在柏林墻的演講
二千年以前,最自豪的夸耀是Civitas Romanus sum(拉丁語,意為:我是一個羅馬公民),今天,自由世界最自豪的夸耀是Ich bin ein Berliner(德語,意為:我是一個柏林人)。
世界上有許多人確實不懂,或者說他們不明白什么是自由世界和共產主義世界的根本分歧。讓他們來柏林吧。有些人說,共產主義是未來的潮流。讓他們來柏林吧。有些人說,我們能在歐洲或其他地方與共產黨人合作。讓他們來柏林吧。甚至有那么幾個人說,共產主義確是一種邪惡的制度,但它可以使我們取得經濟發展。“Lasst sie nach Berlin kommen.”(德語,意為:讓他們到柏林看看)
自由有許多困難,民主亦非完美,然而我們從未建造一堵墻把我們的人民關在里面,不準他們離開我們。我愿意我的同胞們——他們與你們遠隔千里住在大西洋彼岸——說,他們為能在遠方與你們共有過去十八年的經歷感到莫大的驕傲。我不知道還有哪一個城鎮或都市被圍困十八年仍葆有西柏林的這種生機、力量、希望和決心。全世界都看到,柏林墻最生動最明顯地表現出一種失敗。但我們對此并不感到稱心如意,因為柏林墻既是對歷史也是對人性的冒犯,它拆散家庭,造成妻離子散骨肉分離,把希冀統一的一個民族分成兩半。
這個城市的事實也用于整個德國——只要四個德國人中有一個被剝奪了自由人的基本權利,即自由選擇的權利,那么歐洲真正持久的和平便絕無可能實現。經過保持和平與善意的十八年,這一代德國人終于贏得自由的權利,包括在持久和平中善所有的人民,實現家庭團聚和民族統一的權利。你們住在受到保護的一座自由之島上,但你們的生活是大海的一部分。因此讓我在結束講話時請求你們抬起目光,超越今日的危險看到明天的希望;超越這道墻看到正義的生平來臨的一天;超越你們自己和我們自己看到全人類。
自由是不可分割的,只要一人被奴役,所有的人都不自由。當所有的人都自由了,那時我們便能期待這一天的到來:在和平與希望的光輝中這座城市獲得統一,這個國家獲得統一,歐洲大陸獲得統一。當這一天最終來臨---它必將來臨---時,西柏林人民將能對這一點感到欣慰:幾乎二十年時間里他們站在第一線。
一切自由人,不論他們住在何方,皆是柏林市民,所以作為一個自由人,我為“Ich bin ein Berliner”這句話感到自豪。
第四篇:肯尼迪就職演講之修辭分析
一篇演講的成功,往往是多種因素的綜合,但語言文字方面的修辭運用,則十分重要。縱觀美國各個時期的著名演講詞,都無一例外地運用了各種修辭手段,下面對肯尼迪總統的《就職演說》(Inaugural Address)中的修辭來作一下分析。
“We dare not tempt them with weakness.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will be never employed.”(翻譯:我們不敢已示弱去誘惑他們,因為只有當我們有無可置疑的充足的武力時,我們才能有無可置疑的把握永遠不必使用這些武力。)用紅色字體標出的“beyond doubt”采用了重復(repetition)的修辭方法,它的重復,有效地強化了語意,更富節奏感,使演講更有氣勢,同時加深了聽眾的印象。
“Now the trumpet summons us again — not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need: not as a call to battle, though embattled we are;but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle…”(翻譯:現在那號角又在召喚我們。不是號召我們扛起武器,雖然我們需要武器;不是號召我們去作戰,雖然我們是準備應戰,而是號召我們肩負起一場陰森慘淡的長期斗爭的重任…)這段采用了排比parallelism的修辭,而且將排比與重復(repetition)融合使用,既強調了文章,又使句子顯得整齊而不雷同,勻稱而不呆板。講說出來,既節奏鮮明、鏗鏘動聽,同時又跌宕有致,富于變化。
“…and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.” 這一句運用了比
喻中的隱喻(metaphor), 用比喻來闡述道理,使聽眾于生動的形象中得到啟發,受到感染,折服于演說家。這一句既表明演說家的態度,同時也是對本段上文的形象化總結,這遠比講美國今后不會對加入自由國家行列的其他國家進行奴役之類的承諾有說服力得多。
上面就對肯尼迪演講詞作了簡略的分析,演講除了內容主旨重要的同時,如果注意語言文字的修辭,無疑對于提高演講的表達力與說服力大有裨益。
后面附上演講的視頻和演講文本。
第五篇:肯尼迪就職演講
第一講:美國總統就職演講特質
一國總統的識見、魄力、智慧與心智成熟
在就職演說中,新任總統宣布自己的施政綱領,表明自己的政見和立場,激起聽眾的熱情,勸說聽眾接受其政治主張并采取相應的行動。
Like other great communicators including Winston Churchill before him and Reagan since then and Barack Obama now---he was someone who took word-craft very seriously indeed.1、約翰-肯尼迪 就職演講如何開啟? FRIDAY, JANUARY 20, 1961 Vice President Johnson, Mr.Speaker, Mr.Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, Vice President Nixon, President Truman, reverend clergy, fellow citizens: we observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom,symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning,signifying renewal, as well as change.For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three quarters ago.chief justice 審判長,首席法官
Clergy/clergyman可以統指神職人員,其中clergyman在英國國教里又指牧師;Reverend是對教士的尊稱。
renewal 英 [r?'nju??l] 美 [r?'nu??l] n.更新;恢復;革新;復蘇;復活 We are all delighted at the renewal of negotiation.God Almighty/Almighty God全能上帝.forebear 祖先,祖宗
星期五,1961年1月20日
首席法官先生、艾森豪威爾總統、尼克松副總統、杜魯門總統、尊敬的牧師、各位公民:
今天我們慶祝的不是政黨的勝利,而是自由的勝利。這象征著一個結束,也象征著一個開端,表示了一種更新,也表示了一種變革。因為我已在你們和全能的上帝面前,宣讀了我們的先輩在170多年前擬定的莊嚴誓言。
2、手按《圣經》宣誓就職
1961年1月20日,肯尼迪總統按照慣例,手按《圣經》宣誓就職。誓詞出自美國憲法第一章第二條:
“I do solemnly swear(or affirm)that I will faithfully execute(執行;實行;處決)the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”
僅從總統宣誓就職的誓詞本身,美國總統對于憲法的重視可見一斑。
3、世界為何不同了?
The world is very different now.For man holds in his mortal(致命的;終有一死的)hands the power to abolish(廢除)all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life.And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue(在爭論、在爭論中)around the globe,the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity(慷慨,大方;寬容或慷慨的行為;豐富)of the state, but from the hand of God.現在的世界已大不相同了,人類的巨手掌握著既能消滅人間的各種貧困,又能毀滅人間的各種生活的力量。但我們的先輩為之奮斗的那些革命信念,在世界各地仍然有著爭論。這個信念就是:人的權利井非來自國家的慷慨,而是來自上帝恩賜。
“自由”、“人權”、“民主”這幾個字眼,美國人一向偏愛。美國人相信“天賦人權”,自由是人權的一種體現。在《獨立宣言》中就有這樣一段有關人權的論述: “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by(被賦予)their Creator with certain unalienable(不可剝奪的)Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
4、薪火相傳
We dare not forget today that we are the heirs(繼承人;后嗣,嗣子)of that first revolution.Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans,born in this century, tempered by(受過鍛煉)war, disciplined by(訓練有素的)a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage--and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this Nation has always been committed(忠誠的,堅定的,把…托付給), and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.今天,我們不敢忘記我們是第一次革命的繼承者。讓我們的朋友和敵人同樣聽見我此時此地的講話:火炬已經傳給新一代美國人。這一代人在本世紀誕生,在戰爭中受過鍛煉,在艱難困苦的和平時期受過陶冶,他們為我國悠久的傳統感到自豪——他們不愿目睹或聽任我國一向保證的、今天仍在國內外作出保證的人權漸趨毀滅。
Imagery: “The torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans”
意象:“火炬已經傳給了新一代的美國人”
Imagery is vivid descriptive language that appeals to one or more of the senses(sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste).以維護天下的人權為己任
肯尼迪在其就職演說中指出,”a new generation of Americans, ……unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which the nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.“ 這里,肯尼迪的政治主張非常明確,在外交政策上延續了國際主義的走向――自詡為自由世界的維護者和領導者的美國要以維護天下的人權為己任。
5、美國人一向的偏愛
Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival(幸存,生存;幸存者;遺物;遺風)and the success of liberty.This much we pledge(保證;典當,抵押),and more.讓每個國家都知道——不論它希望我們繁榮還是希望我們衰落——為確保自由的存在和自由的勝利,我們將付出任何代價,承受任何負擔,應付任何艱難,支持任何朋友,反抗任何敵人。
這些就是我們的保證——而且還有更多的保證。肯尼迪在其就職演說一開始提到的“revolutionary belief(革命信念)“即是《獨立宣言》中關于”天賦人權“的信念。
在肯尼迪就職演說詞中,”自由(liberty, freedom,)“一詞就用了多達9次,而與”自由“息息相關的”人權(human rights)“也多次出現。
這里,肯尼迪表達的是美國人對于自由、人權的一貫追求。對自由、人權的重視是美國人的核心價值觀。
6、精神淵源的老盟友
To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge the loyalty of faithful friends.United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided, there is little we can do,for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.(在爭吵下休、四分五裂時)
對那些和我們有著共同文化和精神淵源的老盟友,我們保證待以誠實朋友那樣的忠誠。我們如果團結一致,就能在許多合作事業中無在而下勝;我們如果分歧對立,就會一事無成——因為我們不敢在爭吵下休、四分五裂時迎接強大的挑戰。
第二講:一國與世界的關注
1、加入到自由行列中來的新國家
To those new States whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny.We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view.But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom--and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.對那些我們歡迎其加入到自由行列中來的新國家,我們格守我們的誓言:決不讓一種更為殘酷的暴政來取代一種消失的殖民統治。我們并不總是指望他們會支持我們的觀點。但我們始終希望看到他們堅強地維護自己的自由——而且要記住,在歷史上,凡愚蠢地騎在虎背上謀求權力的人,都是以葬身虎口而告終。
2、身居茅舍和鄉村的人們
To those peoples in the huts and villages across the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required--not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.對世界各地身居茅舍和鄉村,為擺脫普遍貪困而斗爭的人們,我們保證盡量大努力幫助他們自立,不管需要花多長時間——之所以這樣做,并不是因為共產黨可能正在這樣做,也不是因為我們需要他們的選票,而是因為這樣做是正確的,自由社會如果不能幫助眾多的窮人,也就無法保全少數富人。
Combinations of contrasts and lists(by contrasting a third item with the first two): “Not because the communists are doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right” 對比與排比相結合(三句中的最后一句和前兩句意義相反)
3、做自己家園的主人
To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge--to convert our good words into good deeds--in a new alliance for progress--to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty.對我國南面的姐妹共和國,我們提出一項特殊的保證——在爭取進步的新同盟中,把我們善意的話變為善意的行動,幫助自由的人們和自由的政府擺脫貧困的枷鎖。
But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers.Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas.And let every other power know that this Hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.但是,這種充滿希望的和平革命決不可以成為敵對國家的犧牲品。我們要讓所有鄰國都知道,我們將和他們在一起,反對在美洲任何地區進行侵略和顛覆活動。讓所有其他國家都知道,本半球的人仍然想做自己家園的主人。
4、最后、最美的希望——對聯合國的理解
To that world assembly of sovereign states, the United Nations, our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace, we renew our pledge of support--to prevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective--to strengthen its shield of the new and the weak--and to enlarge the area in which its writ([法] 令狀; 文書)may run.聯合國是主權國家的世界性議事機構,是我們在戰爭手段大大超過和平手段的時代里最后的、最美好的希望所在。因此,我們重申予以支持;防止它僅僅成為謾罵的場所;加強它對新生國家和弱小國家的保護;擴大它的行使法令的管束范圍。
5、要求而不是保證
Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by(釋放)science engulf(吞沒;吞食;包住;狼吞虎咽)all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.最后,對那些想與我們作對的國家,我們提出一個要求而不是一項保證:在科學釋放出可怕的破壞力量,把全人類卷人到預謀的或意外的自我毀滅的深淵之前,讓我們雙方重新開始尋求和平。
肯尼迪也認識到,要與以蘇聯為首的社會主義陣營對抗,就得盡可能地贏得更多的支持,盡可能地擴大美國的勢力范圍,不管是利誘還是威脅。這樣,肯尼迪在其就職演說”power(力量)“一詞用了多達7次,”pledge(保證、承諾)“一詞也用了7次,”help(幫助)“一詞用了4次,在確保原有歐洲盟國的忠誠中,和支持的前提下,利用”金元外交“,盡量拉攏亞洲、非洲和拉丁美洲國家,實踐其擴張主義,諸如此類的細節的出現,就是在情理之中了。另一方面,肯尼迪在就職演說中也確實需要”pledge(保證、承諾)“很多東西,因為他在總統大選中僅以微弱的優勢獲勝,被很多國內外人士認為太年青,缺乏經驗,難以領導美國對抗強大的蘇聯。
6、兩個“毫無疑問”
We dare not tempt them with weakness.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.我們不敢以怯弱來引誘他們。因為只有當我們毫無疑問地擁有足夠的軍備,我們才能毫無疑問地確信永遠下會使用這些軍備。
7、兩個強大的國家集團——受累!
But neither can two great and powerful groups of nations take comfort from(從中得到安慰)our present course--both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady(穩定的,不變的)spread of the deadly atom, yet both racing to alter(改變;更改)that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind's final war.但是,這兩個強大的國家集團都無法從目前所走的道路中得到安慰——發展現代武器所需的費用使雙方負擔過重,致命的原子武器的不斷擴散理所當然使雙方憂心忡忡,但是,雙方卻在爭著改變那制止人類發動最后戰爭的不移定的恐怖均勢。
第三講:政治家的智慧——如何處理爭端?
1、雙方重新開始
So let us begin anew--remembering on both sides that civility(禮貌)is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always subject to proof.Let us never negotiate out of fear.But let us never fear to negotiate.因此,讓我們雙方重新開始——雙方都要牢記。禮貌并不意味著怯弱,誠意永遠有侍于驗證。讓我們決不要由于畏懼而談判。但我們決不能畏懼談判。
2、團結起來
Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring(痛擊;痛斥;冗長地解釋)those problems which divide us.讓雙方都來探討使我們團結起來的問題,而不要操勞那些使我們分裂的問題。
3、認真而又明確的提案
Let both sides, for the first time, formulate(構想出,規劃;確切地闡述)serious and precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms--and bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the absolute control of all nations.讓雙方首次為軍備檢查和軍備控制制訂認真而又明確的提案,把毀滅他國的絕對力量置于所有國家的絕對控制之下。
4、尋求利用科學的奇跡
Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders(創造奇跡)of science instead of its terrors.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate(摧毀;完全根除)disease, tap(開發)the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.讓雙方尋求利用科學的奇跡,而不是乞靈于科學造成的恐怖。讓我們一起探索星球,征服沙漠,根除疾患,開發深梅,并鼓勵藝術和商業的發展。
5、各個角落傾聽以賽亞的訓令
Let both sides unite to heed(聽從)in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah--to “undo the heavy burdens...and to let the oppressed go free.” 讓雙方團結起來,在全世界各個角落傾聽以賽亞的訓令——“解下軛上的索,使被欺壓的得自由。”
當選美國總統(包括肯尼迪總統)在其就職儀式上手按《圣經》宣讀誓言,然后才開始發表就職演說。肯尼迪在其就職演說中多次提到God(上帝),還直接援引《圣經》原文來闡述其施政方針和政治理想,如: “Let both sides unite to heed in all corners of the earth the command of Isaiah to 'undo the heavy burdens…(and)let the oppressed go free'.” 在演說詞的結束部分,肯尼迪也不忘借助上帝之名來進行最后的呼吁。肯尼迪在其就職演說中或直接引用《圣經》,把自己的政治主張托詞于上帝的意旨,或直接祈求上帝的保佑和賜福,或模仿使用《圣經》風格語言等等,有助于使其演說更易得到篤信上帝的聽眾的同情、理解和支持,使演說更具感染力和號召力。可以說,肯尼迪就職演說從開頭到結尾、從形式到內容都充滿著鮮明的宗教色彩,利用宗教的力量和影響,來達到政治訴求的目的。這是一種獨特的文化現象,是美國社會歷史淵源的反映。”政教分離“的美國事實上是政教融合。
6、雙方共同作一次新的努力
And if a beachhead(灘頭)of cooperation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new endeavor(努力), not a new balance of power, but a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved.如果合作的灘頭陣地的逼退猜忌的叢林,那么就讓雙方共同作一次新的努力:不是建立一種新的均勢,而是創造一個新的法治世界,在這個世界中,強者公正,弱者安全,和平將得到維護。Three-part lists: “Where the strong are just, and the weak secure and the peace preserved” 三句式排比“強國秉持公正,弱國不受威脅,和平得以維系”
7、讓我們開始吧!
All this will not be finished in the first 100 days.Nor will it be finished in the first 1,000 days, nor in the life of this Administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet.But let us begin.所有這一切下可能在第一個一百天內完成,也不可能在第一個一千天或者在本屆政府任期內完成,甚至也許不可能在我們居住在這個星球上的有生之年內完成。但是,讓我們開始吧。
8、對國家的忠誠
In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than in mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course.Since this country was founded, each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.The graves of young Americans who answered the call to service surround the globe.公民們,我們方針的最終成敗與其說掌握在我手中,不如說掌握在你們手中。自從合眾國建立以來,每一代美國人都曾受到召喚去證明他們對國家的忠誠。響應召喚而獻身的美國青年的墳墓遍及全球。
9、反對人類共同的敵人
Now the trumpet summons us again--not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need;not as a call to battle, though embattled we are--but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle, year in and year out, “rejoicing in hope, patient in tribulation”--a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself.現在,號角已再次吹響——不是召喚我們拿起武器,雖然我們需要武器,不是召喚我們去作戰,雖然我們嚴陣以待。它召喚我們為迎接黎明而肩負起漫長斗爭的重任,年復一年,“從希望中得到歡樂,在苦難中保持堅韌”,去反對人類共同的敵人——專制、貧困、疾病和戰爭本身。
10、愿意參加這一歷史性的努力嗎?
Can we forge against these enemies a grand and global alliance, North and South, East and West, that can assure a more fruitful life for all mankind? Will you join in that historic effort?
為反對這些敵人,確保人類更為豐裕的生活,我們能夠組成一個包括東西南北各方的全球大聯盟嗎?你們愿意參加這一歷史性的努力嗎?
賦予保衛自由的責任
In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger.I do not shank from this responsibility--I welcome it.I do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation.The energy, the faith, the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it--and the glow from that fire can truly light the world.在漫長的世界歷史中,只有少數幾代人在自由處于最危急的時刻被賦予保衛自由的責任。我不會推卸這一責任,我歡迎這一責任。我不相信我們中間有人想同其他人或其他時代的人交換位置。我們為這一努力所奉獻的精力、信念和忠誠,將照亮我們的國家和所有力國效勞的人,而這火焰發出的光芒定能照亮全世界。
最牛的格言
And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.因此,美國同胞們,不要問國家能力你們做些什么,而要問你們能為國家做些什么。
Contrast:
My fellow citizens of the world: ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man.全世界的公民們,不要間美國將為你們做些什么,而要問我們共同能為人類的自中做些什么。
讓我們走向前去!
Finally, whether you are citizens of America or citizens of the world, ask of us the same high standards of strength and sacrifice which we ask of you.With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God's work must truly be our own.最后,不論你們是美國公民還是其他國家的公民,你們應該要求我們現出我們同樣要求于你們地高度力量和犧牲。問心無愧是我們唯一可靠的獎賞,歷史是我們行動的最終裁判,讓我們走向前去,引導我們所珍愛的國家。我們祈求上帝的福佑和幫助,但我們知道,確切的說,上帝在塵世的工作必定是我們自己的工作。
Alliteration: “Let us go forth to lead the land we love” 押前韻(譯者注:靠近的兩個單詞的第一個單詞相同,比如例句中的“land”和“love”,都是“l”打頭)
Impressive though the rhetoric and imagery may have been, what really made the speech memorable was that it was the first inaugural address by a US president to follow the first rule of speech-preparation: analyse your audience-or, to be more precise at a time when mass access to television was in its infancy, analyse your audiences.雖然這些修辭和意象給聽眾留下了很深的印象,這篇演講的最可貴之處還在它對聽眾的分析,這是美國總統在就職演講時第一次這么做。當電視開始進入千家萬戶時,話題有針對性,作為演講準備的第一要素,就變得尤為重要。
I have a dream today!I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of “interposition” and “nullification”--one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.I have a dream today!I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight;“and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together.”? This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with.With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.With this faith, we will be able to transform the jarring discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day.And this will be the day--this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning: My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride,From every mountainside, let freedom ring!And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true.And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York.Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.But not only that.Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.From every mountainside, let freedom ring.And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last!Free at last!Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!