第一篇：2009年清華大學考博英語作文真題及

2009年清華大學考博英語作文題目及范文

關鍵詞：考博英語寫作

題目：

近些年學術界出現了，學者們盲目追求發表文章的數量，而忽視文章質量的現象，請以“quantity and quality of works”為題目闡明個人觀點，書寫工整、字數不少于300字。考博.中國

參考范文：

The past years witnessed considerable improvement in scientific research in this country.One typical sign is the mounting number of papers published in SCI and SSCI periodicals.However, the quality of many such papers and works is doubtable.One proof is that the average citation frequency of these papers has remained unchanged for years.This phenomenon has given rise to heated debate.Personally, I believe that this phenomenon should be viewed from more than one perspective.On the one hand, it must be admitted that there has appeared an undesirable trend in Chinese academic circle in the past years, that is, too much emphasis has been put on the number of papers published rather than the quality of these papers, or substantial efforts and contribution in scientific research.Taking a look around, one can find examples too many to enumerate.The number of papers, especially the number of papers published in SCI or SSCI periodicals has been regarded as the most important or the single criteria in uating a scientific researcher.It is even directly related to his salary and opportunity for promotion.This trend has led Chinese academy to an unhealthy road of development.As we can see, many scholars have become more of writers than researchers.Some even plagiarize in order to publish more papers.On the other hand, however, we should not hastily say no to the quantitative uation of scientific researchers.In fact, the number of papers is a critical index in measuring the achievement of a scholar or an academic institution.As we can see, nations with developed sciences rank among the top in SCI and SSCI publications.Quantitative uation is especially necessary in some disciplines in China where there are not sufficient experts to give an objective assessment.To sum up, we should not go to extremes in this matter.While we should continue to adopt the quantity of works as an index in uating scientific researchers, we should not lay as much emphasis on it as we did.Instead, more freedom and a looser environment should be provided for researchers so that they can give full play to their talent.Only in this way can we expect a boom of science in this country.考博英語怎么復習？http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/yingyu_fuxi.html 考博英語真題匯總專題http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/kaobo_zhenti.html 2012考博英語詞匯http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/kaobo_yingyu_cihui.html 2012考博英語作文模板http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/kaobo_yingyu_zuowen.html

2012醫學考博專題http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/yixue_kaobo.html 2012醫學考博英語http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/yixue_kaobo_yingyu.html 2012醫學考博英語聽力http://kaobo.b2cedu.com/yixue_yingyutingli.html

第二篇：清華大學歷年法理學 考博真題

清華大學法學院法理學歷年考博真題

（個別題目表述可能有所出入，僅供復習參考）

2006年

1、論活法。

2、論法的合法性。

3、論憲法的政治屬性與法律屬性。

2007年

1、論歷史法學派的“歷史”。

2、論法的正當性基礎。（或法律與道德的關系）

3、論習慣法的概念與功能。

2008年

1、論法學與人文學科和社會科學的關系。

2、《物權法》和《勞動合同法》的出臺引起社會很大反響，請評析這一現象。

3、論為權利而斗爭。

2009年

一、簡論題（任選一題）

1、慎子說：“法非從天下，非從地生，發于人間，合于人心而已”。試分析之。

2、德沃金說：“法律是道德的一個部門。”試分析之。

3、簡述吳經雄在中國法學史上的地位。

二、材料分析題。

題干給的是歷史法學的一段材料，要求分析之。（內容很長，大約千字有余。）

2010年

僅一道題：晚近三十年中國法制建設的經驗。（100分）

2011年

只記得有以下兩題：

1、簡述中國司法的特質。

2、試論中國法理學研究的現狀。

第三篇：中國人民大學-考博英語真題

中國人民大學——英語2004年博士研究生入學考試試題

客觀題部分

請用鉛筆將此部分試題的答案填涂在答題卡上，否則無效！II.Vocabulary(10 points)PartA(5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices

marked iL B, C arm 1).Choose the:one thatbest completes the

sentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across

the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.Example: She prefers foreign wine to that produced__ A.previously B.vLrtually

C.primarily D.domestically The sentence should read,;“She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany.” Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer

[A] [B] [C] [D]

1.International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__

patriotism.A.obsolete

B.aggressive C.harmonious D.amiable Z One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A.dilemmas B.countenances C.concessions D.junctions 3.People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A.strive

B.ascertain

C.justify D.adhere 4.Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlife

for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A.conservation B.maintenance C.storage

D.reserve 5.According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points.last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A.soared

B.mutated

C.plummeted D.fluctuated 6.Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and

frustrated thousands of users around the world.A.genius

B.vires

C.disease

D.bacteria 7.The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the.worst form of

competition in schools.A.negligent B.edible

C.fabulous D.disproportionate 8.The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his

grandparents lived.A.reconciled

B.consolidated C.deteriorated

D.attributed 9.During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to

practice his Chinese.A.passed on B.passed up C.passed by D.passed out 10.When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be

distributed.A.paradoxes B.legacies

C.platitudes D.analogin Part B(5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase

underlined.Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, and

D.Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square

bracket on ANSWER SHEET I.Example: The secretary is Very competent;she can finish all these letters within one

..;.,ca, ODe bour.A.careful

B.industrious C.clever

D.capable In this sentence, “competent” is closest-;n m e:zting to “capable”.Therefore you should choose D.Sample Answer

[A] [B] [C] [DD] 11.He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional

roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A.depict

B.advocate

D;criticize D.analyze 12,.They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A.confirm B.achieve C.match

D exaggerate

13.The most urgent thing is to find a dump.for those toxic____ industrial wastes.A.imminent B.recyclable C.smelly D.poisonous i4.British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction.A.allies

B.delegates C.voters

D.juries

15.The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and our own retirement security is ,chilling.A.frightening B.promising

C.freezing D.revealing 16.Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.A.secret plan B.bold attack

C.clever design D.joint effort 17.Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beorefical and political positions.A.trustworthy B.intelligent

C.diligent D.meticulous 18.Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A.intriguing B.exasperating: C.demonstrative D.unprovoked 19.The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for.nocturnal raids in the forest.A.illegal

B.night-time

C, brutal D.abusive 20.Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight, A.mercurial B, gallant

C.ardent D.frugal III.Cloze(10 points)Directions : Read the following passage.Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, ___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full-time passion.The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph.D candidates ___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet.Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming too long and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time on Yahoo.During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designed to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the service through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community.They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material ___32___ on the Intemet.The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for “Yet

Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle”.but Filo and Yang insist they selected the ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos.Yahoo? itself first ___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, “akebono”, while the search engine was ___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, “Konishiki”.In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files ___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape.As a result Stanford's computer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc.Today, Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.1.A.became

B.grew

C.mm

D.intend 2.A.made

B.saw

C.looked

D.turned 3.A.in

B.on

C.about

D.fer 4.A.touch

?.contact

C.n-ack

D.record 5.A.founded

E.found

C.argued

D.reported 6.A.unwieldy

B.tough

C.tamable

D invaluable

7.A.exchanged

B.shank

C.sold

D.converted 8.A.explain

B.serve

C.discover

D.evaluate 9.A.which

B.that

C.actually

D.eagerly 10.A.relative

B.interactive C.bound

D.contacted 11.A.fluently

B.efficiently C.exactly

D.actually 12.A.transmitted B.purchased C.sold

D.13.A.about

B.bound

C.going

D.supposed I4.A.fable

B.model

C.name

D.brand 15.A.supported

B.resided

C.lived

D.launched 16.A.connected B.lodged

C.introduced D.linked 17.A.over

B, away

C.inside

D.beneath 18.A.housed

B.caught

C.hosed

D.bidden 19.A.average

B.normal

C.ordinary

D.equal 20.A.attains

B.detains

C.maintains D.contains IV.Reading Comprehension(20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1

Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young children spend on academic activities.Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited.Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes.However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often

result.To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit activities to 15 to 20 minutes.Over the next few weeks the teacher could gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd handwriting.When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination.The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space.If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated.Once students can form letters

within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students

who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room.The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes.After the students have made several

airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class.To employ the fatigue method, theteacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and

misbehave in the media center.Reading is incompatible with talking.The media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and read them while in the center.Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep.The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very

boring.Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson, such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs students and raise their interest in the course.41.The purpose of this passage is to___ A.inform B.persuade

C.debate

D.narrate 42.Guthrie identified three methods for__ A.educating students

B.altering bad habits C.avoiding undesired action

D.forming good hobbies 43.Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method? A.Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the

child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B.Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young

children and gradually increase session length but not to where students

become frustrated or bored.C.Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is

introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D.A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his

parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.44.To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth.Over time.watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snac 'king.What method is used in this example? A.The threshold method.B.The fatigue method.C.The incompatible response method.D.The punishment method.45.We can draw the conclusion from the passage that A.The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted

response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes

exhausted B.The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a

response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be

performed simultaneously

C.The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformde

into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes

a cue for not performing it D.The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child

make response incompatible with unwanted response Passage 2 The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing.Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing wralts.Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market.“Nova” is Latin for new(star)“ and means ”star“ in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like ”no va“, meaning ”it doesn't go“.Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning.When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up” dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food company's friendly “Jolly Green Giant”(for advertising ,egetables)became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as “Intimidating Green Ogre”.When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, “Come Alive with Pepsi” came out implying “Come Alive from the Grave”.No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good ranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ff aarketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihto the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest.The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique

called “back translation” to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back.Effective translators aim to capture the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46.The best title of this passage might be __.A.Culture Is Very Important ia Advertishag B.Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations C.Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries D.Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles 47.What does the word “blunder” mean in this passage? A.hesitation B.mistake C.stutter D.default 48.Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6? A.Cultural shocks

B.Faulty translations C.Avoid cultural oversights D.Prevent blunders 49.We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word “ca ” most probably mean____ A.an animal used in perfume for its smell B.a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals C.a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals D.an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals 50.One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___ A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.B.use the technique called “literal translation” to reduce the possibility of

blunders C.avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes D.explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries Passage 3 It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses.In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down.Millionaires are now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers.It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies wi！be swept out more quickly in hard times;it is the company he worries about.His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of.his company and the industry.so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase.At the very topexecutives are exceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual.Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits.His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields.Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to “keep the old heart in shape” and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol, and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running.But his doctor's admonition to “take it easy” falls on deaf eyes.He likes to work.He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels.Corporate head-hunting, carried on by “executive search fares,” is a growing industry.America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51.We can infer from the second paragraph that___

A.promotion depends on amiability

B.chief executives do not work hard enough at the top level

C.it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his

subordinates

D.a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the

industry 52.The term “aerobic exercise”(fa'st line in second last paragraph)is a kind Of

____

A.hallucination exercise

B.physical exercise

C.meditation exercise

D.entertainment 53.From the last paragraph we can gather that ____

A.there are too many aggressive executives

B.individual talent is not essential for a company

C.the job of an “executive search rum” is corporate head-hunting

D.it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial

ranks 54.For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where ________

A.they can conduct their business

B.they can indulge themselves

C.they can cultivate their mind

D.they can exercise as well as socialize 55.What is NOT tree according to the article? A.Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B.Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C.All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D.Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4 In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together withsome of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society WhiCh.he had four, dod in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech.Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional govemment imposed by the United States that had, in his words, “turned Japan spineless.” Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the tradifonal samurai ritual of seppuku.After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword.The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded;the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive re,me of General Tojo that was to stage tho attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.That earlier revolt is the one referred to in “Patriotism,” one of Mishima's most powerful stories.Here life and fiction become joined.The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfdlment, “the ultimate dream of my life.” Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code;but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building(he became expert at karate and kendo)and, most important, through the discipline writing.In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage.His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower, appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask(1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame.Mishima has been called “Japan's Hemingway,” while others have compared him to “aesthetic” writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56.The article implies that A.Mishima refused to join the army when he was young B.Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writer C.Mishima is a person who'is hard m define D.Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer 57.The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was A.Fo capture the commanding genera!

B.to urge the government to declare a war against America C.to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional govemment

D.to force the Emperor to give up the throne 58.In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____ A.was web received by the soldiers B, was laughed at by the soldiers C.impressed the commanding general D, left a deep impression tO the soldiers 59.What IS true according to article? A.The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B.The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attemnpt C.Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D.one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60.Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___ A, written “Patriotism”, one of his most powerful stories B.written eighty short stories C.published “A Forest in Flower” D.published “Confession of a Mask” 主觀題部分

請用鋼筆或圓珠筆將此部分試題的答案做在答題紙二上，否則無效！V.Translation(20 points)Fart A.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss.The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy.Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers.If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden.Remedial supply action could not be further delayed.Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the SurpluS actually occurs.When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helphng to conserve the present supply.As the price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased;a rise in price encourages users to ecor, om2ze.Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B.(10 points)Directions: Translate the following into EngIish on your ANSWER SHEET.中國已經發層成為一個全球極富吸引力的、現實的大市場。世界各國 和地區不少有遠見卓識的企業家，都將目光投向了中國，并從投資活動中 獲得了豐厚的回報。我相信，中國加入世貿組織后，外商參與中國投資活 動的機會將越來越多，自身發展的空間也越來越大。在中國的投資活動一 定能成為溝通世界各國和地區的企業家與中國市場的一座橋梁，促進中國 和世界經濟共同發展、共同繁榮。VI.Writing(20 points)Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words with file title “My Understanding of GlobaIization”.Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.

第四篇：馬克思主義考博真題

07年 馬哲原理

1、試論馬克思主義的哲學觀。（40分）

2、試論馬克思主義哲學的批判的革命的本質及其現實意義。（30分）

3、試論馬克思恩格斯關于社會公平的思想。（30分）

原著

1、“人們自己創造自己的歷史，但他們并不是隨心所欲的創造自己的歷史??” 請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

2、“人的思維的至上性與非至上性……真理與謬誤的……” 請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

3、“認識由感性到理性……從現象到本質，再到更深刻的本質”（關于現象和本質的那段話）請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

4、“認識和實踐……”（關于實踐和認識無限反復循環的一段話）請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

5、試論恩格斯在馬克思主義哲學創立過程中的地位和作用。（20分）

6、試論馬克思恩格斯關于政治解放和人類解放的關系的思想。（區別和聯系）（20分）08年

馬哲原理：

1.試述費爾巴哈和馬克思關于人的論述。

2．闡述實踐標準的確定性和不確定性的論述，并談談其現實意義。3．試論述歷史規律的客觀性及其特點。馬哲史：

1.“人體解剖是猴體解剖的一把鑰匙??”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。2.“我們不能得意于對自然界的勝利??”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。3.“考察的客觀性。”要求說出出處、含義和意義。4．“使馬克思主義哲學具有中國風格、中國氣派”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。04年 馬哲原理

1、如何從哲學角度理解社會發展。

2、實踐在現實生活中的超越意義。原著

1、《提綱》的偉大變革。

2、列寧三者統一思想。

3、毛澤東《實踐論》《反對本本主義》《人的正確思想從哪里來》的內在聯系。05年 馬哲原理

1、馬克思主義中國化特點、主要經驗及其意義。

2、和諧社會的哲學基礎。

3、人與社會矛盾的當代特點及出路。原著

1、《提綱》第二條。

2、《政治經濟學批判序言》兩個“不會”“必然”。

3、《終結》 “過程集合體”。

4、列寧《談談辯證法問題》最后一段“唯心主義的認識論根源”。

5、文本研究對發展馬哲的意義。06年：

馬哲原理：

1、試論馬克思主義世界歷史理論對中國現代化的意義。

2、簡述真理是一個過程的思想及其意義。

3、試述社會歷史發展的決定論和選擇論的辯證關系及其意義。原著：

1.引文為馬克思《1857-1858手稿》中關于人的發展階段理論一段話，要求指出出處，解釋文本并說明意義。

2、引文為為“隨著自然科學的發展，唯物主義必然改變自己的形式......”一段話，要求指出出處，解釋文本并說明意義。

3、引文為列寧“兩個歸結于”一段論述，要求指出出處，解釋文本并說明意義。

4、簡述毛澤東在《實踐論》和《矛盾論》中對馬哲中國化的貢獻。07年 馬哲原理

1、試論馬克思主義的哲學觀。（40分）

2、試論馬克思主義哲學的批判的革命的本質及其現實意義。（30分）

3、試論馬克思恩格斯關于社會公平的思想。（30分）

原著

1、“人們自己創造自己的歷史，但他們并不是隨心所欲的創造自己的歷史??” 請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

2、“人的思維的至上性與非至上性……真理與謬誤的……” 請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

3、“認識由感性到理性……從現象到本質，再到更深刻的本質”（關于現象和本質的那段話）請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

4、“認識和實踐……”（關于實踐和認識無限反復循環的一段話）請說出這段論述的出處及含義、意義。（15分）

5、試論恩格斯在馬克思主義哲學創立過程中的地位和作用。（20分）

6、試論馬克思恩格斯關于政治解放和人類解放的關系的思想。（區別和聯系）（20分）08年

馬哲原理：

1.試述費爾巴哈和馬克思關于人的論述。

2．闡述實踐標準的確定性和不確定性的論述，并談談其現實意義。3．試論述歷史規律的客觀性及其特點。馬哲史：

1.“人體解剖是猴體解剖的一把鑰匙??”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。2.“我們不能得意于對自然界的勝利??”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。3.“考察的客觀性。”要求說出出處、含義和意義。4．“使馬克思主義哲學具有中國風格、中國氣派”一段話，要求說出出處、含義和意義。

中國人民大學中國哲學專業歷年考博試題

2000年： 西哲：

1、亞里士多德對柏拉圖理念說的批判與繼承。

2、安瑟爾謨關于上帝存在的本體論證明。

3、休謨因果說評述。

4、斯賓諾莎唯理論的認識。

5、費爾巴哈對黑格爾唯心主義體系的批評和繼承。中哲；

1、莊子對老子思想的繼承和發展。

2、《壇經》的心性論綜述。

3、朱熹的格物致知思想述評。

4、章太炎儒學觀的演變。

5、道家思想的現代意義。2001年 西哲

1、德謨克利特的原子論。

2、康德的感性。

3、經驗論的。

4、托馬斯·阿奎那的理性和信仰的關系。

5、黑格爾的矛盾。中哲：

1、離間白和合同異的異同。

2、郭象的獨化論述評。

3、王陽明的“四句教”的哲學意義。

4、譚嗣同的仁學。

5、以德治國的現實意義。2002年 西哲：

1、柏拉圖的理念論。

2、培根的四假象說。

3、休謨的習慣性聯想。

4、托馬斯·阿奎那關于上帝存在的證明。

5、康德的實踐理性批判。中哲：

1、先秦天道觀的區別。

2、董仲舒的人副天數說。

3、法藏華嚴宗的判教理論。

4、嚴復的中西觀。

5、中西哲學的比較。2003年 西哲：

1、亞里士多德的四因說。

2、笛卡兒、斯賓諾莎、萊布尼茨的“天賦觀念說”的異同。

3、貝克萊的“存在即是感知和被感知”。

4、黑格爾的辯證法述評。中哲：

1、老子的“道”的思想和現代意義。

2、葛洪對道家思想的改造。

3、二程學說的異同。

4、孫中山的進化論思想。

5、中國哲學同現代化的關系。2004年 西哲：

1、柏拉圖理念論。

2、斯賓諾莎實體學說。

3、康德“哥白尼革命”。

4、黑格爾的“思維與存在的同一性。” 中哲：

1、荀子對孔子“禮”思想的繼承和發展。

2、南北朝時佛性與人性之辨。

3、王廷相的道體論及其在氣學中的地位。

4、維新派知行觀的特點。

5、儒佛價值觀的融合與沖突。2005年 西哲：

1、亞里士多德的中道思想與孔子中庸思想比較。

2、笛卡兒是在面臨什么樣的挑戰下提出他的形而上學基礎的？他是如何構建他的形而上學基礎的？

3、貝克萊的“存在即感知與被感知”。

4、康德的“人為自然立法”。中哲：

1、先秦法家的道論。

2、董仲舒對先秦儒家的改造。

3、朱熹的“無極太極之辯”

4、康有為哲學創新中的中國特色。

5、中國哲學中天人關系的現代意義。2007年 中哲： 1．《易傳》的哲學思想 2．葛洪的哲學思想 3．《四書》與宋明理學的關系 4．龔自珍、魏源的哲學思想 5．“和”的中國哲學資源 西哲：

1．柏拉圖的洞穴隱喻

2．斯賓諾莎的倫理學思想與莊子人生哲學的異同 3．康德的純粹理性批判 4．舉例說明西方哲學概念在詮釋中國哲學中的積極作用和消極作用

2009年（憑記憶，可能有誤差，請諒解）中哲：

1，儒家的仁愛和墨家兼愛之間的異同 2，董仲舒的天人合一思想 3，宋明理學中天理的含義

4，評述康有為的“公羊三世說” 5，評述中國儒學與現代化的兼容性 西哲：

1，普羅泰格拉“人是萬物的尺度”，并用柏拉圖的理念論加以評析 2，中世紀兩大派

3，康德是怎樣完成他的批判的

4，邏各斯和中國哲學中“道”的異同 中國人民大學2010年博士初試題目 中國哲學：

道家哲學的現實意義近代國學爭論 宋明理學分系

《易傳》中的天人思想 華嚴宗一與多關系 綜合： 一

1.人與自然的關系及其現實意義 2.唯物史觀實現的革命性變革

3.為什么說實踐的觀點是馬克思主義認識論的首要的基本的觀點

二

1.莊子的齊物論

2.道教的一個什么思想

3.朱熹的“理一分殊”

4.科學規律的合理性與可錯性，并舉例說明

三

1.柏拉圖為什么把世界二重化，分為可知世界與可感世界？從知識論和存在論的角度回答 2.笛卡爾為什么堅持身心二元論？它的形而上學意義及缺陷

3.黑格爾的思維與存在的統一

4.論可能世界 專業課：2011

歷史唯物主義在馬克思主義中的地位和作用。

馬克思恩格斯公平觀。

“黑人就是黑人，只有在一定關系下，黑人才是奴隸；紡紗機就是紡織棉花的工具，只有在一定關系下，紡紗機才是資本。”這段話的出處、含義以及意義。

“考察的客觀性（不是枝節，是自在之物本身）”，這句話的出處、含義以及意義。

哲學綜合：

馬哲原理（三選二）

歷史唯物主義的基本觀點以及對社會科學方法論的意義

矛盾特殊性的含義以及在實際工作中的意義

科學技術是第一生產力

西哲（四選二）

什么是懷疑主義？懷疑主義在西方哲學史上的意義

亞里士多德“

”（一段關于存在論的話），談談這種科學的特征以及在西方哲學史上的演變

上帝本體論證明以及康德對證明的批判

邏輯是什么，它的哲學含義

第五篇：醫學考博英語真題備考經驗談（精選）

醫學考博英語真題備考經驗談

不知不覺考博已經過去一年了，前幾天看到同學現在還在為了考博英語焦頭爛額，覺得可以把自己的一點經驗總結一下，希望對大家有所幫助。我是2013年參加的博士英語考試，考了兩次，一次是衛生部統考，一次是自己學校的考試。兩次都考上了，得了兩份錄取通知書。

縱觀整個復習過程，我個人認為最關鍵的一點就是多做題，不管是全國的還是北大等高校自己出的考試題，多做題都是最有效的方法。真題這塊是不容忽視的，在復習其他專項之前要看，為的是了解題型和重難點，在復習專項之后要看，主要是測試自己復習的效果如何及現在差距。

了解好真題后，首先是單詞，個人認為是最費時間，效果最差的一項。我提前一年起背博士英語單詞，但是效果不好，記不住，做題的時候覺得效果不好。北大等學校的考題基本上還是一個都不認識，只能蒙。雖然這樣，詞匯還是需要系統記憶的，我當時用的是《華慧考博英語詞匯10000例詳解》你們可以參考。

閱讀部分，我覺得要多做題，平時就要訓練在規定時間內的閱讀速度和閱讀量，養成快速閱讀的習慣，不要被一兩個單詞阻礙。要時刻模仿考試時的環境和緊張程度。全國統考的閱讀不難，平時多練習《醫學考博英語閱讀專項訓練》很有好處。其他學校的閱讀難易程度就參差不齊了，北大，天津的出奇的難，中南大學的就比較簡單。

作文的關鍵就是要實實在在的寫，不能只是在腦子里打草稿，一定要動筆，一個字一個字寫，有時候只有動筆才能發現自己的問題，而且還能練習書寫速度和質量。

翻譯部分，全國統考沒有，只有自己出題的學校有，而且很難。通常能見到政治方面的中翻英，有的學校還有英翻中，也不是很好組織語言。建議大家平時多看看China Daily的網站。這樣的主觀題目是拉分的關鍵部分，有的學校這樣的部分占到40％，很有難度，建議參加這些學校考試的同學買一本歷年來各校考試題的合集，發狠的做。我買了一本，一共40套，做了25套左右，雖然經常被打擊的想撕書，但最后考的時候還是有點效果的。還有就是聽力，沒辦法，練吧。不太好的同學建議找到聽力的原文，跟著帶子朗讀，進而背過，這是一個很好的短期內提高聽力的辦法。最后就是輔導班，建議大家有條件的話盡量去學一下，華慧考博網真題班，雖然可能比較貴，但就我去年的經驗來看，還是物有所值的。

考前2-3個月每天要做模擬題或真題，每天看著表，一天一套，不要管分數，堅持做，做錯的能搞懂就搞懂，搞不懂就背過。雖然方法笨了點，但是很有效。這些只是自己的一點備考經驗，希望對大家有用！