第一篇：湖北自考《英美文學選讀》重點總結
上古及中世紀英國文學Old and Medieval English literature上古： 450 to 1066中世紀;1066-14世紀中葉 Celts
Old English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneChaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.
the Renaissance Period th 14th and mid-17Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.Golden Age It started in Italy
Henry VIIIDefender of the Faith Bible in Englishancient Roman and Greekcultureclass strugglePetrarch
Christopher Marlowe ,William Shakespeare and 3威廉 莎士比亞William Shakespeare 1564-1616
Playwrights, dramatist,poets
1591-1611was in the prime of his dramatic career.38plays 戲劇154sonnets 十四行詩2 long poems敘事詩 Stratford-on-Avon
”“an upstart crow”
:meditationeternal beautyorigin:Italy
Juliet>
Six comedies:
Romantic tragicomedies:<[eroc;es>
6約翰 彌爾頓John Milton 1608-1674
family天主教Latin blind.失樂園 masterpiece.a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 books ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”
The main idea:to beg for mercy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgracefull than this downfall.
Cthe last great poems
The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton?s creed.
第二章 新古典主義時期
the Neoclassical Period
1660-1798(18th century)
人社會動物industrial revolution 工業革命the RestorationGothic Novel:content: magic, supernaturall elements, ghosts, monsters.2setting: old castle, graveyard, dard forest
3atomsphere:horrible
The enlightenment movement（the age of reason）：啟蒙運動
It was a progressive intellectuall 進步知道份子movement which flourished nd swept western Europe at the time.Its enlighten the whole world with the light of modern 哲學和藝術思想The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science,理性平等科學 and they also advocated universal 民普及教育
1約翰 班楊John Bunyan 1628-1688 18年坐牢，Christianity基督教
Style: Moded after the Bible, language:e asy to read,colloquial, concrete and conciseform: allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.3丹尼爾 笛福Daniel defoe 1660-1731
butcher?s family 賣肉家庭English middle –class
A man?s strugglees against nature
B glorifyication of the bourgeois men who has the courage and will to face hardship and determineation to improve his livelihood.C glorifyication of labor(Robinson lives on his own hands)
笛福的創作特點：Defoe was a very good story-teller.he had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible可信 and fascinating神奇.his sentences are sometimes short,crisp 短小干脆and plain,and sometimes long and rambling,which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.his language is smooth,easy,colloquial口語 and mostly vernacular方言.there is nothing artificeial in his language: it is common English at its best.4喬納森 斯威夫特Jonathan Swift 1667-1745
a greatest and bitterest satire.Lilliputyahoosbitter satire
5亨利 菲爾丁Henry Fielding 1707-1754
Born of an old aristocratic family.老貴族家庭“father of the English
“the third-person narration”第三人稱敘述
comic epic in prose”散文體喜劇史詩: 1 the descryiption in a grand style of classic epic.”classic epic”has:
A a great heroBcalls on MusesC give a list of names of godsD
compare small fights to great wars.2 use verifyied language to narrate a small fightdifferent figure of speech.esp,irony諷刺,hyperbole夸張
費爾丁的語言特色：Fielding?s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar,自然流暢通俗易懂but extremely vivid and vigorous.His sentences are always distinguished by logic邏輯性 and rhythm,韻律性and his structure carefully planed towards an inevitable ending.His works are also noted for lively,dramatic dialogues 戲劇性對話and other theatrical devices such as suspendse,懸念coincidence巧合 and unexpectedness.出人意料
第三章 浪漫主義時期the
Romantic Period is an age of poetry.1798-1832
人的孤單狀態
Passive , old and conservative :
“lake poets”William Words worthRobert Southey Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Active ,young and revolutionary: ByronShellyKeats
1威廉 布萊克William Blake 1757-1827
候看見過天使，他父親死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主義。An engraver 雕刻家
2威廉 華茲華斯William Wordsworth1770-1850 Poet Laureate“桂冠詩人”，lake poets湖畔詩人，“大自然的膜拜者”Poet Laureate特點：孤獨 自由 自然 His short poems ?Subject:poems about nature 自然and poems about human life.人類生活
<我如行云獨自游> simile明喻“inward eye”means human soul
The poet expresses his love for the daffodils.水仙花
5波 比 雪萊Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822
與拜倫相比更進步一點，政治，經濟的不公平，重視集體力量。自由。
Shelly eulogyized the powerful west wing and expressed his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality.
four-act poetic
7簡 奧斯汀Jane Austen1775-1817 匿名發表anonymously
The major theme:Love and marriageconcern about human their personal relationships.個人生活及人從她往下是寫小說的，上面的是寫詩的處女作《理智與情感》
傲慢與偏見 =
Darcy 達西Mrs.Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed,snobbish勢
力 and vulgar粗俗 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich,handsome young men.伊莉莎白的性格： A：Elizabeth is clever , alert, observant.She is more observant and less charitable than Jane in recognizeing the characters of Bingley?s sisters.She recognizes Mr.Collins?character in his letter and after meeting him turns down firmly and with dignity his patronizing proposal.She is able to match wits with Darcy several times and with Colonel Fitzwilliam,earning their respect and admiration.B:Fearless and frank ,not rattled by the attack of Lady Catherine de Bourgh ,she wins a notable victory, sending her Ladyship away completely routed.She is independent but not infallible in her judgment—taken in by the charm of the worthless Wickham.She cannot be blamed for misjudgeing Darcy.C: She shows flexibility, discernment,and honesty of mind when she reads Darcy?s defense in his letter and admits the justice of much of what h says.Thus beginning to lose her prejudice against him.《愛瑪》
第四章 維多利亞時期the
Victorian Period 1836-1901現實主義realistic 工業革命
Chartist movement(1836-1848)憲章運動
Victorian literaturediversity.文學多樣化
Darwin?s
1查爾斯 狄更斯Charles Dickens 批判現實主義作家he is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.作品特點：he is a master withhis characterized by a mingling of humor and p吸引讀者，悲情大師，幽默與哀傷交匯
Child characters :oliver twist奧利弗，特維斯物,little nell小奈爾,david copperfield大衛科波菲爾,little dorrit小多利特.
“let it not be supposed by the enemies of ?the system? that during the period of his solitary incarcerateon.Oliver was denied the benefit of exercise, the pleasure of society, or the adventages of religious consolation.”
A:The sentence is a typical,example of irony.反語 What Dickens intends to say is just the opposite of the sentence?s literal meaning.B:for the “benefit” of exercise, Oliver was whipped鞭打 every morning in a stone yard, for the “pleasure"of society, he was carried every other day into the dining hall and flogged 鞭打as a public warning and example to the boys;and as for the “adventages”of religious consolation安慰, he was kicked into the same apartment every evening at prayer time and listened to the boy?s prayer to be guarded against his sins and vices.罪惡行為
C:the ironic statement is ,in fact, a bitter denunciation 譴責and fierce attack at the brutal,inhuman treatment of the poor orphan孤兒by the workhouse濟貧院 authority.權力
2布朗蒂姐妹the Bronte sisters Charlotte bronte 1816-1855
簡愛的性格特點：Jane Eyre is quick will,honesty, frankness,and shi has the spirit of independence and self-dignity.
Emilybronte:poet,193poems.
Catherine凱瑟琳,Hindley辛德利,Edgar,Isabella,Heathcliff希斯克利夫 protagonist:Prufrock is neurotic神經
質,self-important,自以為是illogical不講邏輯 and incapable of action.優柔寡斷 The setting”polite society”彬的社會anti-romantic反浪漫主義
“stream-of-consciousness’
5戴維 伯特 勞倫斯 David Herbert Lawrence 1885-1930
普通礦工家庭，作品被禁讀，小說家，美國獨立戰爭，Civil War 內戰
Two beliefs:the theory of universality普遍性信仰and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.個別性和平等性
Language characteristic:
use oral English口語,vocabulary is amazing詞匯驚人,rarely-use words罕見詞, foreign origin words外國第一個按國際標準考慮自己職業的美國作家。
1915年入英國籍，羨慕歐洲文明。Henry james concerned with the”inner world”of man.He is also concerned with the International terms 國際方面
His language is simple and colloquial.口語
三個時期：
1早期in the first period 1865-1882international theme
Anne Bronte
6托馬斯 哈代Thomas hardy
“Wessex”sympatheticnostalgic懷舊fatepessimistsDarwin’s “survival of the fittestconflict with the environment
第五章 現代時期the
modern period19世紀末—20世紀初
Modernism rose out of skepticism懷疑論 and disillusion of capitalism.French symbolsm ,appearing in the late 19 century healed modernism.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted,and ill relationships between man and nature,man and society,man and man,and man and himself.Modernism is,in many aspects,a reaction against realism.The 1930s witnessesd great economic depressions,mass unemployment,and was known as “the red thirtyes”
The first “angry young man”:憤怒青年Osborne奧斯伯恩
The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is SamuelBeckett,his first play He is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.沒有受過高等教育的人反對資本主義剝削，相信共產主義。 He is considered to be the best-known english since Shakespeare.的plays 問題劇only one passion: indignation唯一憤怒的情感 A:One feature of shaw?s characterizehe makes the trick of showing up展示 one character vividly at the expense of 貶低損害another.B:another feature is that Shaw?s characters are the和角色發生倒轉錯位is also used in character portrayal to achieve comic effects.4TS埃略特Thomas Stearns Eliot1888-1965 出生美國，后1927成為英國公民 長詩 it presents the meditateion 沉思of an aging young man 上了年紀over the businesss of proposing marriage求婚問題.dramatic monologue, 戲劇獨白the 母親是上流社會 psychological exploration心理透析 Proficient poet 多產詩人 勞倫斯三部曲：”the lawrence trilogy” 1礦工的周五夜晚 2兒媳 3守寡的霍爾羅伊德夫人 勞倫斯的詩分三類： 1satirial and comic poems 3poems about nature mechanical civilizationis responsible for the development of human personalities,the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships 勞倫斯藝術特色： A：Lawrence?s artistic tendency is mainly realism,which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative可靠權威 commentary評論 B:his language is simplicity 簡單and directness直接 C:Lawrence makes use of poetic imagination and symbolism in his writing.第二部份 美國文學 第一章 浪漫主義時期 the romantic period18世紀末到內戰爆發前before the American civil war(美國的文藝復興) New England Transcendentalism 超驗主義 3納撒尼爾 霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864 懷疑心理，矛盾心理ambivalent writer，雙重,不講犯罪過程puritan family Hawthorne?s intellectuals 知識份子rae usually villains.惡棍 4華爾特 惠特曼walt Whitman 1819-1892 詞 ,wrong words錯詞,free-flowing ,simple and crude質樸野味,without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.沒有固定的節奏和韻律 “free verse”自由體詩，Mark by theUse of poetic”I”詩用第一人稱，家常隨意不講究死規矩sexual love topic,性愛作品。 5赫爾曼 麥爾維爾Herman Melville學霍桑 懷疑主義 is regarded as first American prose epic.美國第一部散文體史詩 Moby dick symbolize: 1 mystery of the universe 2power of the great nature 3evil of the world 皮埃爾 “bartleby,the scrivener”is a short story.短篇 “benito cereno”is a novella.中篇 第二章 現實主義時期the realistic period 1865-1914 Darwin達爾文 influence on literary naturalism.自然主義 1馬克 吐溫Mark Twain 筆名 1835-1910 原名：samuel Langhorne Clemens 薩繆爾 朗荷恩 克萊門斯 小說家 兒童 humor詼諧 幽默American folk humor 從樂觀主義向悲觀主義轉變 “damned human race”可恨的人類，language is simple,direct, lucid,and faithful to “vernacular方言土語”local color 鄉土氣息 H．L Mencken said he is “the true father of our national literature”門肯說他是“我們真正的民族文學之父” 《亞瑟王宮庭中的美國佬》 2亨利 詹姆斯 Henry jame 1843-1916 The forerunner of the 20th ”els and the, the founder of 畫像》 different themes and forms in his middle period不同的主題和形式 Literary criticism文學批評：注重形式又注重價值concern with form and devoted to human values. Henry james? fiction is characterized by:highly refined 高雅language.James is not so easy to understand.heis often highly refined and insightfull.with a large vocabulary,he is always accurate in toexpression for his literary imagination.他的語言不易讀懂，高雅而富有見解，詞語豐富，措辭準 He also advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him, even the disagreeable異端,the ugly 丑的and the 普通 3艾米利 狄金森Emily Dickinson1830-1886 1755首詩，500多首關于自然的。詩無題 首名引用，用詞簡潔，直率，平易，擬人的手法 破折號：韻律節奏 大寫：強調 tylove andnature 宗教死亡不朽愛情和自然 死亡的： 不得與君同住 4西奧多 德萊塞Theodore Dreiser1871-1945 Naturalist自然主義代表，no money no friendin power,no formal education worthy of mention,on family tradition in letters.只是在創作上更具諷刺意味，更加悲觀pessimists Prolific writer多產作家 “trilogy of Desire?《欲望》三部曲： <.the financeier>《金融家》 A welter of inscrutable forces“一團高深莫測的各種力量的糾纏” To him, life is “so sad,so strange ,so mysterious and so inexplicable”人類是各種力量交織在一起的受害者，這些力量人類是無法控制的。 Darwinist idea of “survival of the fittest”達爾文“適者生存”的思想影響 “kill or to be kill”“要么殺人，要么被殺” For lack of concision,readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events,though the time sequence is clear and the plot straightforward,he has been always accused of being awkward in sentence structure,inept and occasionally flatly tion and meaning, and mixed and disorganized in voice and means of communication rather than 繁的描寫之累，時間順序清楚，情節簡單，但句子結構不自然，用詞不準確，在語態和語氣上組織不嚴密。對他來說，語言只是傳達思想，而非藝術形式。 第三章 現代主義時期 1914-1918第一次世界大戰 美國現代主義的特點是反傳統，求創新。 2羅伯特 弗洛斯特Robert Lee Frost1874-1963 獲獎最多，詩歌最好，象征暗喻Pulitzer prize普利策文學獎，4次。serious poet 嚴肅詩人New England life 新英格蘭 對人類生活的愛和地勞動后詳和寧靜的贊美，創作風格平易自然，但很優雅，詩的語言口語化，節奏上如談家常，不緊不慢。半自由體或半傳統詩體。 第一次普利策獎 第三次 4司各特 菲茲杰拉德Scott Fitzgerald1896-1940 金錢的墮落，早期爵士時代 the Jazz Age，the upper-class young people.of paradese>第一篇小說《人間天堂》獲zelda sayre大獎 5歐內斯特 海明威Ernest(Miller)Hemingway1899-1961 Nobel Prize 1954年諾貝爾文學獎,出生醫生家庭 簡潔terseness口語colloquialism 鄉土氣息簡短short清晰明了clearness以少勝多”less is more” “grace under pressure”在生活的重壓下保持自尊is actually an attitude towards life that Hemingway had works.he depicts characters as brave and unjielded heroes.The Style of colloquyialism口語體,full of acents and mannerisms and the use of short ,simple and conventional words and sentences has an effect of clearness.“則 “the dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”冰山運動的尊嚴在于只有八分之一露出水面。Without any authorial comments,without conventionally emotive language,and with a bare minimum of adjectives and adverbs.What are the characteristics of the Hemingway code hero? A they have seen the cold world and for one cause or another,the boldly and courageously face the reality;whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure.B almost all his heroes are”soldiers”either in a narrow or broad sense.they are out there to fight against nature or the world,or even themselves.but no matter where the battleground is and how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated.C Hemingway himself is one of those Code heroes;some critics say his protagonists are autobiographyical,for they share something that is Hemingway.D the code with the honesty, the discipleine,and the restraint. 6威廉 福克納William Faulkner 1897-1962 Set in the American south, his emphasis on the southern subjects 以美國南方為背景，強調南方主題和南方意識。Nortern Mississippi Yoknapatawpha county. 我彌留之際 2she is a prisoner of the past 3she is a symbol of the old south 愛米麗是一個不愿意接受由于時間變遷而一切都改變的古怪的人，她是為過去所束縛的舊南方的象征。文體特點：his prose,marked by long and embedded sentences, complex syntax,and vague reference pronouns on the one hand and a variety of”Registers”of the English language on the other,is very difficult to read,it is not surpriseing to find in Faulkner’s writings his syntaxctical structures and verbals paralleled,negatives balanced against positives,compounded adjectives swelling his sentences,complex modifying elements placed after the nouns.In contrast,Faulkner could sound very casual or informal sometimes ,he captured the dialects of the Mississippi characters,includeing Negroes and the redneck,as well as more refined and educated narrators like Quentin.As to the symbols and imageries,they are most of them drawn from nature.句子長，用復合句子，指稱模糊，用各種語體，讀起來難懂，詞語排比，肯定否定并用，復合式形容詞，長串修飾，方言土語（密西西比河地區）象征源于自然。 William Shakespeare A summer’s day:here it may refer to a period or the season of summer.Date:the period of a lease.Untrimmed:striped of gay apparel Ow’st:ownest Lines:such as the lines of this poem and other sonnets Of force:of necessity Offence:condition of being hurt in one’s feelings,displeasure Fretten:disturbed Abject:wretched miserable Tainted wether:sick sheep Fleet:pass by quickly Ravenous:greedy Cureless:unableto be cured Hard by:nearby Difference:focus of the dispute Seasons:moderates Tenour:terms On you charge:you are responsible for the expenses What of that:it is not important Use:habit A love:a bosom friend By:here ,present Scale:balance At thy peril:at your own risk Rehears’d:referred to Recant:cancel withdraw Meet:appropriate Slings and arrows:attacks Perchance:maybe Give us pause:make us hesitate Contumely:contempt Fardels:burdens Grunt:groan Bourn:boundary Conscience:consciousnesss Pith:significance,importantce John Milton Study:pursuit Doubted his empire:was afraid for his sovereignty Empyreal:heavenly,sublime Compeer:companyion,equal,peer Of force:perforce,necessaryily Suffice:satisly In the gloomy deep:in Chaos Afflicted powers:stricken armies Daniel defoe Nothing near:in on way,not in the least Optics:mechanicsms for seeing In its place:in its proper place,that is,in the following account Jonathan swift Cut a caper:jump about in a joyfull manner Summerset:somersault Courser:a swift horse Took:jump over Intelligence:news The foot:the foot soldier,infantry Man-mountain:Gulliver Express order:clearly-stated order Allowance:something provided regularly,provision Henry fielding<>tom jones Occasioned:aroused Repaired to:went to Missile weapons:things that can be thrown to hit people Hinder head:back of the head Stour:a river William blake Heath:uncultivated land covered with shrubs Clothes of death:clothes in dark color Aspire:have ambition for something Sinews:muscles Lamb:symbol of peace and purity.William wordsworth A crowd/a host,of:a large number of Vacant:empty,thoughtless Steep:means to bathe or shine on Dove:the name of a river Highland:refers to the northern part of Scotland A melancholy strain:a sad tune Chaunt:chant lay:a short lyrical poem meant to be sung Percy bysshe shelley Clarion:a high,shrill trumpet Angels of rain and lightening: the clouds [轉帖]英美文學選讀學習技巧 我是外貿英語大專畢業的，為了拿到本科文憑，我的首選當然是英語專業，第一年我順利就拿到8份單科畢業證書，今年四月我只剩聽說與英美文學最難的二門。通過今年考試我感受很深，也領悟很多。我想這里開一個英美文學學習技巧話題，大家能交流一下學習經驗或小竅門，為沒通過或即將要考英美文學同學提供多一點信息和幫助。謝謝！ 首先我想與大家談論一下參考書，我能理解大家想偷機取巧的想法，參考書必定是比課本薄得多，看上去象精選集，但事實并非如此，實際考題說明一切。考題不會超大綱，答案自然都在書上。只不過來年考題會從越來越偏僻角落去選擇，所以課本也就越發重要。我現在都能想象出題老師得意笑容，“我出的題難什么，都在書上”。 當我看完第一遍書時，其過程實在是艱澀痛苦，捏著厚厚書真覺得苦海無涯，望也望不到出頭之日。但奇妙的感覺在后面，當我第二，三，四遍看完，當然到后面是以翻看形式了，書本捏在手上變得越來越薄了。我認為以課本為基礎，在自己腦海中形成的超薄精選集才是正直實用有效的參考書，在網上是下載不到，書店里也買不到。你所需要做的是把這課本看懂，讀透，翻爛。I don't want to say this is only choice, but it actually is, and an most direct and efficient way.Dont find too much resources, which cant easy your job, but increase your burden.我看見許多人說背不出，或怎樣背。大家都是這條路上過來的難兄難弟，多半白天要上班，晚上要背書，有段時間我近似絕望，懷疑自己提早進入老年癡呆癥，健忘癥。我不斷弄混名字，作品，時期，英美不分。就現在考題看來，題型已不是單純淺顯記憶題，而是在此基礎上的綜合理解題，在今年的部分選擇題，簡答題里都是這樣。如果不掌握最基本的（純粹背的），PASS是絕無希望。這里我介紹自己的記憶方法，這方法幫我走出維谷，希望對你們會有些幫助。 我的方法是建立一個樹枝結構。復習開始時面對的最大困惑是東西太多，無從下手，而且更糟是前背后忘記，忘得比背得快，簡直是沒天理，花下去的時間精力似乎打了水漂。當然要讓每個作家都能象對Shakespeare一樣一聽就有個大概印象，沒有充足廣泛閱讀量是無法做到的。既然太深一下子沉不到海底，我索性浮起來從面上抓，我的樹枝結構應運而生。可以說書前的目錄就是主樹桿，每個時期是樹枝，每個作家便是樹叉，單是這樣還是很抽像很難記，加上不同的“色彩形狀的葉子”，開始不用很多，節選作品，稱號（e.g.the father of.....or the Poet's Poet），相關術語（Whitman-free verse, Emerson-trascandentalism），正是這些“葉子”使樹叉有其獨特之處，成為記憶的載體。這樣我一下子把英美文學濃縮成二張卡片，在回家上班路上忙里偷閑時看一下，記一下，背一下。嗨，各位，這真得很有效噢，在很短時間內，我可以做出60％的選擇題了，并將茫然無序的思路理清。Though my tree is still in winter, “if winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”。這也許可作為根基吧，但其鞏固是在這棵樹枝繁葉茂的過程中，基礎鞏固與細節化是相輔相承的。然后我準備了一份小冊子，一頁一位作家，每頁再加上作家主要作品，風格，特點，作品情節，語言，人物描寫，功獻，第一或最后本作品，最成功作品，最....，通過你不斷從課本中汲取，你的樹會茁壯成長，并且由重點到細節，從記憶，熟悉，理解整個過程基本附合考綱要求，完美狀態是直至差不多等于課本知識的涵蓋量（這是共產主義狀態，說實在的我沒達到，真是革命尚未成功，同志還需努力）。 英美文學是綜合學科，要通過或考好，是需要日常對英美歷史背景熟悉，對大量著作的閱讀，研究體會的。死記硬背真的只是應付考試的，原始而無意義手段，而且對來年的考題是沒辦法應付的噢！ 以下還有一些小竅門，希望有幫助： 1.先復習美國文學，后英國文學； 2.美國文學可先從現實主義階段開始，英國文學可先從維多利亞階段開始； 3.去年考過題還會再考； 4.詩中解釋較多的話，找那些能反映主題的解釋多背背；明年多半是課本沒有的解釋了，考你的對詩理解程度了，5。對各階段時期特征多花功夫復習； 6.明年的理解題，綜合題，比較題必然多，例如： 1.二個階段思想，風格比較，舉例說明； 2.描述一個階段思想，風格特點，舉例說明； 3.比較二個同一，不同階段詩人，劇作家，小說家，舉其作品說明； 4.詳細說明一個術語，一種寫作方式，風格，主義如何運用，舉代表人物，作品說明，（eg, this year question: What is Allegory concerned with its implying meaning?)刁鉆復雜的題人人都可猜，我并非想例出一點希奇古怪的題擾亂你們的思路。這次四月考試，我是充滿信心拿高分，對每位作家或詩人我都仔細復習到了，但題目仍是出乎我意料之外，我覺得不公平是題型已不是去年直白而水平的出題方式，是一種縱向綜合題型。我想提醒明年要參加考試的同學，決不要把每個作家或時期獨立復習，如果可能的話，在對每位作家或時期有一定熟悉的程度，作一點縱向的比較，不但能加深理解，對你們明年考試決對有幫助，不，是貢獻。 坦白的說，這次考試當天上午，我腦海種幾次想到應看一下各個時期的異同點，這是我的薄弱環節，但我仍按常理將重點放在幾位重要作家寫作風格的復習上了。如果明年你是第一次考英美文學，那就別滿足于對各位作家的了解，如果明年你又要參加考試，也許猜一點比今年更難的題目，才能應付自如。 在英美文學上我真花很大功夫和精力（與其它的十幾門課相比），開始時期我確實感到無從下手，復習得很慢很仔細但效率不高。我在這里介紹我的學習方法，只想給以后考試的同學一些提示吧！必竟是我親身感受和經歷的，希望大家能少走一些彎路。在我開始自己的樹枝結構的復習方法后，我的學習效率大大提高，那是一種直接，明確，層次分明，直達中心的感覺，我不知誰是否有過同感--課本變薄--確實一種美妙感覺，那天起我便有信心通過英美文學。樹枝結構如同將不同時期分成幾格抽屜，復習每位作家時就象理衣服一樣將它們各就其位，而每格抽屜與其中的衣服都有其共有的獨特風格，（eg.English romantic period is an age of poetry, so there are 6 poets introduced here, and natue and freedom are main concerns of theirs)。這樣就不會象一開始，對每件衣服都細細打理，一旦回頭發覺身后堆了一地衣服，仍然茫然不知所措。（我曾將英國文學前二個時期來回復習二遍，惱火是進度極慢而能熟記住的東西不多，后然發覺這二個時期是最次要兩個階段。）這也是我為什么建議大家先看維多利亞時期的原因之一，將頭腦清醒比較有耐心的階段留給重點。另外，歷史是從古到今，但也許逆向學習更順一些，必竟年代越近詩人，作家寫的東西比較容易接受理解，當你比較進入狀態，即讀起或背起課本內容很通順時，再研究一下英語古詩，也許那些押韻，抑揚格會簡單些噢！ 不過由此我又想到一個好建議，是為明年第一次參加英美文學同學，也許在復習前，先翻看一下歷年的考試試卷的題目，題型和答案（是如何作答的），這會使你的復習形成很強目的性，方向感，對如何抓重點，要點很有幫助。我是經常復習一段時間就去看一下歷年考題，很有啟發，幫你找回一些遺漏地方 英美文學選讀要點總結精心整理 [英國』Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世紀至十七世紀中葉）文藝復興 1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主義是文藝復興的核心。 2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主義作為文藝復興的起源是因為古希臘羅馬文明的基礎是以“人”為中心，人是萬物之靈。3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主義者們卻從古代文化遺產中找到充足的論據，來贊美人性，并開始注意到人類是崇高的生命，人可以不斷發展完善自己，而且世界是屬于他們的，供他們懷疑，探索以及享受。 4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托馬斯.摩爾，克利斯朵夫.馬洛和威廉.莎士比亞是英國人文主義的代表。 5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.懷亞特將彼特拉克的十四行詩引進英國。6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英國文藝復興初期只是一個學習模仿與同化的階段。 7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of king1970uage, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主義詩歌的主要目標是對傳統習俗的熟練運用，語言的力度與氣概，而最重要的是發展了修辭模式，即將格律，韻腳（式），組織結構，意象（比喻，描述）與議論都結合起來勾畫出情感主題，并將其極為鮮明生動的表現出來。8.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文藝復興時期英國最著名的戲劇家有克利斯朵夫.馬洛，威廉.莎士比亞與本.約翰遜。 9.Francis Bacon(1561-1626), the first important English essayist.費蘭西斯.培根是英國歷史上最重要的散文家。 (I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯賓塞 10.the theme of Redcrosse is not“Arms and the man,”but something more romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主題并非“男人與武器”，而是更富浪漫色彩的“殘酷戰爭與忠貞愛情”。11.It is Spenser’s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as“the poets’poet.”正是斯賓塞的理想主義，對美的熱愛以及精美優雅的詩文韻律是他成為“詩人中的詩人”。(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.馬洛 12.As the most gifted of the“University Wits,”Marlowe composed six plays within his short lifetime.Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.馬洛是當時“大學才子”中最富才華的人，在他短暫的一生中，他完成了六部劇本的創作。其中最負盛名的是：《帖木爾》，《浮士德博士的悲劇》，《馬耳他島的猶太人》以及《愛德華二世》。 13.Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.馬洛的藝術成就在于他完善了無韻體詩，并使之成為英國戲劇中最重要的文體形式。 14.Marlowe’s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.馬洛的第二項貢獻是他創造了文藝復興時期的英雄形象。 15.His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama.他對戲劇發展的貢獻是不可磨滅的，為此，它被后世尊為英國戲劇的先驅。16.The passionate shepherd to his love激情的牧人致心愛的姑娘 This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.這首短詩是英國文學詩中最優美的抒情詩。 (III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亞 17.The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus;and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love?s Labour?s Lost.在他戲劇創作生涯的第一個階段，他創作了五部歷史劇：《亨利六世》，《理查三世》，《泰托斯.安東尼》以及四部喜劇：《錯誤的戲劇》，《維洛那二紳士》，《馴悍記》和《愛的徒勞》。 18.In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V;six comedies: A Midsummer Night?s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor;and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二階段，他寫了五部歷史劇：《理查三世》，《約翰王》，《亨利四世》，《亨利五世》以及六部喜劇《仲夏夜之夢》，《威尼斯商人》，《無事生非》，《皆大歡喜》，《第十二夜》，《溫莎的風流娘兒們》，還有兩部悲劇：《羅密歐與朱麗葉》和《裘利斯.凱撒》。 19.Shakespeare?s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus.The two comedies are All?s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三階段誕生了莎翁最偉大的悲劇和他自稱的黑色喜劇（或悲喜劇），悲劇有：《哈姆雷特》，《奧賽羅》，《李爾王》《麥克白》《安東尼與克利奧佩特拉》《特羅伊勒斯與克利西達》及《克里奧拉那斯》。兩部喜劇是《終成眷屬》和《一報還一報》。 20.The last period of Shakespeare’s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale and The Tempest;and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一個時期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜劇：《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》與《暴風雨》。他最后兩部劇是《亨利八世》與《魯克里斯受辱記》。 21.Shakespeare’s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet’s own feelings.這些十四行詩都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。 22.Shakespeare’s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的歷史劇都有這樣一個主題：在一個強大英明的君主統領下的國家，統一是非常必要的。 23.In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜劇中，莎士比亞以樂觀的態度對待愛情與青春，并將浪漫色彩渲染到極致。 24.The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主義悲劇《羅密歐與朱麗葉》，頌揚了對愛的忠貞及對幸福的追求。 25.Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.They have some characteristics in common.Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亞的四大悲劇是：《哈姆雷特》《奧賽羅》《李爾王》《麥克白》 26.“The King’s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“國王的統治一定要萬古不變”----但是這種流傳百世萬古不變的統治是有利于國家利益的，而不是只為國王自己服務。 27.Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems.In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此，他才無力尋求到醫治各種社會痼疾的靈丹妙藥，最后，他作為人文主義所能做的唯一事情便是逃避現實，從夢幻中找安慰。 28.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他認為文學應該是真善美的結合，應該反映天性與現實。 29.Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今來，沒有一個作家能與莎士比亞媲美，他對后世文學家的潛移默化也是無可估量的。 30.Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in king1970uage.在他之后幾乎所有的英國文學家都在藝術觀點，文學形式及語言技巧方面受到他的影響。 31.Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行詩第十八首詩莎翁最出色的十四行詩。 (IV)Francis Bacon弗蘭西斯.培根 32.The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning, Written in English;Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分為三類：第一類中最重要的作品有《學術的進展》（用英文著述）《新工具》（是《學術的進展》的拉丁文增補版）33.One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the knowledge from the workings of human mind.他將知識分為兩種：一種是通過神的啟示獲得的知識，另一種是通過人類用腦思考而獲得的知識。 34.According to Bacon, man’s understanding consists of three parts: history to man’s memory, poetry to man’s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man’s reason.培根認為，人類的認識與學問分為三部分：基于人類回憶的歷史學，基于人類想象力創造力的詩歌與基于人類理性的哲學。 35.Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.作為人文主義者的培根展示了自己對于自然界真理的實驗主義態度，并向中世紀的經院哲學家們提出挑戰。36.Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.培根的散文以簡潔，緊湊，有力度而著名。 37.The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.這些散文不僅結構巧妙還大量使用了《圣經》的典故，隱喻和基調。38.Of Studies論學習 Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.讀書使人充實，討論使人機智。 (V)John Donne約翰.鄧恩 39.The imagery is drawn from the actual life.詩中的意象都是從現實生活中提取的。 40.His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods.他的詩歌給人一種固有的戲劇性，展示了看上去零散多樣的經歷與觀念，以及漫無邊際的情感與心境。 41.The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics.《歌與短歌》是鄧恩最有名的詩集，囊括了他早期大多數愛情詩作。 42.In his gloomy poem“Farewell to love,”we can see his disillusionment.在憂傷的詩作《告別愛情》中，我們就可以感受到他對愛情幻想的破滅。 43.With the brief, simple king1970uage, the argument is continuous throughout the poem.議論依附于一種簡潔平白的語言，并貫穿于整首詩作。(VI)John Milton約翰.彌爾頓 44.he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他頭腦中充滿了為人類自由而戰的思想。45.Milton’s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.彌爾頓的文學作品可分為三類：早期詩作，中期的散文小冊子和后期的偉大詩作。 46.Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部偉大詩作：《失樂園》《復樂園》和《力士參孫》。 47.The theme of Paradise Lost is the“Fall of Man”.In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity.失樂園的主題是人類的沉淪。在沉淪之中，亞當發現了自己身上的人性。 48.Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他認為上帝是按照他自己的樣子造出的世界，其中也包括罪惡。 49.It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.為基督自愿獻身開辟了道路，這也顯示出上帝欲將人類從罪惡與苦難中拯救出來的同情心。50.In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton’s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士參孫中，整首詩都強烈暗示著彌爾頓渴望他自己也能像參孫一樣，以生命為代價，與敵人同歸于盡。 51.In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.彌爾頓畢生都展現了真正的革命精神和非凡的詩歌才華。 52.aradise Lost:人類由于理性不強，意志薄弱，經不起考驗，暗示英國自產主義革命失敗的原因。【英國】Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主義 1.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.總之，這一時期是矛盾與價值觀分歧的時期。 2.The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英國的十八世紀也同時是啟蒙主義時代，或曰理性時代。 3.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.運動的主旨便是用當代哲學與藝術思想的晨光啟迪整個世界。 4.Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.啟蒙者主張理性是任何人思想與行動的唯一緣由。他們大力提倡秩序，理性及法律。 5.As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其實，當時的文學作品種充滿了說教與道德理念，就已經成為大眾教育的良好工具。 6.Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英國著名的啟蒙主義文學家有約翰.德萊頓，亞歷山大.蒲柏，約瑟夫.艾迪森與理查.斯蒂爾（這兩位是現代散文的先驅），喬納森.斯威夫特，丹尼爾.迪福，理查.B.謝立丹，亨利.費爾丁和塞繆爾.約翰遜。 7.In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文學領域，啟蒙主義運動還使人們重新對古典時代的著作產生興趣。 8.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他們認為理想的藝術應基于秩序，邏輯，確切及情感控制的基礎上，而文學作品的價值評判標準應該看它是否為人文主義服務。 9.Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一種溫文爾雅，充滿靈性的知識分子文學藝術發展起來。 10.Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在幾乎所有的文學形式中，新古典主義者們都設定了創作的規矩與條框。 11.Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets(iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines);the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed;regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戲劇必須用英雄體偶劇（抑揚五音步的押韻雙行詩）寫就；時間，地點，事件三要素必須要遵循；寫作的規矩必須要遵守，而作品中的人物要代表一類人，而不是個性化。 12.But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature.(套話)但新古典主義對英國文學史產生過持久的全面的影響。 13.The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of king1970uage developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在這一時期出現的詩歌技巧與古典氣質，如秩序，優美的格式，統一的結構，簡明的語言都成為永恒的文學傳統。14.The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世紀中葉，還興起一種嶄新的文學形式----英國現代小說，這種文學與傳統貴族的騎士文學相反，著重描寫英國普通百姓的生活。 15.Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英國現代小說的先驅有丹尼爾.迪福，塞繆爾.理查德，亨利.費爾丁，勞倫斯.斯泰思，托比亞斯.斯摩萊特以及奧立弗.哥爾斯密。 16.From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classicliterary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.從十八世紀中葉至十八世紀末，還出現了古典文學傳統向獨創性與豐富聯想性的轉移，社會描寫向個性描寫的轉移，說教向懺悔，鼓勵及預示的轉移。17.Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小說----主要講述恐怖神秘的故事。18.Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.喬納森.斯威夫特的《一個小小的建議》被公認為英國文學史上諷刺作品的經典。(I)John Bunyan約翰.班揚 19.As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.作為一個堅定的清教徒，他認真學習《圣經》，并深信人一定能通過精神上的奮斗得到拯救。 20.he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的語言具體生動，情節鮮明真實，連沒受過教育的人也能享受到閱讀他的作品的樂趣。 21.Bunyan’s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim’s Progress, Part II.班揚其他的作品還有《罪人頭目的赦免》，《拜得門先生生死錄》，《圣戰》以及《天路歷程》第二部 22.The Vanity Fair.名利場（節選《天路歷程》第一部） The Pilgrim?s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English king1970uage.Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.《天路歷程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是讓人們遵循基督教教義，并通過不斷戰勝自身弱點與身外的邪惡來獲得拯救。(II)Alexander Pope亞歷山大.蒲伯 23.ope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire.蒲伯本身是個很敏感的人，自然要用筆墨來反擊，在此期間，他發展了犀利的諷刺文體。24.For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.對他來說秩序有著至高無上的價值-----宇宙秩序，政治秩序，社會秩序，美學秩序。這種對秩序與理性的強調深入到了他各部作品中。 25.ope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711.The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年，他出版了散文《論批評》，從此奠定了他在詩壇的地位。次年，他又出版了《奪發記》，一部極妙的諷刺史詩。 26.ope was the greatest poet of his time.He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.蒲伯是當時最偉大的詩人，他大力提倡新古典主義，強調文學作品的優劣應由古典的秩序尺度，理性，邏輯，情感的克制，高雅的品位以及是否體面，正派來衡量。 27.He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于詩歌創作，發展了諷刺，簡練，通順，優雅，平衡的風格。(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼爾.28.His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他過人的才智，充沛的精力，旺盛而持久的熱情總是使他在失敗后能重新站起。 29.Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.《魯賓遜漂流記》是一部體現時代精神的游記歷險小說，是笛福的代表作。 30.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中，他都表達了對勤勞，堅強的中產階級的贊譽，以及對破落不幸的窮苦人的同情。 31.Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很會講故事。 32.His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的語句時而短小干脆，樸素直白，時而又氣勢磅礴，潑墨 如水，為讀者留下了敘述自由悠閑的印象。 33.His king1970uage is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辭簡樸易懂又口語化，有時甚至是俗語方言。 34.There is nothing artificial in his king1970uage: it is common English at its beat.他的語言毫無造作，完全是大眾英語。 35.Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts.《魯賓遜漂流記》：整部小說分為三個部分 The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中對魯賓遜徒手與惡劣的大自然作斗爭的描述是小說最精彩的部分。在此，魯賓遜是真正的英雄：一個典型的英國十八世紀中產階級人士。(IV)Jonathan Swift喬納森.斯威夫特 36.In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his name as a satirist.1704年，他針對宗教和學術界的腐敗出版了兩篇犀利的諷刺小品，一為《桶的故事》，一為《書籍的戰斗》。這兩篇作品奠定了他在諷刺作品中的地位。 37.Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日，斯威夫特還被尊為愛爾蘭的民族英雄。 38.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed.To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他認為人性永遠有著嚴重的瑕疵，為了使人的生活更美好，人們需要啟蒙。 39.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中，他提倡的不是譴責，而是采取行為改良人性與人為的機構。 40.His“A Modest Proposal”is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一個溫和的建議》被認為是一篇完善的典范。 41.Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名優秀的散文作家。 42.He defined a good style as“proper words in proper places.”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of king1970uage mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他創立了一種良好的文風，即“在恰當的地方用恰當的詞”。無論是散文，詩歌，還是小說，簡潔，具體，精確，沒有復雜的句式永遠是他的寫作風格。 43.Swift’s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier’s Letters(noterapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver’s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》，《書籍的戰斗》，《德拉皮爾的信》，《格列佛游記》和《一個溫和的建議》。44.Gulliver’s Travels: Jonathan’s best fictional work, the book contains four parts.Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.《格列佛游記》：是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小說，全書分為四卷，它具有重大的社會意義，同時對人性的探索與揭示也是深刻的。(V)Henry Fielding亨利.費爾丁 45.During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戲劇創作生涯里，費爾丁曾嘗試過許多不同的戲劇模式。 46.Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要數《咖啡屋的政治家》，《悲劇中的悲劇》，《巴斯昆》，《1736歷史年鑒》。 47.a“comic epic in prose,”whose subject is“the true ridiculous”in human nature.“散文體喜劇史詩”，主題是人類本性中的荒唐，對人性進行了真實的諷刺。 48.The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小說的突出特點是出色的人物刻畫，及時的出場退場，筆調的遒勁及令人會心的幽默。 49.“The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great從某種意義上說，偉大的人物無異于“偉大”的匪徒--------《偉大的喬納森懷爾德》。50.The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature.費爾丁的代表作《湯姆.瓊 斯：一個棄兒的故事》主題是對人性的諷刺。 51.the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.，小說不僅供娛樂，而且更有教育意義，他的小說的主旨是要真實地展示生活，使之成為“人類態度的完整拷貝”，并將說教巧妙的引入作品，教導人們認識自己，尋求適宜的人生態度。 52.Fielding has been regarded by some as“Father of the English novel,”for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.費爾丁被一些人尊為“英國小說之父”，因為他為現代小說模式的創立作出很大貢獻。 53.he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifically a“comic epic in prose,”the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一個在理論與實踐上創造了“散文體喜劇史詩”，并第一個為現代小說確立了結構和風格。54.He“thinks the thought”of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”，因此不僅可以表述人物的外在行為，還可深入刻畫其內心的思想活動。 55.Fielding‘s king1970uage is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.費爾丁的創作語言自然流暢，通俗易懂，同時又栩栩如生并富有活力，他的句子以邏輯性和韻律性見長，小說結尾總是水到渠成，順理成章。 56.Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books.Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《湯姆.瓊斯》共18卷，湯姆曾一度成為全國人民心中的英雄，他----誠實，善良，高尚，忠誠，勇敢，同時也有著易沖動，魯莽和野性難馴的缺點。 57.Tom Jones brings its author the name of the“Prose Home.”The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.《湯姆.瓊斯》為費爾丁贏得了“散文荷馬”的盛名，小說為讀者提供了一幅英國18世紀鄉村與城市的宏偉的全景圖。(VI)Samuel Johnson塞繆爾.約翰遜 58.The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, essays and so on.1737年至1755年這段時間對他來說充滿了艱辛:他做過翻譯,寫過詩,為書商編書,編輯雜志。 59.In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of the literary circles.在他的文學社里，周圍圍滿了敬仰他的文學精英。 60.Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.約翰遜精力充沛，多才多藝，他還涉足各種各樣的文學領域。61.His chief works include pomes:“London”, and“The Vanity of Human Wishes”;a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia;a tragedy: Irene.他的主要作品有詩歌：《倫敦》，《人類欲望的虛幻》騎士浪漫詩：《拉塞拉斯的歷史》，《阿比西尼亞王子》；一部悲劇：《艾琳》。 62.As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English king1970uage, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作為詞典編撰者，約翰遜是編撰英文詞典的第一個英國人，作品為《英文大詞典》，這部巨著是塞繆爾.約翰遜花了七年時間獨自完成的。 63.Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.約翰遜是十八世紀下半葉最后一位新古典主義啟蒙文學家，他十分關心人類欲望的虛幻，幾乎他所有的作品都含有這樣的主題。 64.His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.他使用的句子一般較長，但結構工整，包含有許多排比，對仗。 65.Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.讀他的小說會給人一種感覺，他在與一位非常博學的人士對話。(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.謝立丹 66.The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.1777年，謝立丹的代表作《造謠學校》出版，使他大發其財。 67.His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敵》和《造謠學校》被認為是上承莎士比亞，下接蕭伯納的紐帶，是真正的英國古典派喜劇。 68.In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主題是道德。 69.The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface.The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double bliss for Charles.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England.No wonder, the play has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.《造謠學校》主要講述了兩個兄弟的故事，一個是偽君子約瑟夫.薩爾菲斯，另一個是放蕩不羈但心地善良的查爾斯.薩爾菲斯。戲劇的結尾約瑟夫名聲掃地，而查爾斯既獲得了美人的芳心，又獲得了豐厚的遺產，而梯澤爾夫人在丈夫的感化下與其重歸于好。《造謠學校》是對18世紀英國貴族資產階級的道德敗壞，對無聊的富人惡意的制造謠言，對上層社會驕奢淫逸的生活以及對在高貴生活方式和高尚道德準則的掩飾下的道德淪喪與虛偽假善的辛辣諷刺。毫無疑問，它被認為是自莎士比亞以來最出色的喜劇。 (VII)Thomas Gray托馬斯.格雷 70.he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年，他竟謝絕了授予他的詩人桂冠獎。 71.In contrast to those professional writers, Gray’s literary output was small.與其余專職作家不同，格雷作品極少。 72.His masterpiece,“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”was published in 1751.The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially“the Graveyard School”.1757年，他的代表作《寫在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版這首詩奠定了他在當時作為感傷主義詩歌創始人的地位，尤其是從此他便成為“墓地詩歌”流派的代表。73.His other poems include“Ode on the Spring”“,Ode on the Death of a Favourite cat”and so on.(Ode:?.贊，頌)他的其他作品還有《春之頌》，《伊頓公學展望》，《愛貓之死》等等。 74.A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.格雷創作態度認真，作品誕生速度慢，卻精益求精。 75.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray?s best and most representative work.In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy.The poem abounds in images and and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the best of the eighteenth century English poetry.《寫在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最優秀的代表作，創作歷時八年，詩中內容與格雷的知己理查.韋斯特的去世有關。其中，格雷揭示了生與死的愁苦與神秘，并略述了自己憂傷的心情。詩中富于比喻，并給讀者帶來深深的傷感。這首詩被列為英國十八世紀最優秀的詩歌之一。 【英國】Chapter3 The Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主義 1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英國面臨著新的發展動力：一是1789-1794年的法國資產階級大革命，一是同時期英國內部的工業革命。2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在議會通過并實施。 3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主義運動，無論是在英國，德國還是法國，都表現相互對工業革命時期現存的社會經濟制度及城市資產階級的上升的否定態度。 4.The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers.Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文學家摒棄了18世紀盛行的文學及哲學基調---8 理性，新古典主義文學家認為人是社會性的動物，而浪漫主義文學家認為人應該是獨立自由的個體。5.Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此，我們還可以說浪漫主義其實是將人們的注意力從外部世界—社會文明轉移到內部世界---人類自己的精神實質。6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主義時代也是詩歌的時代。 7.They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他們（浪漫主義代表詩人布萊克，華茲華斯，科勒律治，拜倫，雪萊及濟恩）認為詩歌是醫治社會頑疾的良藥，可以凈化人的靈魂。 8.Wordsworth defines the poet as a“man speaking to men,”and poetry as“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity.”華茲華斯認為詩人是對著廣大人民講話的人，而詩歌是強烈情感的自發流露，發乎情，止乎靜。 9.Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全無聯系的各種元素上創立新型整體的一種超凡的官能。 10.The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主義者不僅推崇想象，還強調靈感與創作的自發性，認為有這兩種才智才能創造出真正的詩歌。 11.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主義者們還體現了強烈的民族精神。 12.To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.They would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.浪漫主義詩人卻打破這些格律，他們會在窮苦百姓及日常生活中找尋素材。 13.The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主義時期的代表小說家有簡.奧斯汀與沃爾特.司各特.14.Jane Austen’s view of life is a totally realistic one.簡.奧斯汀對生活抱有完全的現實主義.15.The major theme of Jane?s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control.She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships.簡.奧斯汀作品的主題為愛情與婚姻,對于這個主題,奧斯汀抱有一種較為實際的理想主義---愛情必須有理智及道德準則的約束,她的作品的背景都很小卻都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常識及對人物和人際關系深刻的洞察受到了大批讀者的喜愛.16.Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual.He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表現出對政治與傳統的力量及它們對個人的影響深刻的洞察力。他是英國文學史上第一位重要的歷史小說家。 17.Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.哥特式小說也是浪漫主義運動的一部分，它盛行于浪漫主義前期的18世紀末。這種小說的主要題材是暴力，恐怖及對超自然力（鬼神）的描寫。(I)William Blake威廉.布萊克 18.He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad.He was recognized only posthumously.他經常遭到旁人誤解，認為他是個天才，又是個瘋子，他去世后才被人發掘出來并一舉成名。 19.Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.他的兩步詩集《天真之歌》和《經驗之歌》中，童年是布萊克主要描述的中心，這個描述中心使作品富有社會與歷史性的參考價值。20.Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity.It plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布萊克的《天堂與地獄的結合》一詩標志著他創作上的成熟，并擔負了諷喻與革命預言的兩重角色。 21.The“marriage,”to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻對布萊克意味著矛盾的調和，而并非一方從屬于另一方。22.Blake felt bound to declare that“I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision”and that“The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布萊克熱切得宣布：“我認為人世凡塵是一個充滿想象與幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡塵一樣充滿想象與幻覺。” 23.Blake writes his poems in plain and direct king1970uage.布萊克的語言直白樸素。 24.Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范圍地使用象征手法也是他作品的鮮明特征。 (II)William Wordsworth威廉.華茲華斯 25.The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the“Lake Poets”.詩人騷塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并稱為”湖畔詩人”。 26.In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政府為他發了津貼，次年他壓倒騷塞成為了“桂冠詩人”。 27.According to the subject, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主題，華的短詩可分為兩大類：關于自然的和關于人類生活的。28.Wordsworth is regarded as a“worshipper of nature.”華被稱為”大自然的膜拜者”。 29.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest.The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.華認為普通人的普通生活應是文學的主題，她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀樂。 30.His works contain“The Solitary Reaper”,“To a Highland Girl”,”The Old Cumberland Beggar”and“The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤獨的收割者》，《致高地姑娘》，《老坎伯蘭的乞丐》和《被摧毀的茅屋》。 31.In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of the experience of the poorest,“Resolution and Independence”is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通過大膽運用這樣的主題，同時對貧苦人民生活經歷的描寫擁有極大的可信度，“革命與獨立”則成為《抒情歌謠集》中成功的結論，這在英國詩歌歷史上也是第一次。 32.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past.華茲華斯是一個懷舊的詩人。 33.Wordsworth’s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.華茲華斯對簡潔樸素的風格的追求，對粉飾真實的厭惡使他的詩歌具有別人無法企及的純凈與深遠之美。 34.he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.他強調詩歌創作最要緊的是把握真實素材的來源，他的創作理論的核心便是普通人的生活經歷，普通人的詞匯語言都是詩人應該也能夠汲取的素材。35.William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period.華茲華斯是英國詩歌史上的精英，是浪漫主義時期的杰出代表。 36.The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the king1970uage and by advocating a return to nature.他對詩歌的巨大貢獻在于開啟了現代詩歌，開創了運用百姓生活語言寫詩的新道路，并號召人們回歸自然。(III)Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.科勒律治 37.In 1798, the two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, which became a landmark in English poetry.1798年，他同華茲華斯合作出版《抒情歌謠集》，成為英詩發展的一座里程碑。38.In addition to“The Ancient Mariner,”he wrote“Kubla Khan,”began writing“Christabel”and composed“This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,”“Frost at Midnight,”and“The Nightingale,”which are considered to be his best“conversational”poems.他創作了《古航海家之歌》，《忽必烈汗》，《子夜寒霜》，《夜鶯》等名詩，這些都是他“對話詩”的代表。 39.hilosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistic trends of the the 18th-century thought.在哲學與文學評論方面，科勒律治反對18世紀那種局限的理性主義潮流。 40.he advocated a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, based on what he had learnt from Kant and Schelling.他倡導了以坎特與斯凱靈理論的對人類精神化與宗教化的詮釋。 41.He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality.他認為藝術是唯一一種能 永遠揭示現實的形式。42.Coleridge’s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational.柯勒律治在詩歌方面的成就可分為不同的兩大類，神祗詩與對話詩。 43.Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group.這些詩歌的顯著特點，便是神秘與想象。44.“Christabel”uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atmosphere of the Gothic horror at once delicate and sinister.“克麗斯特貝爾”一詩采用了更為自由的抒情詩形式，創造出的是與一種微妙而又邪惡的哥特式恐怖氛圍。 45.He sings highly Wordsworth?s “purity of king1970uage,” “deep and subtle thoughts,” “Perfect truth to nature” and his “imaginative power.” But he denies Wordsworth?s claim that there is no essential difference between the king1970uage of poetry and the king1970uage spoken by common people.他高度贊賞華茲華斯那“純凈的語言”，“深邃的思想”，“對自然完美真實的描述”以及他“非凡的想象力”。但是他不贊成華茲華斯所說的“詩歌語言與普通百姓的生活語言沒什么兩樣”。 46.Coleridge was esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is generally recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank.科勒律治被同時期的詩界所尊崇，直至今日也被奉為第一流的抒情詩人與文學評論家。 47.he was one of the most influential English literary critics and philosophers of the 19th century.他是19世紀浪漫主義文學與哲學的代表。 （IV）George Gordon Byron喬治.戈登.拜倫 48.The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, brought Byron fame.拜倫早期代表作是長篇敘事詩《恰爾德.哈羅德游記》第一，第二章（1812）。 49.In Geneva, he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold and the narrative poem The Prisoner of of Chillon.在日內瓦，拜倫寫下了《哈羅德游記》第三章及敘事詩《齊倫的囚犯》。 50.he produced the verse drama Manfred, the first two cantos of Don Juan.他創作了詩劇《曼弗雷德》，《唐璜》的前兩章。 51.Don Juan is Byron’s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.他的代表作《唐璜》是19世紀初期的著名諷刺史詩。 52.Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, are virtues neglected by the modern society.拜倫在唐璜身上開發出勇敢,慷慨,誠懇直白等優點。 53.the poet’s true intention is, by making use of Juan’s adventures, to present a panoramic view of different types of society.詩人的創作意旨在于通過唐璜的游歷來體現不同的社會情形。54.Byron’s satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Pope’s;and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope’s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society.拜倫在詩的末尾對英國社會的諷刺與蒲柏相媲美，有過之而無不及，因為拜倫諷刺的不是個人恩怨，而是整個社會的虛偽。 55.As a leading Romanticist, Byron?s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold?s Pilgrimage, and then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Dan Juan in different guises.作為浪漫主義的代表詩人，拜倫的主要貢獻在于他創造了“拜倫式英雄”，高傲，神秘，反叛卻帶有貴族血統。這種拜倫式英雄出現在《哈羅德游記》，《東方故事集》，《曼弗雷德》及《唐璜》等多部作品中。56.Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms and innovations.拜倫以豐富的思想，想象力，藝術形式和創新歐洲的詩歌得到了發展(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪萊 57.He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.他一生都在執著的反抗社會上的殘忍與不公，強權與宗教，戰爭與剝削。 58.He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind.他認為罪惡還存在于人的思想。 59.One of Shelley’s greatest political lyrics is“Men of England.The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.”雪萊最著名的政治抒情詩是“致蘇格蘭人民”，這首詩在憲章運動時期成為廣大工人的戰歌。 60.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s“Ode to the West Wind”;here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.雪萊最著名的抒情詩當屬“西風頌”，這首詩語氣狂熱，宜于誦讀。 61.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.“如果冬天已經來臨，春天還會遠嗎？”詩人引用了文藝復興時期意大利詩人但丁的三行詩節隔句押韻法。 62.Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound，The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as“the most perfect of my products.”.雪萊最有造詣的作品是他的四幕詩劇《解放了的普羅米修斯》，它贊揚了人類自身的潛力，雪萊認識它是自己最出色的作品。 63.Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions.像布萊克一樣，由于不同于其他人，他是個備受推崇的詩人，他的作品博學，具有深厚文化底蘊，含有豐富的典故和神靈的暗示。(VI)John Keats約翰.濟慈 64.Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion and the moon goddess.1818年,濟慈出版了長詩<安狄米恩>,該詩以希臘神話為素材,記述了牧人安狄米恩赫月光女神的故。 65.It was this yearning and suffering that quickened his maturity and added a new dimension to his poetry.一連串挫折與內心壓抑的情感促使他走向成熟，并使他未來的創作更加豐滿。 66.At the heart of these pomes lies Keats’concern with how the ideal can be joined with the real, the imagined with the actual, and man with woman.這些詩歌表達了濟慈對如何將理想與現實，想象與實際，男人與女人結合起來的思考。 67.The volume also contain his four great odes:”Ode on Melancholy,”“Ode on a Grecian Urn,”“Ode to a Nightingale,”“Ode a Psyche;”his lyric masterpiece“To Autumn”and the unfinished poem“Hyperion.”這部詩集包括他著名的四首“頌”：“憂郁頌”，“希臘古甕頌”，“夜鶯頌”，“普賽克頌”及他抒情詩的代表作“秋日頌”和未完成的詩作“希波里恩”。 68.The odes are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works.頌詩是濟慈最重要也是最成熟的作品。 69.In the great of these works, he also suggests the undercurrent of disillusion that accompanies such ecstasy, the human suffering which forever question the visionary transcendence achieved by art.在這些作品中,他對資本主義社會現實又不滿，他的詩歌卻常常帶有唯美主義色彩。70.“Ode to a Nightingale”expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.”夜鶯頌”展示了自然界之美與人世之痛苦強烈的反差。71.“Ode on an Grecian Urn”shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.“希臘古甕頌”展示了永恒的藝術與短暫的人類熱情之間的對比。 72.Sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all taken in to give an entire understanding of an experience.將視，聽，嗅，味，觸等感覺都轉化成絕美的文字，帶來一個通透的體驗。 73.He draws diction, style and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milton and Dante.他在措詞，風格和比喻上都參考了莎士比亞，彌爾頓和但丁的作品。74.Keats’s poetry characterized by exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.濟慈的詩以精確緊湊的造句，有感描寫為特色，通過想象，營造了超出人類經驗值的自然之美。(VII)Jane Austen 簡.奧斯汀 75.Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs: Pride and Prejudice, the most popular of her novels, deals with five Bennet sisters and search for suitable husbands;and Northanger Abbey.她的處女作《理智與情感》講述了一對姐妹的戀愛經歷；《傲慢與偏見》是她最 著名的作品，講述了貝內特一家五位姐妹尋找如意郎君的過程；《諾覺寺》諷刺了18世紀流行的哥特式騎士抒情詩。 76.Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness;Emma gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity;and Persuasion contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.《曼斯菲爾德花園》表現了世俗與非世俗的并存；《愛瑪》對自欺欺人的虛榮心給予了反思；《勸告》將真摯愛情與精打細算進行了對照。 77.She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles;and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.她主張地主階級應在政治及社會生活中占主導地位，而她的作品也表現了她強調的理智高于情感，責任心、禮節、公正高于浪漫與個人主義的觀點。 78.And in style, she is neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在寫作風格上，她提倡新古典主義，堅持理性，秩序，典雅的原則。79.Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.奧斯汀的創作主題總與個人的生活及人際關系有關。 80.It is her conviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career.她確信一個人與自己妻子，兒女的關系最起碼同他生命的另一半---事業，信仰---同樣重要。 81.plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.奧斯汀的寫作素材十分狹窄。主題，角色，社會背景及情節都離不開18世紀英國的鄉村中產階級生活，總是三，四口之家的日常生活。 82.ride and Prejudice, originally drafted as“First Impressions”in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen’s works.《傲慢與偏見》原名《第一印象》是奧斯汀最出色的作品。 83.Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奧斯汀認為人的第一印象總是有失偏頗的。 84.The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere.85.The works of Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature.With trenchant observation and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.奧斯汀的著作令人愉悅并有深意，是英國文學史上巨大的成就。她通過犀利細致的觀察，向我們展現了平和的英國鄉村中產階級的日常生活全貌。 86.Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.其典型的主旨是成熟，實在錯誤的幻想打破后獲得的。 87.Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all novelists.由于她人類行為的普遍模式十分敏感，奧斯汀使英國小說走向成熟，眾多評論家都認為她是英國最出色的小說家之一。 【英國】Chapter 4 The Victorian Period(1836-1901)維多利亞時期 1.Common sense and moral propriety, which were ignored by the Romanticists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work.道德和常理這些被浪漫主義時代遺棄多年的主題，又回到了文學主流中來。 2.Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater, both notorious advocators of the theory of“art for art’s sake.”唯美主義者奧斯卡．王爾德與沃爾特．培特都極力推崇“為了藝術而藝術”的觀點。3.Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced.實用主義大行其道。 4.The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and ways of expression.這個時期的詩歌具有風格標新，表達立異的特點。 5.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age.The high-spirited vitality, the down to earth earnestness, the good-matured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented.維多利亞時期文學，真實地反映了時代的現實與精神，其中體現出的高度的活力，腳踏實地的精神，善意的幽默與無羈無絆的豐富聯想都是空前的。(I)Charles Dickens查爾斯．狄更斯 6.Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club appeared in monthly installments.It is once lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.很快《皮克威克外傳》也出版了，這使狄更斯一度名利雙收。 7.Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writer of the Victorian Age.狄更斯是偉大的批判現實主義作家。 8.The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking.他所能做的只是保持一種充滿希望的樂觀主義。 9.Whatever his limitations, this man is loved and admired by the millions, not only for the practical reform his works have helped to bring about but also for that heart which is ready to love and sympathize.不管狄更斯有何局限性，他都深受人民大眾喜愛，不僅因為他的作品促進社會改良，更因為他那顆善良博愛之心。 10.In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a Large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century England, particularly London.在他的作品中，狄更斯對１９世紀的英國，特別是倫敦做出了全面地描繪及大量的批評。 11.His early works contain Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Pickwick Paper(legal fraud), David Copperfield and Martin Chuzzlewit.他的早期作品包括《霧都孤兒》，《尼古拉斯．尼克爾比》，《皮克威克外傳》（合法欺騙），《大衛．科波菲爾》和《馬丁．瞿述偉》等等。 12.This youthful brightness and optimism is also manifest in the constant jokes and laughter.作者青年時期的這種明朗與樂觀還體現在作品的幽默與笑料中。 13.His later works contain A tale of two Cities, Bleak House, Little Dorrit, Hard Times and Great Expectations.后期作品包括《雙城記》，《荒涼山莊》，《小多利特》，《艱難時世》和《遠大前程》。14.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.狄更斯具有驚人的講故事能力。 15.Dickens’works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.狄更斯的作品還有一個特點，是將幽默與哀傷的淚水交匯起來。 16.Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious to wring an extra tear from the audience that he indulges himself in excessive sentimental melodrama and spoils the story.有時狄更斯會將作品寫的令讀者潸然淚下，但由于他過于注重悲情的渲染，有時會破壞故事的連貫性。 17.Charles Dickens is one of the greatest Victorian writers, and his name one of those to be remembered forever.狄更斯是英國文學史上能與莎士比亞齊名的文學巨人，他的作品與人格都將永遠留在人民心中。 (II)The Bronte Sisters布朗蒂姐妹 18.Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and their gifted sister Anne Bronte came from a large family of Irish origin.夏洛蒂.布朗蒂，艾米麗.布朗蒂，安妮.布朗蒂三姐妹出生于愛爾蘭裔的大戶人家。19.Charlotte’s second novel, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847.In the same year, Emily’s single and unique work Wuthering Heights and Anne’s Agnes Grey were also published.夏洛蒂的第二部小說《簡愛》問世后立即大獲成功。同年，艾米麗唯一的小說《呼嘯山莊》與安妮的《阿格尼斯.格雷》也相繼發行。 20.Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.夏洛蒂的作品主題幾乎都是個人自覺地為實現自我價值而奮斗，都是有關一些孤獨而卑微的少女對愛情，理解與完整幸福的生活的強烈渴求。21.In her mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil.在她看來，人生就是一場永不停息的罪惡與美德的斗爭。 22.All her heroines’highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.她小 說中的女主人公最大的快樂都來自一些自我犧牲后或個人弱點被戰勝后獲得的幸福。 23.She is a writer of realism combined with romanticism.On one hand, she presents a vivid realism picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor.On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and passion.她還是集現實主義與浪漫主義于一身的作家。一方面，她真實生動的再現了英國上流社會的殘酷，虛偽及其他丑惡現象以及下層貧苦人民的不幸。另一方面，她的筆下充盈這美好的情與景。 24.Jane Eyre: It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.《簡愛》：它以對當時社會尖銳的批評而聞名于世。小說的成功在于它在英國小說史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教師的女主人公形象。 25.The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.小說通過對簡熱烈的情感，思想以及內心沖突的生動描寫，向讀者展示出了一幅心靈畫卷。 26.Wuthering Heights: It is the story about two families and an intruding stranger.《呼嘯山莊》講的是兩個家庭與一個外來者的故事。 (III)Alfred Tennyson阿爾弗雷德.丁尼生 27.He was appointed the Poet Laureate.丁尼生被授予“桂冠詩人”的榮譽。 28.Tennyson’s poetic career is also marked out by Idylls of the King(the Celtic legends of King Arthur).丁尼生另一部代表作是《國王詩歌集》，故事源于凱爾特民族關于亞瑟王與他的圓桌騎士的傳說。29.For one thing, the moral standards and sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people.For the other, the story of the rise and fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization.其一是因為詩中道德標準及情感都屬于維多利亞并非中世紀的貴族；其二是因為故事中亞瑟王的崛起與衰敗其實就是西方文明周而復始的歷史寫照。（《國王詩集》并不是古代傳奇簡單的翻版，而是對古典神話的現代詮釋？） 30.Tennyson is a real artist.He has the natural power of linking visual picture with musical expressions.丁尼生是一位善于將可視的風景圖畫與極富樂感的表達語匯及多姿多彩的情感非常自然的糅合在一起的藝術家。 31.The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, and the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.丁尼生的創作不僅體現了他自身的天才，還體現了英國燦爛的詩歌傳統，從斯賓塞的夢幻到彌爾頓的壯麗，從華茲華斯的自然簡潔到布萊克與科勒律治的奇異詭譎，從雪萊與濟慈的旋律美到司格特與拜倫的敘事天才，這一切豐富多彩的品質都在丁尼生筆下有所體現。(IV).Robert Browning羅伯特.布朗寧 32.Like Browning’s other characters in their monologues, these people unconsciously reveal their own characters in the story.正像布朗寧其他獨白作品種的人物，這些人也不自覺地通過講述故事暴露了自己的性格特點。 33.The name of Browning is often associated with the term:“dramatic monologue.”《指環與書》一詩使布朗寧成為英國最偉大的詩人之一。 34.To Browning, the dramatic monologue is an ingenious means to exploit his literary gift without getting too personal.對布朗寧來說，戲劇獨白是一種既能開發文才，又可與角色保持一定距離的靈活方式。(V)George Eliot喬治.艾略特 35.Then there came successively her three most popular novels, Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.而后她的三部代表作相繼問世：《亞當.貝德》、《費洛斯河上的磨房》以及《織工拉斯.馬奈爾》 36.In1872，Middlemarch, a panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot’s greatest achievement.1872年，《彌都瑪持鎮》問世，這部作品是她最好的作品。 37.By joining the worlds of inward propensity and outward circumstances and showing them both operating in the lives of her characters, she initiates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.通過將自己的內心世界與外在環境結合起來，并把兩者注入對角色的塑造之中，艾略特開創了一種新型的現實主義，并進一步朝著自然主義與心理分析小說發展。 38.In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern human action.在作品中，她努力的表現人們靈魂深處的斗爭，揭示那種駕馭人類行為的動機，沖動及遺傳影響。 39.George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential and social aspirations.艾略特特別關心女性的命運，尤其是那些才華出眾，渴望步入社會的女性。 40.In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth.艾略特認為女人的不幸是出生時就隨身帶來的。 41.Middlemarch: but both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.《彌都瑪持鎮》：小說的兩個女性主角都具有潛在資質與雄雄野心，但都因為社會環境與自身弱點的限制沒能達到人生目標。(VI)Thomas Hardy托馬斯.哈代 42.his last two novels: Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.他的最后兩部小說是《德伯家的苔絲》與《無名的裘德》。 43.His best local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the Native, The Trumpet Major, The Mayor of Casterbridge, The Woodlanders, Tess of the D?Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.These works, known as “novels of character and environment,”are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.他晚年的作品最富地方色彩，如《還鄉》，《號兵長》，《卡斯特橋市長》，《林地居民》，《德伯家的苔絲》與《無名的裘德》這些作品便是著名的“角色與環境為綱的小說”，最好的代表了作者自然主義與批判主義的寫作特點。 44.Tess, a simple, innocent and faithful country girl.She finally becomes a victim of the modern society.苔絲，一個單純忠誠的鄉村女孩，她最后成為了現代社會的犧牲品。 45.Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer.哈代常被認為是一位承前啟后的作家。 46.In his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment.哈代作品中的人物都不可避免的屈從于自身的天性或遺傳的品質，促使他追求某一種幸福成功，從而又使自己陷入與環境的沖突中。 47.He is a meditative story-teller or romancer.他是個善于深入思考的故事家。 48.They are not only individual cases but also universal truth.他們不僅個別的例子，還是普遍的真理。49.Their plight is not just their own;it applies to any one, any age.And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural structures.他們（小說中的人物）的故事不僅是他們自身的經歷，而且具有相當的普遍性。最后，哈代的作品結構完美，語言極富鄉土氣息與詩情畫意。 50.Tess of the D?Urbervilles: There she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman.It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century.《德伯家的苔絲》：苔絲遠離故土，外出謀生，與牧師之子安吉爾相識相愛。這部小說抨擊了當時扭曲人性的虛偽道德，抨擊了破壞鄉村寧靜的資本主義價值觀。 【英國】Chapter 5 The Modern Period現代時期 1.The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝國終于日薄西山了。 2.Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.德國哲學家亞瑟.叔本華的悲觀主義與反理性哲學強調了人的意愿與直覺的重要性。 3.Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采繼承了叔本華的理論后，更進一步的反叛理性主義與基督教精神，推崇強權與 霸權。 4.Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基礎上創立了非理性哲學，強調創造力，直覺，非理性與無意識。 5.The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people’s faith in the Victorian values.一戰的毀滅性災難摧垮了人們對維多利亞道德標準的信奉。 6.The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.19世紀晚期法國的象征主義預示了現代主義的誕生。 7.literary trends of modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一戰后，所有的現代主義文**流都產生了：表現主義（強調自我表現，反對藝術的目的性），超現實主義，未來主義，達達主義（頹廢派文藝），意象主義以及意識流等等。 8.The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf.這場運動的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡，畢加索，龐德，韋伯恩，T.S.埃略特，喬伊斯及費洛尼亞.沃爾夫。9.After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony.”二戰后，另一種形式的現實主義，即后現代主義，比如存在主義文學，荒誕派戲劇，新小說及黑色幽默，如雨后春筍涌現出來，其理論基礎便是存在主義所講的“世界是荒謬的，人生則是巨大的痛苦”。 10.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.現代主義以非理性哲學和精神分析原理作為理論基礎。 11.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.現代派文學的主題便是反映人與自然，人與社會，人與人，人與自我之間被扭曲的，漸漸疏遠的，病態的關系。 12.As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.這樣一來，現代主義作品常被稱為反小說，反詩歌與反戲劇。 13.With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again.50年代，現實主義詩歌又開始回溯。 14.D.H.Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing.His interest lay in his tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist Industrialization on human nature.In his best novels like The Rainbow and Women in Love, he made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships.D.H.勞 倫斯被認為和喬伊斯一樣大膽改革小說創作手法，與喬伊斯不同，勞倫斯對寫作技巧的改革不感興趣，依然沿襲傳統的完整的故事情節，但他極力展現角色的心理發 展，尖銳的批判了資本主義工業化對人性的非人道的扭曲。在他最優秀的作品中，如《虹》，《戀愛中的女人》，勞倫斯大膽的探索了各種人性心理，人際關系，尤 其是男人與女人之間的關系。 15.by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.資本主義機器工業文明將人變成了無性的機器。 16.Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.奧斯卡.王爾德的代表作是《認真的重要性》。 17.Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.蕭伯納在戲劇方面被公認為自莎士比亞后，英國最優秀的戲劇大師。 18.The Silver Box and Strife are such examples, in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic picture of social injustice, but also the workers’heroic struggles against their employers.《銀盒》與《抗爭》便是很好的例子，其中高爾斯華綏不僅真實地展示了社會的不公平，還生動描寫了工人與資本家的英勇抗爭。19.The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England.One of the early experimenters was T.S.Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry.30年代，英國的戲劇復興了，最早的改革試驗者T.S.埃略特說，戲劇是詩歌傳播與普及的最佳媒介。 20.This revolution developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.(The English dramatic revolution)戲劇發展為兩派：工人階級戲劇與荒誕派戲劇。 21.The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world.He first play, Waiting fro Godot.荒誕派戲劇代表人物是塞繆爾.貝克特。他擅長描寫生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人與毫無意義的人生。(I).George Bernard Shaw喬治..蕭伯納 22.Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.蕭主張藝術應該為社會服務，應該反映人的生活與社會矛盾并教育廣大人民。 23.The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.His works contain Widowers’House, Mrs.Warren’s Profession, is a play about the economic oppression of women.他的劇作主要揭露當時的社會，經濟，道德，宗教中的罪惡，表現了自己作為左翼社會主義改良派的觀點。他的早期代表作品包括《鰥夫的房產》，《沃倫夫人的職業》的主題是對婦女們經濟上的壓迫。 24.Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of“Life Force,”the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society.蕭伯納還創作了一系列話劇，探索了“生命的力量”---一種能夠與上帝齊平，解決各種社會，道德及玄奧問題的超級力量。 25.Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subject.The Apple Cart is about politics;John Bull’s Other Island is about racial problems.蕭伯納的作品還有關于政治的《蘋果車》，關于種族問題的《約翰.布爾的另外島嶼》。 26.Too True to be Good is a better play of the later period, with the author’s almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.出色的作品《難以置信》，主題是對殘忍瘋狂的第一次世界大戰近乎虛無主義的嘲諷和對幻滅失落的青年一代的憂傷。 27.One feature of Shaw’s characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.蕭伯納人物塑造方面的特點是他經常不惜貶低另一些角色來極力生動形象地展示某一個角色。 28.Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.蕭伯納的許多戲劇情節與角色都在傳統的基礎上發生倒轉錯位。 29.The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.動作的進行不僅體現在情節的鋪展中，也體現在對白的內涵中。（情節豐富，但不以情節取勝，生動的對白超越了故事情節的光彩） (II).John Galsworthy約翰.高爾斯華綏 30.The Forsyte Saga, his first trilogy: The Man of Property, In Chancery and To Let.His second Forsyte trilogy, A Modern Comedy, appeared in 1929, and the third, End of the chapter, posthumously in 1934.一戰之后他完成了第一部費爾塞特世家三部曲，包括《財主》，《騎虎難下》，《出租》。第二部費爾塞特三部曲《現代喜劇》于1929年問世，第三部《篇章末尾》，則在他去世后的1934年出版。 31.Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray.高爾斯華綏是傳統型作家，繼承了狄更斯，薩克雷等維多利亞時期文學家的優良風格。 32.He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and straightforward king1970uage.他的語言與風格都是同樣的清晰，直白，毫無做作。 33.The Man of Property: The theme of this novel is that of the predominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships.《財主》：這部小說展示了費爾塞特家族盛行的占有欲與唯利是圖，這種占有欲深刻影響到家族內的人際關系。（III）.William Butler Yeats威廉.巴特勒.葉芝 34.In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.1923年他獲得了諾貝爾文學獎。 35.He came to see that literature should not be an end in itself but the expression of conviction and the garment of noble emotion.他認為藝術的最終目的并非它本身，而是對社會成員的說教及對高尚情感的抒發。 36.His poetic achievement stands at the center of modern literature.他是最優秀的英文詩人之一，是現代文學的中流砥柱。 37.Yeats has achieved suggestive patterns of meaning by a careful counterpointing of contrasting ideas or images.葉芝還實現了意義的深邃暗含，因為他將反差極大的意象對應起來。 38.“The Lake Isle of Innisfree”is just a popular representative of such poems.“伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲”一詩便是這樣的典范。 39.Yeats came to realize that eternal beauty could only live in the realm of art.他漸漸意識到永恒的美只存在于藝術王國。 (IV).T.S.Eliot T.S.埃略特 40.His first important poem,“The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock,”appeared in 1915.他的第一首重要詩作“J.A.布魯富克勞的情歌”于1915年問世。 41.He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.他一生榮獲許多大獎，包括1948年的諾貝爾文學獎與功績勛位。 42.As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of king1970uage, Eliot had explore in his early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modern Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life.作為一個經歷過幻滅痛苦的青年，憑借著靈活運用語言的勇氣，埃略特在早期詩歌中探索了現代化西方文明在各方個面的衰敗，傳達出一種生命崩潰的悲觀。 43.The poem is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream-of-consciousness technique.《衰老》一詩很大程度上效仿了喬伊斯的意識流手法，而且埃略特在以后的創作中也大量運用了意識流。44.The Hollow Men, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to The Waste Land, is generally regarded as the darkest of Eliot’s poems.《空洞的人》在主題上十分近似《荒原》，是埃略特最黑暗的詩。45.“The Waste Land”not only presents a panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation in the modern Western world, but also reflects the prevalent mood of disillusionment and despair of a whole post-war generation.《荒原》不僅全面展現了現代西方社會物質上的錯亂和精神上的頹敗，而且也反映出戰后一代人中盛行的幻滅與絕望。 46.The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.《荒原》一詩的主題是表現現代文明中人們精神的墮落與崩潰，人生已失去了意義與目的。 47.In his famous essay,“Tradition and individual Talent,”Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.在著名散文“傳統與個人天才”中，他強調傳統對創作與評論兩方面的重要作用。 48.Eliot came to believe that the illness of the modern world was of the sum of individual souls, and that the cure could only be obtained by the change of the individual souls through the religious salvation.埃略特認為現代社會的弊病是每個社會成員靈魂深處弊病的總合，只有通過宗教救贖人的靈魂才能救治整個社會。 49.The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock：The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended love song and a confession of the speaker’s incapability of facing up to love and to life a sterile upper-class world.“J.A.布魯富克勞的情歌”：全詩的形式是戲劇獨白，暗示了虛假的“情歌”與主人公自己承認的無法直面愛情及無聊得上流社會生活之間的諷刺性對照。(V).D.H.Lawrence戴維.伯特.勞倫斯 50.His autobiographical novel, Sons and Lovers.《兒子與情人》是他的自傳體作品。該作品出版后，他才確立了杰出小說家的地位。 51.The following two novels, The Rainbow and Women in Love, are generally regarded as his masterpieces.接下來的兩部小說《虹》和《戀愛中的女人》被認為是他的代表作。 52.In Lawrence’s opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities, the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships.勞倫 斯認為工業機械化的文明是人類個性病態發展，愛情扭曲，婚姻不幸的罪魁禍首。 53.Gerald Crich, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics.Whereas Birkin, a self-portrait of Lawrence, is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous Life Force.《戀愛中的女人》中杰拉德象征著精神的死亡，代表了整個資產階級的倫理觀。而勃金則是勞倫斯的一幅自畫像，他反抗著工業機械化帶來的種種壓抑以及任何一種喪失了生命力的形式與教條，代表了人情溫暖及生命原始的沖動。 54.By portraying, in Aaron’s Rod, a disillusioned man who attempts to save his integrity by running away again and again from his wife and children，Lawrence tries to show that every man is a sacred and holy individual whose integrity should never be violated or dominated.在《亞倫神杖》中，勞倫斯塑造了一個幻想破滅的男人，為了維護美德與尊嚴一次次逃離妻兒，表現了每個人都是神圣的，獨立的，其人格與尊嚴不得侵犯。 55.Irony, humour and wit are the characteristic features of many of the stories.諷刺，幽默，機智都是他短篇小說的特點。 56.Lawrence is also a proficient poet.勞倫斯還是個天才多產的詩人。 57.Lawrence was discovered to be an important playwright in 1968 with the efforts of Peter Gill who staged three plays known as “the Lawrence trilogy” at the Royal Court.These three plays: A Collier?s Friday Night, The Daughter-in-law and The Widowing of Mrs.Holroyed, have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire.1968年，勞倫斯的三部戲劇作品，稱為“勞倫斯三部曲”，在彼得.吉爾的幫助下，在皇家劇院登臺演出，從而勞倫斯又成為重要的劇作家，這三部戲是《礦工的周五夜晚》，《兒媳》以及《守寡的霍爾羅伊德夫人》，這三部作品的背景都是諾丁漢姆郡的工人階級。 58.Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.He believed that the healthy way of the individual ?s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force.勞倫斯是首先將心理透析引入作品的小說家之一，他認為人類心理的健康主要在于生命的沖動，或曰性沖動，性行為是生命活力的體現。 59.Lawrence’s artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary.勞倫斯繼承了現實主義創作手法，將戲劇化情節與權威性的評說結合起來。 60.Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning.Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters’subconscious life.勞倫斯通過將傳統的現實主義手法與改革后的象征主義與詩化聯想結合為一體，勞倫斯成功的展示了角色潛意識的跌宕起伏，賦予傳統現實主義新的意義。(VI).James Joyce詹姆斯.喬伊斯 61.Joyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong autobiographical elements.The novel can be read as a naturalistic account of the hero?s bitter experiences and final artistic and spiritual liberation.1916年，喬伊斯第一部長篇小說《藝術家年輕時代的肖像》出版。小說的題目暗示著角色塑造有自傳成分。這部作品可以說是自然主義的，描述了主人公痛苦的生活經歷及最后藝術與精神上的解放。 62.Ulysses, Joyce?s masterpiece, has became a prime example of modernism in literature.The three major characters are: Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedy Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.喬伊斯真正的代表作是《尤利西斯》，這部小說是現代主義文學的首要典范。只有三個主要角色：愛爾蘭的猶太人利奧普爾德.布魯姆，他的妻子馬麗翁.T.布魯姆以及史蒂芬.德達拉斯，也就是《藝術家年輕時代的畫像》中的主人公。 63.In Ulysses, the events of the day seem to be trivial, insignificant or even banal.But below the surface of the events, the natural flow of mental reflections, the shifting moods and impulses in the characters? inner world are richly presented in an unprecedentedly frank and penetrating way.在《尤利西斯》小說中，這一天內發生的事情極為瑣碎，毫無意義，甚至非常陳腐。但在這平庸的表面下陷藏著自然的意識流，反映了角色內心的思想活動及心情與沖動的變化轉移，表達空前直白，極富穿透力。 64.This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness.” And Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the characters.這種表達角色心理狀態的文學手法便是“意識流”。而喬伊斯則是最偉大的意識流小說家。 65.Another remarkable feature of Joyce?s writings is his style.His own style is a straightforward one, lucid, logical and leisurely;subtlety, economy and exactness are his standards.But when he tries to render the so-called stream of consciousness, the style changes: incomplete, rapid, broken wording and fragmentary sentences are the typical features, which reflect the shifting, flirting, disorderly flow of thoughts in the major characters’mind.喬 伊斯小說的另一個特點是他的文體風格，他本身的文風直白，清晰，富于邏輯而游刃有余；細微，簡潔，精確也是他的語言標準。然而一旦進入“意識流”，他的文 風便陡轉急變：處處可見不完整，短促，支離破碎的語句和措辭，這些都如實反映出角色的思想意識的怪異多變，閃爍不定及雜亂無章。 66.“Araby” from Dubliners This tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in the midst of drabness is both meticulously realistic in its handling of details of Dublin Life and the Dublin scene and highly symbolic in that almost every image and incident suggests some particular aspect of the theme.《都柏林人》：這則故事主題是在單調乏味的環境包圍下對美的追求的挫敗，故事既富于現實主義又富于象征主義，現實主義在于它細致入微的描述了都柏林的景觀與生活，象征主義在于每一個意象每一件事都暗示著主題的某個方面。【美國】Chapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主義時期 1.From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass.It is also called“the American Renaissance”.浪漫主義時期開始于十八世紀末，到內戰爆發為止，華盛頓.歐文出版的《見聞札記》標志著美國文學的開端，惠特曼的《草葉集》是浪漫主義時期文學的壓卷之作。（也可稱為“美國德文藝復興”） 2.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.對逃離社會，回歸自然的渴求成為美國文學的一個永恒的話題。 3.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美國清教作為一種文化遺產，對美國人的道德觀念產生了很大的影響。 4.Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.在霍桑，麥爾維爾以及其他一些小作家的作品種加爾文主義的原罪思想和罪惡的神秘性都得到了充分的表現。 5.The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美國浪漫主義文學運動足能標炳的是新英格蘭的超驗主義運動。 6.This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超驗主義文學的主要代表是愛默生和梭羅，他們的作品對美國文學產生了很大的影響。7.Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as“the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超驗主義承認“人類具有本能了解或認識真理的能力，能夠超過感官獲取知識”。 8.Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.愛默生曾說過：“只有人心靈的尊嚴才是最神圣的”。超驗主義還認為自然是高尚的，個人是神圣的，因此人必須自助。 9.It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美國浪漫主義時期的小說富有獨創性，多樣性，與華盛頓.歐文的喜劇性寓言體小說，有艾倫.坡的哥特式驚險故事，有庫柏的邊疆歷險故事，有麥爾維爾的長篇敘事，有霍桑的心理羅曼史，有戴維斯的社會現實小說。 10.To Hawthorne and Melyille, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.霍桑和麥爾維爾認為人們在內心上都是罪人，因此需要道德力量來改善人性。 (I).Washington Irving華盛頓.歐文 11.He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美國浪漫主義文學代表作家之一,美國短篇小說之父。 12.With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年，歐文出版了《見聞札記》，該書為歐文獲得了歐美兩大洲的文學榮譽。 13.A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《紐約史》在多方面模仿了荷馬。 14.Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所創造的兩個人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一樣，都停留在對過去的事情的津津樂道上。 15.We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文優美流暢，猶如音樂。他的作品寓教于樂，給人以輕松安逸之感，如入夢境。 16.He is worth the honor of being“the American Goldsmith”for his literary craftsmanship.在創作藝術方面他堪稱是“美國的近匠”。 17.“rip van winkle”—Here, Irving’s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.溫克爾”---歐文在此表達了對一去不復返的東西十分依戀，筆觸生動，令人難忘。 (II).Ralph Waldo Emerson拉爾夫.華爾多.愛默生 18.New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美國浪漫主義時期的文學中，新英格蘭的超驗主義是不可或缺的。19.Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.愛默生的超驗主義實際上是在吸收美國清教思想，強調人類具有本能的掌握宇宙絕對真理和人的神性而形成的一個哲學流派。20.In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.愛默生的文章提出了超靈哲學,個人及自然的重要性。 21.Emerson id affirmative about man’s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.愛默生相信人的直覺知識。人類可以利用自己的直覺決定是非并采取相應得行動。 22.The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一個理想的個人應是自助自立的人。 23.“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧，沉浸在自然的影響中吧，你將重新獲得精神的完整。” 24.In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年，寫成了超驗主義的偉大作品《沃爾登》。 25.In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style, as he called for in The American Scholar in 1837.總的說來，愛默生的散文表現出明顯的美國風格，堪稱“美國學者”。26.“Nature”-àthe essay discuss the love of nature, the uses of nature, the idealist philosophy in relation to nature evidences of spirit in the material universe, and the potential expansion of human souls and works that will result from a general return to direct, immediate contact with the natural environment.In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.“論自然”----全書討論對自然的愛，對自然的利用，對自然的理性主義哲學，物質宇宙里的精神證據，人類靈魂的潛在擴展。在文章中愛默生表達了超驗主義的思想原則及對自然的熱愛。(III)Nathaniel Hawthorne納薩尼爾。霍桑 27.The Scarlet Letter(1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community.《紅字》是霍桑的代表作，講述的是四個生活在清教社區以不同方式犯有通奸罪的故事，情節簡單，但內容感人。28.According to Hawthorne,“There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life;but circumstances may rouse it to activity.”霍桑認為，人人內心都有邪惡，這種邪惡也許一生都潛藏在內心，但在一定的條件下就表現出來。29.“The Birthmark”drives home symbolically Hawthorne’s point that evil is man’s birthmark, something he is born with.在《胎記》中他一針見血地指出邪惡就是人類與生俱來的胎記。 30.One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself.霍桑最關注的一個罪惡之源是一個人過于自尊自負。31.Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.加爾文思想認為人類本質是邪惡的，必然向上帝贖罪。 32.Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the case in“Young Goodman Brown.”霍桑擅長隱喻，像《小伙子布朗》一樣，他幾乎每個故事都可以當作隱喻來讀。 33.The scarlet letter A is ambiguous.And the ambiguity is one of the Salient characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.人們對A字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚。這種多重含義和象征意義的模糊性正是霍桑小說的藝術所在。 (IV)Walt Whitman華爾特.惠特曼 34.His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized.他的目的就是要表達新的詩情，開創一種新的詩歌傳統，抒發獨特的自我。 35.the poet’s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic“en-masse”of America, which is established in the opening lines of“Song of Myself.”詩人的主要目的就是在世界上確定自我，更具體的說就是要在整個美國確定自我。《自我之歌》的開頭幾行就表現了這種思想。 36.As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.惠特曼認為，詩歌可以塑造一個新的民族精神。 37.In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality.在歌頌自我的同時，惠特曼強調子我的物理存在和性愛。 38.Whitman’s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic“I”.他的詩總用第一人稱。39.“Song of Myself”-àIn this poem Whitman sets forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.《自我之歌》---詩中表明了兩大信仰：一是普遍性信仰，二是人類個別性和平等性。(V)Herman Melville赫爾曼.麥爾維爾 40.Moby-Dick was published in 1851.《白鯨》在1851年出版。 41.Of all these sea adventure stories, Moby-Dick proves to be the best.這些有關航海歷險的書中，《白鯨》最好，達到了麥爾維爾創作的高峰。 42.Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.《白鯨》是美國第一部散文體史詩。 43.It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology.《白鯨》不僅僅是海上生活的生動描述，而且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路歷程。 44.the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage become a search for truth.The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil.這條船皮跨德成了人類社會和追求真理歷程的縮影。白鯨則象征著自然，復雜，深不可測，也很美麗。但對埃哈布，白鯨則代表著邪惡。白鯨像一堵墻，隱藏著未知和神秘。 45.Melville’s great gifts of king1970uage, invention, psychological analysis, speculative agility, and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic.麥爾維爾的語言才華，創造才華，心理分析 能力，觀察的敏捷及生動地描述都使該書成為世界名著。【美國】Chapter 2 The Realistic Period現實主義時期 1.This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于對現實生活產生了濃厚的興趣，產生了新的創作靈感。 2.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.這一時期的三個代表作家是豪威爾斯，亨利.詹姆斯和馬克.吐溫。 3.In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.總之，他們為后來的現實文學在題材，技巧和風格上都樹立了典范。4.Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威爾斯討論上升的中產階級及其生活方式，而馬克.吐溫則喜歡把他自己家鄉的人放在故事的最前沿。 5.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.總之，自然主義產生現實主義，只是在創作上更富諷刺，更加悲觀。自然主義只有另一種哲學途徑的現實主義。(I) Mark Twain馬克.吐溫 6.Mark Twain is considered as“the true father of American national literature.”馬克.吐溫被認為是“我們真正的民族文學之父”。 7.Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.The former is usually regarded as a classicbook written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy?s book specially written for the adults, is Twain’s most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim.這一期間他最偉大的作品是《湯姆.索亞歷險記》和《哈克貝里.芬歷險記》。前者是就兒童的恐懼和高興的事兒寫的一部兒童經典。而后者雖然是兒童故事，卻為大人而寫。這是馬克.吐溫最有代表性的小說，描寫兩個流浪兒童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下歷險的旅程。 8.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves to be the mile stone in American literature.《湯姆.索亞歷險記》，尤其是《哈克貝里.芬歷險記》是美國文學的里程碑。 9.The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world;and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom.湯姆.索亞和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度過的童年是內戰前該條河谷生活方式的實錄，感動了數以萬計的各種年齡的人。書中的率直，口語化而又不失詩意的語言風格，廣泛的幽默，天真和自由的夢想都是令人難忘的。10.Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which“all modern American literature comes.”The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature.《哈克貝里.芬歷險記》----海明威曾把該書看作是”所有現代美國文學之源”.。哈克貝里的深刻形象是該書給美國文學做出的又一貢獻。 11.The climax arises with Huck’s inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by the two opposing and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escapes哈克在密西西比河的內心爭斗室小說的高潮。哈克在理想與現實，對吉姆的感情與社會反對奴隸逃跑的法律之間被拋到了巔峰。12.Huck’s final decision---to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality.哈克最后決定：遵循自己內心的良知，而非世俗的道德。 13.Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.馬克.吐溫善于描繪地方風物，包括地方任務，風光，風俗，方言和服飾等等。 14.Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with king1970uage, his use of vernacular.His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken king1970uage.馬克.吐溫獨特的另一個方面是他鄉土氣息的語言風格。他的用詞口語化，具體可感，直率有力。句子結構簡單，不合語法。15.Mark Twain’s humor is remarkable.馬克.吐溫的幽默是突出的。16.Twain’s works, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales.他的作品生動有趣，充盈著實用的笑話，喜劇情節，智慧的語言以及動聽的故事。17.His humor is a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.他的幽默是對社會不公正和淪喪的浪漫主義的諷刺和批判。 18.Adventures of Huckleberry: “Huck”, a typical American can Boy whom its creator described as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”.Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain’s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.《哈克貝里.芬歷險記》---該小說最精彩的形象是哈克，他是被作者稱為一個“有正常心理和畸形良知”的美國男孩。通過天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛，我們看到內戰的美國社會的真正面目，同時，通過馬克.吐溫對比性的描寫，我們還看到了率真與世故，自然與文化，野蠻與文明的對立。（II） Henry James亨利.詹姆斯 19.While Mark Twain and William Dean Howells satirized European manners at times, Henry James was an admirer of ancient European civilization.馬克.吐溫和豪威爾斯不時的諷刺歐洲傳統，而詹姆斯卻羨慕歐洲文明。 20.In the first period of his, James took great interest in international themes.James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America.The works include“The American”“,Daisy miller”“,The Europeans”“,The Portrait of Lady”.在詹姆斯的早期作品中，他對國際主題很感興趣。這一時期幾乎他的每一部小說都有關歐美在文化，情感和道德方面的沖突，每篇作品都處理了重要的問題。著作有《美國人》，《黛西.米勒》，《歐洲人》，《貴婦人的畫像》。 21.In his middle period, the works contain“The Bostonians”,“The Princess Casamassima”, and so on.中期創作包括《波士頓人》，《卡撒瑪西瑪公主》等等。22.In his last and major period, James returned to his“international theme”.后期他又回到了“國際主題”。23.These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.（國際主題的小說）這些小說以國際，主要是歐美為大背景，集中表現兩種人群的兩種價值觀在兩種文化制度中的沖突。 24.The theme of his essay“The Art of Fiction”clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life.《小說的藝術》一文明確指出，小說的目的是現實生活。 25.The artist should be able to“feel”the life, to understand human nature, and then to record them in his own art form.藝術家應能夠“感受”生活，理解人性，然后忠實地將這些錄入作品。26.James’s realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter.詹姆斯的現實主義還具有分析方法的傾向。 27.One of James’s literary techniques innovated to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative“point of view”.詹姆斯文學創作技巧的一個方面就是強調這種心理分析，以敘述著的視角為線索。28.As to his king1970uage, James is not so easy to understand.He is often highly refined and insightful.詹姆斯的文學語言不易讀懂。 29.“Daisy Miller”: Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World.《黛西.米勒》---黛西.米勒從此成為在歐洲的美國姑娘的形象，是美國精神的代表。 (III).Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金森 30.Dickinson’s poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys.狄金森的詩都是根據自己的經歷和悲歡而創作的。 31.Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.In some of her poems she wrote about her double and belief about religious subjects.在她的短篇抒情詩里所涉及到的問題卻是有關人類的，包括宗教，死亡，不朽，愛情和自然。她的一些詩還懷疑宗教信仰。 32.Although she believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benevolence.Closely related to Dickinson’s religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.雖然她相信上帝但有時卻懷疑它的善。狄金森與宗教有關的詩是關于死亡和不朽，包括身體，心理和情感三個方面。 33.One group of her love poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience.她的一組愛情詩明確地反映了她自己不幸的經歷。 34.More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.狄金森有500多首詩是關于自然的，詩中表達了作者對人與自然關系得懷疑。 35.her acute observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive.她對自然的觀察敏銳，描寫細致，興趣豐饒。 36.Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern.eg.Capital letters as a means of emphasis.The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymns in community churches, familiar, communal, and sometimes, irregular.她的詩大多無題，常以首句引用，詩中節奏特別，例如用大寫表示強調。她的詩形式上多少有點像教堂的圣歌，不講規則，為人喜聞樂見。 37.Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness.她用詞簡潔，直率，平易。38.Dickinson’s poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness.狄金森的詩雖然表面淺顯，但內容多樣化，微妙而又深刻。(IV) Theodore Dreiser西奧多.德萊塞 39.In 1911, Jennie Gerhardt came out, followed by two volumes of his“Trilogy of Desire”, The Financier and The Titan, the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in 1947.1911年，Jennie Gerhardt出版，隨后他的《欲望》三部曲頭兩部《金融家》，《巨頭》相繼出版，第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。40.In his words, man is a“victim of forces over which he has no control”.用他的話來說，人類是“各種力量交織在一起得受害者，這些力量人類是無法控制的”。 41.From the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be---materialistic to the core.在第一部小說《嘉莉妹妹》出版過后，德萊塞一直把美國的價值觀推向徹底的物質享受主義。 42.For lack of concision, his writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events.由于不夠簡潔，他的作品包容有余，選擇不足。讀者深受他冗繁的描寫之累。 43.His style is not polished but very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sough.他的寫作風格雖顯粗糙，但內容嚴肅，與表現主題十分相符。【美國】Chapter 3 The Modern Period現代時期 1.The idea of“seize the day”or“enjoy the present”was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.“及時行樂”的思想十分橫行，他們不把希望寄托在將來。 2.The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the expatriate movement.美國20世紀的文學運動，也可說是美國第二次文藝復興，就是移居國外的運動。 3.These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “The Lost Generation”.(why)---Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.這些作家后來被美國作家斯坦恩稱為“迷惘的一代”（原因）--由于他們已厭倦美國那種輕浮，貪婪的生活，于是開始動手寫下他們的戰爭經歷。 4.Ezra Pound’s role as a leading spokesman of famous Imagist Movement in the history of American literature.龐德在美國文學史上意象派運動中是個重要的人物。 5.F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction.費茲杰拉德，海明威和福克納被認為是美國小說大師。 6.O’Neill is remembered for his tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root, the truth of human desires and human frustrations.奧尼爾以對生活的悲劇性觀點而著稱。他的大多數劇本都是有關人類欲望和挫折根本原因的。 7.J.D.Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students’classic.塞林杰的《麥田里的守望者》被認為是學生的經典作品。 8.In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer?s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past.Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.總之，1912年以后許多嚴肅文學都力圖表達社會崩潰，道德淪喪的觀點，作家也使用新技巧，告別老傳統。 9.A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.現代文學的典型特征是開端任意，發展不做解釋以及沒有結果的收場。 10.There are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from the chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective projection.作品在現實，語氣上較前有變化，其中最大的變化是從描寫外部世界轉到內部世界，從公眾生活轉到私生活描寫，從時間線索轉到以心理感覺為線索，從客觀描述轉到主觀渲染。11.Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the reader to the“central consciousness”or one character’s point of view.傳統小說強調敘述的人物的權威性和可信性，而現代小說敘述的總是用第一人稱，或者把讀者限制到“中心的意識”上或以一個人物的視線進行敘述。(I)Ezra Pound埃茲拉.龐德 12.Before graduating from university, he had mastered nine king1970uage.大學畢業前已掌握了九門語言。 13.ound’s poetic works include twelve volumes of verse which were later collected and published in Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound, and Personae.龐德的詩作包括十二卷詩集，后以《埃茲拉.龐德早期詩集》，《人物》的書名出版。 14.ound?s earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism: songs in praise of a lady, songs concerning the poet?s craft, love and friendship, death, the transience of beauty and the permanence of art.龐德的早期詩歌充滿表現19世紀浪漫主義特色的為人熟知的詩題：歌頌女性，有關詩人自己的詩，愛情與友誼，死亡，美麗的易逝和藝術的常青。 15.Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture: the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well.Take his epic poem, The Cantos, for example.Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson.后來，他更關注現代文化問題：當代文化的墮落以及文化更新的可能途徑。以《詩章》為例，龐德追溯東西方帝國的興亡，現代世界道德和社會的混亂，尤其是美國自杰斐遜后的腐敗。 16.ound’s artistic talents are on full display in the history of the Imagist Movement, which flourished from 1909 to 1917.龐德的藝術才華在意象主義運動中得到了充分發揮，這場運動從1909年到1917年發展得如火如荼。 17.This is a movement that advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson’s wordiness and high-flown king1970uage in poetry.這一運動推動了現代派藝術的發展。在詩歌中，反對精工細琢夸夸其談的語言，主張改革詩歌的媒體。 18.ound endorsed the group?s three main principles, which include direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.龐德提出詩歌改革的三個原則：一。直接處理詩歌主題；二。舍去裝飾浮華的詞藻；三/詩歌應有有機節奏，不要單詞重復。19.“The point of Imagism”, Pound wrote in 1914,“is that it does not use images as ornaments.The image itself is the speech.The image is the word beyond formulated king1970uage”.龐德曾于1914年寫道：“意象主義的實質是意象不是裝飾，意象本身就是語言。意象是超語言形式的詞匯”。 20.The poet, he argued, cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking out directly in the first person: he must “screen himself” and speak indirectly through an impersonal and objective story, which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature, or a“mask”, that is, a persona.他認為，詩人不能直接用第一人稱敘述心理感受，必須“把自己籠罩起來”，通過客觀的非人格化的故事間接說話，那就是神話或文學典故。 (II) Robert Lee Frost羅伯特.弗洛斯特 21.Though he is generally considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England, he wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man?s life in his long poetic career: the individual?s relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to his world, and to his God.雖然他總的來說是一位地方詩人，他的詩主要寫的是新英格蘭的風光和人物，但他在長期的做詩生涯中對人類生活的基本主題有所探索，探討了個人對自己，對別人，對世界以及對上帝的關系。 22.His pomes contains“Mending the Wall”,“The Road Not Taken”,“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”(speaker’s choice between safety and the unknown)，and“After Apple-Picking”.他的詩包括《補墻》，《未選擇的路》，《雪夜林邊停》（作者在安全和未知之中留下了朦朧的詩味）和《摘蘋果后》。(III) Eugene O’Neill尤金.奧尼爾 23.He is widely acclaimed“founder of the American drama”.他被廣泛譽為“美國戲劇之父”。24.O’Neill’s first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon made a great hit and won him the first Pulitzer Prize.奧尼爾第一部全劇〈天外邊〉上演，這部作品轟動一時并為他贏得了普利萊獎。 25.Between 1920 and 1924 came his prominent achievements in symbolic expressionism: eg.The Hairy Ape.These plays are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts, sexual bondage, social critiques, and American tragedies on the Greek model.1920至1924年期間他的象征表現主義獲得了空前的成就:如〈毛猿〉，這些作品中大膽涉獵了種族關系，階級沖突，性的束縛，社會批評及希臘模式的美國悲劇。26.Such as The Great God Brown, which fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.如〈偉大的布朗〉，它將象征主義，詩歌和異教徒理想主義的證實融合到一起來表現物質文明是如何否認給予生命的沖動和摧毀天才藝術家的。 27.The Iceman Cometh proves to be a masterpiece in the way it is a complex, ironic, deeply moving exploration of human existence, written out of a profound insight into human nature and constructed with tremendous skill and logic.〈冰人來了〉以其復雜，諷刺，對人類生存的深刻感人的探討，以及用深邃的洞察力對人性的探討，并應用了大量的技巧和邏輯證實了這部作品是部杰作。 28.Of all the plays O’Neill wrote most of them are tragedies, dealing with the basic issues of human existence and predicament: life and death, illusion and disillusion, alienation and communication, dream and reality, self and society.在奧尼爾所有的作品重，多數是悲劇，處理的是人類生存和困境這些基本論點：生與死，幻覺和幻滅，疏遠和交流，夢想和現實，自我和社會，欲望和挫折。 29.“The Hairy Ape”----Yank-brutal, stupid, and profane is the recognized leader of the stokers, who are the ultimate products of a society subservient to machines.This is a play that concerns the problem of modern man?s identity.In his sympathy, he opens the cage and liberates it, only to be killed by the real big hairy ape.“毛猿”----揚克，殘忍，愚蠢并且猥褻，被認為是采礦工人的頭,他是社會屈從于機器后的最終產物。這部劇本涉及到現代人的歸屬問題。 (IV) F.Scott Fitzgerald司格特.菲茲杰拉德 30.Thus he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.他被認為是早期爵士樂時代的文學代言人。 31.His masterpiece The Great Gatsby, which made him one of the greatest American novelists.他的巨著 《了不起的蓋茨比》是他成為杰出的美國小說家。 32.He drank and did crazy things after he got drunk, whereas staying sober enough to see the corruptive nature of the society and the vanity fair that everyone, including himself, was infatuated with.他酗酒，并且酒后做出許多出軌的事，但又能沉靜的看出包括他自己在內的那個時代社會的本質和虛榮。 33.Fitzgerald’s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age, in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society.菲茲杰拉德的小說世界是爵士時代精神的最佳體現。 34.But beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality there was only sterility, meaninglessness and futility, and amid the grandeur and extravagance a spiritual wasteland and a hint of decadence and moral decay.但在輕松享樂后留下的只是頹廢和一無所取。在物質的奢華后是一片精神的荒原和道德淪喪。 35.“The Great Gatsby”----At the end of the story, Nick broods over Gatsby?s dream and decides to go back home to the West.Gatsby is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself.Gatsby?s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.《了不起的蓋茨比》----小說在結束時，尼克對蓋茨比的夢想進行了沉思后決定回到西部老家去。蓋茨比是個神話般人物，他的強烈的夢想是整個美國當時心態的反映。蓋茨比的失敗表明了美國之夢的破滅。(V) Ernest Hemingway歐內斯特.海明威 36.In Our Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick Adams.《在我們的時代里》這部小說集塑造了尼克.亞當斯的形象。 37.The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway?s first true novel.It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation,” a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.《太陽照樣升起》是海明威成熟的作品，通過“迷惘的一代”人的形象塑造，表現了一戰后整個一代人的精神面貌以及一戰給人們帶來的影響。（迷惘的一代：一群離開祖國，參加戰爭的美國青年，戰后開始動手寫下他們的戰爭經歷） 38.Hemingway?s second big success is A Farewell Arms.Frederick Henry, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with insanity and futility of the universe.In this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God’s design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.《永別了.武器》是海明威第二步成名作。Frederick Henry在戰爭中受了傷，對世界的非理性無法理解。在這部小說里，作者不但強調了人類在肉體和精神上都受難的觀點，而且駁斥了自然和上帝的善，表明人類被命運投入了火坑。 39.For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea tell more about the later Hemingway.《喪鐘為誰敲響》和《老人與海》是反映海明威后期思想的作品。 40.Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.他的典型人物就是用誠實，紀律和控制來實現抗爭（海明威式英雄）。 41.However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity;man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.雖然打敗仗，但吃敗仗也是有尊嚴的，人類的肉體可以消亡，但精神永遠不可戰勝。 42.Hemingway himself once said,“The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”海明威曾說過“冰山運動的尊嚴在于只有八分之一露出水面”。 43.No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for“his powerful style-forming mastery of the art”of creating modern fiction.諾貝爾文學獎評委會是這樣評價他的：他的簡短有力的藝術風格開創了現代小說。 44.“Indian Camp”----The first and the typical of the seven Nick stories is“Indian Camp.”《印第安營地》----是尼克故事中的第一個，也是很典型的故事。(VI) William Faulkner威廉.福克納 45.Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.福克納成功的表現了整個南方社會的歷史意識。 46.Of Faulkner’s literary works, four novels are masterpieces by any standards: The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalam!And Go Down, Moses.福克納最有影響的是這四部小說：《喧囂與騷動》，《八月之光》，《押沙龍，押沙龍！》和《摩西，走下去》。47.The best story to highlight Faulkner’s concern is“The Bear,”in which the view of the moral abomination of slavery and the human entanglements which result from it goes beyond history, to the beginnings, to the mythic time.典型反映福克納對此事關注的小說是《熊》，在這部小說里，對奴隸制的道德觀以被超歷史地追溯到了它的起源階段。 48.To him, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.他認為，作家的主要職責就是探索并重視人類生活所秉承的各種可能性。 49.The modern stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.現代意識流法也為福克納所嫻熟的運用來強調敘述的反映和內心深思。 50.Moreover，Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view.福克納還善于從多視角來描述。51.The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.他還運用了象征主義手法，并且大量引用了神話和圣經典故。 52.“A Rose for Emily”----In this story, Faulkner makes best use of the Gothic devices in narration.《給愛米麗的玫瑰》----在這篇小說里，福克納充分利用了哥特式的敘述方法。 英國文學選讀 喬叟（Geoffrey Chaucer）坎特伯雷故事集 The Canterbury Tales 英雄雙韻體（壓頭韻，每兩行押韻） 逼真的描述了當時英國社會的全貌，作品中的人物幾乎包括了當時英國社會的各階層人士，展現出一幅富有生活氣息和時代特征的畫卷。作品內容反映了當時英國新型的市民階層的生活理想和追求，同時以幽默和諷刺筆法揭示了種種人性，揭露了宗教的腐朽墮落、貴族的奢侈糜爛等當時社會中的丑陋現象，表達了英國人民對中世紀的封建思想和習俗的反叛，洋溢著人文主義精神的光輝。意義：規范了中古英語。 威廉 莎士比亞（William Shakespeare）歷史劇：亨利四世（Henry IV）十四行詩（sonnet） 威廉 布萊克（William Blake）代表作：天真之歌（Songs of Innocence）經驗之歌(Songs of Experience) 威廉 華茲華斯（William Wordsworth） 在是個創作上摒棄了18世紀詩歌風格上的因襲和濫調，采用民間樸素、生動的語言來直接表達感情。他特別擅長歌頌優雅恬靜的自然景物，喜愛描繪在大自然中活動的普通人形象。他的詩歌格調清新、形象生動、語言質樸，對英國試探的變革產生了深遠的影響，享有“自然詩人”的美譽。 波西 比希 雪萊（Percy Bysshe Shelley）解放的普羅米修斯（Prometheus 4.5.The publication of Lyrical ballads marks the beginning of the Romantic Movement of England.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Mark Twain’s masterpieces.Twain’s novels are written in a language described as “colloquial speech” 6.Ezra Pound is famous for his development of imagism.The image presented “an intellectual and emotional” complex in an instant of time 7.8.9.Toni Morrison’s novel Beloves became a Critical success.Eimly Bronte wrote only one novel entitled Wuthering Heights The first settlers who became the founding father of the American nation were quite a few of the Puritans, who wished to purify religious beliefs and practices.10.The theme of Pride and Prejudice are love and marriage.Naturallism: An extreme form of realism.Naturalistic writer usually depict the sordid side of life and show characters who are severely, if not hopelessly, limited by their environment or heredity.Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S flourished form 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing ”and the economy of wording.The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.Iceberg Theory It is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway.The meaning of a pieces is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface.英國文學選讀第14頁的詩： 回答下列問題： The poem is a Sonnetwritten by William Shakespearewith a rhyming pattern of _ababcdcdefefgg_ Which is the poet’s answer to the question in the first line of the poem? Explain you points in Complete sentences with reference to the poem? Why did the poet say that “thy eternal” summer shall not fade”? Explain your points in complete sentences with reference to poem.以下題目三選一 1.2.3.Analysis symbolism in Moby Dick? Explain the theme and symbols in The Great Gatsby? What are Edgar Allan Poe’s principles for the short story? Demonstrate the principles with the detail from his short story The Unbound）西風頌（“Ods to the West Wind”） 西風頌中流傳最遠的句子是：If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind? 約翰 濟慈（John Keats）希臘古甕頌（”Ods on a Grecian Urn”）希臘古甕頌流傳最遠的句子：Beauty is truth，truth is beatuty，-that is all 查爾斯 狄更斯（Clarles Dickens） 作品有：匹克威克外傳The Posthumous Papers of Pickwick Club 霧都孤兒 Oliver Twist 老古玩店The Old Curiosity Shop 董貝父子Dombey and Son 大衛科波菲爾 David Copperfield 荒涼山莊 Bleak House 雙城記 A Tale of Two Cities 遠大前程 Great Expectations 以及hardtime。托馬斯 哈代（Thomas Hardly）德伯家的苔絲Tess of the D’Urbervilles 無名的裘德Jude the Odscure 奧斯卡 王爾德（Oscar Wilde）認真的重要性（The Important of Being Earnest） 喬治 蕭伯納（George Bernard Shaw）皮革馬利翁Pygmalion 約瑟夫 康拉德（Joseph Conrad）黑暗的心Heart of Darkness T.S.艾略特（T.S.Eliot）荒原The Waste Land 威廉 巴特勒 葉芝（William Butler Yeats）塔 The Tower 詹姆斯 喬伊斯（James Joyce）都柏林人Dubliners里面的Araby尤利西斯 Ulysses 弗吉妮婭 伍爾夫（Virginia Woolf）達羅衛夫人Mrs.Dalloway D.H勞倫斯(D.H.Lawrence)兒子與情人Sons and Lovers E.M.福斯特(E.M.Foster)印度之行 A Passage to India 美國文學選讀 本杰明 富蘭克林（Benjamin Franklin）自傳The Autobiography 拉爾夫 華爾多 愛默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson）超驗主義哲學的主要倡導者（Transcendentallism） 納撒尼爾 霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）紅字The Scarlet Letter 赫爾曼 梅爾維爾（Herman Melville）白鯨（Moby Dick） 白鯨中出現的人物:船長（ISHMAEL）白鯨（Moby Dick）生還者（Ahab）沃爾特 惠特曼（Walt Whitman）草葉集 Leaves of Grass 埃米莉 狄金森（Emily Dickinson）女詩人 female poet 馬克 吐溫（Mark Twain）哈克貝利費恩歷險記 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 斯蒂芬 克萊恩（Stephen Crane）海上扁舟The open Boat自然主義 弗斯科特菲茨杰拉德（F．Scott Fitzgerald）了不起的蓋茨比The Great Gatsby 尤金 格拉斯通 奧尼爾（Eugene Glastone O’Neill）榆樹下的欲望Desire Cask of Amontillado? Under the Elms 托尼 莫里森（Toni Morrison）所羅門之歌Songs of Solomon 寵兒Beloved 1.2.3.Bewolf fought against the Grendel and dragon The form of Medieval English literature is romanceGeoffrey Chaucer ,the father of English poetry 周雪婷 英語093 090602320 英美文學論文 作為學語言學專業的學生來說，學習不應該拘泥于課本，而英美文學選讀這門課程給我們提供了一個可以熟悉國外文化的環境。 就如蘇老師所說：若一個學習英語專業的學生竟不知道國外的文學著作，就太土鱉了。最重要的是這門課上的比較輕松，通過電影和PPT給我們展示英美文學比較栩栩如生，并不是單純的給我們看書或者讀書，我感覺比上學期的那個英美概況學到的多很多，這些歸功于老師！對于這門課程，若在別的老師教授可能又是無聊的讀讀，但是蘇老師教的時候，即使有事也不想錯過這門精彩的一課，不是只為了看點電影，更重要的是覺得自己充實了，或許有些同學覺得看電影絲毫補充不了多少，但是我認為電影不光可以鮮明的展示主人公的性格特點，而且情節銜接緊湊，引人入勝。我想，不止我，我們班的所有同學都喜歡蘇老師的上課方式，一點都不夸張啊。 老師需要我們對這門課的建議，用辯證的角度看問題。其實有一小點，在輕松愉快了解英美文學史的同時，我們也希望吸收點名家的語錄。就像那次蘇老師讓我們抄的《簡·愛》（Jane Eyre）中簡對羅切斯特說的那段話，我希望就是可以多學一點。不一定讓我們抄，可以推薦讓我們課后自己搜，然后汲取精華。 通過這期課程的學習，《英美文學通論》通過展示異地文化使從原來的我們只模糊的知道莎士比亞到現在卻可以對英美文化整體概況有了大致理解。這門課程整體上增進我們對英美文學的了解，了解了各種文學思想、題材、寫作方式等，提高了我們的藝術修養，整體激發我們對外國文學的興趣和熱情，進一步陶冶了我們欣賞藝術的情操。本書有兩個部分，一部分是整體概括英國文學史，而另一部分是進一步精確闡述各個時期階段，每個典型作家的特點，風格等。其實每一本文學史都是一個時代的縮影，而這本文學通論也不例外。它從不同的歷史階段闡述了不同歷史時期的生活形態。從中古世紀的民族史詩到現實主義文學時期的浪漫主義小說，從杰弗里·喬叟(Geoffrey Chaucer)的《坎特伯雷故事》(The Canterbury Tales)到托馬斯·哈代（Thomas Hardy）的《德伯家苔絲》(Tess of the D’Urbervilles)，每一位作家，每一部作品都透露著作者的的情懷。我欣賞士比亞的挑戰喜劇爆滿時代的才華;我欽佩丹尼爾·笛福(Daniel Defoe)的現實主義的始創之作——《魯賓遜漂流記》(Robinson Crusoe)的時代精神；我感慨拜倫和雪萊的英年早逝；我贊揚簡·愛的追求個性自由、主張人生平等、不向人生低頭的堅強性格；我悲傷苔絲的悲慘命運…… 我相信每個國家都有自己一段輝煌的文學史，并不只有中國的上下五千年源遠流長的文學史。這本英美文學通論就像一枚發著光的玉，將英美文學的歷史隧道栩栩如生的展現在我們面前，我們邊走邊觀光著，或感慨，或唏噓，或贊嘆…… 下面三篇是對《簡·愛》（Jane Eyre）、《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）和《老人與海》（The old man and the sea）的觀后感。 《簡·愛》（Jane Eyre）觀后感 《簡愛》這本小說主要通過描寫簡·愛與羅切斯特的一波三折的愛情故事塑造了出身低微、生活道路曲折、受盡欺侮和白眼，卻從不低頭，堅持維護獨立自由、追求個性、主張自由、平等、不向人生低頭的堅強女性形象。它闡述了這樣一個主題：人生的價值=尊嚴+愛。簡·愛是個孤兒，從小寄居籬下，受盡委屈，承受著同齡人不一樣的待遇，也許就是因為這些，使她擁有頑強的和百折不屈的精神，一種不可戰勝的人格魅力。在羅切斯特面前，她從不因為自己出身卑微而感到卑賤，相反，她覺得人是平等的，也應該受到尊重，也許正是因為這種自尊、高尚的心靈，使得羅切斯特覺得他們是精神上可以與他平等交談，而且無可自拔的愛上她。但是她們結婚的時候，當簡·愛得知他已有妻子時，并沒有受到金錢的誘惑而屈尊做他的情婦，而是選擇離開。這是多么難能可貴，她多么糾結的離開，在她內心深處她是那么愛羅切斯特，但她依舊選擇離開。這種精神需要給現在這個社會浮躁的人，在這個“小三”泛濫的社會，尤其是女士們，在美好，富裕的生活誘導下，堅持自己的個人尊嚴，這是簡·愛教給我們的。我想這種思想對于我們來說真的很重要，它就像導航燈一樣，讓我們 在這個燈紅酒綠的社會不要迷失自己，時刻掌握自己的方向。作者賦予了小說一個圓滿的結局，雖然過于完美，甚至有點不切實際的浪漫，但是我依然尊重作者這種對美好的生活的向往。當今社會人的理想常常離不開金錢的幫助，人們都瘋狂地為了金錢和地位欺騙自己，寧可拋棄自己愛的人，拋棄自尊，來尋找所謂物質上的富足，而最后變成了沒有靈魂，只有漂亮軀殼的外表。故事完美的結局也告訴我們生活并不是一直昏暗，相信明天肯定是美好的，同時也告訴我們要像簡·愛一樣堅持真愛，時刻保持善良。 《呼嘯山莊》（Wuthering Heights）觀后感 其實我并不是很喜歡呼嘯山莊的故事情節，就像老師說的一樣，呼嘯山莊的故事甚至有點變態，都是在相互的報復。但是，我們這是從普通生活的角度看待，從藝術的角度來說，這部小說展示的是畸形的生活畫面。其實每個人都有過極端的內心想法藏在心底角落，正常人都不會做，一旦表現出來就變成了畸形扭曲的人性。就像這部小說一樣，作者艾米麗·勃朗特古怪、孤僻的性格，感覺也比較怪異。但是她是內容：曠野，西風，雜草，蒼涼的落日，崎嶇的地形??這一切都似乎是一幅完美滄桑的畫。故事一開始描寫了希斯克利夫和凱瑟琳朝暮相處的童年生活，高潮就是凱瑟琳因為虛榮、無知和林頓結婚，而希斯克利夫出走，終于在發達之后開始回來復仇。最后一階段希斯克利夫的死亡，而哈里頓和凱蒂的相愛最終恢復了正常的人性。希斯克利夫的感情變化；愛—恨—復仇是貫穿整個小說的始終。艾米麗將所有的感情都賦予了這個受苦的棄兒身上，或愛，或恨。最后希斯克利夫臨死前放棄了下一代身上報復的念頭，表明了他的本性還是善良的，只是由于殘酷的現實扭曲了他的天性，迫使他變得殘酷無情。我之所以一樣的欣賞這部小說，不僅因為作者獨特的思想性格，還有哥特式的渲染氣息。有些場景看起來氣氛壓抑，令人恐懼。窗外是凹凸不平的荒野，光線很昏暗，風呼呼的把窗簾吹起來，枯枝忽然伸進窗內??整個畫面多少有點怪異，回想起來都有點不寒而栗，但是我就喜歡那種感覺。所以我也喜歡這種電影，像《暮光之城》，《吸血鬼日記》等，但是《呼嘯山莊》是這類文學的鼻祖，因此我特別欽佩艾米 麗的才華，一個與外界沒有多少交集的人竟然有這些細膩的思想和非凡的藝術，真的很欽佩。 《老人與海》（The old man and the sea）觀后感 小時候就讀過《老人與海》，但是可能比較小，并不知道它的真諦，只是覺得就是一個普通的故事。時間從指縫間流逝，現在我忽然覺得這部作品很偉大！海明威（ErnestHemingway）用他的筆向我們詮釋了一個硬漢子的特征：面對大海，他從不畏懼，對他向往的理想義無反顧的追求，即使遇到了兇猛的鯊魚，他依然搏斗，直到筋疲力盡，拖著大馬林魚的魚骨架回到岸上。雖然表面上，老人是個被鯊魚打敗的失敗者，恰恰相反，他用自己的魚骨架向人們證明他完全是個勝利者。這個故事給我留下最深刻的印象是這樣一句話：But a man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed, but not defeat.他沒有多少豪言壯志，也沒有多少飽讀詩書，這樣的話只能是一個人高尚靈魂的傾訴。人生的旅途上，不可能一帆風順，等待我們更多的是荊棘的困難、險阻，因為我們都在生活著，也有很多無奈，難過的時候，迷惘地時候，失落的時候，想想《老人與海》中的圣地亞哥，心就會豁達了許多。這部小說就像潛伏在心底的一輪太陽，在你低谷的時候，它忽然為你照亮前面的路。有時候，就是這樣，為了自己的理想，在困難面前，需要拿出想圣地亞哥這樣的鐵漢子精神，執著、剛強、勇敢、毫不畏懼，只有這樣，才能真正的駕馭自己命運，做自己的主人。 這門課程教給了我們遠不止文學史這么簡單，在受到文學藝術熏陶的同時，我們也伴隨故事所傳達的精髓一起成長。第二篇：自考英美文學選讀00604學習總結
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