第一篇：新時代讀寫譯1到4單元答案

第三級的讀寫譯與以前版本有嚴重不同 此答案只有1到4單元的！望查看清楚！【三級】 UNIT 1

Reading1（注：以下是書上的標號）Ⅲ ⒈ ⑴feel comfortable about ⑵improve one's reading abilities ⑶prefer television to print ⑷subjects at the level of higher education/at the college level ⑸retain new hnowledge/the retention of new knowledge ⑹apply for and get a driver's license ⑺something one benefits all one's life ⑻if you were in my position/if you were put in my position ⑼extract some benefits from ⑽Time flies by awfully fast ⒉ ⑴look over ⑵Getting a head start ⑶is held off/will be held off ⑷devote...to ⑸in sum ⑹In the light of ⑺There's a likelihood Ⅳ ⑴～⑸ EBAOC ⑹～⑽ DGHKJ Ⅴ ⒈ ⑴Jack decided to read Shakespeare's sonnets aloud until he can retain them.⑵How to cultivate one's long-term memory?term memory into longjust as you would need an instruction manual if your job required you to have one.⑸The real secret for the man's success is that he always gets a head start on the others.⒉ ⑴記憶的信息會在接觸后的24小時內逐漸遺忘。（這就是“遺忘曲線”）⑵有些學生或許會以此作為考前突擊的理由——把一切都拖到考試前最后一天來硬記。⑶許多教師都會進行期末總結性的考試，他們并不是僅僅考察上次考試以后所學的新知識，而是考察這門課自始至終的所有內容。⑷然而，你學習中的一半或者是更多的時間都可能花在教科書上了。⑸有些學生把他們的教科書看作是令人頭痛或是乏味的東西，但不幸的是，這是他們所受教

育中必需的（也是昂貴的）組成部分。Ⅵ（此部分不會評分，所以，請盡情發揮吧）Reading2（實際上是書上的最后一段）long as the world goes around will continue to change words will be added to English will be altered because people are most comfortable with the familiar not likely that we'll ever see a major change in the way most words are spelled what would we do without the challenge of English spelling 3/3 Words and Phrases 1 1.probability--likelihood 2.pot for--choose 3.considered--contemplated 4.liberal--tolerant 5.invaded--affected 6.retain--master 7.a good beginning--a head start 8.in the light of--according to Words and Phrases 2 1.You don't have to...carefully(unless)you want to.2.The repairman...any(instruction)on when to fix the car.3.Due to the...decided to(hold off)the meeting.4.I don't think...umbrella(in case)it does.5.Two weeks after...supposed(to have left)the school now.6.As a nurse...was(exposed)to great danger.7.Professors expect...reference(sections)in the library.8.(Whatever)the outcome,....Discourse Exercise 3 1 4 2 6 5 Correction A---had been complaining D---used C---have learned A---minutes D---depending C---unfortunately C---attracting B---are D---is B---awfully Translation 1 ⒈If you have any doubts a...-----如果你對選修課有任何的疑問

⒉but also tried to persuade Cogress to pass...----而且設法說服國會通過一項法律，規定凡使用非標準拼寫的人將受到法律的處罰 ⒊Rather, they test you on all...----而是考察你這門課自始至終的所有內容 ⒋Spelling reform continued to be...----對文字的拼寫改革就像過去許多世紀中情形一樣，以一種溫和的形式在繼續進行著 Translation 2 ⒈或許將這些實事此作為考前突擊的理由----make those facts an arqument for cramming ⒉把英語學習看作事件令人頭痛或乏味的事----regrad their English study as troublesome or uninteresting ⒊許多學生將一半或更多的學習時間都花在學英語上了----half or more of student's sutdy time have been devoted to English study/learning of English/many students has spent half or more of their study time on English study ⒋人們甚至對怎樣寫自己的名字也很隨便----People were even very liberal about their names UNIT 2 Reading 1 ============================= ==========1/3---1============ 1.加入到“賽博空間”旅行的行列 2.常識和知識 3.控制費用 4.尤其,特別

5.在公告板上留言 6.停留

7.銷售活動的針對性 8.個性化的廣告 9.未料到的支出款項

10.確保你個人資料的保密性 11.旅行保險 12.請記住

13.使你的計算機系統染上病毒 14.預定一次旅行 15.注冊 16.上不了網

========1/3---2============ 1.ger 2.mble 3.proof 4.sonalize 5.licited 6.iciously 7.jack 8.rupt 9.tachment 10.mous

========1/3---3=========== insured personal awareness accurately accessible exposing conversation have ventured reveals afford Banked Cloze 1 ========================== 1.tips 2.determine 3.charged 4.privacy 5.personal 6.collecting 7.personalized 8.guarantees 9.definitely 10.passwords 11.access 12.bulletin 13.attachment 14.transmitted 15.assure Banked Cloze 2 ===================== 1.far-reaching 2.digital 3.anonymous 4.filters 5.simulation 6.retreat 7.assume 8.isolated =====Translation 1===== 中譯英

======================= 1.有時在線看電影會使你的電腦感染病毒

Sometimes watching movies online can expose your computer to viruses.2.我們應該充分認識到網絡的安全和重要性。

We should be fully aware of the importance of online security.3.殺毒軟件

Anti-virus software keeps the spreading of viruses under control.4.隨著上網越來越便捷

As getting online gets easier and more affordable, more and more people will venture into Cyberspace.5.病毒可以通過多種途徑傳播

Viruses can be transmitted throught many ways, in particular, through the Internet.=====Translation 2===== 英譯中

======================= 1.When you revist the site 當你再次訪問這個網站時，該網站將會打開這個cookie文件，獲得所存儲的信息，從而知道怎樣歡迎你--他甚至可能“叫”你的名字。2.When you enter a chat room 當你參與一個聊天室的討論，在一個公告板上寫留言，在一個商業網站注冊，參加一個競賽，或者是訂購某種產品的時候，你直接公開地將信息傳送到了“賽博空間”。3.When shopping online 網上購物是，如果告知別人你的社會保障卡，信用卡號碼和發送地址，你要非常小心。4.Credit rights and other consumer 信用權利法案和其他消費者保護法規都適用于因特網事項。如果遇到問題，應報告給執法單位來處理。

5.There is so much to do and 在“賽博空間”里，有如此之多的事情可以做，有如此之多的”站點“可以瀏覽，因為你的因特網服務商在其網站上提供了大量的信息。=========Writing========= 略……

========================= Reading 2 =====2/3 Dictation======= 摘自課文第二段

第1行：achickenwith desirable traits has been bred or 第2行：genetically engineered of thousands of eggs which will 第3行：hatch into identical copies could roll off the production lines 第4行：every hour of clones could be produced each year 第5行：to supply chicken farms with birds that all grow at the 第6行：same rate the same amount of meat and taste the same ======3/3--1 ========= Word and phrases 1 ====================== 前面為提示，后面為答案 1.took risk of----ventured 2.pain----sufferings

3.age----era 4.deliberately----knowingly 5.postpone----put off 6.department----agency 7.Did you notice----Were you aware of 8.answer----respond to Word and phrases 2 ====================== 1.The force----scale 2.This middle school----attached 3.Citizens may have----access 4.This new type----resistant 5.This news program----external 6.China is a----vulnerable 7.What----welfare 8.A mystery ailment----victims =====排序====== 214365 ====Correction 改錯===== 1.There could also c:carry food-poisoning bacteria 2.At present b:is too expensive for breeders 3.When shop online a:shopping online 4.It's difficult c:Expect to receive 5.Origen's website b:genetically engineering birds 6.Marketers a:in particular 7.Embrex is c:inject the cells into 8.Credit rights b:apply to 9:Billions of clones b:supply chicken farms with birds 10.When you enter C:protection of personal information =======Translation 1======= 英譯漢

=========================== 1.Space and race 但網絡愛情真能取代兩人享受下午茶的愜意時光么？

2.When the computer 當計算機成為學校，辦公室，家中的必需品后，3.As getting online 越來越多的人都將在網絡空間“旅行”。4.When you enter 你直接公開地將信息傳送到了“賽博空間”。漢譯英

=========================== 1.The government----has banned all scientific research using human embryos.2.Only the bigger----afford the enormous fees that these players demand.3.We should----be fully aware of the importance of online security 4.It is not----will be full liable for any demage they may cause UNIT 3

Reading 1（注：以下是書上的標號）Ⅲ.⒉ ⑴rather than clear ⑵either of them had fallen ⑶did he realize the scale of the disaster ⑷they were giving up hope ⑸should have seen Euan’s face ⑹It was only after we’d flown back to Glasgow ⑺would have died ⒊ ⑴Because of-----thanks to ⑵find out---------work out ⑶hit----------------stricken ⑷escaped from---survived ⑸Very quickly----Before we know it ⑹counted the number of students------did a head count ⑺didn’t wake up from--------------------slept through ⑻stop holding----let go of ⑼to be obtained-----------available ⑽extremely pleased------thrilled Ⅳ.⑴extinguished ⑵reduced ⑶tragedy ⑷submitted ⑸architects ⑹damaging ⑺effective ⑻issued ⑼within 7

⑽rejected ⑾widening ⑿available ⒀consequently ⒁reconstruction ⒂reached Ⅴ.⒈ ⑴Stephen linked arms/was arm in arm with his wife wading through the fierce current.⑵There is no sign that the price of daily necessities is going to fall in the disaster-hit area.⑶Surviving the tsunami, Sara was finally reunited with her family at the airport.⑷Knowing/Seeing the injured person was in great danger, he quickly decked into doctor mode and set about saving his life on the spot.⑸She cried her eyes out, telling me that almost the whole village had been overwhelmed by the flood.⒉ ⑴這樣他們才會安全——海浪已經卷走了很多人的生命，但他們的位置比海浪搞些。⑵一切都顯得那么完美，史蒂文，瑞和孩子們開始在岸邊潑水玩，然后又向一個碼頭走去。⑶當時史蒂文還沒有意識到浪究竟有多大，他讓阿什利回到海灘上去拿包。擔當海水開始嘩啦啦地沖過六英尺高的港灣圍墻時，他明白這不是普通的海浪。⑷史蒂文太了不起了。他立即進入了消防員的狀態，先讓我們平靜下來，然后開始想辦法救我們。⑸他們迅速被快艇送到一個受災很輕的島上，第二天干最早的航班回到了英國。Ⅵ.writing（此處跳過，請大家也跳過吧）Reading 2（實際上是書上第一段）

(What)happened the nest few minutes after the Titanic hit the iceberg will forever remain in history.(First)Officer Murdoch,(who)was the officer of the watch at that time,(was)responsible for the navigation of the Titanic.(We)will probably never know what thoughts flashed through his mind as the wall of ice passed along the starboard side of the bow,(pieces)of it falling onto the forecastle and well deck.3/3（以下的題請注意順序！！）---Words and Phrases 1 1.tendency---------current 2.nervous---------tense 3.fear---------panic 4.faithful to God-----religious 5.drew back--------receded 6.crash-----------collision 7.costly-----------luxurious 8.arranging--------coordinating---Words and Phrases 2 1.Linda decided to(switch)her major from engineering to medicine.2.We were(heading)for Boston in the middle of the night when our truck broke down.3.I’ve no idea how to set about(changing)a tyre on a car.4.We(bumped)into Kate when we were in London last week.5.There will be a full investigation to(work out)what caused the accident.6.A small dog had somehow(managed)to survive the fire.7.The lives of thousands of birds are(in)jeopardy as a result of the oil spillage.8.Falling export rates have(impacted)the country’s economy quite considerably.---Discourse Exercise 5 21643---Correction 1.He and his offices …(crews)were … C.crews--------crew 2.It was only after we’d …(when)I felt like … C.when--------that 3.As I looked down …(other than)clear and I … B.other than----rather than 4.Furthermore, he had not …(that)was the most… C.that--------what 5.Aside form the men …(a few)realized that … C.a few-------few 6.Like all ships …(great)her forward motion.C.great-------greater 7.Thanks to Stephen’s …(survive from)the Asian … D.survive from-----survive 8.Stephen used all his …(he realized)the scale… C.he realized------did he realize 9.(If)the Titanic proceeded … A.if----------had 10.He dashed back the hotel …(had missed)D.had missed----was missing---Translation 1 1.She cried out her eyes, telling me 她痛哭流涕地告訴我

2.the teacher did a head count to see if every body was present.教師就開始清點人數看看大家是否都到了，3.he quickly clicked into doctor mode setting about saving his life on the spot.他立即擔當起醫生的角色，開始在現場搶救他的生命。4.all the roommates slept it through except Xiao Zhang.宿舍里除了小張外所有人都沒有察覺到。---Translation 2 1.當時還沒有意識到浪究竟有多大 Not realizing just how big the wave was, 2.也許本來是可以避免發生的

which could have, perhaps, been avoided.3.幾千人的生命正面臨著危險

the lives of thousands of people were in jeopardy.4.迅速被快艇送到另外一個小島

were whisked away by speedboat to another island UNIT 4

========================= 第四單元

========================= ========1/3============== Vocabulary & Structure 1 ========================= 1.food--borne illnesses 2.die of food poisoning 3.fatal digestive tract illnesses / fatal digestive tract disturbances 4.edible vegetables 5.store at room temperature 6.be in the absence of oxygen 7.make...safe for consumption 8.a fast-food restaurant chain 9.focus the public spotlight on 10.one outcome of the concern about / an outcome of the concern about 11.prevent loss of control over 12.make up only a fraction of 13.affect just a few victims 14.protect food from microorganisms Vocabulary & Structure 2 ========================== 1.experiences 2.contaminated 3.employs 4.life-threatening 5.vacuum-packed 6.senses 7.handling 8.protecting 9.recall 10.monitoring Vocabulary & Structure 3 ========================== 1.died of 2.suffers from 3.should focus all our attention on 4.On occasion

5.have come to 6.as a result Banked Cloze ========================= 1.suffer 2.diarrhea 3.cases 4.survey 5.from 6.complaining 7.whose 8.required 9.provisions 10.bare 11.out 12.hazardous 13.potential 14.among 15.in all =========1/3=========== Translation 1 ======================= 1.他吃了些

He suffered digestive tract disturbances after taking some contaminated food.2.我們應該

We should focus the public's spotlight on food safety.3.食源性疾病

Food-borne illness can cause diarrhea or stomachache.4.新鮮食物

Fresh food is more nutritious than canned and packaged foods.5.購買食品時

When food shopping, I am used to inspecting the batch numbers and seals of the products/ foods first.Translation 2 ======================= 1.Nearly everyone else experiences 幾乎所有人都有過食物中毒的經歷，但可能被誤認 為是得了“流感”而硬挺了過來。

2.So potent is the botulinum toxin that an

amount as 肉毒素的毒性極強，僅一粒鹽大小的肉毒素就可以 在1小時內致數人死亡。3.The botulinum toxin is 高溫可以殺滅肉毒素，含肉毒素的罐頭食品只需煮 沸十分鐘，就可以安全食用了。自制的灌裝食品只有 嚴格的按照食品衛生文本的規定操作，才能保證食品 安全。

4.While commercially prepared food is 通常商場出售的成品食物比較安全，但偶爾也會出 問題。一旦出了問題，就會對許多人造成危害。5.Canned and packaged foods sold in 雜貨店出售的灌裝和包裝食品雖然易于控制和管理，但偶爾也會出現問題。Writing ===================== 討厭的作文啊，在這里自己隨便寫點什么吧！========2/3========== Dictation ===================== 第1行:[It's] good to know that no single food additive poses a 2:severe danger to the entire population.[But] saiver addtion, [such] 3:as those we have mentioned, [do] pose some risks to the 4:general public and should be avoided as much as possible.5:[Fortunately], people are more aware than ever of the dangers 6:of pesticide resdues on fruits and vegetables and of 7:additives in our processed foods.=========3/3=========== Words and Phrases 1 ======================= 1.are loaded with-------contain 2.ban-------forbid 3.constitute-------are considered 4.pass it off------regard it 5.replace--------substitute 6.chances are excellent-----it's most likely 7.poses------cause 8.controversy------argument

Words and Phrases 2 ======================= 1.One of our objectives in education---------critical 2.The botulinum toxin is destroyed by---------rendered 3.It is our responsibility as---------healthy 4.For many years, meat and seafood---------inspectors 5.Bacteria may ______ or act in food---------multiply 6.Fortunately,people are more aware---------residues 7.The federal government---------recognizes 8.Now more and more people have---------cocern Discourse Exercise ====================== 3 5 1 6 2 4 Correction ==================== 1.Whether or not the microbes-------B:sources 2.So potent the botulinum toxin-------B:is the botulinum toxin 3.Some people have come to-------B:inevitable 4.While commercially prepared food-------D:take notice 5.Artificial colorings, often using-------B:used 6.A plan must then be developed-------D:at 7.But several additives, such as-------B:do pose 8.Red No.3 has been-------D:under 9.Overwhelmingly, most food-------B:make 10.For people who are otherwise-------C:relatively Translation1

====================== 1.A reduced-calorie diet can be effective 但是要記住大量減少熱量的節食，應該在醫生的監 督下進行，這一點很重要。

2.When food shopping, I am used to習慣于先查看產品批號和封口。3.During this chemical reaction 亞硝酸鈉與其他化學物質結合，生成強致癌因子。4.The botulinum toxin is destroyed by 自制的灌裝食品只有嚴格的按照食品衛生文本的規 定操作，才能保證食品安全。Translation1 ====================== 1.[Food safety affects] not only just a few victims, but the whole society as well.2.[The incident itself] has focused the public spotlight on thr issues of.3.[Eating good foods makes you feel great and] helps prevent many types of illnesses.4.[Nowadays people] are more aware than ever of

第二篇：新時代交互英語讀寫譯4課文翻譯

Unit 1 移民的挑戰

人們遠離家鄉僑居國外的原因很多。對有些人來說，是出于經濟上的考慮。他們覺得在別的地方會有更多賺錢機會。對另一些人來說，是出于冒險，想嘗試別樣的生活。還有一些人移居國外是因為他們認為那兒的價值觀與他們的理想比較吻合。

那些出于經濟原因移民的人常被誤導。他們可能聽說過無數發財致富的故事，但事實絕非如此簡單。要果真如此，他們要去的那個國家的人早就賺了上百萬了。移民到國外的人通常要辛苦工作，可能要比在本國辛苦得多。

有時候，人們對該不該移民基本沒有多少主動權。例如在愛爾蘭饑荒期間，數百萬的愛爾蘭人把移民看成是去國外（生存）還是在家里等死的選擇。大部分人一路艱辛，冒著危險來到美國，干著最臟的活，拿著比其他美國人低得多的工資。移民遭受的此類歧視和虧待在歷史上早已司空見慣了。

而且，許多移民發現他們手藝不被認可。許多越南或巴基斯坦的醫生、律師、工程師發現一旦離開祖國，他們的資歷就一錢不值。他們達不到移民國家設定的標準。結果，他們就干起了打掃辦公室地板、晚上守夜值班的活。而他們在移民前有可能就是在這樣的辦公室工作。這種二等公民的感覺既屈辱又讓人壓抑。

還有一些人可能發現他們的語言能力使得他們既不好找工作又不被社會認可。那些出于冒險而移居國外的人不在乎這一點，但學一門新的語言要占用他們為過上好生活而掙錢的時間。我們常常見到，移居到多元文化國家里的移民們找不到自己的位置，而最終總是在自己老鄉圈里活動，并為充分抓住新的機會。

人們可能因為不喜歡自己國家的條件而決定離開。在美國對越作戰期間，數以萬計的美國年輕人離開美國去加拿大，以逃避去為一場毫無意義的戰爭當炮灰。這些人與他們的朋友、家人切斷聯系，不能回歸祖國。

人們移民總是期望為孩子們營造更好的將來，過上更好的生活。但情形往往是父母做出的犧牲并沒有得到子女的回報，因為他們在父母的嬌寵中長大成人，不懂得惜哺雙親。

但是，人們仍然克服重重困難移民，尤其是去那些經濟增長快的國家，如澳大利亞、加拿大和美國。這些國家歷史不長，但正是靠那些為逃避祖國的災荒或戰亂而背井離鄉的一批批農民、工人和商人建設起來的。其中少數的移民，通過一兩代人的努力，實現了自己夢寐以求的飛黃騰達。許多國家依然依靠移民從事體力勞動，同時需要移民帶來新的觀念和高科技。例如印度軟件編程員在世界各地都大受歡迎。移民滿懷希望在落戶地開創新家園常常引起人們的擔憂。本地人擔心新移民會搶走一部分工作，瓜分他們已有的財產。但移民通常會創造新的財富，促進生產力，刺激消費。

同時，人們會因為彼此的價值觀、理想和習俗不同而覺得陌生。但這種情形會隨著雙方的調和而很快得到改觀。在大量印度人移民到英格蘭初期，英國人覺得印度人的食物是那么的不同，與清淡的英國口味有天壤之別。可是今天，印度食品賣得比英國傳統食品——炸魚和炸薯條還好，成為英國最受歡迎的食品。

不管一個人出于什么原因移民，他都會給新的國家帶來比手藝和工作熱情更重要的東西：勇氣。要離開熟知的環境去開始全新的生活，為自己和家人打拼嶄新的將來，這需要何等的勇氣！這種勇氣對任何國家都是永恒的財富。

誰屬于“第 1.5 代移民”？

傳統上，我們是按照移民家庭到美國的時間來劃分移民的。我們把新移民稱為第一代，他們的孩子為第二代，孫輩們為第三代，依此類推。

這些分類雖然不無益處，但是把移民依此歸類卻并非易事。并不是所有的第一代移民都擁有同樣的經歷。他們來自不同的國家．擁有不同的背景。第一代移民中的一大差異在于他們來時的年齡。目前學者們認識到移民的經歷差異很大，而這些差異取決于他們來到美國時的年齡。

有一些移民是成年后才來到美國的，他們已在各自的祖國完成了學業。而另外不少人是在孩提或青少年時期隨同他們的父母來到美國，甚域作為孤兒難民來到美國。這些年輕的移民在他們的祖國剛剛開始人生和接受教育。和成年移民一樣，他們的生活經歷包含著兩種或更多種的文化和語言。然而與成年移民不同的是，他們是在一個地方開始教育而在另一個新的國家以一種新的語言完成教育。這些年輕人在很多方面既與第一代的成年移民不同，也與第二代移民不同，他們介乎于兩者之間。

從事移民教育和其他領域研究的學者們把這種處于中間的群體叫做．“第1.5 代”。第1．5 代成員的特征和教育需求在某些地方介于第一代成人移民和第二代移民之間。“第1.5 代”已經成了一個廣為人知的名詞，因為它體現了游離于傳統分類之外的年輕人所處的中間位置。

了解有多少人屬于這一類移民是至關重要的。目前每年大約有100 萬移民來到美國，其中30%以上是不滿，8 歲的孩子，這是美國歷史上最大的一次兒童新移民浪潮。

第1.5 代移民所面臨的挑戰 大部分人認為兒童移民會很容易適應新國家。然而，研究卻表明他們會經常面臨困境。例如，兒童移民會經常感到煩惱和沮喪。他們必須遠離他們熟悉的祖國、家人和朋友。對于這些孩子來講．適應調整是不容易的。他們很有可能在美國生活了多年后還會面臨困難。

比起在美國出生的孩子，兒童移民通常會承擔更多的家庭責任。許多移民父母要打好幾份工，工作時間很長，只有這樣他們才能掙足夠的錢在美國養家糊口。這樣，許多移民兒童就必須自己照顧自己，有時他們還得充當父母的角色去照顧弟弟和妹妹。移民兒童常常會迫于壓力在小小年紀就開始工作或退學來幫助養家糊口。

語言傳遞者

第1.5 代的另一個責任就是充當語言傳遞者。語言傳遞者就是為講不同語言的人翻譯。而通常語言傳遞者都沒有受過任何正規訓練。許多兒童移民都為他們的父母充當語言傳遞者。他們為父母在商場、政府機關甚至在醫院充當翻譯。例如，美籍越南作家黎氏艷歲就回憶起她作為語言傳遞者的經歷。由于她會說英語，她成為了“我們家的頭號代表”。她在家中起著成年人的作用。她終日“指引著我的家人解決日常生活的困難，包括從雜貨店找到牛奶，在社會服務大樓和醫院里找到該進的房間。”

價值觀沖突

兒童移民面臨的最大困難也許就是價值觀的沖突。兒童移民承受著適應美國文化的壓力。美國文化中的價值觀會和他們的本國文化相沖突。然而，兒童移民通常會比他們的父母更快地接受美國價值觀。孩子們認識到新的價值觀不同于他們父母的價值觀，因此會與父母產生沖突。例如，移民孩子如果像美國孩子那樣打扮和舉止的話可能會顯得大逆不道。為了適應這種情況，移民孩子身處在完全不同的兩種社會之間。他們必須適應家里的文化和美國的文化。他們每天都要經歷價值沖突。

妙筆生花的黎氏艷歲講述了她從越南來到加利福尼亞后的成長歷程中所經歷的沖突。她“喜歡蒔蘿通心面和奶酪．而且特別擅長呼啦圈和倒著溜旱冰，”但她的父母卻保持著越南的傳統習慣。他們吃姜燒魚，荔枝和面條湯，這些讓她不禁想到“那一整段歷史，我原以為已經把它像諸多無用的贅物般從甲板上扔進了萬劫不復的太平洋。”她的家就像是“一個偏遠的越南村落”。當她離開這所房子的時候，父母和越南就好像離她遠去。她這樣概括她兩相為難的情形：“我在一條寬闊的河流上不停地在兩岸之間來回擺渡。”

歧視

正如黎氏艷歲的經歷所展示的，兒童移民面臨著一個棘手的問題。他們必須同時培養對原家鄉文化和美國文化的認同。除了家庭的壓力，兒童移民還常常遭到歧視。在學校里，有些老師會因為學生不會說英語而認為他們不聰明。相反，另一些老師可能會對他們期待太高。這種情況在亞洲移民中很常見，他們必須滿足人們對他們成為“少數族裔模范’的期望。

在學校里，第1.5 代還面臨其他問題。學生們經常對第1.5 代的學生抱有偏見。例如，有些學生，特別是土生土長的美國人，可能會把第1.5 代看作“外國人”。甚至來自于他們自己文化的學生也瞧不起他們。他們認為第1.5 代是跟不上時代的。有時他們把他們稱為“F O B（剛下船的）”以示他們的落伍。而另一方面，新到的移民會認為第1.5 代學生太美國化了。像美國黑人等其他少數族群則會覺得第1.5 代學生是他們獲得更好工作和教育機會的競爭對手。

新移民學校

兒童移民在學業上面臨的問題更多。他們必須學會適應英語主導的文化和新的學校體制。在一些學校里，為移民孩子所提供的服務可能是有限的。在另一些地方，出現了“新移民學校”的項目。在這種特殊的學校里，兒童移民可以學習如何適應美國生活和基礎英語。“新移民學校”的作用也遭到了質疑。批評者認為這種學校與其說解決問題，不如說引發了更多的問題。這樣會助長種族隔離。他們為學生的教育設置了更多的障礙并且延誤了學生融入主流校園生活的時間。而支持者宣稱，這種學校和項目使新移民能站穩腳跟，能幫助孩子加快適應的過程并且肯定其家鄉文化的價值，還能幫助新移民兒童建立自信和自尊。

Unit 2

全球通用語言——英語

隨著因特網及其他全球通訊技術的出現，世界已經變小了，人們幾乎可以在任何地方、任何時間進行交流，而使用最多的語言就是英語。英語的使用已遍及全球，成為娛樂、商務和科技活動的交際語。

英語為何享有如此高的地位？答案是英語在歷史上一直都充當著強者的語言。語言學家兼作家戴維·克里斯特爾曾說：“一種語言成為世界語言的唯一原因是說這種語言的人的強大。”正因為英語是那些在政治、經濟、技術和文化上成為了強者的語言，所以它成為了當今世界最常用的交際語言。

有些人把全球化語言的存在當做福音，另一些人卻視之為禍水。的確，全球通用語言能使人們更多地認識和了解彼此。特別是在科技領域，英語作為首選語言促進了研究合作與知識共享。盡管具有主導地位的單一語種會更能兼收并蓄，但也會引起分歧和排斥。英語不是母語的人們可能無法融入進去，而那些英語為母語的人憑借著熟練的語言知識而成為特權精英。例如，非英語國家的科學家可能無法在國際期刊上發表他們的研究成果。

許多人已經意識到英語的重要性和學習英語的必要性，否則就可能被國際交流圈拒之門外。英語就像會用計算機一樣，成為學生很小就開始學習的一門基本技能。商業圈更是體會到擁有會說幾種語言的員工的好處。

但是，人人都學英語了，那他們會不會忘記或丟掉自己的母語呢？英語不斷蠶食其他語言的領地，其他語言還會存在嗎？

有人認為英語的擴張對全世界語言的獨特性和多樣性是一種威脅。不少語言正以驚人的速度消亡，這是事實。當今世界約有6000種語言，其中90%面臨消亡。隨著世界變小，各種社會和文化不斷融合，那些邊緣性語言就逐漸消失了。戴維·格拉多爾是一家名為“英語公司”的出版社的執行董事，同時也是《英語的未來》一書的作者。他說：“那些邊遠小村莊里的語言隨著那兒的人們與外界緊密聯系而被同化正在逐漸消失。”

當有人在為失去珍稀冷僻的語言憂心忡忡時，有人卻聲稱隨著社會和文化的融合，語言并未消亡，而是融合進而演變成新的混雜型語言。當英語在某個地方被使用時，它不會一成不變，它會呈現出當地的文化特點和慣例習俗。當人們把英語當成交流用語時，他們會改造它，從這種意義上說，文化變異和個性因此得以保留。這聽起來有點自相矛盾，英語的傳播反而可能有助于保持全球的多樣性。

英語的未來

語言，特別是英語，不是永恒不變的。語言會變化。語言彼此借鑒字詞和語句。尤其是英語，它就像吸塵器，從其他語言中吸納詞語。今天的英語包含了從350多種語言中借用的詞匯。有人認為這對英語有害，認為我們應該盡力保持英語的“純粹”。但是我們得看到當今英語是何其的豐富，以及通過融合吸收所帶給英語的好處。它過去是、現在是、將來仍然會繼續演變，它通過吸納和融合承載它所影響的和被影響的人們、文化及語言的歷史。確信無疑的是英語將會繼續進化演變。

英語會保持其全球性語言的地位嗎？有些人認為我們正處在轉變時期。格拉多指出英語作為全球語言的地位將很快達到極點。現在，漢語擁有最大量的母語使用者，而英語是全球貿易和科技用語。預測到2050年，英語、西班牙語、印度語和阿拉伯語將擁有等量的使用者。到那時，漢語或阿拉伯語是否能取代英語而成為全球化的語言？

將來，很可能很多人都會說兩種或三種語言。生意場上用英語，而日常生活中用自己的母語。毫無疑問，只會說一種語言的人要想完全融入多語言社會會有些困難。那些英語為母語的人總因自己很幸運地擁有母語優勢而志得意滿，經常意識不到有必要學習別的語言。而那些意識到這一需求的人們將為成為明天全球化社會的一分子占盡先機。

我母親的英語

譚恩美對日常生活中的語言很感興趣，并由此加深了對語言神力的以識——無論是生動的想象、復雜的思想、還是樸素的真理，語言都可以表達。在這篇節選中，譚談到了她母親的英語，以及“不同水平的英語”對她生活和寫作的重要影響。

近來，我對母親的英語進行了深入的思考。和有些人一樣，我把它形容為“支離破碎”的英語。但每當我這么說的時候又心存怯意。我總為如何形容它而煩惱，因為除了“破碎”一詞外，我想不出別的什么。就好像它是什么損壞了的東西，需要修理，又好像它缺乏一定的完整性和可靠性。我也聽說過別的詞，例如“有限的”。但也一樣糟，就好像一切都是有限的，包括人們對有限英語使用者的認識。

我知道事情真是這樣，因為在我的成長過程中，母親讓我對她的了解很有限。我為她的英語感到羞愧。我認為她的英語反映了她要說的事情的品質。也就是說，因為她的表達不完善，她的思想也就不完善。而且我有很多以前發生過的事實證明：百貨公司，銀行，餐館的人不重視她，不給她好好服務，假裝聽不懂她說什么，甚至裝作沒聽見。

母親也很早意識到她英語的缺陷。我15 歲的時候，她就常讓我假冒她給別人打電話。我被迫扮成她去詢問信息，甚至朝那些對她無禮的人抱怨和吼叫。有一次是給她在紐約的股票經紀人打電話。她把她的小筆投資兌成了現金，巧得很，接下來的一周我們要去紐約，這是我們到加州以外的首次旅行。我只有拿起電話，帶著少年的嗓音，當然不太像了，說：“我是譚太太。”

母親就站在我身后．在我耳邊大聲說，“為什么他不寄給我支票，已經延遲兩星期了。真是瘋了，他騙我，損失我的錢。”

然后我就以流利的英語說：“沒錯．我現在很著急。兩個星期前，你就答應給我寄支票的，但是還沒收到。”

然后她開始更大聲地說：“他要怎樣，我來紐約告訴他老板．你騙我？”我一邊盡量讓她平靜下來，讓她小聲點兒，一邊對股票經紀人說，“我再也不聽你的任何借口了。如果不能馬上收到支票，我下周到紐約，就得找你們經理談。”

果真，接下來的一周我們就來到驚訝的經紀人面前，我紅著臉、乖乖地坐在那兒，而我母親，真正的譚太太，說著絕對不成句的英語，沖著他的老板大喊大叫。我想母親的英語幾乎還有一種制約我生活中可能性的作用。社會學家和語言學家或許告訴你，一個人語言技能的發展更多地受同齡人的影響。但我卻認為，家庭中使用的語言、尤其在更為封閉的移民家庭，對孩子語言能力的形成有重大影響。我認為它還影響到我在學業考試、智商測試、以及學能測試中的表現。盡管我的英語水平并不差，但與數學相比而言，英語井非我的強項。小學的時候，我英語學的還可以，差不多都是B，有時候是B+，學業考試成績位于前40%~30%。而這些成績與我的強項數學和理科相比，不足掛齒．因為在這些領域，我得了許多A，位于前10％，甚至更高??

近來，我一直思考有關語言的方方面面，關于母親的英語，關于學業考試。因為最近，有人問作為作家的我，為什么美國文學中描寫美籍亞裔的作品不多。為什么鮮有美籍亞裔參加創意寫作課程？為什么那么多中國學生去學工程？然而，這些是涉及廣義社會學的問題．我還難以作答。但我注意到有調查顯示—事實上，就是上周的調查——亞洲學生，作為一個整體，數學學業測試成績明顯好于英語學業測試成績。這使我想起其他美籍亞裔學生，他們家中使用的也是這種“破碎”、“有限的”英語。或許他們也有老師引導他們疏寫作而數學和理科，就像曾經發生在我身上的一樣。

幸運的是，我碰巧生性叛逆，喜歡證明他人對我的設想有誤的那類挑戰者。我被錄取為醫學院預科生后，大學第一年改學英語專業了。我的前任老板告訴我寫作是我最薄弱的方面，我應該把自己的天賦用于賬目管理，不出一個星期，我就開始寫些非小說類的散文，成了一名自由投稿人。

直到1985 年，我終于開始寫小說。后來我決定，為要寫的故事想象一位讀者。我選定了母親，因為這些是關于母親的故事。這樣，把這位讀者放在心中——事實上，她真的讀過我娜的草稿——我開始用我成長中接觸到的各種英語寫故事了：我和母親之間使用的英語，因為沒有更合適的詞形容，姑且稱之為“破碎”英語吧；她的的中文經我翻譯，一準兒的“水貨”；還有我想象的，如果她英語很好，會怎樣翻譯自己的中文。于是我想盡星保留其精髓，但句式成了不英不中。我想抓住語言能力測試無法反映的東西：她的意圖、激情、比喻、她說話的節奏，和她思想的本質。

暫且不論批評家對我作品的意見，每當母親讀完我的書，給我定論：“很好懂啊”，那時我就知道故事寫成功了。

Unit 3

希望是人生成功的關鍵

引言 心理學家發現，希望帶給人們在不同領域的好處多得令人驚訝，從獲得學術成就，到承擔超負荷的工作，再到應對病魔。相反，人們發現失去希望是一個人可能自殺的更為強烈的征兆，比起人們以往所認為的其他危險因素來，這一征兆更危險。

成功的指標

“迄今為止，我們所從事的研究都證明，希望是預測最終結果最有效的預測器。”堪薩斯大學心理學家查爾斯·斯奈德博士說。他設計了一個測量方法，用來評估一個人的希望指數。比如，在對3920位大學生的研究中，斯奈德博士和他的同事發現，大學新生在第一學期開始時的希望指數更能準確地預測他們大學期間的學業成績，比用他們的SAT分數或中學的學業平均分更可靠，而后兩項指數經常被用來預測大學成績。這一研究的部分結果刊登在《性格與社會心理月刊》的第11期上。

“心懷高期望值的學生為自己設定更高的目標，并且知道如何努力達到目標，”斯奈德博士說。“當你對兩個智力能力和以往的學業成績相當的學生進行比較時，他們的區別就在于是否懷有較高的希望。”

在設計一個科學地評估希望的辦法時，斯奈德博士超越了簡單的概念，即希望只是一種感覺——每件事情都有好的結局。“這一概念不夠具體，并且它將希望的兩個關鍵部分混為一談，”斯奈德博士說，“懷有希望意味著相信自己既有實現目標的愿望，又有實現目標的途徑，不管這目標是什么。”

擺脫困境：能力和態度

斯奈德博士的測量方法向研究對象詢問下列問題，如：他們是否能想到很多方法擺脫困境，或想辦法解決使別人氣餒的問題，通過詢問此類問題來評估人們應對逆境的能力。然后，詢問人們是否覺得生活一直比較順利，或是否通常都能精神飽滿地追求既定目標，通過此類問題來測量他們對意志力的看法。

盡管人們常說：“有志者，事竟成”，斯奈德博士發現，這兩者不一定密切相連。在一項研究中，（其……）研究對象7000余人，年齡從18歲到70歲，既有男性也有女性，斯奈德博士發現，從技術角度看只有40%的人充滿希望，相信他們有精力和手段達到他們的目標，不論是什么目標。

該研究發現，約20%的人相信他們有能力找到達成目標的手段，但缺乏達成目標的意志。另外20%的人卻正好相反，他們聲稱他們有動力，但沒有信心能找到合適的手段。

其余的人幾乎不抱什么希望，說他們既沒有意志力也沒有方法達到目的。“只有得到某種東西的愿望是不夠的，”斯奈德博士說。“你還需要方法。另一方面，如果你沒有采取行動的意志，所有解決問題的技巧都是沒用的。”

希望的描述：何為希望？

斯奈德博士發現，懷有很高希望的人都有以下的特點：

l 與不抱多少希望的人不同，他們會咨詢朋友如何能達到目標。l 他們告訴自己：他們能夠成功完成自己必須做的事情。

l 即使在困境中，他們也會告訴自己：隨著時間的推移，情況會好轉。l 他們機敏靈活，足能找到達到目標的不同方法。

l 如果實現一個目標的希望渺茫，他們會找到另一個目標。根據斯奈德博士的觀點，“希望不高的人往往執著于一個目標，即使受困，也執迷不悟，他們停滯不前，直到灰心喪氣”。

l 他們顯示出一種能力，能將一項艱難的任務分解為多個具體的、易于實現的小任務，“希望不高的人只看到大目標，而看不到達到這一目標的具體步驟”。

1987年的一期《美國精神病學月刊》中，介紹了一項為期10年的研究，有206名病人說他們曾經想到過自殺，但沒有付諸行動，這些病人的絕望指數得分是預測他們將來是否還會企圖自殺的唯一的、最好的依據。

斯奈德博士介紹說，在希望指數測量中得分較高的人“與那些希望指數測量分數低的人同樣經歷過許多低潮，但他們學會用滿懷希望的方法看待它，把挫折當做挑戰，而不是失敗”。

培養希望

斯奈德博士和他的同事正在努力策劃一些項目，來幫助孩子們來培養起那些滿懷希望的人所具有的思維方式。“他們往往從某個人那兒學養成保持滿懷希望的習慣，這個人是一個朋友，或是老師。”他以此為目的制作了錄像帶，播放與滿懷希望的學生的訪談，以幫助大學新生更好地應對大學第一年遇到的壓力。斯奈德博士相信，類似的方法可能會幫助其他群體提高希望指數，諸如貧民區的孩子。他說：“希望是可以培養的。”

尋找動力之源

＋六項基本欲望

你是否知道——并且＋分確定——是什么推動你做這樣那樣的事情？想象一下，如果你有一份清單，上面羅列著所有能激發你興趣的事情和你不感興趣的事情，你的生活是否會因此而不同？史蒂文·賴斯相信你的生活能變得更有意義，更令人滿意。他曾花了多年的時間來研究如何幫人們找到什么才是他們真正需要的生活。賴斯是俄亥俄州州立大學的心理學和精神病學教授，他寫了一本名為《我是誰？：十六項塑造性格，決定行動的基本欲望》的書。在這本書中，賴斯說道：這些基本欲望“是我們所做的一切事情的動力之源。，它們是：權利、獨立、好奇心、歸屬感、秩序、節省、榮譽、理想、社交、社會關系、家庭、社會地位復仇、浪漫、飲食、運動、安寧

不同的人對這16種基本欲望的重視程度是不同的，甚至可以說不同的人對這些欲望的要求會大相徑庭：有些很重要，有些則一般，還有一些根本就無足輕重。“我們對這16種基本欲望重視程度的不同，構成了我們不同的個性。”賴斯說，“對這些欲望孰先孰后的選擇造就了獨一無二的你。”這些欲望，賴斯補充到，大有其遺傳學基礎。人們可以決定如何去滿足這些欲望，但改變不了那些與生俱來的需求。“我不知道一個人如何能刻意地說‘我打算不再那么雄心勃勃了’，或‘我想更好奇一點’”。

發現自我的研究

賴斯把這本書描述為一本幫助人們發現自我的書。他和同事們做了大量的研究，并把心理學和哲學結合在一起。他們調查了6000多人，受試者被要求列舉出他們內心深處的基本欲望和價值觀。研究者詳細地解釋了這十六種欲望，讓受試者判斷這些欲望的重要程度。比方說，如果你同意下列說法：“與同齡人相比，你花了更多的時間追求浪漫”，那就說明你是一個很看重浪漫的人；如果你選擇“你很少花時間追求或思考與他人發展親密關系”，那你就是一個不看重浪漫的人。

通過對自己基本欲望不同需求的研究，可以勾畫出你自己不同于他人的“欲望檔案”，展示你個人內心的欲望：或強烈，或一般，或微弱。為幫助讀者更好地理解這一概念，賴斯分析了一些名人的欲望檔案。杰奎琳·肯尼迪·奧納西對節省、家庭和地位有著強烈的欲望，但對理想和社交卻并不在意。而對演員亨弗萊·鮑嘉來說，最能激勵他的是獨立、榮譽、理想和浪漫，但歸屬感、好奇心、家庭以及社會地位對他來說并不重要。

《我是誰？》一書中提出的問題，能就這16種欲望生成4300萬種不同的組合。（《賴斯基本目標和動機敏感度圖表》是賴斯設計的一個標準化的心理測試，它能測定出超過兩萬億個不同的欲望檔案。）賴斯說，“發現欲望檔案的目的是為了讓我們的生活過得更有意義。這個測試最好的一點就是你一定會喜歡它測評出的結論。這是一個你想要的測試，你也一定能得到你想要的結果。”

檔案的使用

賴斯的理論是這樣的：一旦人們有了需求檔案，就可以著手根據檔案改造自己的生活。賴斯告訴讀者該如何去滿足這些基本欲望，以便在愛情、家庭、事業、運動和精神方面都能實現‘有價值的快樂’。不愿受約束的人會更多地傾向于自發性和不確定性，而復仇欲望很強的人會希望換到更有競爭性的工作去。

賴斯強調說接受自己的基本欲望是很重要的。“如果你是一個獨立性很強的人，那你就做那樣的人。不要讓別人對你說三道四，或試圖改變你。這是你自己的生活——盡量讓它變得有意義，堅持自己的價值觀。”如果你有極強的權利欲并愿意為此而長時間工作，也無可厚非，只要你真的相信做一個工作狂使你感到幸福。賴斯還說，建立欲望檔案能幫助人們彼此之間相處得更好——因為他們能理解每個人的欲望都是因人而異的；而且還認識到一個人改變不了別人的欲望，正如同他改變不了自己的欲望一樣。他說，人們在交流中常犯的錯誤是把自己的欲望強加到別人身上。雄心勃勃的父母常會與沒有野心的孩子發生沖突??賴斯說，“這些人頭腦中潛在的假設是：‘只要你像我這樣去嘗試，你一定會喜歡上它的。’而他們把這一切建立在自己的生活經驗的基礎之上。”需求檔案能幫人們認識到每個人的需求都是不同的。

什么對你來說最重要？這16個基本需求是：

權利：渴望影響他人。表現為領導欲、成就感與對工作的渴求。

獨立性：對自立的欲望。表現在做事時我行我素，拒絕別人的建議和指導。

好奇心：求知若渴的好奇心。表現在追求真理、尋求問題解決的方案。

歸屬感：渴望為人所包容、有所歸屬的欲望。表現為避免被拒絕和批評。

秩序感：尋求有組織有結構的秩序的欲望。表現為制定規則，做好計劃，對不整潔狀態難以容忍。

節省：收藏東西的囤積欲望。表現于節儉、不浪費。

榮譽：忠于父母、忠于傳統的榮譽感。表現為高尚品格、道德及有原則的行為上。

理想：追求社會公正的理想主義。表現為獻身于某種主義、志愿者工作以及慈善事業上。

社交：渴望同伴或友誼的社會接觸欲望。表現為社會交往和獲得友誼的需求。

家庭：渴望養兒育女，建立家庭。表現為把撫養子女和與家人共享天倫之樂的時間放在首位上。

社會地位：對社會身份地位的欲望。表現為對社會聲望的關注。

復仇：獲得公平待遇及討回公道的報復欲望。表現為競爭和爭強好勝。

浪漫：對性與美的渴求。表現在談戀愛及對愛情的追求上。

飲食：滿足口腹之欲的進食欲望。表現在吃飯、用餐及烹飪上。

運動：鍛煉體魄的體能活動欲望。表現在參加體育活動和各種運動上。

安寧：追求情緒穩定與心情祥和的平靜欲望。表現在避免壓力過大的情感。

第三篇：研究生讀寫譯各單元課后作文總結

研究生課本課后1-6單元寫作集錦

第一單元：提高社區成員交流的建議

Nowadays, It is more and more important for us to improve communication, because communication is playing a significant role in our daily life.Our neighborhood is like a big family, communication can help us to solve the conflicts and contradictions in the neighborhood.Firstly, As a chairman of our neighborhood community, I have the responsibility to hold some activities to enrich the lives of members.The opportunity of communication is very important.For example, a cocktail parties can help people to keep conversation flowing.Secondly, numbers should enhance the skills of communication.sometimes, we should use our body language properly and make them lively.For example, a physical, nonverbal gesture by women should be more expressive.Sometimes, Language is the only tool, different speed and cadence of our voices can express different meanings.Someone express themselves in all sincerity and with warmth to show respect to the others.Besides, sense of humor is very important, we should use this skill frequently.Lastly, we should learn more knowledge to enrich our mind.That can help us to communicate with others meaningfully, and When the others talk about anything, we can join in them at once and don't feel embarrassed.The importance of communication among the community members is obvious.However, the suggestion is very simple.Therefore, step up and start to make your life become different.第二單元：最有價值的家庭傳統

When I was young, my parents told me：“Where there is a will, there is way ”.They aimed at encouraging me of the importance of diligence.Undoubtedly, the most valuable tradition of my family is diligence, nobody can deny the importance of it, which developed a positive attitude to make my life more meaningful in my growth.The spirit was remembered and it prevented me from quitting easily when I felt precarious.My parents said that if I hoped to make progress, I must try my best to do everything unswervingly.The more diligent we are, the more easily we are to make money, accumulate wealth, create more opportunities, establish career and integrate into society.My mother often took Edison as a case in point, He told us:” Genius need 1% inspiration and 99% perspiration”.All in all, at no time can I ignore the importance of the diligence.Furthermore, on my personal level, small success is no excuse for feeling satisfied with myself.I have always believed in success, have always believed that without diligence, I have learned that one person can really make a difference.Only I strive for life in the future, can I obtain a better education, more job stability better income and a more beautiful environment.第三大單元：促使比爾蓋茨成功的因素

Factors Contributing to the Success of Bill Gates Everyone is eager to gain success，and everyone has his own interpretation.There are many factors leading to success such as opportunity,intelligence,and ambition,ect.There is no denying that the success of Bill Gates is one of the most successful entrepreneurs in the world.As far as i am concerned,ambition is the premise.Firstly,you must have an ambition.You ought to know what do you want to do.Bills Gates clearly knows his ambition,so he drop out of school Secondly, opportunity plays the same important as diligent impact on success.There is a saying that:”success is owing to the people who are ready to do everything ”Thirdly is preparation.God always give the chance to someone who make an preparation.The last factor which contributing to the success of Bill Gates is intelligence.As far as i am concerned,intelligence is also play an important impact on success.Someone ought to develop his strength.In conclusion, concerning the importance of seizing the right moment, we college students should make every effort to get fully prepared to lest miss the opportunities.And everyone should have a clear vision of what he really want in life.If you know what you want, then you’ll recognize every opportunity that comes along that fits with your vision, and you’ll be able to grab these opportunities with both hands

第四單元：財富和快樂的關系

In our modern society with material becoming rich and wealth increasing, most people misunderstand the relationship between wealth and happiness.People always regard wealth as happiness, but there really are some differences between them.Happiness isn’t wealth or can’t be equal to wealth completely.To some people ,wealth is regarded as first ,because it can help them to do what they want to do.For example ,with a lot of money ,they can buy house ,car ,clothes ,and so on.Besides ,they even have the idea that they can buy happiness which they like.As far as I’m concerned ,one should not equate wealth with happiness ,Happiness contains all kinds of things.I suppose that sometimes happiness comes from a little case.such as ,when you feel very hungry ,you can have a fine meal.you will be happiness as long as you feel your life being full of value.In a word, keeping health first if you want become wealthy.It is well-known that a person can make a large fortune if he has the right opportunities during his life.But if the person suffers from a terrible illness, then no matter how much money he may earn, he will still lead a miserable life.Therefore, health is much more important than wealth.第五單元：現代科技便利還是麻煩？

With the development of economy, the modern technology becomes more and more important in our daily life.As far as I am concerned , altough the development of technology has aroused many negative effects, yet its advantages and benefits far outweigh the down side Firstly, modern technology has generated a great many innovative machines , which substitute human beings to undertake much labor work.Take computer for example, it can perform calculations in an instant with high accuracy.People have been set free from labors with the help of machines technology.Secondly, technology has bettered people’s health condition, and lengthened human life with advanced medical care and progressive medical research.Finally modern technology has shortened the distance among people, and facilitated communications between people.Some people still hold the argument that life was better when technology was simpler.That may be illustrated by the fact that modern technology has resulted in great damage to natural environment.Great amount of natural resources have been over-exploited, and even disappeared.Yet such a problem should be controllable, and may be prevented if reasonable measures taken by we human beings.第六單元：失敗是好的老師嗎？

At present,“Is failure a good teacher?”has become one of the most popular topics in our daily lives.There is no doubt that failure indeed happen every now and then, it often accompany with us in our common life.Although,for

failure,different

people

have

different

ideas.I’m perfectly willing to agree that failure can be a good teacher.Generally speaking,For these people who are optimistic, they always think that “the failure is the mother of success”.They can always find the way to success, according to failure.They will never be afraid of failure , because they have the faith that failure is only the obstacle in the way to success, they may move the stone from the way or find another way to reach success at last.For the other pessimistic people , they may think that failure is not good.They are afraid of failure.If they do meet with failure , they always tell themselves that they are bad and could never be successful , which could destroy their confidence.So they are very afraid of failure.As long as I am concerned , failure is a good teacher.There is some wisdom to be learned from failure.If we can learn to turn a failure to our advantage, we will have learned another secret to success.In a word, Failure is a good teacher and teach us a lot.

第四篇：研究生英語讀寫譯教程 課文小結

小結 Unit One

“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit Two

Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three

“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

It is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.

第五篇：研究生英語讀寫譯教程 課文小結

小結

Unit One

“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit Two

Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three

“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael

Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most

important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

It is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moralrelativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater

impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.