第一篇：工程碩士研究生實(shí)用英語(yǔ)教程 讀寫譯課文翻譯

Unit OneGraduate EducationChinese Translation

反思：讀研的挑戰(zhàn)與成功策略

琳達(dá)·威斯頓·克萊默

(1)繼續(xù)讀研的決定不應(yīng)太草率，必須先慎重考慮個(gè)人及職業(yè)發(fā)展目標(biāo)。為了獲得碩士學(xué)位，你必須評(píng)估學(xué)校提供的研究生教育的多樣性，不管它是傳統(tǒng)的校園教學(xué)還是網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂；你還必須評(píng)估繼續(xù)接受教育的費(fèi)用，是否可以獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)資助，能否兼職，完成學(xué)業(yè)的時(shí)間分配，個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)能力，學(xué)校計(jì)算機(jī)及圖書館資源等各類因素。研究生教育應(yīng)該幫助學(xué)生獲得三種核心能力。

(2)邁克爾·沃爾考克是曼徹斯特大學(xué)社會(huì)科學(xué)和發(fā)展政策學(xué)教授以及布魯克斯世界貧困問(wèn)題研究所的項(xiàng)目主任。他將這三種能力列為：偵探能力（數(shù)據(jù)收集、分析、詮釋），翻譯能力（將已有觀點(diǎn)闡述給不同的群體），外交能力（談判、斡旋、取得共識(shí)）。碩士學(xué)位帶來(lái)的好處包括智力的提升、個(gè)人的成長(zhǎng)、口語(yǔ)/寫作技巧的增強(qiáng)、職業(yè)的發(fā)展以及人脈關(guān)系的建立。根據(jù)梁偉澄先生的觀點(diǎn)，在原創(chuàng)性、知識(shí)應(yīng)用、洞察關(guān)鍵問(wèn)題的能力方面，碩士生需表現(xiàn)出比本科生更高的水準(zhǔn)。梁先生是英國(guó)紐卡斯?fàn)柺薪】敌磐袡C(jī)構(gòu)公共健康醫(yī)藥部門的資深醫(yī)師，同時(shí)也是一位多產(chǎn)作家。

(3)你首先面臨的挑戰(zhàn)是了解哪一類的研究生培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃能滿足個(gè)人基本需求并為其做好準(zhǔn)備。另外一個(gè)挑戰(zhàn)是時(shí)間限制，因?yàn)榕c教授、在讀研究生及顧問(wèn)們的交流是做出這個(gè)最初決定的必要過(guò)程。讀網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)位可以有彈性學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間，學(xué)生可以制定自己的學(xué)習(xí)進(jìn)度，無(wú)需花時(shí)間往返校園，并且可以每天24小時(shí)進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)交流。但是，在盡力滿足日常生活要求的同時(shí)，學(xué)生們?nèi)匀灰瓿筛黝愖鳂I(yè)及面對(duì)各種截止期限。接受遠(yuǎn)程教育的學(xué)生還常常覺(jué)得與老師和其他同學(xué)隔絕開(kāi)了。準(zhǔn)備讀研的學(xué)生必須評(píng)估各類研究生教育的相似與不同。學(xué)生們必須在工作、家庭和學(xué)校要求之間找到平衡，而這三點(diǎn)常常使學(xué)生們有逼迫感與疲憊感。通常的情況是，生活中的其它事情都比學(xué)業(yè)重要。所以不能完成學(xué)業(yè)或獲得學(xué)位的原因經(jīng)常是來(lái)自社會(huì)與家庭，而不是學(xué)術(shù)。

(4)獲得成功有幾種方法。成功的第一條策略是選對(duì)學(xué)校。第二條策略是管理好時(shí)間。用筆記本草草記下以后要用到的想法、觀點(diǎn)和觀察，將待辦的事情列成清單，每完成一件就將其從清單中劃掉。來(lái)自新墨西哥州霍布斯里亞區(qū)域醫(yī)療中心的一名家庭護(hù)士，拉梅什.納烏盧瑞，將治療肺炎的設(shè)備PQRSTU一詞用于比較時(shí)間管理的基本概念和我們心臟的節(jié)奏。P是Prioritizing，確定被他人及你自己掌控的那些事情的優(yōu)先處理次序。Q是Question，質(zhì)疑任務(wù)的有效性、效果及效率。這點(diǎn)涉及到要知道“何以”來(lái)確保任務(wù)的完成。R是Recheck，盡快重新核查你的待辦清單，哪些任務(wù)或事情已經(jīng)完成，哪些尚未完成。S是Self-reliance，自信，知道自己能做什么與不能做什么，能控制什么與不能控制什么。這里的關(guān)鍵是要?jiǎng)?wù)實(shí)、變通、創(chuàng)造與堅(jiān)持。T是Treating yourself，善待自己。休息一下以保持頭腦清醒，感覺(jué)到準(zhǔn)備好、精力充沛了再重新開(kāi)始工作。最后，U是You can do it，你能做到。這句話總使我想起“周六夜現(xiàn)場(chǎng)”中的鮑勃.施耐德！然而不管你是通過(guò)自己還是與他人進(jìn)行團(tuán)隊(duì)合作，確定自己能夠做到是非常勵(lì)志的。成功的第三條也是最后一條策略，是處理好壓力。減壓的方法有很多，但必須是令人愉快及有意義的。體育活動(dòng)、唱歌、手工、音樂(lè)、冥想、旅游以及按摩等都是舒緩壓力的多種渠道。

(5)讀研非常有挑戰(zhàn)性，同時(shí)也令你獲益匪淺。研究顯示，讀研期間的研究生會(huì)訂閱與職業(yè)相關(guān)的雜志，加入全國(guó)性的組織，并閱讀專業(yè)期刊。一旦你做出繼續(xù)深造的決定，我的ABC方法可以供你參考。A是Assess，評(píng)估你自己的個(gè)人和職業(yè)目標(biāo)。現(xiàn)在許多工作都要求你擁有碩士學(xué)位。B是Buy into，相信你的決定！但是在做出決定之前，務(wù)必權(quán)衡所有的利弊。C是Charge ahead，勇往直前，朝著目標(biāo)努力！

Unit TwoLifestyle and Health

職場(chǎng)沙發(fā)土豆：如何克服久坐不動(dòng)的習(xí)慣

賈斯廷?沃爾夫

(1)現(xiàn)如今，人們?cè)絹?lái)越青睞久坐不動(dòng)的生活方式。他們坐著吃飯，坐著玩游戲看電視，坐著旅行，甚至坐著工作。學(xué)生們被迫久坐不動(dòng)，其結(jié)果是注意力下降。很多成人去上班，連續(xù)幾小時(shí)坐在辦公桌旁。下班他們坐車回家，吃飯，做賬，寫作業(yè)，之后花數(shù)小時(shí)看電視，打游戲直到就寢。顯然，現(xiàn)在的男女老少都缺乏運(yùn)動(dòng)，其中一些人還面臨肥胖癥、心臟病一類的健康問(wèn)題。這些疾病反過(guò)來(lái)又引起諸如抑郁或焦慮的心理問(wèn)題。因此，要恢復(fù)人們的身心健康，這些人必須參加運(yùn)動(dòng)。

(2)北美肥胖癥研究協(xié)會(huì)進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究表明，一個(gè)人的活動(dòng)量和某些健康問(wèn)題的有無(wú)存在著相關(guān)關(guān)系。首先，他們?cè)诩幽么蟮膼?ài)德華王子島選了5個(gè)相當(dāng)缺乏體力活動(dòng)的工作場(chǎng)所，從中挑選了約100名員工著手研究，接著要求每位員工佩帶記步器－一種能計(jì)算一個(gè)人每天所行步數(shù)的裝置，以期獲得他們的體力活動(dòng)情況。

(3)他們的研究數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明人的體力活動(dòng)和健康之間存在著高度相關(guān)。走路最少的人體質(zhì)指數(shù)最大，舒張血壓最糟糕，腰圍也最大，這些都是肥胖癥的指標(biāo)。研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，從事辦公室工作的每5個(gè)人中就有4個(gè)體質(zhì)肥胖。

(4)該研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)，那些曾診斷出代謝綜合癥的受試者比健康的受試者每天的步行量要小，這些代謝綜合癥包括高血壓，血膽脂醇過(guò)多，心臟病，或Ⅱ型糖尿病。因此可以說(shuō)，久坐不動(dòng)的生活方式所引起的缺乏運(yùn)動(dòng)很可能導(dǎo)致代謝綜合癥的出現(xiàn)。總之，活動(dòng)量太小很有害健康。

(5)該研究針對(duì)的是活動(dòng)量小的職業(yè)場(chǎng)所，但久坐不動(dòng)的生活方式已延伸至家庭生活。節(jié)省勞力的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)(像洗碗機(jī)、吸塵器、洗衣機(jī))使人們無(wú)需多少勞作就能打理好家務(wù)。學(xué)校甚至也保持久坐不動(dòng)的模式。不到36％的學(xué)校開(kāi)設(shè)體育課。學(xué)生沒(méi)有體育活動(dòng)，其結(jié)果是注意力下降。要培養(yǎng)出更好的學(xué)生，學(xué)校必須想辦法讓學(xué)生參加更多的體育活動(dòng)。

(6)牛津布魯克斯大學(xué)瓊?甘地博士的一項(xiàng)研究表明，一般男士每天消耗的卡路里比正常值要少180，一般女士則少142。由此可以推斷: 為了消遣，人們一般玩電子游戲、看電視，而這類娛樂(lè)性設(shè)施使得人們只對(duì)坐在那里享受刺激感興趣。所以說(shuō)，技術(shù)使人們生活中的體力活動(dòng)減少，人們也就漸漸習(xí)慣了坐多動(dòng)少的生活方式。

(7)體力活動(dòng)不夠還會(huì)影響人的心理健康。許多研究表明，身心兩方面的健康有很多相似之處。運(yùn)動(dòng)釋放出內(nèi)啡肽（體內(nèi)產(chǎn)生的一種起鎮(zhèn)痛作用的荷爾蒙），這種化學(xué)物質(zhì)進(jìn)入血液，到達(dá)腦部，使人產(chǎn)生興奮感。此外，運(yùn)動(dòng)可以降低血壓，增強(qiáng)人的抗壓能力。數(shù)以百計(jì)的研究和對(duì)30例口頭報(bào)告的研究也表明，運(yùn)動(dòng)能治愈臨床及亞臨床抑郁癥和焦慮癥。因此，運(yùn)動(dòng)是改善心理健康的有效手段，它幫助人們?cè)诿鎸?duì)學(xué)業(yè)和工作負(fù)擔(dān)時(shí)鎮(zhèn)定情緒。

(8)兩種方法可以消除久坐不動(dòng)的習(xí)慣對(duì)健康的不良影響。首先，個(gè)人要做主觀努力。可以去慢跑、散步、參加健身俱樂(lè)部, 或者(對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō))參加一個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)隊(duì)。其次，雇主和學(xué)校要想辦法讓員工和學(xué)生健身。學(xué)校要給學(xué)生更多休息時(shí)間，課間休息可以再長(zhǎng)點(diǎn)，并開(kāi)設(shè)體育課。雇主可以讓員工每隔一小時(shí)圍著辦公樓走一圈，提出員工健康要求，或者讓他們做一些富有創(chuàng)造性的勞動(dòng)，例如做一個(gè)椅子／自行車，在午餐之前騎半個(gè)小時(shí)的自行車等。總之，人們需要運(yùn)動(dòng)，不管何種方式都行。

Unit ThreeFood Crisis

行動(dòng)起來(lái)，抵御全球糧食危機(jī)

杰弗瑞·德·薩克斯

通過(guò)許多自然和社會(huì)現(xiàn)象我們知道將會(huì)爆發(fā)全球糧食危機(jī)，但是人類沒(méi)有未雨綢繆。當(dāng)全球食品匱乏逐漸演變成糧食危機(jī)．我們就要認(rèn)真考慮如何應(yīng)對(duì)。

(1)全球經(jīng)濟(jì)遇到了難以逾越的障礙。盡管近年來(lái)無(wú)數(shù)跡象向人們發(fā)出警告，貧窮國(guó)家的饑荒和全世界范圍內(nèi)的能源危機(jī)已經(jīng)逼近。但是各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人未能未雨綢繆：其后果是全球性的糧食危機(jī)。在過(guò)去的兩年里，小麥、玉米和大米的價(jià)格已經(jīng)翻了一番多。自從2004年初以來(lái)．石油的價(jià)格是原來(lái)的三倍多。食品價(jià)格上漲和能源價(jià)格猛增即使不會(huì)使世界上很

多地方的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展停止，也會(huì)放慢它們的速度，甚至?xí)?lái)政治上的不穩(wěn)定。發(fā)生在誨地、盂加拉國(guó)以及西非國(guó)家布基納法索的抗議和**已經(jīng)證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。解決這些日益嚴(yán)重的災(zāi)難不是沒(méi)有實(shí)際的方法，但是需要我們?nèi)祟愄崆皽?zhǔn)備，并一同行動(dòng)起來(lái)：

(2)這種全球性的危機(jī)源于以下四個(gè)相互聯(lián)系的方面、第一，在最貧窮落后的國(guó)家，農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)力長(zhǎng)時(shí)期以來(lái)都很低，這主要是因?yàn)樗麄冐毨](méi)有錢買種子、肥料和灌溉土地。第二，美國(guó)和歐洲國(guó)家的誤導(dǎo)政策。這政策在經(jīng)濟(jì)上支持一些企業(yè)把糧食加工成生物燃料，比如把玉米加工成乙醇。第三，氣候變化。在澳大利亞和歐洲出現(xiàn)的旱災(zāi)，使得2005和2006年全球的糧食產(chǎn)量減少。第四，世界上越來(lái)越多的人口對(duì)糧食的需求在逐漸增長(zhǎng)。總之，對(duì)糧食的需求量越來(lái)越高，但是產(chǎn)量是有限的，其結(jié)果是貧困的人遭受的打擊最大。

(3)在這種危機(jī)面前，我們應(yīng)該怎么辦呢，要緩解目前的危機(jī)，并避免潛在的全球?yàn)?zāi)難，可以從以下三個(gè)方面采取措施：首先．號(hào)召全球貧困地區(qū)仿效馬拉維(南非國(guó)家)的成功舉措-馬拉維是個(gè)易鬧饑荒的國(guó)家。在三年前，這個(gè)國(guó)家采取了一項(xiàng)特別資助政策。在經(jīng)濟(jì)上幫助農(nóng)民買肥料和高產(chǎn)值的種子。政策出臺(tái)一年，馬拉維的糧食產(chǎn)量就翻了一番。依據(jù)馬拉維資助農(nóng)民的模式建立起來(lái)的國(guó)際資助項(xiàng)目，只要世界上富裕地區(qū)每人每年拿出10美元，就是100億美元。這個(gè)基金能有效地預(yù)防饑餓，就如防治艾滋病、肺結(jié)核和瘧疾病的全球基金一樣有效。

(4)其次．美國(guó)和歐洲國(guó)家應(yīng)該廢除資助企業(yè)把糧食加工成生物燃料的政策。美國(guó)政府應(yīng)停止把玉米加工成乙醚、每加侖乙醚補(bǔ)貼給農(nóng)民51美分的納稅人資助的做法。可能有些土地不適宜種糧食，但可以用來(lái)種植能加工成生物燃料的樹(shù)木——樹(shù)木產(chǎn)品(如棕櫚油)、草地和木材制品．但是不應(yīng)該拿出錢來(lái)鼓勵(lì)把餐桌上的食品轉(zhuǎn)換成油箱里的汽油。

(5)再次．我們要盡可能有效地人工干預(yù)壞天氣，保護(hù)農(nóng)作物。對(duì)一個(gè)貧窮的農(nóng)民來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)雨季時(shí)蓄水和干旱時(shí)灌溉農(nóng)田的小池塘，就可以給農(nóng)民帶來(lái)不小的收獲，甚至是糧食豐收和歉收的區(qū)別。世界組織承諾要建立一個(gè)氣候基金組織，幫助貧困地區(qū)抵御惡劣氣候給經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展帶來(lái)的破壞，在糧食生產(chǎn)和健康保障等方面為貧用地區(qū)農(nóng)民提供資助．但是至今還沒(méi)有付諸行動(dòng)。

(6)解決糧食危機(jī)的辦法也能用來(lái)解決能源危機(jī)、水資源危機(jī)和其他稀缺資源危機(jī)-只要我們能快速行動(dòng)起來(lái)，我們就能戰(zhàn)勝這些危機(jī)。太陽(yáng)熱能和采用復(fù)合燃料的汽車技術(shù)幾年內(nèi)將被研發(fā)出來(lái)并普及起來(lái)：保護(hù)環(huán)境的捕魚(yú)方式可以緩解悔洋的壓力：糧食危機(jī)不僅給我們敲響了警鐘，也給我們帶來(lái)丁機(jī)遇。為了在真正意義上取得全球的和平穩(wěn)定、經(jīng)濟(jì)良性發(fā)展．我們應(yīng)該在可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面加大投資力度。

旅游貼士：運(yùn)用項(xiàng)目管理技巧，獲取更多商旅利益

卡爾·賽林格爾

(1)出差旅行太多就會(huì)心生厭煩；過(guò)少就會(huì)期盼旅行。但我們都應(yīng)設(shè)法從旅行中獲益，最好的方式是在你的行程上多花心思，就像你致力于解決一個(gè)技術(shù)難題一樣。

(2)如果你想多出差---爭(zhēng)取業(yè)務(wù)，和你行業(yè)團(tuán)體建立聯(lián)系，或只是看看外面的世界----你應(yīng)設(shè)法獲得去參加行業(yè)會(huì)議的機(jī)會(huì)；另一種方法是應(yīng)要求寫會(huì)議論文摘要，你單位將樂(lè)意派你去參會(huì)。

(3)你也可針對(duì)那些能擴(kuò)大業(yè)務(wù)量的地方進(jìn)行活動(dòng)，我職業(yè)生涯中一次成功的商旅活動(dòng)就是用的這種方式。在番安姆航空公司1991年破產(chǎn)以后，我把它屬下的肯尼迪機(jī)場(chǎng)維修設(shè)施在紐約市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行銷售。我當(dāng)時(shí)注意到在德國(guó)有一個(gè)有關(guān)飛機(jī)維修的會(huì)議，同時(shí)還有巴黎國(guó)際航空展，我寫了與會(huì)申請(qǐng)，出乎我意料的是，我獲準(zhǔn)成行。我爭(zhēng)取到了許多商務(wù)合同，使得我的業(yè)務(wù)一直處于領(lǐng)先地位。

(4)獲準(zhǔn)成行是一碼事，商旅成功是另一碼事，以下是一些建議：

(5)規(guī)劃整個(gè)行程：一開(kāi)始就要定下回程日期，大概的行程安排，主要會(huì)議以及預(yù)定機(jī)票、酒店及租車。所有這一切，我都是在微軟日歷視窗軟件上完成的，使得旅行就像周期性出現(xiàn)的約定，我把行程安排在“筆記區(qū)”輸入。這些都能在我的個(gè)人掌上數(shù)字助理上同步呈現(xiàn)，即使是這樣，我還打印了一份，以便我能在上面記錄開(kāi)支情況，我也在手機(jī)的聯(lián)系人一欄輸入重要的聯(lián)系電話。

(6)甚至在你旅行獲批之前就要預(yù)定酒店，以便能得到會(huì)議住宿折扣優(yōu)惠。設(shè)定日程安排程序，萬(wàn)一你最后不能成行，程序也會(huì)在24小時(shí)內(nèi)提醒你取消約定。

(7)在商旅活動(dòng)前后，要準(zhǔn)備加班加點(diǎn)工作。在日歷上做出標(biāo)記以免和人會(huì)面，這樣才能完成你在外出差時(shí)落下的大量工作。然而更好的做法是，你出差返回的確切日期不能泄露。

(8)輕裝簡(jiǎn)從，因?yàn)槟憧偸悄苜I到必需的個(gè)人用品。隨身行李里什么能攜帶，什么不能攜帶，要了解最新的安全規(guī)定。

(9)避開(kāi)旅行高峰期，比如明智的旅行者會(huì)選擇合適的時(shí)間到達(dá)芝加哥繁忙的奧黑爾國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)，在夏季，早點(diǎn)到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)能避開(kāi)下午的雷暴，在冬季，晚點(diǎn)到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)，以便先天晚上的積雪能有時(shí)間融化。

(10)保持平和的心態(tài)。事情不順利的時(shí)候，盡量不要生氣，因?yàn)檫@是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的。我曾經(jīng)有次在休斯敦叢林國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)的候機(jī)大廳滯留了一整天，但是我有事干，盡管沒(méi)有樂(lè)趣可言，然而也不會(huì)擔(dān)憂。

(11)規(guī)劃回程，問(wèn)清楚機(jī)場(chǎng)快巴的班次，應(yīng)該到達(dá)機(jī)場(chǎng)的時(shí)間，然后和 航空公司確認(rèn)登機(jī)時(shí)間。盡管酒店和出租車司機(jī)都說(shuō)有我充足的趕機(jī)時(shí)間，但是有次我還是沒(méi)趕上從德國(guó)漢堡起飛的返程航班，原因是那架飛機(jī)為了確保在倫敦希思羅機(jī)場(chǎng)能有停機(jī)位而將登機(jī)時(shí)間提前了。這是誰(shuí)的錯(cuò)誤？當(dāng)然是我自己的，因?yàn)槲覜](méi)和航空公司確認(rèn)。

(12)除了學(xué)會(huì)忍耐和靈活處事之外，旅行能教你辦公室學(xué)不到的知識(shí)。當(dāng)然商務(wù)旅行最重要的是商業(yè)活動(dòng)，但也不能忘了享受旅游的過(guò)程。祝旅途愉快！

抗衰老基因的秘決

艾米莉·辛格

（1）一項(xiàng)雄心勃勃的計(jì)劃將對(duì)1000名健康老人的100個(gè)基因進(jìn)行測(cè)序, 這一計(jì)劃有可能為找到使某些人免患因衰老帶來(lái)的包括心臟病、癌癥和糖尿病等疾病，使他們能夠健康地生活到80歲甚至更久的基因變異提供線索。與其研究增加疾病危險(xiǎn)的基因變異, 科學(xué)家們計(jì)劃將重點(diǎn)放在之前已經(jīng)證明與健康和長(zhǎng)壽相關(guān)的基因上。

（2）近年來(lái), 基因篩選技術(shù)的發(fā)展使科學(xué)家開(kāi)始在基因組中尋找健康衰老和長(zhǎng)壽的線索。這項(xiàng)研究表明健康老年人的基因組并不是沒(méi)有缺陷的。“這些人對(duì)許多嚴(yán)重疾病在遺傳基因上都存在患病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),其中包括心血管疾病、中風(fēng)和糖尿病,但他們卻并沒(méi)患有這些疾病, ”，心臟病學(xué)家Eric Topol說(shuō)。他是位于加利福利亞州La Jolla的Scripps Translational科學(xué)研究中心的基因藥物項(xiàng)目組的主任和項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人。“怎樣解釋這一現(xiàn)象？是什么原因使他們免患這些疾病？”

（3）為了回答這些問(wèn)題，研究者正在采集1000名80歲或以上的從未得過(guò)任何嚴(yán)重的疾病，也沒(méi)有進(jìn)行過(guò)任何藥物治療的老年人的血樣。他們計(jì)劃對(duì)100組從動(dòng)物研究和其他研究中發(fā)現(xiàn)的影響健康和衰老的基因組進(jìn)行測(cè)序。Topal說(shuō):“我們特別感興趣于主要的掌控基因比如說(shuō)(那些參與)DNA修復(fù)或者胰島素生長(zhǎng)因素-1”，一種參與細(xì)胞生長(zhǎng)的蛋白質(zhì)荷爾蒙。在關(guān)于長(zhǎng)壽的研究中，參與DNA修復(fù)的酶引起了關(guān)注，因?yàn)殡S著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，細(xì)胞常常會(huì)積累DNA序列錯(cuò)誤，而且某些老鼠和人類DNA修復(fù)基因的缺陷會(huì)觸發(fā)某些早衰的現(xiàn)象。胰島素生長(zhǎng)因素-1（IGF1）的受體已通過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)證明對(duì)老鼠，線蟲(chóng)和蒼蠅的衰老有影響。

（4）大多數(shù)之前的研究只對(duì)少量的基因進(jìn)行測(cè)序或者使用基因芯片,這樣能夠快速檢測(cè)整個(gè)基因組中常見(jiàn)的基因變異.但是最近的研究表明一些在不同基因中發(fā)生的罕見(jiàn)的變異在健康和疾病中發(fā)揮作用。基因測(cè)序使研究人員能夠確定健康的老年人是否更有可能攜帶能使防護(hù)性因素功能更加有效的運(yùn)作或者能阻礙有害因素活動(dòng)的基因變異。

（5）Topol和他的合作者將對(duì)健康志愿者的基因序列與在80歲以前就死于與衰老相關(guān)疾病的人身上收集的DNA樣本進(jìn)行比較。科學(xué)家們發(fā)現(xiàn)健康人群攜帶與疾病相關(guān)的基因變異的幾率只是稍微低一點(diǎn)。這一發(fā)現(xiàn)證實(shí)了防御性基因在人們成功（健康）衰老中扮演著重要角色的論點(diǎn)。

（6）科學(xué)家們希望找到這種具有保護(hù)效果的分子成分，從而進(jìn)行藥物仿制。“我們相信長(zhǎng)壽基因在保護(hù)著幾種而不是一種與衰老相關(guān)的疾病”，紐約愛(ài)因斯坦醫(yī)學(xué)院長(zhǎng)壽基因項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人Nir Barzilai說(shuō)。他沒(méi)有參與Scripps項(xiàng)目的研究。他還說(shuō) “從制藥的角度來(lái)看，針對(duì)上述途徑會(huì)更符合成本效益，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)效仿長(zhǎng)壽而不只是治療疾病本身。”

（7）Barzilai已經(jīng)確定了兩組長(zhǎng)壽基因的候選人。在一項(xiàng)正在進(jìn)行的關(guān)于95歲或以上德裔猶太人后裔的研究中，Barzilai和他的同事發(fā)現(xiàn)老年組更有可能攜帶改變?nèi)梭w處理膽固醇方式的基因變異。最近科學(xué)家對(duì)IGF1基因及其受體進(jìn)行了排序，并且找到了女性百歲老人所特有的變異。

（8）在以不同的途徑，即通過(guò)基因芯片，進(jìn)行基因搜尋時(shí)，Barzila指出：各個(gè)研究小組都期待了解別人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)。有兩項(xiàng)同時(shí)進(jìn)行的關(guān)于健康衰老基因的大型研究將使每個(gè)研究組能證實(shí)對(duì)另一人群的研究結(jié)果--這是一項(xiàng)對(duì)大型基因研究有效性的關(guān)鍵測(cè)試。

Unit SixHappiness富裕生活的秘訣保羅·麥肯錫

在過(guò)去的33年中,我每天早晨都會(huì)對(duì)著鏡子問(wèn)自己:“如果今天是生命中的最后一天,你還會(huì)去做你今天要去做的事情嗎？”當(dāng)連續(xù)幾天我得到的答案都是否定的時(shí)候，我知道該對(duì)自己生活做些改變了。

史蒂夫·喬布斯——億萬(wàn)富翁，蘋果電腦公司的創(chuàng)建者

(1)倫敦大學(xué)進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)非常有趣的研究。此項(xiàng)研究的課題組研發(fā)了一個(gè)幸福度量表。這個(gè)幸福度量表的目的是為了測(cè)量人們每時(shí)每刻相對(duì)的幸福感。之后，他們又設(shè)計(jì)出了一個(gè)公式，用來(lái)計(jì)算一般人每年要多賺多少錢才能獲得從富有生活中所獲得的幸福感。

(2)例如，從豐富的社會(huì)生活所獲得的滿足感與每年增加63844英鎊的收入所帶來(lái)的滿足感相同，與心愛(ài)的人生活在一起所獲得的幸福感與年薪增加82500英鎊帶來(lái)的幸福感相同。而良好的健康狀況則是幸福感中最有價(jià)值的，擁有一個(gè)“健康證明書”相當(dāng)于年薪增加304000英鎊的滿足度。

(3)盡管如此，金錢還是買不到幸福。比起以前，我們收入更高、吃的更好、受到更好的教育、有更好的住房，但是自二十世紀(jì)五十年代起我們卻越來(lái)越不如以前幸福了。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，世界上從未像現(xiàn)在這樣有這么多的抑郁癥患者。

(4)造成這種狀況的原因會(huì)讓你非常詫異——財(cái)富畸形癥：

多年來(lái)，我一直致力于調(diào)查那些身體畸形患者。身體畸形癥是一種病癥，即扭曲對(duì)自己身體缺陷的看法，這種扭曲達(dá)到了無(wú)法忍受照鏡子的程度。他們認(rèn)為自己的身體的某部分極其丑陋，丑陋得不敢自視。

(5)其實(shí)，這與他們的身體外觀并沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系。而是因?yàn)樗麄兩眢w內(nèi)部好像有一個(gè)過(guò)濾器，過(guò)濾掉一切好的方面，卻保留了不好的方面。因此，這些人會(huì)把注意力集中在外表上他們自己不喜歡的微小的缺陷。比如說(shuō)，總是關(guān)注自己臉上的皺紋或皮膚上褶皺，卻忽視自身其他優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

(6)有趣的是，很多人對(duì)待財(cái)富采取同樣的態(tài)度--—他們忽略掉所有他們已經(jīng)很富有的生活方面，卻把精力集中在他們生活中缺失的方面。

(7)我經(jīng)常與我的客戶做一個(gè)練習(xí)，要求他們想象不管是由于什么原因，在他們的生活中，錢對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)已不再是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。在他們身體狀況允許的情況下，他們可以自由地追求任何他們想要的，去做他們想做的任何事情，擁有他們想擁有的任何事物。

(8)然后，我要求他們列兩份清單。第一份清單：列出他們有了錢以后將會(huì)改變的所有事物。第二份清單：列出他們有了錢以后仍會(huì)保持不變的事情。結(jié)果令人驚訝，沒(méi)有多少人在有了更多的錢以后，會(huì)去改變他們?cè)械纳睢?/p>

(9)當(dāng)然，他們可能會(huì)換個(gè)工作，有更多的假期，買更好的車或住更大的房子，但他們不會(huì)拋棄他們的朋友，他們還會(huì)去他們最喜歡的餐廳吃飯。他們不會(huì)去看原來(lái)就不喜歡看的電影，不會(huì)對(duì)原來(lái)就不感到可笑事物發(fā)笑。

(10)調(diào)查的結(jié)果如下：

當(dāng)你有了更多的錢卻不去改變你生活中的方方面面，就說(shuō)明你已經(jīng)生活得很富足了。

(11)真正、持久的幸福絕不會(huì)依存于你的銀行存款數(shù)目。真正的幸福應(yīng)該是過(guò)一種有價(jià)值、有意義、有目的的生活。所以，富有的生活其實(shí)是一種體驗(yàn)，無(wú)論你賺的錢是多還是少，你都可以在任何時(shí)候開(kāi)始追求這種體驗(yàn)。

(12)你越是把注意力集中在那些讓你已感到富足的方面，你就越會(huì)意識(shí)到你現(xiàn)在其實(shí)已經(jīng)很富有。

事實(shí)上，在很多方面你已經(jīng)跟我們這個(gè)星球上最富有的億萬(wàn)富翁有同樣的財(cái)富。

例如：

●每當(dāng)你睡了一個(gè)好覺(jué)，你擁有睡眠財(cái)富。一個(gè)億萬(wàn)富翁可以購(gòu)買更昂貴的床墊，但他們買不來(lái)一個(gè)更恬靜的睡眠。●每當(dāng)你走進(jìn)餐廳，點(diǎn)菜用餐時(shí)，你有可能和最富有的男人或女人擁有完全一樣的經(jīng)歷。

●每當(dāng)你走在海灘上或看夕陽(yáng)，你將和經(jīng)濟(jì)上富裕的人欣賞著同樣的美麗的景色。

(13)戴安肯尼迪和芬克爾在他們的著作《毛利島百萬(wàn)富翁》中，很直截了當(dāng)且令人震驚地指出：

“有些人認(rèn)為一切都有價(jià)格。好吧，如果這是真的，要多少錢你會(huì)出賣你的視力？你會(huì)接受100萬(wàn)美元出賣你視力

嗎？10億美元怎么樣呢？那你過(guò)去的記憶值多少錢呢？你會(huì)為了什么而出賣你所有的記憶？你是否愿意交易你所有的回憶，不管是好的還是壞的，100萬(wàn)美元能否剝奪你所有的過(guò)去？”

(14)用這樣的計(jì)算方法來(lái)計(jì)算的話，在現(xiàn)實(shí)中你有多少財(cái)富呢？在一個(gè)由一至十的度量表上，當(dāng)你審視你的整個(gè)生活的時(shí)候，你會(huì)認(rèn)為你有多少財(cái)富呢？

(15)雖然這可能是一個(gè)讓一些人感到不舒服的練習(xí)。有一點(diǎn)是明確的，那就是，那些我們認(rèn)為在我們的生活中理所當(dāng)然的東西永遠(yuǎn)是無(wú)價(jià)的。在這個(gè)意義上說(shuō)，之所以如此多的人感到貧窮，是因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)那么富有了。他們不再關(guān)注那些在他們生活中一直不變的、好的東西，只意識(shí)到了那些發(fā)生了意想不到的問(wèn)題的方面。

(16)那么，為什么人們通常不珍惜我們已經(jīng)擁有的東西呢？令人驚訝的是，其答案不在于我們的價(jià)值觀，甚至不在于我們的社會(huì)，問(wèn)題出在我們根深蒂固思維模式。

第二篇：研究生英語(yǔ)讀寫譯教程 課文小結(jié)

小結(jié) Unit One

“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit Two

Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three

“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

It is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.

第三篇：研究生英語(yǔ)讀寫譯教程 課文小結(jié)

小結(jié)

Unit One

“The End of Something", by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship.Once, the mill was the center of the town.The town was a place full of activity.In the present of the story, as the time passed by ,the mill lies deserted, as does the relationship between Nick and Marjorie.we can clearly see that time can change everything , when they cannot stay young forever,so the weak foundation of their relationship is torn down and left in pieces.Eventhough they will meet one day ,the love is not there,because the two lovers have their own understanding of love.Just as the story says“ the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore.” The good old past feeling isn't good enough anymore, even one of the lovers does not want give up on catching the love,and still clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.The past has become past, only can we cherish the good memory.what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow.One must look beyond what was and look for the love belong to themselves.Unit Two

Ignorance is a condition or state where a person ignores, disregards, or overlooks knowledge about something.It is when the person is uninformed, is uneducated about something.However, only an person is full of knowledge,can he has courage to admit his ignorance.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything.The author felt sad about his current store of knowledge after many years of costly education.He has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world.However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone will not admit that he is a ignorant person.So someone may have the psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person, so he or she would not be able to know more knowledge.And he or she is not vulnerable to ignorance.Unit Three

“A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.Michael

Craig Miller uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health.Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety, and raises self-esteem through inducing biological changes.Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories.On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control.Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise.In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.You needn’t spend too much and the type of exercise doesn’t matter.Continuing exercise and motivation to exercise are good to your body and mind health.Unit Four

“Opportunity is the crux of the American ideal.” People in the American society used to think that with hardwork and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams.But in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged, esp.with regard to the economic development.Clive Crook holds that in spite of new immigrants, America is already a middle-aged country, and pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness.Most

important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor.And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get out of poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.Unit Five

It is probably safe to say that every language has a pair of words expressing good and evil, for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil or right and wrong are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? Moralrelativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, custom, or prejudice.Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.As boys and girls, we were taught to do good, not evil.(Remember that good will be rewarded with good, and evil with evil?)Yet as Plato observed, there are relatively few ways to do good, but there are countless ways to do evil, which can therefore have a much greater

impact on our lives, and the lives of other beings capable of suffering.For this reason, some philosophers(e.g.Bernard Gert)maintain that preventing evil is more important than promoting good in formulating moral rules and in conduct.To prevent evil, the author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”, for there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children.

第四篇：當(dāng)代研究生英語(yǔ)讀寫教程課文翻譯

Unit One 信息空間：出入隨愿 美國(guó)人的內(nèi)心深處具有一種酷愛(ài)探索新領(lǐng)域的氣質(zhì)。我們渴求寬敞的場(chǎng)地，我們喜歡探 索，喜歡制定規(guī)章制度，卻不愿去遵守。在當(dāng)今時(shí)代，卻很難找到一塊空間，可以供你任意馳騁，又不必?fù)?dān)心影響 你的鄰居。確實(shí)有這樣一個(gè)空間，那就是信息空間。這里原本是計(jì)算機(jī)迷的游戲天地，但如今只要想像得到的各類人群應(yīng) 有盡有，包括少年兒童、輕佻的單身漢、美籍匈牙利人、會(huì)計(jì)等。問(wèn)題是他們都能和睦相處嗎?人們是否會(huì)因?yàn)楹ε?孩子們躲在臥室里看網(wǎng)上的淫穢圖片而將它封殺? 首先要解決的問(wèn)題是，什么是信息空間。我們可以拋開(kāi)高速公路、前沿新領(lǐng)域等比喻，把信息空間看作一個(gè)巨 大的莊園。請(qǐng)記住，莊園是人們智慧的結(jié)晶，是合法的、人工營(yíng)造的氛圍，它建立在土地之上。在莊園里，公園和 商業(yè)中心、紅燈區(qū)與學(xué)校、教堂與雜貨店都能區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。你可以用同樣的方法把信息空間想像為一個(gè)巨大的、無(wú)邊無(wú)際的虛擬莊園。其中有些房產(chǎn)為私人擁有并已租出，有些是公共場(chǎng)所；有的場(chǎng)所適合兒童出入，而有些地方人們最好避開(kāi)。不幸的是，正是這些應(yīng)該避開(kāi)的地方使得人 們心向神往。這些地方教唆你如何制造炸彈、為你提供淫穢材料、告訴你如何竊取信用卡。所有這些使信息空間聽(tīng) 起來(lái)像是一個(gè)十分骯臟的地方。正直的公民紛紛作出這樣的結(jié)論：最好對(duì)它嚴(yán)加管理。但是，在利用規(guī)章制度來(lái)反擊下流之舉之前，關(guān)鍵是從根本上理解信息空間的性質(zhì)。惡棍并不能在信息空間搶 走毫無(wú)提防之心的兒童；信息空間也不像一臺(tái)巨大的電視機(jī)，向不情愿的觀眾播放令人作嘔的節(jié)目。在信息空間這 座莊園里，用戶對(duì)他們所去之處、所見(jiàn)所聞、所做所為都要作出選擇，一切都出于自愿。換句話說(shuō)，信息空間是個(gè) 出入自便的地方，實(shí)際上，信息空間里有很多可去之處。人們不能盲目上網(wǎng)，必須帶著具體的目標(biāo)上網(wǎng)。這意味著 人們可以選擇去哪個(gè)網(wǎng)址、看什么內(nèi)容。不錯(cuò)，規(guī)章制度應(yīng)該在群體內(nèi)得以實(shí)施，但這些規(guī)章制度必須由信息空間 內(nèi)各個(gè)群體自己來(lái)制定，而不是由法庭或華盛頓的政客們來(lái)制定。信息空間之所以具有如此大的誘惑力，正是因?yàn)樗煌谏虉?chǎng)、電視、公路或地球上的其他地方。那么，讓我們 來(lái)描述一下這個(gè)空間。首先，信息空間里人與人之間可以進(jìn)行電子郵件交流。這種交流類似于電話交談，都是私 人之間的、兩相情愿的談話，不需要任何規(guī)章制度加以限制。其次，信息空間提供信息與娛樂(lè)服務(wù)。人們可以從中下載各種信息，從法律文件、“大型新飯店”名單，到游戲軟 件、下流圖片，無(wú)奇不有。這里如同書店、商場(chǎng)和電影院，屬購(gòu)物區(qū)域。顧客必須通過(guò)索求或者登記來(lái)購(gòu)物，物品(特 別是淫穢之物)不會(huì)發(fā)送給那些沒(méi)有索取的人。有些服務(wù)可以免費(fèi)，或作為總服務(wù)費(fèi)用的一部分計(jì)算，如“計(jì)算機(jī)服 務(wù)”和“美國(guó)在線”就是如此。而有些服務(wù)要向顧客收費(fèi)，而且可能會(huì)讓顧客直接支付賬單。第三，信息空間里還有真正意義上的群體，那就是在內(nèi)部互相交流思想的人群。從莊園的 角度來(lái)看，這些群體就像酒吧、飯店或公共浴室。每個(gè)活躍的人都積極參與談話，談話一般通過(guò)郵件方式進(jìn)行；而 有的人也許只充當(dāng)旁觀者或旁聽(tīng)者。有些活動(dòng)由專人監(jiān)督，有些則像公告牌，任何人可以任意在上面張貼。很多活 動(dòng)起初都無(wú)人監(jiān)督，但現(xiàn)在實(shí)行強(qiáng)制管理，用規(guī)章制度來(lái)掃除那些不受歡迎的廣告、不相干的討論或日漸粗魯?shù)某?員。信息空間里群體的演變過(guò)程正如陸地社會(huì)團(tuán)體的演變過(guò)程，即情趣相投的人們聚在一起。信息空間里每一個(gè)團(tuán)體都各具特色。總的來(lái)說(shuō)，“計(jì)算機(jī)服務(wù)”上的團(tuán)體一般由專業(yè)技術(shù)人員組成； “美國(guó)在線”上 的團(tuán)體一般為富有的獨(dú)身者； “奇才”主要面向家庭。另外還有一些具有獨(dú)到見(jiàn)解的服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)，“共鳴”為其中之一，是紐約市中心一家時(shí)髦的服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)。再如“婦女專線”，是專為女性開(kāi)辟的，她們希望逃避網(wǎng)上其他地方盛行的男性 文化。就因特網(wǎng)本身也有大量情緒激昂的討論小組，都屬非商業(yè)性質(zhì)，討論話題廣泛，從匈牙利政治(匈牙利在線)到版權(quán)法，無(wú)所不及。信息空間的獨(dú)特之處在于允許任何規(guī)模、任何種類的團(tuán)體發(fā)展繁榮。在信息空間，用戶自 愿參加任何團(tuán)體，而不是因?yàn)榈乩砦恢玫那珊隙黄葏⒓幽硞€(gè)團(tuán)體。這種自由賦予主宰信息空間的準(zhǔn)則一種道義上 的權(quán)威，這種權(quán)威是地球空間里的準(zhǔn)則所沒(méi)有的。多數(shù)人呆在自己出生的國(guó)土上動(dòng)彈不得，而在信息空間，假若你 不喜歡某一群體的準(zhǔn)則，脫離這個(gè)群體即可。出入自由。同樣，如果做父母的不喜歡某一群體的準(zhǔn)則，便可以限制 孩子，不讓他們參與。在信息空間，可能會(huì)發(fā)生的情況是形成新的群體，新群體的形成不像在地球上那樣受到限制，產(chǎn)生沖突。我們不是要建立一個(gè)夢(mèng)寐以求、而又難以管理的全球村，而是要建立一個(gè)由各種獨(dú)立的、不受外界 影響的群體組成的世界，這些群體將投其成員所好，而又不干涉他人。一種真正的市場(chǎng)型管理模式很快成為可能。在信息空間，我們將能夠檢驗(yàn)并完善所需要的管理制度??知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度、服務(wù)內(nèi)容與使用權(quán)的控制制度、個(gè)人隱 私權(quán)與自由言論制度等。有些群體允許任何人加入，而有些則只允許符合這樣或那樣條件的人加入。能夠自持的群 體會(huì)興旺發(fā)展(或許也會(huì)因?yàn)橹救づc身份日趨特殊，而發(fā)展成為幾個(gè)分支)。有些群體或因?yàn)槌蓡T失去興趣，或因?yàn)槌?員被嚇跑而不能幸存下來(lái)，它們將漸漸萎縮消亡。在不遠(yuǎn)的將來(lái)，信息空間的探索者應(yīng)該更善于解釋和辨別各群體的性質(zhì)。除了現(xiàn)實(shí)中的政府之外，他們將有必 要安置并接受自己的地方政府，就如同豪華莊園的業(yè)主一樣，盡管可以叫警察來(lái)驅(qū)逐不受歡迎的顧客，但還是寧愿 雇傭自己的保安。那么，該如何處置信息空間不受歡迎的材料呢?例如，淫穢材料該怎么辦?答案除了禁止 以外，就是在有問(wèn)題的材料上貼上標(biāo)簽。信息空間的成員對(duì)有問(wèn)題的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該達(dá)成共識(shí)，拿出一個(gè)解決方案來(lái)，使 人們或自動(dòng)過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)避開(kāi)這些內(nèi)容，這樣可能會(huì)有助于解決問(wèn)題。軟件制造商很容易建立一套自動(dòng)過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)，使你 和孩子們?cè)诓藛紊弦?jiàn)不到不想見(jiàn)到的內(nèi)容。(就好像所有的內(nèi)容都被包裝了起來(lái)，并在包裝紙上貼有標(biāo)簽。)如果有 人在色情材料上貼上“童趣”的標(biāo)簽，便可能會(huì)因錯(cuò)貼標(biāo)簽而被起訴。一些私人組織和地方團(tuán)體已經(jīng)在不聲不響地建立各種標(biāo)簽服務(wù)系統(tǒng)，并建立了適合兒童的網(wǎng)站，“兒童連接” 如、“兒童空間”等。具有不同品味和抱有不同價(jià)值觀念的人如同挑選書刊、雜志一樣，可以從網(wǎng)上挑選出適合自己的 服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)。如果愿意，他們還可以在網(wǎng)上無(wú)拘無(wú)束地逍遙漫游，完成自己的旅程。總之，我們的社會(huì)需要發(fā)展，要發(fā)展就意味著我們必須明白，世上沒(méi)有完美無(wú)缺的答案，沒(méi)有能夠解決各種問(wèn)題 的妙方，沒(méi)有政府認(rèn)可的安全避難所。我們不能在地球上建立一個(gè)十全十美的社會(huì)，同樣也不能在信息空間營(yíng)造一 個(gè)這樣的社會(huì)。但是至少我們可以有個(gè)人的選擇??也有個(gè)人的責(zé)任。

Unit Two 男女交談為何如此困難 弗吉尼亞郊區(qū)一個(gè)住所的客廳里，我正在一次小型聚會(huì)上發(fā)言??這是一次女性的聚會(huì), 但也邀請(qǐng)了男性參加。整晚，一位男士表現(xiàn)得極為健談，他不斷地發(fā)表自己的看法，講述奇聞?shì)W事.而他的妻子卻安靜地坐在他身旁的沙 發(fā)上。聚會(huì)接近尾聲時(shí)，我說(shuō)，一些妻子經(jīng)常抱怨丈夫不與她們交談，這位男士立刻表示同意。他指著妻子說(shuō)： “在 家里愛(ài)說(shuō)話的是她。”于是滿屋子哄堂大笑，這位男士一臉茫然和委屈。“這是真的，”他解釋說(shuō)，“我下班回家后總 是無(wú)話可說(shuō), 如果她不說(shuō)話，我們會(huì)整晚沉默。” 這段小插曲反映了一種具有諷刺意味的現(xiàn)象，即美國(guó)的男性盡管在公共場(chǎng)合比女性健談，在家里卻比女性說(shuō)話 少。而正是這一現(xiàn)象使婚姻受到嚴(yán)重威脅。社會(huì)學(xué)家凱瑟琳?凱爾?里茲曼在她的新作 《離婚談》 中說(shuō)，她采訪過(guò)的大多數(shù)女性將離婚的原因歸咎于缺乏交談，但只有少數(shù)男性將此當(dāng)作離婚的理由。在我本人的研究中，女性對(duì)丈夫的抱怨大多不是集中在一些實(shí)際的不平等現(xiàn)象，例如為了跟隨丈夫的事業(yè)而放棄了 發(fā)展自己事業(yè)的機(jī)會(huì)，或者她們所承擔(dān)的日常生活瑣事遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)她們份內(nèi)的部分.她們的抱怨總是集中在交流問(wèn)題 上, 如 “ 他不聽(tīng)我說(shuō)話”, “他不和我說(shuō)話”.我發(fā)現(xiàn)多數(shù)做妻子的都期望丈夫首先是自己的交談伙伴。但是很少有丈 夫?qū)ζ拮颖в型瑯拥钠谕：?jiǎn)言之，最能體現(xiàn)目前這種危機(jī)的是一個(gè)老套的卡通畫面：一個(gè)男人坐在早餐桌旁，手中拿著一張報(bào)紙看著，而 他的妻子憤怒地盯著報(bào)紙背面，渴望與他交談。兩性間的唇槍舌劍 在婚姻中的交流問(wèn)題上，為何男女會(huì)持有如此不同的觀點(diǎn)?為什么男女的興趣和期望普遍 不一致? 斯坦福大學(xué)的埃莉諾?麥科比在 1990 年 4 月《美國(guó)心理學(xué)家》刊物上發(fā)表了她自己和他人研究的結(jié)果。研究結(jié) 果表明，兒童的發(fā)展主要受同齡伙伴交往過(guò)程中社交結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。無(wú)論男孩女孩都喜歡與同性伙伴玩耍。不同性別 的兒童小群體有不同的組織結(jié)構(gòu)和交際準(zhǔn)則。

我相信，兒童時(shí)代社交過(guò)程中的不同規(guī)則，導(dǎo)致了兩性間的交談如同跨文化交流一樣難。我本人通過(guò)對(duì)男女對(duì)話的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，成年男女對(duì)話的模式類似于兒童群體交流過(guò)程中的模式。成年女性同女孩一樣，彼此親密是她們感情關(guān)系的紐帶。而交談是編織這種紐帶的線。小女孩通過(guò)相互交換秘密 來(lái)建立和維持友誼。同樣，成年女性也把交談看作友誼的基礎(chǔ)。因此，女性期望丈夫成為自己新的、更好的知心朋 友。對(duì)她們來(lái)說(shuō)重要的不是某個(gè)具體的討論話題，而是在說(shuō)出自己的想法、感受和印象時(shí)所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的那種親密的、分享生活的感覺(jué)。男孩間的關(guān)系和女孩一樣緊密。但男孩間的關(guān)系與其說(shuō)建立在交談基礎(chǔ)上，不如說(shuō)建立在共同動(dòng)手基礎(chǔ)上。既然 他們不認(rèn)為交談能夠鞏固感情關(guān)系，他們不知道女人需要何種交談，也不會(huì)因?yàn)闆](méi)有交談而感到遺憾。男孩的群體比女孩的要大，所包括的人更廣泛，也更具有等級(jí)特色。因此，男孩們勢(shì)必要努力爭(zhēng)取不在群體中處 于從屬地位。這也許是為什么女人抱怨男人不聽(tīng)她們說(shuō)話的根源之一。當(dāng)女的對(duì)男的說(shuō)“你沒(méi)有在聽(tīng)”，而男的反對(duì)說(shuō)“我在聽(tīng)”時(shí)，常常男的是對(duì)的。這種給人沒(méi)有在聽(tīng)的印象是由 于男女對(duì)話方式的不同而引起的。這種不同在男女各自就位時(shí)就已表現(xiàn)出來(lái)了。我對(duì)心理學(xué)家布魯斯?多維爾錄制 的關(guān)于兒童與成人分別與他們的同性好友交談時(shí)的錄像帶進(jìn)行了研究。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，無(wú)論多大年齡的女孩和成年女性，都采取面對(duì)面的姿勢(shì)，眼睛看著對(duì)方的臉。而各種年齡的男孩和成年男子就座時(shí)，相互位置都成一定的角度，眼睛 看著屋子別的地方只有時(shí)不時(shí)瞥對(duì)方一眼。男性這種看著別處的習(xí)慣，可能給女性一種印象，那就是他們沒(méi)有在聽(tīng)，即使他們?cè)诼?tīng)也會(huì)給人以沒(méi)有在聽(tīng)的印象。一個(gè)年輕的女大學(xué)生感到很失望，因?yàn)槊慨?dāng)她告訴男朋友她想跟他談?wù)?時(shí)，他總是躺在地上，閉上眼睛，并用手臂擋住臉。她對(duì)此的理解是，“他想睡一會(huì)兒”。而他則堅(jiān)持說(shuō)他在非常認(rèn) 真地傾聽(tīng)。在一般情況下，他會(huì)環(huán)顧屋子四周，所以容易分心。而躺在地上，蒙住眼睛會(huì)使他專心致志聽(tīng)女友說(shuō)話。轉(zhuǎn)移話題是男人的另一種習(xí)慣，這種習(xí)慣也給女人一個(gè)印象：他們沒(méi)有在聽(tīng)。特別是當(dāng)他們把話題轉(zhuǎn)移到自己身 上時(shí)更是如此。在我的研究中，女孩往往就一個(gè)話題談得很詳細(xì)，而男孩傾向于不斷改變?cè)掝}。我對(duì) 10 年級(jí)的孩子所進(jìn)行的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)女孩對(duì)朋友傾訴煩惱時(shí)，對(duì)方總是刨根問(wèn)底，并且表示不同意和理解。男孩卻不把對(duì)方的問(wèn)題看得那么嚴(yán)重。例如，托德安慰理查德說(shuō)他飲酒 “不是什么大問(wèn)題” 當(dāng)托德說(shuō)他遭受冷落時(shí)。理查德回答說(shuō)： “你怎么會(huì)這么想?你認(rèn)識(shí)的人比我還多。” 女性把這種回答看作是輕視她們的問(wèn)題和不支持她們。但男性似乎對(duì)這種回答很滿意。女性的回答暗示： “你不應(yīng)該感到難過(guò)，因?yàn)槲乙灿羞^(guò)類似的經(jīng)歷,”從而彼此安慰。而男性通過(guò)暗示“你不應(yīng)該感到 難過(guò)，因?yàn)槟愕膯?wèn)題并不那么糟糕”來(lái)彼此安慰。還有更簡(jiǎn)單的原因來(lái)解釋為什么女人總覺(jué)得男人沒(méi)有在聽(tīng)。語(yǔ)言學(xué)家萊內(nèi)特?赫希曼發(fā) 現(xiàn)，女性比男性發(fā)出更多的傾聽(tīng)者的聲音，如“對(duì)”“嗯嗯”“是”等來(lái)表示“我理解”。她發(fā)現(xiàn)，男人通常是靜靜 地傾聽(tīng)。而女人期待聽(tīng)到一連串傾聽(tīng)者的聲音，她們把靜靜地聽(tīng)理解為根本沒(méi)有注意聽(tīng).男性的對(duì)話習(xí)慣使女性感到失望, 同樣, 女性的對(duì)話習(xí)慣也使男性感到失望.男性期望的是靜靜地注意聽(tīng), 他們 將一連串傾聽(tīng)者的聲音理解為過(guò)頭的反應(yīng)或是不耐煩.此外, 當(dāng)女性在一個(gè)親密, 舒適的環(huán)境里交談時(shí), 常常互相搭 話,說(shuō)完對(duì)方未說(shuō)完的句子, 并且能夠預(yù)料到對(duì)方要說(shuō)什么.我把這種做法叫做 “參與式傾聽(tīng)”, 男性往往將此理解為 干擾, 冒犯和缺乏注意力.同樣, 男女之間的差別也使丈夫抱怨妻子, “她只想表達(dá)她的觀點(diǎn).如果我向她表達(dá)另一種不同的觀點(diǎn), 她就對(duì) 我生氣.” 多數(shù)婦女在交談時(shí), 認(rèn)為談話伙伴要做的事就是表示贊同和支持.而很多男人則認(rèn)為, 談話時(shí)指出問(wèn)題的 另一面才是他們的責(zé)任.在女性看來(lái), 這樣做是一種不真誠(chéng)的表現(xiàn), 是拒絕給予必要的支持.這不是因?yàn)榕圆幌肼?tīng) 到別的觀點(diǎn), 而是因?yàn)榕愿矚g將這些觀點(diǎn)以建議或詢問(wèn)的言詞表達(dá)出來(lái), 而不是以直截了當(dāng)?shù)奶魬?zhàn)形式表達(dá)出 來(lái).沉默的聲音 上述這些區(qū)別可以解釋為什么在婚姻內(nèi)的交流問(wèn)題上，男女抱有如此不同的期望。對(duì)女性來(lái)說(shuō)，交談可以使關(guān) 系親密。婚姻關(guān)系是一種無(wú)比密切的關(guān)系：你可以說(shuō)出你的感受和想法，對(duì)方會(huì)依然愛(ài)著你。女性最大的恐懼是被 排斥。但是，男人生活在一種等級(jí)分明的世界里，談話的目的是保持自己的獨(dú)立性與地位。他們必須時(shí)刻警惕，保 護(hù)自己，以免受人壓制或受人擺布。這一點(diǎn)也解釋了那個(gè)健談的男人說(shuō)他那沉默的妻子“她才能說(shuō)呢”這種矛盾局面。在公共場(chǎng)合，他覺(jué)得迫不得 已要表現(xiàn)自己的聰穎、展示自己的理解力。但在家里，他不需要證明什么，也．不需要提防任何人，所以他不想說(shuō)話就不說(shuō)話。對(duì)他的妻子來(lái)說(shuō)，在家意味著不必?fù)?dān)心自己說(shuō)的話會(huì)得罪別人，或者引發(fā)矛盾，或者顯得炫耀自己。在家里，她可以想說(shuō)什么就說(shuō)什么。交流問(wèn)題威脅著婚姻，但不能通過(guò)機(jī)械的手段來(lái)修補(bǔ)。這些問(wèn)題要求我們用一種新觀念來(lái)看待談話在人際關(guān)系中 所起的作用。從心理學(xué)的角度所作的許多解釋都無(wú)濟(jì)于事，因?yàn)檫@些解釋往往責(zé)怪女性(不夠自信)，或者責(zé)怪男性(不 關(guān)心她們的感情)。如果從社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)的角度，將男女對(duì)話看作跨文化交流，我們便會(huì)理解這個(gè)問(wèn)題，找到問(wèn)題的答 案，而又不責(zé)怪任何一方。一旦問(wèn)題得到理解，情況自然有所改善。那些通常因丈夫不傾聽(tīng)或不談?wù)撁刻彀l(fā)生的事情而感到被遺棄、感到 喪失生活樂(lè)趣的女性會(huì)高興地發(fā)現(xiàn)，她們的丈夫一旦知道了不起眼的談話在女性關(guān)系中的地位后，正努力地在適應(yīng)。如果丈夫不適應(yīng)，妻子仍然能夠得到安慰，因?yàn)樗溃瑢?duì)男人來(lái)說(shuō)，這不是不親密的表現(xiàn)。當(dāng)妻子接受了男女存 在區(qū)別這一事實(shí)后，便會(huì)去找自己的朋友或家人說(shuō)一說(shuō)話。那些不能夠給予妻子談話快樂(lè)的丈夫，也不應(yīng)該覺(jué)得妻 子提出了無(wú)理要求。仍然會(huì)有一些夫妻決定離婚，但起碼他們的決定是建立在比較現(xiàn)實(shí)的期望基礎(chǔ)上的。

Unit Three 狀告人類 第一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤是把人看作是某種獨(dú)立的事物。其實(shí)并不是。人是復(fù)雜的生命網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)中的 一部分。我們甚至不能將生命本身視為某種獨(dú)立的事物。它確實(shí)不是。生命是一顆沐浴著太陽(yáng)能的行星上的復(fù)雜結(jié) 構(gòu)的一部分。地球自從呈目前的形狀近50 億年以來(lái)，已經(jīng)歷了一場(chǎng)巨大的演變。在形成的初期，地球上很可能沒(méi)有我們今天 稱之為海洋和大氣層之類的東西。當(dāng)?shù)厍虻膬?nèi)部固體緊壓在一起時(shí)，物質(zhì)的逐漸向外運(yùn)動(dòng)就形成了海洋和大氣層。地球形成之后，海洋、大氣層以及堅(jiān)固的地殼之間也并非相互獨(dú)立。它們之間總有相互作用：蒸發(fā)，凝結(jié)，溶 解，風(fēng)化，等等。在堅(jiān)固的地殼內(nèi)很深之處也有不斷的緩慢變化，其中溫泉、火山、以及地震是在地球表面上較為 引人注目的地質(zhì)運(yùn)動(dòng)。． 在 20 億到 30 億年前期間，一部分地球表面的水在太陽(yáng)能的作用下，形成了結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的化合物，這些化合物靈 活多變，足以形成我們稱之為“生命”的東西。生命形式從那時(shí)起就變得更為復(fù)雜，更為豐富多彩。但是生命形式和地球上許多無(wú)生命的部分一樣，是地球結(jié)構(gòu)中的一部分。它是整個(gè)地球體系中不可分割的一部 分。如果把任何動(dòng)物與其他的生物形式完全隔離開(kāi)，那么該動(dòng)物肯定要餓死。要是沒(méi)有水，由于脫水很快就會(huì)死亡。要是沒(méi)有空氣，不論是充分的空氣還是溶于水的空氣。動(dòng)物會(huì)因窒息死得更快。要是沒(méi)有太陽(yáng)，動(dòng)物可能會(huì)存活一 段時(shí)間，但是植物會(huì)枯死，如果所有植物枯死，那么所有的動(dòng)物將會(huì)餓死。反過(guò)來(lái)情況也一樣。地球的無(wú)機(jī)世界是由生命造就成形的。大氣層的性質(zhì)已經(jīng)被植物活 動(dòng)所改變(植物活動(dòng)給空氣增添了大量的游離氧氣，而這是通過(guò)其他方式所不能獲取的)。蚯蚓翻松土壤，珊瑚形成一 個(gè)個(gè)巨大的海礁。整個(gè)地球，加上太陽(yáng)能，形成了一個(gè)錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜、相互聯(lián)系的巨大系統(tǒng)。整個(gè)星球是一種由無(wú)機(jī)部分和各種各樣 的有機(jī)生命構(gòu)成的生命形式(正如我們自己身體那樣，既是由各種各樣的有機(jī)邵分構(gòu)成，又是由骨骼中的無(wú)機(jī)晶體和 血液中的無(wú)機(jī)水分所構(gòu)成)。事實(shí)上，我們可以將上述類推繼續(xù)進(jìn)行下去。人是由各種類型的細(xì)胞構(gòu)成的，這些細(xì)胞多達(dá) 50 萬(wàn)億，它們之間相互 聯(lián)系，相互依賴。如果喪失某些細(xì)胞，比如說(shuō)失去構(gòu)成整條腿的那些細(xì)胞，將會(huì)嚴(yán)重影響有機(jī)體的其余部分；如果 某一器官(如心臟或腎)中較少的細(xì)胞受到嚴(yán)重?fù)p害，可能會(huì)最終導(dǎo)致所有 50 萬(wàn)億細(xì)胞的死亡。同樣，從全地球的規(guī)模考慮，砍掉一整片森林不會(huì)在總體上對(duì)地球生命構(gòu)成威脅，但是這樣做會(huì)對(duì)該地區(qū)的生 態(tài)形式造成嚴(yán)重的影響，甚至?xí)斐伤牧魇В虼艘鸬刭|(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)的細(xì)微變化。蜜蜂數(shù)量的大量減少將影響依賴蜜 蜂授粉的那些植物的數(shù)量，然后又影響到靠蜜蜂授粉的植物生存的動(dòng)物的數(shù)量，依此類推。還可以以細(xì)胞的生長(zhǎng)為例。不斷受到磨損的器官的細(xì)胞(如皮膚、腸內(nèi)壁)自始至終都在不斷發(fā)育、增長(zhǎng)。另外一 些較為隱蔽的細(xì)胞，如神經(jīng)細(xì)胞、肌肉細(xì)胞，在成年之后再也不會(huì)增長(zhǎng)。還有一些器官，通常為肝臟和骨骼之類的 靜止器官，在需要替換受損部位的時(shí)候隨時(shí)可以生長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)完成適當(dāng)?shù)男迯?fù)任務(wù)以后，便停止生長(zhǎng)。同樣，“行星有機(jī)體”(這正是我們?cè)谏鷳B(tài)學(xué)中研究的)也是如此，只不過(guò)是按照一種較為松散、更加靈活的方式 運(yùn)行罷了。如果美洲獅的數(shù)量太多，它們賴以生存的鹿就會(huì)被過(guò)度捕殺，一些美洲獅就會(huì)餓死。這樣一來(lái)，美洲獅 就恢復(fù)到一個(gè) “適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)量” 如果美洲獅死得過(guò)多，那么鹿的數(shù)量就會(huì)迅速得到增長(zhǎng)，美洲獅反過(guò)來(lái)就會(huì)迅速繁衍。直到新增加的美洲獅將鹿的數(shù)量再一次減少。如果排除外界的干擾，食肉動(dòng)物和被吃動(dòng)物都保持一個(gè)適當(dāng)?shù)臄?shù)量，這樣對(duì)雙方都有好處。(如果美洲獅被斬盡殺絕，鹿肯定會(huì)大量繁衍，直到吃光它們賴以生存的植物。這樣，更多的 鹿會(huì)餓死，而不是葬身獅腹。)某些有機(jī)組織(比如人)內(nèi)的凈增長(zhǎng)有時(shí)候會(huì)受到干擾，有機(jī)體中的部分細(xì)胞開(kāi)始無(wú)限制地增長(zhǎng)??這究竟是因?yàn)?什么原因，我們尚不得而知。這就是令人生畏的癌癥。除非以某種方式阻止癌細(xì)胞日益增長(zhǎng)，否則瘋長(zhǎng)的癌細(xì)胞將 會(huì)擾亂整個(gè)身體的結(jié)構(gòu)，最終導(dǎo)致有機(jī)體本身的死亡。在生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域，如果出于某種原因，一種有機(jī)體開(kāi)始無(wú)限度地不斷繁衍，消滅競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手，以毀掉其他物類的食 物為代價(jià)來(lái)增加自己的食物，那么將會(huì)發(fā)生同樣的情況。這也可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致更大的生物體系的毀滅??絕大部分或所 有生命，甚至無(wú)生命環(huán)境中的某些方面。這就是此時(shí)此刻正在發(fā)生的事。數(shù)千年來(lái)，人類這惟一的種群在數(shù)量上一直不斷上升。我們大家都屬于這一種 群，這可說(shuō)不上是什么光彩的事。在過(guò)去幾世紀(jì)，人口增長(zhǎng)率一直呈爆炸趨勢(shì)。在凱撒時(shí)代，世界人口估計(jì)為 1.5 億。如果按當(dāng)時(shí)那樣的速度平穩(wěn)地增長(zhǎng)，世界人口再 1,000 年增加一倍。今天，世界人口大約為 40 億(是凱撒時(shí)代的 26 倍)，如果目前的增長(zhǎng)率穩(wěn)定不變，那么世界人口 將在 35 年之后翻倍。目前世界人口的急劇增長(zhǎng)率使人類可以被稱為生態(tài)惡性腫瘤。這種惡性腫瘤肯定會(huì)摧毀 生態(tài)環(huán)靜正如普通的癌細(xì)胞會(huì)摧毀人的肌體一樣。有什么治療方法嗎?正如任何癌癥的治療方法一樣，必須以某種方式使癌細(xì)胞停止增長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)然，它會(huì)停止增長(zhǎng)的。如果我們不采取任何措施，這種增長(zhǎng)終將停止，就像人體中癌細(xì)胞的增長(zhǎng)一樣，不加 治療，人死了，癌細(xì)胞也隨之死亡。與此類似，生態(tài)也會(huì)毀滅，人類也會(huì)隨之滅亡。那么怎樣才能制止人口爆炸?要么提高死亡率，要么降低出生率。除此之外，再?zèng)]有別的選擇了。如果我們不采 取任何措施，在未來(lái)幾十年中死亡率將會(huì)自動(dòng)上升，而且最終將極具災(zāi)難性。不管怎樣(事實(shí)上，幾乎可以說(shuō)無(wú)論如 何)，使出生率下降肯定更為可取，因此這是人類今天應(yīng)著手解決的頭等大事。如果人類處理不好這一問(wèn)題，那就會(huì)作為大規(guī)模殺害生靈(包括殺害自身)的兇手，作為大規(guī)模破壞地球錯(cuò)綜復(fù)雜的進(jìn) 化發(fā)展(是這種進(jìn)化發(fā)展最初形成了目前生命的繁榮景象)的罪魁禍?zhǔn)锥艿匠橄笳x法庭的審判??因?yàn)榈侥菚r(shí)可 能已沒(méi)有子孫后代來(lái)審判他了。Unit Four 英語(yǔ)的未來(lái) 在 16 世紀(jì)中葉，有四五百萬(wàn)人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)，說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人數(shù)在歐洲的語(yǔ)言中名列第五。前四 位依次是法語(yǔ)、德語(yǔ)、意大利語(yǔ)和西班牙語(yǔ)。俄語(yǔ)排在英語(yǔ)之后。兩百年以后，意大利語(yǔ)排 名落后，而俄語(yǔ)的排名靠前了，英語(yǔ)依然處于第五位。到了 18 世紀(jì)末，英語(yǔ)的地位開(kāi)始上 升。到 19 世紀(jì)中葉，英語(yǔ)已經(jīng)躋身于第一位了。今天，英語(yǔ)的地位遙遙領(lǐng)先，說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人 數(shù)可能達(dá)到說(shuō)后兩種語(yǔ)言，即俄語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)人數(shù)的總和。今天到底有多少人說(shuō)英語(yǔ)?這個(gè)問(wèn)題難以回答。除了把英語(yǔ)作為母語(yǔ)的人以外，還有一 些人雖然出生在說(shuō)其他語(yǔ)言的地方，但現(xiàn)在生活在說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的社會(huì)，這些人在日常工作中說(shuō)的 是英語(yǔ)。更重要的是，英語(yǔ)目前在世界范圍里作為外語(yǔ)廣泛使用??當(dāng)然，在這些地方英語(yǔ) 往往說(shuō)得蹩腳，但是也可以讓人理解。你幾乎可以去世界的任何一個(gè)地方，不會(huì)任何別的語(yǔ) 言，也能像在紐約一樣過(guò)得順利，這已成為司空見(jiàn)慣的事情。當(dāng)然，英語(yǔ)得到普及，部分原因是說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的人分布極廣。他們是現(xiàn)代最熱衷旅行的人、最敢冒險(xiǎn)的商人、最執(zhí)著的殖民主義者。除此以外，他們總體上學(xué)語(yǔ)言的能力很差，所以，他們走到哪里，便把自己的語(yǔ)言帶到哪里，并將之強(qiáng)加于人。但是，問(wèn)題遠(yuǎn)不止如此。英語(yǔ)在與其勁敵的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中取勝，往往不是因?yàn)閿?shù)量原因，而完 全是因?yàn)槠鋬?yōu)點(diǎn)。“在豐富性、所包含的智慧、以及嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)木珶挸潭确矫妫难鸥鞑? ” 格 利姆在一個(gè)世紀(jì)之前說(shuō)，“沒(méi)有一種現(xiàn)存的語(yǔ)言能與英語(yǔ)媲美。”而著名的奧托?耶斯佩森就 在前幾天對(duì)此加以補(bǔ)充說(shuō)：英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)單，發(fā)音清晰，詞與詞之間的結(jié)構(gòu)緊密，詞的安排組織有 邏輯性，而且英語(yǔ)中沒(méi)有迂腐的廢話。當(dāng)美國(guó)的教育工作者談及英語(yǔ)的優(yōu)點(diǎn)時(shí)，幾乎總是一開(kāi)始就贊美其詞匯量之龐大。英語(yǔ) 的詞匯比任何其他語(yǔ)言的詞匯至少多一倍。然而，吸引外國(guó)人的并不是詞匯量大，相反，浩 瀚的詞匯很容易令外國(guó)人擔(dān)憂。真正贏得外國(guó)人的是英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)練和純樸的特征。盡管英語(yǔ)中有 大量的源于拉丁文的多音節(jié)詞，但我們卻更多地使用短詞，少用長(zhǎng)詞。而且，我們總是努力 把長(zhǎng)詞縮短。以前使用的 puniligrion 現(xiàn)在縮短成了 pun； 昨天還是 gasoline，今天已成為 gas。歐洲沒(méi)有任何一種其他語(yǔ)言有這么多由三個(gè)字母構(gòu)成的單詞，也沒(méi)有如此多由四個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成 的格言。“First come, first served”(先到先供應(yīng))便是典型的英語(yǔ)，因?yàn)樗荒苛巳弧銓?shí)無(wú) 華、短小精悍。英國(guó)心理學(xué)家?jiàn)W格登博士認(rèn)為，在一般的交流中，850 個(gè)詞就足夠了。他把英語(yǔ)改編成 簡(jiǎn)單的形式，將這種形式叫做基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)。基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)中的詞匯不超過(guò) 850 個(gè)。在這 850 個(gè)詞中，有至少 600 個(gè)詞表示事物的名稱，剩下的 250 個(gè)詞包括說(shuō)明事物的特征和動(dòng)作行為的詞、以 及將句子連接在一起的語(yǔ)法詞和小品詞。這些詞的數(shù)量是不是顯得太少了?只有那些忘記了下面這一英語(yǔ)基本特征的人才會(huì)這么 認(rèn)為：英語(yǔ)中同一個(gè)詞與不同的小修飾詞結(jié)合，便可以產(chǎn)生無(wú)數(shù)多的意思。例如，我們可以 想一想動(dòng)詞 get 在下列組合中的不同意思：to get going，to get by，to get onto，to get wise，to get off，to get ahead，to get over 等。奧格登博士建議去掉英語(yǔ)中的大量動(dòng)詞??其中一些 是不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞，因而難以掌握，這些動(dòng)詞可以用上述短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞來(lái)取代。例如，為什么要教外 國(guó)人說(shuō)他已從船上 “上岸”(disembark)? 難道說(shuō)他已 “下船”(get off)不能表達(dá)同樣的意思嗎? 為什么要教他說(shuō)從流感中“復(fù)原”(recover)、“逃避”(escape)了警察，“獲得”(obtain)了工 作? 難道說(shuō)“流感好了”(get over the flu)、“甩開(kāi)警察”(get away from the police)，或者簡(jiǎn)單

地說(shuō)“找到工作”(get a job)不足以表達(dá)同樣的意思嗎? 但是隨著英語(yǔ)的廣泛傳播，它是否能夠保持現(xiàn)在的形式?也許不能。但為什么要保持現(xiàn) 在的形式呢? 每次使英語(yǔ)規(guī)范化的所謂成功的努力其實(shí)很少成功。自從大革命以來(lái)，學(xué)校女 教師一直努力使美式英語(yǔ)遵守語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，但是，美式英語(yǔ)依然在不斷發(fā)展，最終必將征服英 國(guó)英語(yǔ)。這種結(jié)局很容易猜出，甚至是可以肯定的。在過(guò)去的．SO 年里，英語(yǔ)一直屈從于美語(yǔ)。自世紀(jì)之交以來(lái)，英語(yǔ)屈從美語(yǔ)的速度不斷加快。新詞匯、新習(xí)語(yǔ)、甚至新發(fā)音都以無(wú)法抗 拒的勢(shì)力源源不斷傳入東方。從前我們常常借用很多英語(yǔ)詞或短語(yǔ)，但現(xiàn)在很少這樣做。但 英語(yǔ)卻吸納我們創(chuàng)造的詞，我們創(chuàng)造有多快，其吸納的速度幾乎就有多快。我認(rèn)為，美國(guó)電 影固然對(duì)這一變化起了很大作用，但毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，還有更深刻的原因。英語(yǔ)依然有點(diǎn)太嚴(yán)格、有點(diǎn)僵硬，且過(guò)于矯揉造作。而美語(yǔ)的發(fā)展卻像伊麗莎白時(shí)代一樣繁榮。所有那些在英國(guó)莎 士比亞時(shí)代應(yīng)用的構(gòu)詞方法，現(xiàn)在依然在美國(guó)應(yīng)用著，新詞源源不斷地產(chǎn)生。如果莎翁健在，這些新詞一定會(huì)使他欣喜若狂，就像他所生活的時(shí)代產(chǎn)生的新詞曾使他欣喜若狂一樣。自安妮時(shí)代以來(lái)，英國(guó)人就以一種帶有愛(ài)國(guó)者的警惕和義憤的復(fù)雜心情，來(lái)拒絕美語(yǔ)的 進(jìn)入，盡管效果在日漸下降。1800 年以后開(kāi)始蜂涌來(lái)到美國(guó)的英國(guó)游客也甘情愿支持這一有益的工作。他們當(dāng)中很 少有人不對(duì)碰到的美國(guó)新詞和陌生的美國(guó)發(fā)音感到驚恐。當(dāng)海軍上校巴賽爾?霍爾 1827 年和 1828 年來(lái)到這里時(shí)，甚至打電話向 70 多歲的諾亞?韋伯斯特提出抗議。“毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，”他說(shuō)，“這種發(fā)明創(chuàng)造應(yīng)該受到蔑視。” “我不這么認(rèn)為，”韋伯斯特堅(jiān)決地回答，“如果一個(gè)詞在美國(guó)普遍流行開(kāi)來(lái)，為什么不 應(yīng)該收人語(yǔ)言中呢?” 霍爾只好以英國(guó)人典型的自滿態(tài)度回答說(shuō)： “因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)有的詞匯已經(jīng)足夠了。” 這種敵對(duì)情緒一直持續(xù)到今天。每隔一段時(shí)間，倫敦的日?qǐng)?bào)和周報(bào)便對(duì)美語(yǔ)侵入提出大 聲抗議。就連相對(duì)謹(jǐn)慎而又絕對(duì)實(shí)用的美式簡(jiǎn)單拼寫(如以 or 結(jié)尾的詞)有時(shí)也遭到極其強(qiáng)烈 的指責(zé)．但是，英國(guó)人現(xiàn)在來(lái)維護(hù)其本族語(yǔ)的純潔性實(shí)在為時(shí)太晚了，因?yàn)橐呀?jīng)有太多的美 式用語(yǔ)進(jìn)入英語(yǔ)，英語(yǔ)至少在某種程度上已成為一種美式方言。在英國(guó)，數(shù)以百計(jì)的美語(yǔ)應(yīng) 用于日常生活中，許多英國(guó)人對(duì)這些用語(yǔ)極其熟悉，因此在使用時(shí)，如果有人質(zhì)問(wèn)他為什么 用美語(yǔ)，他往往會(huì)辯解道，這些用語(yǔ)其實(shí)是英國(guó)英語(yǔ)。有些英國(guó)人認(rèn)為，現(xiàn)在已是向美語(yǔ)妥協(xié)的時(shí)候了，甚至應(yīng)該歡迎美語(yǔ)了。美語(yǔ)支持者的 鼻祖好像是已故的威廉?阿切爾。他早在 1899 年就說(shuō)過(guò)，美國(guó)用語(yǔ)大大豐富了英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言，不僅為英語(yǔ)增加了新詞，而且增加了一些恰如其分、通俗易懂、帶有口語(yǔ)特色的比喻用法。已故的羅伯特?布里奇博士，從 1913 年到 1930 年去世為止，享有英國(guó)桂冠詩(shī)人的稱號(hào)，他 也與阿切爾持同樣觀點(diǎn)。我看了看奧格登博士的基礎(chǔ)英語(yǔ)里列出的 50 個(gè) “國(guó)際性” 名詞表，發(fā)現(xiàn)至少 9 個(gè)是美語(yǔ)，而不是英語(yǔ)。我再看了看市川教授列出的已納入日語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)單詞表，只見(jiàn)每一頁(yè)都有美語(yǔ)。顯而易見(jiàn)，如果有朝一日英語(yǔ)征服世界真的成為現(xiàn)實(shí)，征服世界的必將是美式英語(yǔ)。Unit Six 洛城邂逅

混凝土、煙霧及晨色將好萊塢高速公路立交橋下的奧爾瓦多街籠罩在特有的灰色之中，車輛 堵塞在路上，幾乎一動(dòng)不動(dòng)。杰克無(wú)精打采地坐在車?yán)铮瑢?duì)此并不真的在乎，因?yàn)樗溃绻噲D往左轉(zhuǎn)，開(kāi)到高速路入口，情況可能會(huì)糟糕得多。好在他不用每天這樣，如果有人 問(wèn)他，他會(huì)肯定地說(shuō)，以后也決不這樣。穩(wěn)定的工作有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)，他不否認(rèn)考慮過(guò)這件事。他 需要一臺(tái)調(diào)頻收音機(jī)，安裝在一輛比他現(xiàn)在開(kāi)的這輛 58 款別克更好的車上。好一點(diǎn)的車有 天鵝絨內(nèi)飾，有為洛城的夏天而設(shè)計(jì)的電控裝置，為冬天開(kāi)往海灘而設(shè)計(jì)的精美電熱器和除 霜器，還有為長(zhǎng)途旅行設(shè)計(jì)的導(dǎo)航控制器，當(dāng)然車的前后都有聲音優(yōu)美的喇叭，窗戶一摁就 能關(guān)好，將外面高速公路上惱人的噪音隔絕。實(shí)際上，他可能不得不改變整個(gè)生活方式。富 有異國(guó)情調(diào)的古龍香水、長(zhǎng)毛絨服裝、光線暗淡的夜總會(huì)、代基里酒、身穿絲綢長(zhǎng)禮服、佩 戴項(xiàng)鏈的女子，她們?nèi)缤乜茝V告里的女子一樣，朦朦朧朧而又富有魅力。只要讓他的 想像馳騁，杰克會(huì)想像出許多可能的東西。杰克正想入非非時(shí)，瞥見(jiàn)綠燈亮了，他只顧開(kāi)動(dòng)汽車，盯了一眼那些有固定工作的人，以示再見(jiàn)。當(dāng)他扭過(guò)頭來(lái)，面對(duì)前方時(shí)，已經(jīng)晚了一秒鐘。他猛地一下踩住剎車，調(diào)轉(zhuǎn)方向，以避免撞上前面那輛車上小小的剎車紅燈，但還是砰然一聲撞上了。如果他動(dòng)作再快一秒鐘，也許只會(huì)離這輛車很近，不會(huì)撞上。而如果再晚一秒鐘，他的車就會(huì)爬上這輛豐田車的行李 箱。實(shí)際上，他好像沒(méi)有把前面的車撞壞，而后面的車撞上了他車后部的保險(xiǎn)杠，那一撞卻 嚴(yán)重多了。杰克想開(kāi)過(guò)這輛豐田車，但又怕前面的車擋路。當(dāng)他在幾輛車前的路邊停下來(lái)時(shí)，又突 然覺(jué)得這些車反而有助于他逃走。他使勁關(guān)了兩次車門，一方面是為了將車門關(guān)緊，同時(shí)也 再給自己一秒鐘時(shí)間盤算。然后，他走到別克車的前面，又走到車后面，看看保險(xiǎn)杠及其周 圍是否碰壞。然而，鍍?層上連明顯的劃痕都沒(méi)有。于是他精神振作起來(lái)了。雖然比起啟動(dòng) 性能和行駛性能來(lái)，車的外表之美是次要的，但他這些年取得的少數(shù)顯著成就之一便是：他 的汽車車身和噴漆上除了幾處小小的刮痕以外還完好無(wú)損。杰克沒(méi)有先去跟豐田汽車司機(jī)說(shuō)話，因?yàn)閺乃谋砬榭梢钥闯觯赡軙?huì)給他增添更多 的麻煩，所以，他先是向撞了他的車的司機(jī)打了個(gè)手勢(shì)。這時(shí)那個(gè)司機(jī)還坐在車?yán)铮褜?車停在了豐田車的后面。杰克向他揮揮手，搖搖頭，讓他知道什么問(wèn)題也沒(méi)有。這位司機(jī)也 向杰克揮了揮手，便開(kāi)動(dòng)汽車走了。“連漆都沒(méi)擦傷，”杰克用他特有的口氣對(duì)她說(shuō)，“你怎么樣?車碰壞了嗎?我倒是有點(diǎn)希 望如此，這樣，我們便可以多停留一會(huì)兒，聊一聊什么的。要不，你現(xiàn)在把電話號(hào)碼給我，免得我以后還得跟你貧嘴，問(wèn)你再要。” 杰克把她的微笑當(dāng)作一個(gè)好兆頭，便松了一口氣。他吸人的是她身上散發(fā)的香味兒，就 好像是清新的空氣。他拽了一下自己身上穿著的不算很新但還不算過(guò)時(shí)的衣服。“你的牌照是佛羅里達(dá)州的。但看上去你肯定是古巴人。” “我父母是委內(nèi)瑞拉人。” “我叫杰克。”他伸出手來(lái)。“我叫瑪麗安娜。” 他們握了握手，她好像有生以來(lái)從未與人握過(guò)手似的。“把你的車撞成那樣了，我真的很抱歉。”他的話聽(tīng)起來(lái)很真誠(chéng)。他撫弄著撞碎了的尾

燈旁的大坑。“這么容易就在新車上留下個(gè)坑，真是太令人吃驚了。這些車這么柔軟，可能 很快就會(huì)取代充水床墊。”說(shuō)到這里，杰克不知道接著該說(shuō)什么好。這么多看似不可能發(fā)生 的事都發(fā)生了。什么事都是可能的。“也許我們應(yīng)該一起出去到什么地方吃早飯，同時(shí)好好 談?wù)勥@件事。” “我不吃早飯。” “那就喝點(diǎn)咖啡吧。” “謝謝你，但我真的不能去。” “你還沒(méi)有結(jié)婚，是吧?這并不是說(shuō)我會(huì)很在乎你結(jié)沒(méi)結(jié)婚。我是個(gè)開(kāi)朗型的人。” 她笑了笑說(shuō)： “我得上班了。” “上班真無(wú)聊。” “你最好把駕照給我。”她說(shuō)。杰克點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭，感到很失望。“有點(diǎn)小問(wèn)題，”他說(shuō)。“我沒(méi)帶駕照。今天早晨忘了。我是 搞音樂(lè)的，他夸張地說(shuō)，” “而且，嗯，我也不知道，我的錢包放在了昨天晚上穿的那條褲 子里。如果你有筆和紙，我把地址和所有這些都給你寫上。” 他跟著她走到貯物箱那邊。“我們可不可以不向保險(xiǎn)公司報(bào)告?我找人給你把車修好就是了。” “我想，我爸爸不會(huì)讓的。” “你爸爸?這不是你的車嗎?” “是他給我買的。我住在家里。” “是啊。”她想要擺脫他。他走回到她的新豐田后面，再次查看了一下車的損壞狀況。行 李箱蓋、保險(xiǎn)杠、后擋板、尾燈都?jí)牧恕！澳阏娴纳媳ｋU(xiǎn)了嗎?”她走到車后面，懷疑地問(wèn)。“上了。”他撒了個(gè)謊。“我想，你最好把保險(xiǎn)公司的名字也寫上。” 他編造了一個(gè)姓和地址，并寫下了他過(guò)去的女朋友曾經(jīng)所在的保險(xiǎn)公司的名字。他想把 真實(shí)的電話號(hào)碼給她，但又打消了這一念頭，編造了一個(gè)電話號(hào)碼。“我還是個(gè)演員，”他撒了個(gè)謊，以便進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)效果，“演過(guò)兩三部電影。”她笑了笑，像是個(gè) 影迷似的。“那你的電話號(hào)碼呢?”他老練地反問(wèn)道。于是，她把電話號(hào)碼也給了他。“瑪麗安娜，你真美，”他用最真誠(chéng)的聲音說(shuō)。“給我打電話吧，”她羞怯地說(shuō)。杰克微笑著。“我們會(huì)見(jiàn)面的，瑪麗安娜，”他伸出手說(shuō)。她的手那么溫暖輕柔，他感覺(jué) 好像被親吻了一樣。回到車?yán)铮芸藶樽约旱谋硌菀粫r(shí)感到既自豪，又悲傷。接著，他從后視鏡里看到瑪 麗安娜將車停在了他后面，她正在記錄他的別克車后面的牌照號(hào)碼。這號(hào)碼是他從一輛廢車 上取下來(lái)裝上去的，因?yàn)樗约很嚨呐普仗?hào)早就過(guò)期了。他轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)了點(diǎn)火鑰匙，啟動(dòng)了龐大的 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)，喀嚓一聲開(kāi)動(dòng)了車。當(dāng)他開(kāi)到暢通無(wú)阻的街道上時(shí)，自由的感覺(jué)油然而生。他情不 白禁又去想像那調(diào)頻立體聲收音機(jī)、天鵝絨內(nèi)飾、以及新車的味道，這將使一切變得更加美 好。

Unit Seven 熵 事情發(fā)生在大約兩個(gè)月以前。有一天我突然意識(shí)到在我日常生活中熵逐漸占了上風(fēng)。就在這同一天，我的車又 壞了，電冰箱不制冷了；而且我還得知我的右后臼齒牙根管需要鑲補(bǔ)。每逢下雨，臥室的窗戶仍舊漏水；每當(dāng)我急 需照看孩子的保姆時(shí)，保姆仍舊沒(méi)有露面。我的頭發(fā)開(kāi)始花白了，我的打字機(jī)也磨損壞了。房子需要刷油漆，我也 需要一副老花眼鏡了。兒子的運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋磨破了幾個(gè)窟窿，而我越來(lái)越感到自己沒(méi)出息了。如果新?lián)Q的衣服下星期五又穿臟了，那么我星期六花上整整半天的功夫泡在洗衣房還有什么意義呢? 唉，混亂是宇宙萬(wàn)物的自然規(guī)律。甚至還有一個(gè)叫做“熵”的測(cè)量混亂度的精確單位。熵不同于任何其他物理 眭質(zhì)(如運(yùn)動(dòng)、引力、能)，它不會(huì)雙向運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，且只增不減，一旦形成，就決不會(huì)毀掉。通往混亂的路是一條單行道。由于熵有令人氣餒的不可逆性，因此它被稱為時(shí)間之箭。我們都本能地理解這一點(diǎn)。孩子們的房間，如果不去 收拾，那么只會(huì)越來(lái)越亂，而不會(huì)越來(lái)越整齊。木頭會(huì)腐爛，金屬會(huì)生銹，人會(huì)長(zhǎng)皺紋，花要凋謝。甚至山頭也會(huì) 消蝕，原子核也會(huì)衰變。在城市里破舊的地鐵中、在坑凹不平的人行道上、在被拆毀的樓房中、在我們 El 常生活越 來(lái)越多的混亂中，我們都能看到熵在起作用。我們不用問(wèn)也知道什么是衰老。如果我們突然看到油漆又躍回舊樓房 的墻面，我們準(zhǔn)會(huì)感到有問(wèn)題。如果我們看到一個(gè)雞蛋自己拼湊在一起又跳回蛋殼，我們準(zhǔn)會(huì)開(kāi)懷大笑，就像看一 組倒放的電影鏡頭那樣。然而，熵并不是開(kāi)玩笑的事，因?yàn)槊吭黾右环朱兀鸵馕吨芰康睦速M(fèi)和機(jī)會(huì)的喪失。從山上流下的水可使其 在流動(dòng)過(guò)程中做功。但是，一旦所有的水都處在同一個(gè)水平高度，就不能再做功了。這就是熵。我的電冰箱啟動(dòng)時(shí)，它使所有冷空氣有序地聚在廚房的一角，而使熱空氣呆在另一角。一旦冰箱出了故障，冷熱空氣就混合成了不冷不 熱的一團(tuán)，使得冰箱里的黃油溶化、牛奶變質(zhì)，冷凍的蔬菜腐爛。當(dāng)然，能量并沒(méi)有真正喪失，但是它已失去效用而消散為亂七八糟一鍋粥，對(duì)我們沒(méi)有任何用處。熵是混亂無(wú) 序，是目的的喪失。人們常常因在自己的生活中似乎看到熵而感到焦慮不安。人們就像溫?zé)岬膹N房里的大量分子一樣被推來(lái)攘去，他們感到自己失去了方向感，感到無(wú)時(shí)無(wú)處不在浪費(fèi)青春和機(jī)遇。婚姻中很容易出現(xiàn)熵，當(dāng)伴侶們過(guò)于忙于自己的 事而忽視了彌補(bǔ)小小裂痕時(shí)，幾乎可以肯定他們的婚姻要破裂。在我們國(guó)家目前的狀況中，在國(guó)與國(guó)之間的關(guān)系中 都存在著大量的熵??各種混亂隨時(shí)會(huì)雪崩般把我們?nèi)客淌桑覀儏s喪失了阻止它們發(fā)生的種種機(jī)會(huì)。然而，熵并非在哪里都不可避免。晶體、雪花和星系是在雜亂無(wú)序的海洋中令人難以置信的美麗而井然有序的 孤島。如果不是因?yàn)橛辛遂氐睦猓炜站蜁?huì)是一片黑暗，我們就能看到星星在何處度過(guò)它們的白晝。正是因?yàn)榭?氣分子在大氣中井然有序地聚集組合，天空才會(huì)是藍(lán)色的。對(duì)于熵來(lái)說(shuō)，最深邃莫測(cè)的例外莫過(guò)于生命的創(chuàng)造了。一粒種子吸取了一些土壤的養(yǎng)料，一些碳、一些陽(yáng)光和 水分，就長(zhǎng)成了一株玫瑰。母腹中的受精卵吸收一些氧氣、比薩餅和牛奶就發(fā)育成了嬰兒。引人深思的是需要大量的能量才能形成一個(gè)嬰兒。種子長(zhǎng)成大樹(shù)也需要能量。通向混亂之路猶如走下坡道那樣 輕松，而通向創(chuàng)造之路卻要付出勞動(dòng)。雖然我們可能與熵抗?fàn)帲珔s要付出代價(jià)。這就是為什么我們要振作起來(lái)似 乎非常困難，而放任自流卻那么輕而易舉。

而更糟糕的是，我們?cè)谟钪娴囊粋€(gè)角落里建立秩序的同時(shí)，總是在另一個(gè)地方造成了更多的混亂。我們從石油 和煤中創(chuàng)造了有序的能量，付出的代價(jià)是煙霧的熵。在暫停了幾個(gè)月之后，我最近又開(kāi)始吹長(zhǎng)笛了。刺耳的笛聲回蕩在整個(gè)房間，我的兒子不由得捂著耳朵問(wèn)道： “媽，您的長(zhǎng)笛怎么啦?”我的長(zhǎng)笛自然沒(méi)出任何問(wèn)題，問(wèn)題是我的吹奏技巧卻大不如以前，或者說(shuō)熵化了，就那么 回事。制止這一過(guò)程的惟一方法是天天練習(xí)。果然，我吹出的音調(diào)比以前好多了，盡管我為此付出的代價(jià)只是堅(jiān)持 練習(xí)。我們的能力如同其他任何事情一樣，如不花費(fèi)精力加以運(yùn)用，能力就會(huì)退化。這就是熵使人沮喪的原因。看起來(lái)即使要和熵打個(gè)平手也是一場(chǎng)艱難的戰(zhàn)斗。我們這樣說(shuō)是有充分理由的。熵 的形成有很大的偶然性。以任何一個(gè)在我的廚房里轉(zhuǎn)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)去的冰冷的空氣分子為例。這個(gè)分子在任何一點(diǎn)上朝冰箱 方向運(yùn)動(dòng)的概率都正好是50％；它朝背離冰箱方向運(yùn)動(dòng)的概率也是50％。但是如果數(shù)十億個(gè)冷熱空氣分子混合在一 起，那么所有冷空氣分子朝冰箱方向運(yùn)動(dòng)，同時(shí)所有熱空氣分子背離冰箱運(yùn)動(dòng)的概率實(shí)際上是零。熵總是占上風(fēng)，這并不是因?yàn)橛行蚴遣豢赡艿模且驗(yàn)橥ㄍ氐牡缆繁韧ㄍ卸嗟枚唷０岩患虑檗k糟的方 法要比把它辦好的方法多；把一件事搞得亂七八糟的辦法比把它搞得井井有條的辦法更多。我們生活中的障礙和意 外事故幾乎總使我們不斷碰撞，偏離既定的路線，使我們步人歧途。通往無(wú)序之路是阻力最小的路，是一條輕松但 并非必然的路。和許多人一樣，我因今天所見(jiàn)到的自己周圍的熵而感到苦惱。我擔(dān)心難以預(yù)測(cè)的國(guó)際局勢(shì)；擔(dān)心這個(gè)世界缺乏 共同的目標(biāo)；對(duì)由此可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致核戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)這一終極熵而提心吊膽。我為自己不能把孩子送去上我所在這個(gè)城市的公立 學(xué)校而感到苦惱；我為人們失業(yè)以及通貨膨脹失控而苦惱；我為性別和種族之間的緊張關(guān)系似乎再度加劇而感到苦 惱，為人與人之間處處顯示出的分崩離析的關(guān)系而感到苦惱。社會(huì)制度如同原子和恒星一樣，如果不添加能量保持其有序狀況也會(huì)衰變。友誼、家庭和經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系亦是如此，除非我們不斷努力對(duì)其加以保持和維護(hù)，否則也都會(huì)瓦解。而據(jù)我看來(lái)，愿意為此而不斷努力的人實(shí)在是太少了。當(dāng)然，事物越復(fù)雜，維持有序就越困難。如果在廚房里只有十幾個(gè)的空氣分子，那么我等上一年左右，或許在某個(gè) 時(shí)刻 6 個(gè)最冷的分子會(huì)聚集在冰箱里。但是，這一等式中的變量越多、參加這一游戲的角色越多，那么他們的路徑 井然有序地相互吻合的可能性就越小。組成拼圖的木塊越多，打亂次序之后，就越難將圖重新拼好。一位物理學(xué)家 說(shuō)過(guò)： “不可逆性是我們?yōu)閺?fù)雜所付出的代價(jià)。” Unit Nine 他們輸給了可卡因

夢(mèng)想破滅 斯坦?貝林出生在 20 世紀(jì) 30 年代一個(gè)陷入經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條困境之中的城市家庭。這是一個(gè)破裂的家庭，父母爭(zhēng)吵頻 繁。“我感到世界末日即將來(lái)臨，”他說(shuō)。這種恐懼感驅(qū)使他成為一個(gè)模范孩子。斯坦清楚地記得自己在孩提時(shí)代，曾有一次倚在一座橋的欄桿上，凝視著一條造型美觀的游船，載著一群興高采 烈的人從橋下駛過(guò)。他看得出，甲板上的人們出來(lái)玩得非常開(kāi)心。這種舒適與奢侈的情景是他無(wú)法想像的。這一情 景銘刻在他的腦海里，影響著他的成功觀。于是他的奮斗目標(biāo)就是金錢、權(quán)勢(shì)和威望。在學(xué)校，斯坦的功課很好。他發(fā)現(xiàn)自己學(xué)得最好的科目是理科。但是他沒(méi)有信心從事醫(yī) 學(xué)，所以便選擇了牙醫(yī)，作為一條實(shí)現(xiàn)自己人生目標(biāo)的捷徑。他娶了一位中學(xué)時(shí)代就認(rèn)識(shí)的女子為妻。20 多年來(lái)，他和妻子簡(jiǎn)過(guò)著讓很多人羨慕的生活。他的名氣越來(lái)越大，財(cái)源滾滾，還被州政府任命要職。同時(shí)他還有兩個(gè)健康的孩子。他擁有華麗的住宅和昂貴的汽車，并常常出國(guó)度假。斯坦感觸最深的時(shí)刻是他買了一條豪華游艇，駛到那座小橋下。在孩提時(shí)代，他曾在那里第一次看到了他所希 望的未來(lái)生活。“我把那次經(jīng)歷告訴了簡(jiǎn)，”他說(shuō)。“說(shuō)話時(shí)，我忽然意識(shí)到情況很不對(duì)勁。我已擁有曾經(jīng)夢(mèng)寐以求的 一切，但卻感到悲傷無(wú)望。更糟糕的是，我知道這種狀況將永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)改變。” 到了 80 年代初，有一位當(dāng)醫(yī)生的朋友請(qǐng)他吃飯。這位朋友說(shuō)他一直用可卡因來(lái)消除抑郁。他說(shuō)這種藥很神奇，不會(huì)使人上癮。于是，斯坦肯定，這種藥可能正好適合他自己的抑郁。“我吸入第一口可卡因的那一瞬間就上癮了。”斯坦這樣說(shuō)。“它能使我鎮(zhèn)靜、自信、快樂(lè)??這都是我原來(lái)認(rèn) 為金錢能夠買到的感覺(jué)。可卡因使我感到自己變成了一個(gè)更出色、更健談的人和一個(gè)更優(yōu)秀的牙醫(yī)。” 起初，斯坦不覺(jué)得自己做錯(cuò)了什么。“我以為終于找到了一種抗抑郁藥品，把我從痛苦中解脫了出來(lái)。我感到憤慨，這么好的藥竟然始終被法律禁止。” 斯坦使用可卡因兩年之后，那位當(dāng)醫(yī)生的朋友遭到謀殺。于是，他再也不能與街上吸毒者的世界絕緣了。一周 之后，斯坦離開(kāi)了牙科辦公室，從此再也沒(méi)有回來(lái)。“當(dāng)時(shí)，我以為這是因?yàn)樽约翰荒軕?yīng)付工作的壓力，但這不是真 正的原因。真正的原因是，我需要更多的時(shí)間吸毒。” 他的生活漫無(wú)目標(biāo)??陪妻子購(gòu)物，到處求醫(yī)，尋找能夠使他擺脫抑郁的辦法，同時(shí)還一直吸著毒。他做一些 低賤的工作，還經(jīng)常想自殺。到了斯坦吸毒的第三年，可卡因的效果越來(lái)越短。快樂(lè)的感覺(jué)只能持續(xù)幾秒鐘，然后又馬上陷入深深的抑郁中。“最后，我甚至發(fā)展到站著大哭的程度，斯坦說(shuō)。” 簡(jiǎn)知道丈夫已到了絕望的境地，于是規(guī)勸他去戒毒中心治療。斯坦報(bào)名來(lái)到一家著名的戒毒所，但是他的衣服里藏著半盎司可卡因。“在吸完這些可卡因之前，我合作了幾天，” 斯坦說(shuō)。然后他就溜走了??以前當(dāng)妻子說(shuō)服他尋求幫助時(shí)，他也是這樣。斯坦曾一時(shí)以為最終戰(zhàn)勝了毒癮，可他在洗車時(shí)，看見(jiàn)過(guò)去剩下的一小瓶可卡因從地毯下滾了出來(lái)。“一看見(jiàn)它就使 我興奮，”他回憶說(shuō)。“我把它裝到口袋里。我想，留著它并抗拒其誘惑會(huì)使我意志更堅(jiān)強(qiáng)。但是我的心里時(shí)刻都想 著這個(gè)小瓶子。” 這一小瓶可卡因就像一條盤繞著的毒蛇，靜靜地躺在斯坦的口袋里。斯坦的心里展開(kāi)了激烈的斗爭(zhēng)。突然這條 蛇向他發(fā)起猛烈攻擊，其兇猛的程度只有那些在毒癮面前意志薄弱的人才知道。現(xiàn)在，斯坦已完成了一個(gè)全面的戒毒療程，并在一項(xiàng)戒毒計(jì)劃中擔(dān)任顧問(wèn)。他的工資只有當(dāng)牙醫(yī)時(shí)的七分之一，房子和船都沒(méi)有了。只有時(shí)間能說(shuō)明他是否最終戰(zhàn)勝了毒癮。斯坦現(xiàn)在已籌劃創(chuàng)建新的生活，他決定再也不讓那條毒蛇近身了。

死亡之舞 帕特里克?比斯?fàn)?21 歲時(shí)，便作為美國(guó)芭蕾舞劇院的主要演員，在紐約嶄露頭角。這么年輕的人很少能夠在競(jìng) 爭(zhēng)激烈的芭蕾舞界如此風(fēng)靡。他受到贊美，用麥克爾?巴利史尼科夫的話說(shuō)，他是“整個(gè)芭蕾舞界最亮的明燈之一”。帕特里克．比斯?fàn)柕某晒Y(jié)束了那個(gè)只有女人氣的男人才能進(jìn)入芭蕾舞界的美國(guó)神話。帕特里克是來(lái)自得克薩斯州的少年，他身高六尺二，粗獷、嗜酒，酷愛(ài)摩托車、牛仔靴和女人。他強(qiáng)壯有力，可以 托起女演員在空中旋轉(zhuǎn)，使她們?nèi)缤粯觾?yōu)美動(dòng)人。據(jù)比斯?fàn)柕哪赣H說(shuō)，1957 年出生后七個(gè)月時(shí)，小比斯?fàn)柡?jiǎn)直就不是走，而是在跑了。帕特里克 10 歲時(shí)，姐姐 用自己的零花錢賄賂他，讓他去她的舞蹈班，因?yàn)樗枰璋椤Ｋ膮f(xié)調(diào)感和耐力是他與生俱來(lái)的天賦，無(wú)不使人 嘆服。從那時(shí)起，他的命運(yùn)就注定是跳舞了。芭蕾舞界對(duì)演員身體和情感素質(zhì)的要求之殘酷是眾所周知的。其根本目標(biāo)就是絕對(duì)完美。很多人相信，比斯?fàn)?完全可能成為一個(gè)職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員，但芭蕾舞明星與職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員不同的是，他永遠(yuǎn)也不會(huì)因?yàn)橹懒俗约旱淖罱K得分或 者比賽獲勝而感到滿足。他的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手是自己。對(duì)一個(gè)完美主義者來(lái)說(shuō)，這也許是最為殘酷的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。比斯?fàn)柕哪赣H認(rèn)為，年輕的比斯?fàn)柼ど先松缆窌r(shí)，身上就帶著導(dǎo)致他毀滅的種子。帕特里克是帕特麗夏．比 斯?fàn)柡吞萍{德?比斯?fàn)?6 年之內(nèi)生下的 5 個(gè)孩子之一。比斯?fàn)柗驄D雄心勃勃，到帕特里克 12 歲時(shí)，就已搬過(guò) 6 次家。在那些年里，帕特麗夏?比斯?fàn)栕约菏艿絿?yán)重挫折。她深信自己對(duì)兒子在身心方面的屢次打擊使他的自尊心受 到了嚴(yán)重的損傷，所以在他還是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候，便對(duì)自己懷有一種根深蒂固的仇恨。無(wú)論事實(shí)是否如此，帕特里克? 比 斯?fàn)栕院苣贻p之時(shí)起，生活就好像受到痛苦的折磨。各種跡象表明，比斯?fàn)栐谖璧干牡脑缙诰鸵呀?jīng)對(duì)可卡因、烈酒和其他毒品上癮。但他力量巨大、技藝高超，能夠完成難度最高的動(dòng)作，因此他的經(jīng)紀(jì)人始終不知道真相。芭蕾舞女演員蓋爾賽?柯克蘭在自傳《墳?zāi)股系奈璧浮分姓f(shuō)，比斯?fàn)栐诩~約城取得成功后不久，就引誘她吸食 可卡因。從此便開(kāi)始了他們那種與性和毒品有關(guān)的秘密關(guān)系，這種關(guān)系持續(xù)了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。她觀察到，比斯?fàn)柕?妄想癥發(fā)展到了睡覺(jué)時(shí)在床下放斧子、在枕頭下放刀子的地步。他會(huì)站在公寓門口達(dá)數(shù)小時(shí)，拿著一瓶梅斯催淚噴 射劑，來(lái)抵御想像中的侵犯者。1981 年 6 月，他的芭蕾舞生涯只有三年，比斯?fàn)柋愀顢嗔俗约旱氖滞蟆．?dāng)醫(yī)務(wù)護(hù)理人員趕來(lái)時(shí)，比斯?fàn)柊哑孔?打碎作為武器，把他們趕走。第二天，他纏著繃帶，重返舞臺(tái)。顯然，到這時(shí)為止，他與柯克蘭都已失控。他們連續(xù)數(shù)周無(wú)節(jié)制地吸食可卡因。漸漸地，他們不去排練，演出遲到。他們雙雙被解雇，重新被雇傭，然后又被解雇。最后，蓋爾賽?柯克蘭去尋求幫助。帕特里克?比斯?fàn)枀s沒(méi)有。1987 年秋天，芭蕾舞公司將比斯?fàn)査屯永Ｄ醽嗀惖俑Ｌ刂行娜ブ委煛Ｋ麑?duì)朋友們說(shuō)，他準(zhǔn)備重新生活，他 希望有一個(gè)嶄新的開(kāi)端。他提前一星期從中心出來(lái)，回到了紐約。12 月間，與比斯?fàn)栍喠嘶榈陌爬傥枧輪T埃米?羅斯去了加州，準(zhǔn)備 過(guò)完節(jié)后回紐約。比斯?fàn)柂?dú)自一人在家，買了一棵圣誕樹(shù)，并裝飾了一下，放在他們的公寓里。12 月 23 日，他與父母通了一次長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的電話。母親求他回家團(tuán)圓。他謝絕了母親，解釋說(shuō)圣誕節(jié)獨(dú)自一人，可 以給他一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)來(lái)證明沒(méi)有可卡因他也能夠堅(jiān)強(qiáng)地生活。圣誕節(jié)后的第四天，埃米?羅斯走進(jìn)公寓。她在起居室的沙發(fā)上發(fā)現(xiàn)了帕特里克的尸體。帕特里克?比斯?fàn)査烙诔瑒┝糠每煽ㄒ蚝推渌酒贰．?dāng)時(shí)他剛剛 30 歲。帕特麗夏?比斯?fàn)栒f(shuō)起紐約時(shí)報(bào)上她兒子的死訊時(shí)泣不成聲。比斯?fàn)柕拿窒拢挥泻?jiǎn)單的幾個(gè)字： “晚安，甜 蜜的王子。” 在帕特里克?比斯?fàn)栭_(kāi)始了漫長(zhǎng)的死亡之舞后，我們很難說(shuō)有什么可以拯救他。當(dāng)他母親認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的看法與 有些專家的看法不同時(shí)，提出了以下有力的見(jiàn)解： “我們很容易把這樣的悲劇歸罪于他人??同行的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)壓力、緊張 的職業(yè)、毒販子，以及除了我們自己以外的所有其他人。但是，這類問(wèn)題多數(shù)起源于家里，也就是在我們把孩子撫 養(yǎng)成人的時(shí)候。承認(rèn)這一點(diǎn)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)很不容易，我沒(méi)有能夠在帕特里克身上培養(yǎng)面對(duì)生活所需要的自尊。無(wú)論他做 得多么好，他都覺(jué)得自己失敗了。他吸毒，是因?yàn)槎酒纺苁顾麛[脫這種失敗感。當(dāng)我們明白并且接受這一原因時(shí)，也許我們會(huì)為解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題做點(diǎn)什么。”

第五篇：安徽大學(xué) 研究生讀寫譯教程課文總結(jié)翻譯答案上冊(cè)(全)

Unit One

Text A How to Read A Book

Introductory Remarks ―Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.‖ Francis Bacon warned readers several hundred years ago.However, what are the criteria for those books to be ―chewed and digested?‖ How to tell good literature from bad literature? On these issues, people don‘t seem to have reached an agreement.In the article, Nobel laureate Joseph Brodsky first states that people‘s life is generally much shorter than books, and that it is important for people to select good books to read.Yet, the author further argues that selecting good books from the ocean of literary works is no easy job;even book reviewers can‘t help much.In the end, the author suggests that reading poetry is the way to develop good taste in literature, because it is the supreme form of human locution, the most concise way of conveying the human experience, and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.Text-related Information

1.The Last Judgment The last judgment(sometime referred to as universal judgment)is a firmly held belief of Roman Catholicism.Immediately upon death each soul undergoes a particular judgment, and, depending upon the state of that person's soul, goes to heaven, purgatory, or hell.The last judgment will occur after the resurrection of the dead and the reuniting of a person's soul with his or her own physical body.At the time of the last judgment Christ will come in his glory, and all the angels with him, and in his presence the truth of each man's relationship with God will be laid bare, and each person who has ever lived will be judged with perfect justice.Those already in heaven will remain in heaven;those already in hell will remain in hell;and those in purgatory will be released into heaven.The Roman Catholic Church holds no doctrinal position on the fate of those in Limbo.Following the last judgment, the bliss of heaven and the pains of hell will be perfected in that those present will also be capable of physical bliss/pain.After the last judgment the universe itself will be renewed with a new heaven and a new earth.2.The rhetoric “anticlimax”

In rhetoric, climax is a figure of speech, in which words, phrases, or clauses are arranged in order of increasing importance.Climax comes from the Greek word for “l(fā)adder”.Examples:

There are three things that will endure: faith, hope, and love.But the greatest of these is love.“I think we've reached a point of great decision, not just for our nation, not only for all humanity, but for life upon the earth.” George Wald A Generation in Search of a Future, March 4, 1969.“...Lost, vaded, broken, dead within an hour.William Shakespeare, The Passionate Pilgrim, XIII.”...the unalienable rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.“ Martin Luther King, I Have a Dream.Similarly an anticlimax is an abrupt declension(either deliberate or unintended)on the part of a speaker or writer from the dignity of the idea which he appeared to be aiming at;as in the following well-known distich:---

”The great Dalhousie, he, the god of war, Lieutenant-colonel to the earl of Mar.“

An anticlimax can be intentionally employed only for a jocular or satiric purpose.It frequently partakes of the nature of antithesis, as in，”Die and endow a college or a cat.“

3.Belles lettres

Belles letters(from the French for literature, literally ”fine letters“)refers to literature that is appreciated for the beauty, artistry, and originality of its style and tone rather than for its ideas and informational content.Earlier the term was synonymous with literature, referring particularly to fiction, poetry, drama, criticism, and essays.However, belletristic literature has come to mean light, artificial writing and essays extolling the beauties of literature.Language Points

1.On the whole, books are less limited than ourselves.Often they sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust---and it is precisely the appetite for this posthumous dimension that sets one?s pen in motion.On the whole, books have longer lives than the writers who write them.Long after the writer has died, his or her books may remain on bookshelves absorbing dust.It is due to the desire to be remembered after death that motivates the author to write continuously.2.So as we toss and turn these rectangular objects in our hands we won?t be terribly amiss if we surmise that we fondle, as it were, the urns with our returning ashes.Therefore, when we take a book in our hands, it is not totally wrong for us to think that we are, actually, handling the urn containing our own ashes.amiss adj.: not functioning properly;e.g.A few words of introduction may not come amiss.Is there anything amiss?

surmise v: infer from incomplete evidence;

e.g.We surmised that he must have had an accident.There‘s so little to go on, we can only surmise what happened.n.: a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence e.g.His surmise proved correct.Your first surmise was right.3.Whoever said that to philosophize is an exercise in dying was right in more ways than one, for by writing a book nobody gets younger.Some people say that to think philosophically is to experience the process of death.That is right in many aspects, as in the process of writing a book, the author only gets older and older.philosophize v.: conduct philosophical thinking;reason philosophically e.g., They spend their time philosophizing about the mysteries of life.a tendency to philosophize about racial harmony

4.The paradox, however, lies in the fact that in literature “good” is defined by its distinction from “bad”.But, what seems contradictory is that in literature good works are identified by its distinction from bad works, i.e., a piece of work is good because it is not bad.5.That?s what may constitute bad literature?s best defense at the Last Judgment.That may be the reason why there exist so many pieces of bad literature.6.Of course, there is no denying the pleasure of holding up with a fat, slow-moving, mediocre novel;but in the end, we read not for reading?s sake but to learn.Of course, there is pleasure of some kind in reading a thick, lengthy and ordinary novel;but in the end, we do not read just for the sake of reading but read for learning something.there is no denying: it cannot be denied;one cannot deny the fact that e.g.There is no denying the enjoyment of a vacation after long period of hard work..There is no denying the fact that he is a faithful husband.7.Hence the need for the works that bring the human predicament into its sharpest possible focus.Hence, too, the need for some compass in the ocean of available printed matter.Therefore, we need to read works that reflect the puzzle of human beings.We also need some guidance in search of good works among all the books ever printed.bring … into focus: make something sharply visible;make something clear and understandable e.g.I adjusted the binoculars until I brought the bird sharply into focus.Please try to bring your major point into focus earlier in the essay.8.…h(huán)e can have strong predilections for a certain kind of writing or simply be on the take with the publishing industry …h(huán)e may have his own preference for a certain kind of writing or he may gain some profit from the publishing houses(by recommending books published by those publishing houses).on the take: taking or seeking to take bribes or illegal income;e.g.There were policemen on the take.The mayor is reported to have been on the take with the real estate enterprise.9.The alternative, therefore, would be to develop your own taste, to build your own compass, to familiarize yourself, as it were, with particular stars and constellations---dim or bright but always remote.Therefore, what you can do is develop your own judgment, establish your own criteria for guidance, familiarize yourself with particular authors or writers who may serve as guiders.These artists may be well or little known, but regardless they are always set apart.10.This, however, takes a hell of a lot of time and you may easily find yourself old and grey, heading for the exit with a lousy volume under your arm.However, this will take you a lot of time, so much so that when you are old and coming to the end of your life, you still cannot find the guidance for selecting good books and end up reading the ordinary ones.heading for the exit: coming to the end of one‘s life

lousy adj.: very bad;mean;contemptible;e.g.The food was lousy and there was not enough of it.He wrote only lousy poems.11.The source of the suggestion to come belongs to the category of people for whom literature has always been a matter of some hundred names;to the people who feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics;the people who dislike themselves far more than their detractors do;who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to heroin or marijuana.The source of the following suggestion belongs to those people for whom literature has always been just a list of some hundred authors;to those people who feel ill at ease at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find philosophical excuses for adultery, and are fussy about discussing politics;to those people who dislike themselves even more than those who belittle them do;to those people who still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.12.“one will not find on the barricades and who never shoot themselves or their lover”.―those who won‘t be found to participate in street demonstrations and who never kill themselves or their lovers‖.13.If such people occasionally find themselves swimming in their blood on the floor of prison cells or speaking from a platform, it is because they object not to some particular injustice but the order of the whole world as a whole.If those people are found to be killed in a prison or are making a public speech on a platform, that‘s not because they object to any specific injustice but because they are against the general order of the whole world.14.They have no illusions about the objectivity of their views;on the contrary, they insist on their unpardonable subjectivity.They are very clear that their views are not objective, and they stick to their subjective views even though it is inexcusable to do so.15.… they consider vulnerability the primary trait of living matter.… they think that susceptibility to injury or attack is the attribute of all living things.16.This has less to do with masochistic tendencies than with their instinctive knowledge that extreme subjectivity, prejudice, and indeed idiosyncrasy are what help art to avoid cliché.This is not because they have the tendency to derive pleasure from being abused, but because they instinctively believe that extreme subjectivity, prejudice and idiosyncrasy are the best ways for art to avoid being ordinary.17.I am no union man.I do not belong to any literary association.18.The point is that being the supreme form of human locution, poetry is not only the most concise way of conveying the human experience;it also offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation---especially one on paper.The point is that, as the most advanced form of human language, poetry is not only the most concise way of expressing the human experience, but it also sets up the highest standards for all other language forms, especially for the written language.19.A child of epitaph and epigram, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose.Derived from epitaph and epigram, poetry sets the standards for prose.20.It teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, the technique of anticlimax.It teaches prose not only the value of each word but also thinking patterns outside the linear composition, techniques of omitting self-evident parts, of emphasizing the details, and of the use of anticlimax.mercurial adj.: changeable;varying e.g.a mercurial nature

She has a mercurial turn of conversation.In Roman mythology, Mercury was a messenger, and a god of trade, profit and commerce.Mercury has influenced the name of a number of things in a variety of scientific fields, such as the planet Mercury, and the element mercury.The word mercurial is commonly used to refer to something or someone erratic, volatile or unstable, derived from Mercury's swift flights from place to place.knack n.: a special skill, talent, or ability;e.g.a knack for making clothes

He‘s got the knack of getting people to listen.anticlimax n: a disappointing decline after a previous rise e.g.It was sad that his international career should end so anticlimactically.21.Above all, poetry develops in prose that appetite for metaphysics which distinguishes a work of art from mere belles letters.Most important of all, poetry directs prose toward the metaphysical forms, and it is in this pursuit that good literature becomes distinguished from bad literature.22.All I am trying to do is to be practical and spare your eyesight and brain cells a lot of useless printed matter.All I am trying to do is to be of some practical use to you and help you avoid those useless books.spare v.: refrain from harming;save or relieve from an experience or action e.g.I can't spare him today we need everybody here.The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as enjoyable as possible.It was a horrible accident---I'll spare you the details.23.All you have to do is to arm yourselves with the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century, and you will be in great shape.All you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, especially the poets from the first half of this century, and you will gain the most from reading.be in shape: be in good health;strong and healthy;fit.e.g.Bob exercises frequently, so he's in good condition.If I were in shape, I could run faster and farther.I'm really overweight.I have to try to get into shape.24.If, after going through the works of any of these, you drop a book of prose picked from the shelf, it won?t be your fault.After you have read the works of any of these poets, if you cannot keep on reading a book of prose taken randomly from the bookshelf, it won‘t be your fault.(Here, the author implies that

the prose does not measure up to the standards of the works of those poets.)

25.If you continue to read it, that will be to the author?s credit: that will mean that this author has something to add to the truth about our existence.If you can go on with the reading, the author, then, is worth reading, and it also means that this author has provided us with some truth about our lives.to sb.?s credit: worthy of praise;in one‘s name

e.g.It is greatly to your credit that you gave back the money you found;your honesty does you credit.It is to my credit to help those in want.Key to Exercises I.Comprehension 1.Often books sit on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has turned into a handful of dust./ Books remain on the shelves absorbing dust long after the writer has died.2.Because, according to the author, good literature is defined by its distinction from bad literature.That is to say, good literature is good because it is not bad, and bad literature is bad because it is not good.This is rather paradoxical.3.Since we are all moribund, and since reading books is time-consuming, we need a compass in the ocean of books.If we do not have such a compass, it is difficult for us to find the right books to read.4.a.he can be a hack, as ignorant as ourselves;

b.he can have strong preference for a certain kind of writing or simply take bribery from the publishing house;

c.he might turn his review writing into an independent art form.5.If he had been a publisher, he would be putting on the books‘ covers not only their authors‘ names but also the exact age at which they composed this or that work.By so doing, he would enable readers to decide whether they care to consider the views of a book written by a person so much younger or so much older than themselves.6.This group of people are special because literature has always been a matter of some hundred names to them, because they feel awkward at large gatherings, do not dance at parties, tend to find metaphysical excuses for adultery, and are finicky about discussing politics;because they dislike themselves far more than their detractors do;because they still prefer alcohol and tobacco to drugs.These people won‘t participate in demonstrations, and they won‘t shoot themselves or their lovers.7.These people are unpardonably subjective in their views.8.The author suggests that the best way to develop good taste in literature is to read poetry.In the authors point of view, poetry is a great disciplinarian to prose and teaches the latter not only the value of each word but also the mercurial mental patterns of the species, alternatives to linear composition, the knack of omitting the self-evident, emphasis on detail, and the technique of anticlimax.9.If you believe in what the author says, all you have to do is to read the works of poets in your mother tongue, preferably from the first half of this century.10.It means that the book, which has added something to the truth about our existence, is worth reading.It would also mean, at the same time, that you have developed an incurable addiction to reading which is good for your life.II.Vocabulary 1.dimension 2.idiosyncratic 3.reckon 4.stance 5.lousy 6.paradox 7.debunk 8.disciplinary 9.semblance 10.vulnerable

III.Phrases 1.on the take 2.headed for 3.to his credit 4.putting…on;putting on 5.might as well 6.armed with 7.in more ways than one 8.act in IV.Error detection and correction 1.the greatest problems 2.in which 改成 which 3.credited 改成 credited with 4.Greatly high 改成 High 5.stood改成 standing 6.any other student 7.as much 改成as many 8.Though remembered 9.considering 改成 to consider 10.that they got 改成did they get

V.Cloze 1.shaped 2.desperate 3.objectivity 4.hierarchies 5.expected 6.chiefly 7.driven 8.unimpeachable 9.evaluate 10.perspective 11.industrial 12.affiliation 13.sponsors 14.support 15.acknowledgement

Text A 的參考譯文

論讀書

（趙亞莉 譯）

總的來(lái)說(shuō)，書本的壽命要比我們自己長(zhǎng)。常常是寫書的人早已化為了一堆黃土而其著作卻依舊立在書架上積聚塵土，但恰恰是死后占有這一席之地的欲望促使人們筆耕不墜。

所以，當(dāng)我們手中擺弄和翻動(dòng)這些方塊形物體的時(shí)候，設(shè)想我們手里撫弄的不是具體的書本，而是盛著我們自己回歸大地的骨灰的甕，那也沒(méi)什么不對(duì)。畢竟，寫一本書投入進(jìn)去的，說(shuō)到底是一個(gè)人只有一次的生命。有人說(shuō)過(guò)進(jìn)行哲學(xué)思考就是一步步趨向死亡。不管是誰(shuí)說(shuō)的，這種說(shuō)法從幾種意義來(lái)說(shuō)都是有道理的，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)人絕不會(huì)因?yàn)閷懸槐緯兡贻p。

同樣讀一本書也不會(huì)使人更年輕。既然如此，我們自然傾向于讀好書。然而，困難在于文學(xué)中的―好‖是通過(guò)區(qū)別―壞‖來(lái)鑒定的。此外，要寫出一本好書，一個(gè)作家必須閱讀大量平庸讀物，否則他是沒(méi)法找到必要的寫作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。這可能就會(huì)為壞文學(xué)作品在最后審判日為自己辯護(hù)的最佳理由。

既然我們精力不濟(jì)，既然讀書很耗費(fèi)時(shí)間，我們就必須找出一個(gè)能讓我們至少表面上省時(shí)省力的方法來(lái)。當(dāng)然不可否認(rèn)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間讀一本厚厚的、情節(jié)發(fā)展緩慢的平庸小說(shuō)所帶來(lái)的樂(lè)趣，但我們最終目的畢竟不是為讀書而讀書，而是為了學(xué)到點(diǎn)什么。因此，我們需要一些最大限度地濃縮人生矛盾困境的作品，需要一些在浩如煙海的書籍中類似指南針一樣的作品。

當(dāng)然，這個(gè)指南針的職責(zé)是由文學(xué)評(píng)論及評(píng)論家們來(lái)?yè)?dān)當(dāng)?shù)摹２恍业氖牵改厢樀尼様[動(dòng)得太沒(méi)譜了。對(duì)某些人來(lái)說(shuō)它指北，而對(duì)另一些人來(lái)說(shuō)卻是指南。評(píng)論家的問(wèn)題有三：第一，他可能是個(gè)作品低劣的平庸文人，而且就和我們自己一樣無(wú)知；第二，他可能對(duì)某一類作品特別偏愛(ài)或者干脆從出版社得到好處；第三，如果他是一個(gè)有才華的作家的話，他會(huì)將他的評(píng)論寫成一篇獨(dú)立于原作的文 學(xué)作品，在這一點(diǎn)上喬治·路易斯·博爾赫斯就是一個(gè)典型例子。結(jié)果，你可能會(huì)只讀他的評(píng)論而不去管他評(píng)論的那本書了。

無(wú)論何種情況，你都會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己漂流在海洋中，緊緊抓住一只你不知道它能漂浮多久的木筏。因此，你如另謀他途就只好培養(yǎng)你自己的品味，制造自己的指南針，親自去熟悉那些特殊的星星及星座，無(wú)論它們是暗淡的還是明亮的，但總是那么遙遠(yuǎn)的。不過(guò)，這樣做要耗費(fèi)大量的時(shí)間，以至于你很快就發(fā)現(xiàn)自己老了，頭發(fā)白了，胳肢窩里夾著一本一無(wú)是處的書，正在走向人生的終點(diǎn)。

那么這樣漂浮究竟在哪兒著陸呢，哪怕僅僅只是一個(gè)荒無(wú)人煙的小島也好？我們的那個(gè)好人―星期五‖又在哪兒呢？在我提出我的建議之前，我想先就這一解決方法的提出者也就是鄙人說(shuō)幾句，這不是出自我的個(gè)人虛榮，而是因?yàn)槲蚁嘈乓环N意見(jiàn)的價(jià)值是與它提出的背景密切相關(guān)的。確實(shí)，如果我是個(gè)出版商的話，我必將在每本書的封面上不僅印上作者名字，還要把他們創(chuàng)作這部或那部作品的確切年齡都印上，讓讀者自己決定是否愿意考慮這個(gè)比他們年輕得多或者老得多的作者作品里的觀點(diǎn)。

這個(gè)即將提出的建議出自這樣一類人，在他們看來(lái)，文學(xué)只不過(guò)是幾百個(gè)人的名字而已；他們?cè)诖笮途蹠?huì)上感到別扭，在晚會(huì)上不跳舞，喜歡為通奸找玄學(xué)上的借口，談?wù)撜涡☆}大作吹毛求疵；這類人比誹謗者更不喜歡他們自己；喜愛(ài)喝酒抽雪茄勝于吸海洛因或大麻――用ＷＨ奧登的話說(shuō)，就是那種―你在街壘旁看不到，也絕不會(huì)朝自己或情人開(kāi)槍的人。‖如果這樣的人偶爾發(fā)現(xiàn)自己滿身是血倒在監(jiān)牢地板上，或是在講壇上發(fā)表演講的話，這是因?yàn)樗麄兎磳?duì)的不是某種特殊的非正義行為而是反對(duì)整個(gè)世界秩序。

他們對(duì)于自己觀點(diǎn)的客觀性不抱任何幻想；相反，他們堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為自己有不可寬恕的主觀性。然而，他們這么做并非是為了掩護(hù)自己免受可能的攻擊。他們采取與達(dá)爾文相反的態(tài)度，認(rèn)為脆弱是一切生物的主要特征。這與其說(shuō)是對(duì)自己不利處境感到滿足，不如說(shuō)他們本能地認(rèn)識(shí)到極端的主觀性、偏見(jiàn)，而且還有個(gè)人古怪行為可以幫助藝術(shù)避免成為陳腐的東西。而對(duì)陳腐的抵制恰好是使藝術(shù)有別于生活的地方。

現(xiàn)在你們知道了我要說(shuō)的話的背景，我還是直說(shuō)了好：培養(yǎng)良好文學(xué)情趣的方法就是讀詩(shī)。如果你認(rèn)為我這么說(shuō)是因?yàn)槲易约焊傻倪@一行而有偏愛(ài)，你就錯(cuò)了。因?yàn)槲也粚儆谌魏我粋€(gè)行業(yè)組織。我想說(shuō)的是，詩(shī)是人類語(yǔ)言的最高形式，不僅用最簡(jiǎn)潔的方式表述人類經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而且還為任何語(yǔ)言活動(dòng)尤其是書面語(yǔ)言提供最高的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

一個(gè)人詩(shī)讀得越多，就越不能容忍任何形式得贅述和羅嗦。詩(shī)是從墓志銘及格言警句脫胎而出的，它對(duì)散文起很大的規(guī)范作用。它不僅教會(huì)后者每個(gè)詞的價(jià)值而且教給它此種文體各種變換的思維模式，線性寫作之外的多種選擇，省略不言自明的東西的訣竅，強(qiáng)調(diào)細(xì)節(jié)以及運(yùn)用突降法的技巧。最重要的是，詩(shī)在散文中培養(yǎng)起那種對(duì)形而上學(xué)的追求――那種把一部藝術(shù)作品與只具文學(xué)形式的作品區(qū)別開(kāi)來(lái)的追求。

請(qǐng)不要誤解我：我并不是要貶低散文。真實(shí)情況是文學(xué)開(kāi)始于詩(shī)歌，游牧民族的歌要早于定居者寫下來(lái)的東西。我要做的就是務(wù)實(shí)，避免使你的視力及腦細(xì)胞浪費(fèi)在毫無(wú)用處的文字材料上。可以說(shuō)，詩(shī)歌就是為這個(gè)目的而發(fā)明出來(lái)的。

你須做的是：讀用你母語(yǔ)寫的詩(shī)，以此來(lái)武裝自己，最好是從本世紀(jì)前半葉的詩(shī)讀起，那么你的狀況會(huì)非常好。

如果你的母語(yǔ)是英語(yǔ)，我可以推薦你讀下列詩(shī)人的作品：羅伯特弗羅斯特，托馬斯哈代，葉芝，艾略特，奧登，瑪麗安莫爾以及伊麗莎白畢曉普。

如果在讀完了上面提到的任何一個(gè)詩(shī)人的作品后，你把從書架上拿的一本散文書棄之一旁，這不能怪你，要是你能繼續(xù)往下讀這本散文，這個(gè)作者就值得稱贊；它意味著這個(gè)作者為我們生活的真理增添了某種有價(jià)值的東西。如果不是這樣，那可能意味著閱讀讓你上了癮，欲罷不能無(wú)法可想，單就這種隱而言，它并不是最壞的。

Text B Critical Reading toward Critical Writing

Key to Exercise 1.In order to write your own analysis of the subject, you will need to do careful critical reading of sources and to use them critically to make your own argument.2.Critical reading is one in which you make judgments about how a text is argued.It is a highly reflective skill requiring you to ―stand back‖ and gain some distance from the text you are reading.3.You need to avoid extracting and compiling lists of evidence, lists of facts and examples.4.The five techniques the author mentions are: a.First determine the central claims of purpose of the text(its thesis);b.Begin to make some judgments about context;c.Distinguish the kinds of reasoning the text employs;d.Examine the evidence(the supporting facts, examples, etc.)the text employs;e.Critical reading may involve evaluation.5.When you highlight argument, you need to pay attention to those areas in a text where an author explains her analytical moves, the concepts she uses, how she uses them, how she arrives at conclusions.6.It means that you should not substitute the quotation for your own articulation of a point.參考譯文

批評(píng)性閱讀與批評(píng)性寫作 德保拉-諾特

多倫多大學(xué)

（李嶠

譯）

批評(píng)性寫作必須以批評(píng)性閱讀為基礎(chǔ)。我們寫的大多數(shù)文章都涉及對(duì)已有文章的研究與反思，因?yàn)檫@些文章對(duì)你的研究課題已經(jīng)做出種種思考與探索。要對(duì)自己的研究課題進(jìn)行深入的分析，必須對(duì)已有材料進(jìn)行批評(píng)性研讀與甄別，并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)恼擖c(diǎn)。你對(duì)已讀材料的評(píng)判與解讀是邁向明確闡述自己研究方法的第一步。

批評(píng)性閱讀究竟是指什么呢？它是指對(duì)一篇文章的立論做出評(píng)價(jià)和判斷。這是一個(gè)需要思考的高難度的技能。你必須―退一步‖，從遠(yuǎn)距離看這篇文章。（也許在深入細(xì)致地批評(píng)性研讀之前你得瀏覽全文。）

關(guān)鍵是：不要只為或主要為獲取信息而閱讀。閱讀時(shí)留心尋找研究本課題的思考方式。閱讀或做重點(diǎn)標(biāo)識(shí)以及做筆記時(shí)，避免對(duì)文中的例證事實(shí)做摘錄或編排。閱讀時(shí)不要問(wèn)：―我能從文章中獲取什么樣的信息？‖而要問(wèn)：―本文的論述如何？它又是如何展開(kāi)論述的？其中的證據(jù)（事實(shí)，例子等）是如何安排和解釋的？最終的結(jié)論又是如何得出的？‖ 怎樣在閱讀中尋找研究的思考方式呢？ 1．首先要找準(zhǔn)文章的主旨（即主題）。批評(píng)性閱讀就是要辯析并評(píng)論文中的主要論點(diǎn)是如何一步步被推導(dǎo)論證的。

2．對(duì)文章的寫作背景做出評(píng)判。如文章的目標(biāo)讀者是誰(shuí)？它在與誰(shuí)進(jìn)行對(duì)話式 討論？（比如對(duì)方很可能是持相反觀點(diǎn)的學(xué)者或作者。）文章是什么樣的歷史背景下完成的？所有這些背景因素都會(huì)對(duì)評(píng)判全文有很大幫助。

3．對(duì)文章運(yùn)用的推理方式進(jìn)行判別。文章給哪些概念下了定義，又使用了哪些概念？本文是否支持一種或幾種理論？是否展示了某種特定的方法論？如果本文顯示了對(duì)某一特定概念，理論或方法的偏愛(ài)，那么這種概念，理論或方法又是如何被用來(lái)歸納解釋數(shù)據(jù)的呢？你也可以考察一下文章的布局結(jié)構(gòu)。作者如何分析（或駁斥）這些材料的？注意不同學(xué)科（如歷史學(xué)，社會(huì)學(xué)，哲學(xué)，生物學(xué)）會(huì)運(yùn)用不同的論證方法。

4．對(duì)文中運(yùn)用的證據(jù)（如支持論點(diǎn)的事實(shí)，例子等）進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。支持性的論據(jù)對(duì)論點(diǎn)是至關(guān)重要的。經(jīng)過(guò)前三個(gè)步驟，你現(xiàn)在的任務(wù)就是要抓住這些論據(jù)是如何被運(yùn)用來(lái)推動(dòng)支持論點(diǎn)以及其它主要觀點(diǎn)理念的。前三個(gè)步驟是讓你在上下文大背景下看這些論據(jù)。接下來(lái)請(qǐng)仔細(xì)考慮本文運(yùn)用了哪些類型的論據(jù)。在此論點(diǎn)中本論據(jù)的重要性是什么？該論據(jù)是數(shù)據(jù)性的，文學(xué)性的，還是歷史性的？諸如此類的問(wèn)題。還有論據(jù)源于何處？這些出處是原始一手的還是間接二手的？

5．批評(píng)性閱讀涉及評(píng)價(jià)與判斷。如果你在閱讀一篇文章時(shí)對(duì)其立論做出闡釋或一系列評(píng)判，你的閱讀就是批評(píng)性的閱讀。然而有的文章可能需要你對(duì)論點(diǎn)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)分別做出評(píng)價(jià)。如果文章立論有力，是什么原因？如果以其它方法來(lái)論證，是否效果更好？文中立論是否有遺漏或不一致之處？分析方法是否值得推敲？文中列出的論據(jù)還有其它解釋么？這些論據(jù)能確保必然得出這些結(jié)論嗎？其對(duì)立的論點(diǎn)又可能是什么呢？ 一些實(shí)用性建議：

1．批評(píng)性閱讀常發(fā)生在閱讀的預(yù)備階段。開(kāi)始閱讀時(shí)要快速略讀全文。尤其是引言和結(jié)論部分，以便找準(zhǔn)需要細(xì)讀的重要部分。

2．在標(biāo)出文中內(nèi)容或摘錄筆記時(shí)，要學(xué)會(huì)突出文章的論點(diǎn)：諸如作者在何處解釋闡明她的分析步驟，她所運(yùn)用的概念，以及如何運(yùn)用這些概念。最后她又是如何得出結(jié)論的？不管文中的事實(shí)多么有趣，千萬(wàn)不要過(guò)分突出或孤立看待它們。首先要找到那些賦予實(shí)例目的，使命和意義的大框架。而每段的開(kāi)頭句很可能對(duì)此有所幫助。

3．在你開(kāi)始考慮如何把文中部分論點(diǎn)用在自己的論文中時(shí)，要充分了解此部分在原文論點(diǎn)中是如何與其上下文和諧統(tǒng)一的。充分注意上下文是至關(guān)重要的判斷的步驟。

4．如果你的引用直接摘自原文，要謹(jǐn)慎運(yùn)用此引言。也就是說(shuō)你不能直接把引用部分當(dāng)自己的話說(shuō)出來(lái)。相反，在介紹引言時(shí)要說(shuō)明你對(duì)它的評(píng)價(jià)以及選用它的原因。引言之后常付有進(jìn)一步的分析說(shuō)明。

5．批評(píng)性閱讀技巧也是批評(píng)性地聽(tīng)取的技巧。在課堂上不僅要聽(tīng)取具體信息，也要注意其思考方式。老師往往對(duì)與某一學(xué)科相宜的思考方式予以詳細(xì)的講解和例示。

Key to translation exercises:

1.為什么有些人強(qiáng)詞奪理，專橫跋扈，而另一些人卻羞羞答答，優(yōu)柔寡斷？…… 為什么有些人貪婪自私，玩世不恭，而另一些人卻平易近人？

2.從發(fā)展中國(guó)家的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看，下一個(gè)十年應(yīng)有一個(gè)大力加速科學(xué)技術(shù)合作的綱領(lǐng)，旨在廣泛傳播技術(shù)以滿足人們諸如營(yíng)養(yǎng)、住宅、交通、衛(wèi)生保健之類的基本需要。

3.盡管律師的見(jiàn)解和反應(yīng)可能會(huì)提升新聞報(bào)道的質(zhì)量，但記者最好憑借自己對(duì)該新聞意義的理解做出自己的判斷。

4.達(dá)爾文在自傳中謙虛地指出，他經(jīng)常很難清晰而簡(jiǎn)潔地表達(dá)自己的思想，但他認(rèn)為可能正因?yàn)橛辛诉@個(gè)困難，他才不得不對(duì)自己要說(shuō)的每一句話進(jìn)行長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的認(rèn)真思考，從而發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在推理和觀察中的錯(cuò)誤，結(jié)果這反而成了他的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

5.Presently, an educational reform is under way that centers on curriculums and teaching materials.As our main goal, we will try to reform the educational system so that it focuses on the enhancement of the students‘ abilities instead of training them merely to pass exams.We used to have only one set of textbooks in line with a single syllabus for each course.With the reform deepening, we are beginning to have more than one series of textbooks under the same syllabus or, in some cases, even more than one syllabus for the same course.In order to enhance students‘ abilities and strengthen educational administration for the variety of syllabuses and teaching materials available, it is necessary for us to formulate teaching targets suited to China‘s situation and particular subjects.Formulation of such targets is a difficult scientific project that must be organized and coordinated by the appropriate state education authorities.Unit Two Text A Recession-proofing your career

By Barbara Moses

I.Introduction 1.Warm-up activities:

a.Are you employable? Why? b.Discuss the positives and negatives of earning a doctorate degree for your career?s development.(Reference)A questionnaire about your potential employability: 1.How does the subject you choose to study relate to your interests, attibutes and abilities? 2.If you are working while you are studying, what skills and knowledge does this give you an opportunity to develop? 3.What extra-curricular activities are you participating in? How do these reflect your interests and abilities? 4.What are your achievements in life so far? What does they say about your strengths and weaknesses? 5.If you are living independently, how has this challenged you? What have you learned from the experience? 6.Describe your personality.Analyze what strengths it provides and what challenges it creates? 7.What five things do you want to achieve from your university career? 8.What are your life/career goals at this stage and explain how they are linked with what you know about yourself? 9.How should I present myself in an interview? What evidence should I give to back up my claims?

2.Introductory remarks

In the text, Dr.Barbara Moses describes a new career development paradigm for today‘s employees, that is, guaranteed jobs have already become history and it‘s high time to engage in a lifelong, self-monitored process which can help to promote and prepare oneself for a change, esp.during periods of recession.She then suggests some skills which are indispensable when responding to new work trends.She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents, making sure a wide range of positions are available to you, and never committing to any ―hot job‖ which exceeds either your interest or talent.Moreover, being skilled or qualified is not the only criteria.You must be able to ―market‖ yourself, to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job, for which purpose you have to establish a social network that can help you make your career decisions ―both inside and outside of your professions.‖ Always follow work trends.Finally, psychological elements are also important, so never let yourself down and find a balance between the ambitious Type A and more relaxed Type B.In a word, don't be under the misconception that your job is always secure and if you work hard you‘ll surely get a good job.You must be fully responsible for the future prospects of your chosen career.II.Additional Information for the Teachers? Reference

1.Dr.Barbara Moses:

Fast Company magazine called her a ―career guru.‖ Dr.Barbara Moses, president of BBM Human Resource Consultants, is an internationally best-selling author, a popular columnist, and a sought-after speaker.Through her career management tools, workshops, and speeches Barbara has counseled people in over 2000 organizations from all walks of life and of all ages throughout her career.She understands what people require for happiness and engagement, as well as the challenges they sometimes struggle with.Barbara is consistently praised for her practical insights into modern work and personal realities, her stimulating and compelling delivery, and her tell-it-like-it-is style.Barbara holds degrees in psychology from McGill University, The London School of Economics and the University of Toronto.2.Basics of career management

Career management is defined by Ball, B.in Career management competences – the individual perspective(1997)as:1.making career choices and decisions;2.managing the organizational career – concerns the career management tasks of individuals within the workplace;3.managing 'boundaryless' careers;4.taking control of one's personal development.Careers were traditionally viewed as upward, linear progressions between one or two firms or as stable employment within a profession.Now someone‘s career is more likely to be driven by the individual(not by the organization)and reinvented from time to time, as both the person and the environment changes.Yesterday, employees exchanged loyalty for job security, but today they exchange their labor for the training and learning and development that will allow them to be marketable.Some companies are well aware of the change and accordingly adjust their policies towards their employees.For example, in traditional HR training and development, companies only tended to provide opportunities for learning skills, information and attitudes related to a specific job, but now they also provide career path information, individual growth orientation and so on.3.business cycle: A predictable long-term pattern of alternating periods of economic growth(recovery)and decline(recession), characterized by changing employment, industrial productivity, and interest rates.It is also called economic cycle.It consists of four stages:

Stage One – Start-up/Creation: is the nascent phase of the business during which business plans and strategies are finally executed and the business organization comes into existence.Stage Two – Growth: In Stage two, or the growth phase, of the business cycle the business establishes its niche in the market.The growth phase is thus marked by increased sales, rise in profit margins and an establishment of the brand name in the market.Stage Three – Maturity: The brand identity and brand image of the business are well established at this stage.This is the stage where the profit margins are fairly stable.Stage Four – Recession/Decline: Every business at some point in time, undergoes a period where it experiences a decline in its‘ sales and an overall unfavorable atmosphere in the market, termed a recession.This is the phase where the company struggles to maintain its existence in the market and tries its best to equip itself for a quick recovery.4.Type A and Type B personality:

Type A individuals can be described as impatient, excessively time-conscious, insecure about their status, highly competitive, hostile and aggressive, and incapable of relaxation.They are often high achieving workaholics who multi-task, drive themselves with deadlines, and are unhappy about the smallest of delays.Because of these characteristics, Type A individuals are often described as ”stress junkies.“ Type B individuals, in contrast, are described as patient, relaxed, and easy-going.There is also a Type AB mixed profile for people who cannot be clearly categorized.III.Language Points 1.Is your career recession-proof? Is your career planned well enough so that you are insured against recession?

-proof(-proofs-proofing-proofed): that can resist sth.or protect against sth.specified

a.combines with nouns and verbs to form adjectives

e.g.In a large microwave-proof dish, melt butter for 20 seconds.b.combines with nouns to form verbs e.g.inflation-proofed pensions.c.See also bullet-proof, childproof, fireproof, fireproof, ovenproof, soundproof, waterproof.2.A future downturn in the business cycle will only accelerate the pace of change---and make careful career management more crucial.Years of prosperity will yield a future economic downturn, which will speed up changes, so it‘s high time to carefully plan our careers now.3.In this fast-shifting world, there can be no guarantee attached to any particular job The world is changing so fast that no jobs are secure.attach

v.a.join or fasten to something e.g.For further information, please contact us on the attached form.b.join and stay with sb, sometimes without being invited to do so e.g.I attached myself to a group of tourists entering the museum.c.connect sth with sth;attribute sth to sth e.g.The authorities attached much significance to his visit.There will be considerable prestige attached to his new position.d.bind by personal ties(as of affection or sympathy)

e.g.We've grown very attached to this house and would hate to move.4.To survive this scenario you must be able to evaluate the currency of your skills---not just by the standards set by your current employer, but by wider industry and professional standards.In case you lose your job in the future, you must be able to estimate how widely your current skills can be applied---not just to your current job, but to jobs in other, or wider, industries and professional fields.5.Begin to actively pursue learning and development opportunities, including ones that will stretch you.---Begin to actively pursue learning and development opportunities, including ones that will make you work hard and use all your energy and skills.6.Don?t let yourself be held back by a lack of skill portability, or fear of change.Don‘t shrink because your current skills cannot be transferred and applied to other jobs, or by fear of change.hold back

a.hesitate before you do something because you are not sure whether it is the right thing to do.e.g.Melancholy and mistrust of men hold her back.b.prevent someone from doing something, or to prevent something from progressing e.g.Stagnation in home sales is holding back economic recovery c.not disclose information or make it public e.g.The government held back the findings of the report for fear of alienating voters d.keep sth.in reserve to use later.18 e.g.Farmers apparently hold back produce in the hope that prices will rise..e.not show emotions

e.g.I felt my lower lip quiver from the effort of trying to hold back the tears I felt threatening the inside corner of my right eye.7.I often meet people who have been good performers in their own organization but who have discovered that they are stuck.---I often meet people who have been performing well in their own organization but who have discovered that they are unable to change the present job or get away from it.8.Because they have become so closely identified with a particular company or industry, their skills are not perceived as being readily transferable to other settings.Because they have been so closely associated with a particular company and industry, they tend to think that their current skills cannot be easily transferred to other work environments.identify with:

a.regard oneself as sharing the characteristics or fortunes of sb;take sb as a model e.g.I know more that I am, and can identify with, all that is good, true, and beautiful.b.be closely associated or involved in some way;give support to sb./sth.e.g.The politician refuse to identify himself with the administration 's foreign policy.He tends to identify justice with legality.9.Don?t put all your eggs in one basket.Don‘t stake everything on a single cast of the dice;Don‘t put everything at risk.10.In other words, redefine the way in which you work, and your relationship to potential purchasers of your skills and knowledge to ensure your employability.---In other words, consider from a new perspective the way you work, and your relationship to the people who may be so interested in your skills and knowledge as to employ you, in which case you will have better chances of being employed in the future.11.They think it means they are without substance, with no enduring value, programmed to self-destruct every few years.They think it means that they are without importance or enduring value and their previous skills will become so unimportant that they will have to start over every few years.12.They fear they will be required to reinvent themselves constantly.---They fear that they will be required to change the way they behave or the things that they are doing from time to time.13.Actually, most people will not be embarking on entirely new careers so much as reconfiguring existing skills and experience in new ways.Actually, most people will not start completely new careers, but rather readjust existing skills and experience in new ways.embark on:(embarks, embarking, embarked)a.start(esp.sth.new or difficult)e.g.He's embarking on a new career as a writer.Never embark on what comes after without having mastered what goes before.b.go on board before the start of a journey.e.g.As millions of air travelers embark on holiday flights this week, some of them will be flying on jetliners fresh off the assembly line.not so much…as: not one thing but rather sth.else

e.g.She's not so much poor as careless with money.The tragedy of life is not so much what men suffer as what they miss.14.Like a child?s Lego pieces, these are the building blocks that you can continually reassemble, though in slightly new configurations, as you move through your career.---Like a child‘s Lego pieces, your core skills are the building blocks that you can bring together again and again, but as you change your jobs from time to time, the skills may be integrated in slightly different ways.15.Develop a work identity independent of your job, defining yourself by what you do rather than simply by your job title.---Don‘t limit your work identity within your present job, defining yourself by what you do rather than what your job is.16.In the new workplace, people must perform at an exceedingly high level now, while at the same time always marketing for the future---keeping one eye on the next work assignment and positioning themselves for it.In the new workplace, people must perform very well now, while at the same time continually advertising themselves to prepare for future job opportunities---paying attention to the next work assignment and readying themselves for getting the position.keep one eye on: watch carefully e.g.Jack is another of those greedy-guts who keep one eye on the bowl and the other on the pan

17.In today?s hyperkinetic business environments, being able to give busy potential clients hard information that they can use may be much more desirable than just “schmoozing” them.---Today‘s business environments are overly stressed, so it is more desirable to offer busy potential clients substantial information that they can use than talk with them over nothing.18.Successful people reflect, in an honest way, on things that didn?t go well, but they don?t beat themselves up for it, endlessly revisiting the event.Successful people reflect honestly on the negative things, but when they recall the event from time to time, they don‘t always blame themselves for it.beat up: a.hit or kick the person many times e.g.The government supporters are beating up anyone they suspect of favouring the demonstrators.b.worry about sth.a lot or blame yourself for sth.(Informal)e.g.Tell them you don't want to do it any more.Don't beat yourself up about it.19.Given the complex economic, cultural and demographic global environment in which we operate, it is critical to stay tuned to larger cultural trends that affect the landscape and context of work.Given the complex economic, cultural and demographic global environment around us, it is necessary to keep up with larger cultural trends that affect the environment and background of work.20.While that certainly happens, I find that some of these individuals are not on top of key trends.While that certainly happens, I find that some of these individuals are not well informed about key trends.Key to Exercises I.Reading Comprehension 1.The business world today is a Tempworld where everything shifts rapidly and we are all temporary workers.2.Being an career activist means stepping back from the frenzy of daily business to reflect on what you are doing, why you are doing it, and whether it meets your short-and long-term needs.It means taking the long view of your career.3.―Employability‖ is a measure of your attractiveness, as a worker, to potential employers;―skill portability‖ refers to the transferability of a worker's skills when the worker changes jobs

4.Developing a work identity means being independent of your job, defining yourself by what you do rather than simply by your job title.5.No.Don‘t enter a field just because you think that‘s where the hot jobs are, because it may not end up matching well with particular skills and abilities.6.To establish knowledge networks is to cultivate long-term relationships with people who know how to get things done.7.Type A is the achievement-oriented behavior style;Type B is able to feel good about oneself both when one is producing or not.Type A can sustain the pressures of intense productivity pressures better than Type B, but thinking a Type B can help one face setbacks.8.Being in tune with pop culture can help you establish personal relationships and manage your career more effectively.II.vocabulary 1.conventional 2.intoxicated 3.imperative 4.frenzy 5.scenario 6.temporary

III.Phrases 1.in tune with 2.identified with 3.not so much/ as 4.attach to 5.hold back

IV.Error detection and correction 1.The new tenant in the apartment was obviously both suspicious of and interested in his neighbors.2.The changes that have taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.3.A break in their employment，or a decision to work part time，will slow their raises and promotions．

4.The distinguished biographer John Forster tried to afford his readers a view into Dickens‘s tormented soul by recounting the novelist‘s marital problems.5.Around 40 percent of the 4,000 people questioned admitted that they had lied about reading certain books just so they could join in conversation.6.Human society has demonstrated a persistent/insistent/consistent need to record and 7.enroll

8.vulnerable 9.rigorous 10.embarked interpret the lives of real people: to celebrate their achievements, and also to explore their personalities 7.Dad never tried to be funny.He made you laugh because he tried so hard not to.8.Life here is not so much different from in the United States as it is slower-paced, lived with more style and more grace.9.Provence cannot be bottled or shipped home.It has to be lived, one day at a time, doing so little and enjoying it so much.10.Some years after marriage, a couple would rather maintain a minimum distance of three feet between themselves than occasionally hold hands as they did in their youth.V.Cloze

1.worshipping 2.friends 3.deferential 4.privilege 5.tolerance 6.narcissistic 7.personal 8.feet 9.on 10.demand

11.implications

12.than 13.closer 14.communicate 15.debt

參考譯文：

如何使你的職業(yè)免受經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的沖擊

你的職業(yè)經(jīng)受得住經(jīng)濟(jì)衰退的沖擊嗎？

事實(shí)上，我談?wù)摰牟⒉皇悄隳壳奥殬I(yè)的穩(wěn)定性，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在沒(méi)有牢靠的職業(yè)。即使在經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的時(shí)候，企業(yè)為了提高效率和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力也經(jīng)常重組和裁員。而經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)的衰退前景只會(huì)加快變化的速度---因此，必須更加謹(jǐn)慎地規(guī)劃自己的職業(yè)業(yè)。

如今，不管我們?cè)诼殘?chǎng)從事的是什么工作，我們都只是臨時(shí)工。不管我們是傳統(tǒng)的專職工、還是零散工、合同工、或自由職業(yè)者，我們都生活和工作在一個(gè)―臨時(shí)世界‖ 之內(nèi)。在這個(gè)世界里，一切都轉(zhuǎn)變的很快，沒(méi)有永久不變的東西。無(wú)論是你的工作地點(diǎn)，你從事的工作還是你的技能以及你的工作伙伴，一切都在變化當(dāng)中。

在這樣飛速變化的世界里，任何工作都沒(méi)有安全保障。但是你可以學(xué)習(xí)一些

（方芳 譯）

技能來(lái)更有效地規(guī)劃自己的事業(yè)，使自己免受變化和經(jīng)濟(jì)震蕩的影響。也就是說(shuō)，你需要成為一名職業(yè)積極行動(dòng)者。

這意味著你要從紛繁的日常事務(wù)中抽身出來(lái)，認(rèn)真反思你正在從事的工作，你做這件事的原因，以及它是否符合你的和長(zhǎng)短期目標(biāo)。也就是對(duì)你的事業(yè)作一個(gè)長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)規(guī)劃。

面對(duì)充滿變數(shù)的臨時(shí)世界，你需要對(duì)新的職業(yè)趨勢(shì)采取針對(duì)性的應(yīng)對(duì)策略，來(lái)保衛(wèi)你的事業(yè)免受經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)的影響。以下幾條建議可以幫助職業(yè)積極行動(dòng)者更好地應(yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)前景：

1.確保你適應(yīng)雇傭的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

如果某一天你失去了主要收入來(lái)源，那你能找到替代的收入渠道嗎？要做到這一點(diǎn)，你必須估算一下你的技能的通用性（不僅要依據(jù)你當(dāng)前雇主的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也要參照更廣泛的產(chǎn)業(yè)和專業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。）

首先描述一下你在過(guò)去六個(gè)月中所學(xué)到的某個(gè)重要技能，再預(yù)測(cè)一下未來(lái)六個(gè)月里你打算學(xué)習(xí)的技能。積極地學(xué)習(xí)，追尋發(fā)展機(jī)遇，包括那些你傾注全力才能得到的機(jī)會(huì)。你學(xué)的越多，你的選擇就越多。

要保障自己當(dāng)前和未來(lái)的事業(yè)，最重要的是確保自己有多種選擇。不要因?yàn)槿狈δ撤N技能（我在這家公司已經(jīng)工作這么長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了，我不可能會(huì)做別的工作），或是因害怕變化而退縮。

我經(jīng)常遇到有些人在本公司工作的挺不錯(cuò)，但卻缺乏應(yīng)對(duì)變化的能力。因?yàn)樗麄円呀?jīng)認(rèn)同了本公司或行業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式，認(rèn)為他們的技能很難適用于其它商業(yè)環(huán)境。要權(quán)衡你自己與社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和企業(yè)內(nèi)部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的差距。企業(yè)聯(lián)合會(huì)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)都會(huì)對(duì)你有所幫助。

2.給自己留一條退路

人力資源部經(jīng)理卡羅爾·K為一家大型公共事業(yè)公司工作。預(yù)料到自己的工作會(huì)受到管理制度變化的影響，因此目前正在攻讀另類糾紛調(diào)解方面的文憑。―我知道我的工作很不穩(wěn)定，‖ 她說(shuō)，―這么一來(lái)，就算情況再糟，我也能掛牌營(yíng)業(yè)，當(dāng)一名糾紛調(diào)解員。‖

別把蛋放在一個(gè)籃子里。如果你將自己的發(fā)展限制在某一特定領(lǐng)域或部門，那你也限制了自己的機(jī)會(huì)。當(dāng)今社會(huì)重要的是要擁有多重選擇、多重途徑、多重角色。比如說(shuō)，如果你只把自己看成是個(gè)員工，而不明白你的技能對(duì)于不同部門、不同行業(yè)的不同類型的雇傭關(guān)系有何作用，那你的職業(yè)選擇就相當(dāng)局限了。

給自己留一條退路意味著即使你寧愿當(dāng)個(gè)專職雇員，你也不妨把自己當(dāng)成個(gè)出售技能的合同工、自由職業(yè)咨詢顧問(wèn)，或者是個(gè)小業(yè)主。換句話說(shuō)，重新定義你工作的方式，以及你與有可能購(gòu)買你技能和知識(shí)的買主的關(guān)系，從而確保將來(lái)能達(dá)到被雇傭的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這意味著發(fā)展一種新的思維模式。

3.了解你的主要技能

我們都聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)，未來(lái)我們會(huì)同時(shí)從事五到七種職業(yè)。當(dāng)我在工廠提到這個(gè)時(shí)，很多人覺(jué)得震驚。他們認(rèn)為這意味著他們無(wú)足輕重，沒(méi)有長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)價(jià)值了，而且每隔幾年就注定要自我淘汰一次。他們害怕會(huì)被不時(shí)要求重塑自我。

確實(shí)，與其說(shuō)大部分人能從事完全不同的工作（建筑師變成農(nóng)藝師），不如說(shuō)，他們是以全新的方式重新規(guī)劃現(xiàn)有的技能和經(jīng)驗(yàn)（建筑師/園藝愛(ài)好者開(kāi)始設(shè)計(jì)和建造溫室，并投入商業(yè)用途）。

了解你的潛在或核心技能。這些技能就像孩子的積木一樣，你在職業(yè)生涯中可以對(duì)之不斷重新組合，其構(gòu)成效果可能稍有不同。確定你的專長(zhǎng)和主要技能需要嚴(yán)格的自我評(píng)估。問(wèn)問(wèn)自己有什么看家本領(lǐng)。

你的工作定位不應(yīng)依托于你的工作，要看看你能做什么，而不僅僅根據(jù)你的職位定義你的工作性質(zhì)。把自己看成是獨(dú)家技能和能力的主人，而這些技能可以被應(yīng)用于各種工作和項(xiàng)目。

4.為自己能勝任的領(lǐng)域作準(zhǔn)備

在全球市場(chǎng)上，工作的轉(zhuǎn)變就像股市變幻一樣迅速。當(dāng)前最熱門的工作將來(lái)可能就過(guò)時(shí)。有些人聽(tīng)人鼓吹說(shuō)目前嚴(yán)重缺乏信息技術(shù)人員，擔(dān)心自己不合雇傭條件，也去報(bào)名參加信息技術(shù)課程。如果你熱愛(ài)計(jì)算機(jī)，那這項(xiàng)工作選的不錯(cuò)，但不要僅僅因?yàn)槟阏J(rèn)為那是熱門職業(yè)就去從事那份工作，即使你能得到相關(guān)工作，它也不一定適合你技能的發(fā)揮。先評(píng)估一下你自己的專長(zhǎng)和愛(ài)好，然后再到就業(yè)市場(chǎng)上尋找最適合自己的位置。

不要為具體的工作作準(zhǔn)備，而要確定你想從事的工作領(lǐng)域，像軟件設(shè)計(jì)或市場(chǎng)分析類的技術(shù)部門還是像團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)腦力工作者或公關(guān)建設(shè)類的非技術(shù)領(lǐng)域。

5.推銷！推銷！推銷！

在新的工作崗位上，人們必須展示極高的技能水平，同時(shí)還要能推銷自己，以備將來(lái)---密切注意下一個(gè)工作任務(wù)，并為此做好準(zhǔn)備。

推銷自己并不是沒(méi)完沒(méi)了地向全世界展示自己一連串的證書和成就，而是讓 25 其他的關(guān)鍵人物了解你的主要技能及其價(jià)值。你應(yīng)該讓潛在客戶了解你的主要成就以及你如何運(yùn)用這些成就滿足他們的要求。你應(yīng)該在自己的行業(yè)內(nèi)外建立和維持一個(gè)活躍的人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)。

你要深思熟慮，不斷構(gòu)建你的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，也就是要建立一個(gè)―信息網(wǎng)絡(luò)，‖而不僅僅是在商業(yè)或社交會(huì)議上交換名片或電郵地址。好的人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)是―聯(lián)網(wǎng)的‖。它們的涵蓋面廣，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出自己的行業(yè)邊界。會(huì)構(gòu)建這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)的人與會(huì)辦事的人培養(yǎng)感情關(guān)系。他們知道找誰(shuí)了解情況，找誰(shuí)推薦，或找誰(shuí)能得到美差。

如果不習(xí)慣面對(duì)面的網(wǎng)絡(luò)交際，你可以用點(diǎn)別的辦法。你可以給一些商業(yè)雜志寫文章，在專業(yè)會(huì)議上發(fā)言，建立自己的網(wǎng)頁(yè)，或主持一個(gè)專業(yè)會(huì)議，從而讓人們知道你是某一領(lǐng)域的專家。當(dāng)今的商業(yè)環(huán)境過(guò)度緊張，能給繁忙的潛在客戶提供確實(shí)的信息，要比僅僅向他們―夸夸其談‖好得多。

要和人們建立長(zhǎng)期的關(guān)系。我們會(huì)在不同的雇主之間奔波，你們很可能發(fā)現(xiàn)自己轉(zhuǎn)而又在為以前的雇主工作，所以要把每個(gè)共事者（無(wú)論是老板、同事、顧客，還是供應(yīng)商）都當(dāng)成潛在的客戶。

6.像A型人那樣行動(dòng)，像B型人那樣思考

A型人追求成就的行為模式，曾經(jīng)是我們社會(huì)上成功的典范。在當(dāng)今的經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境中，人們?nèi)匀粯O其渴望像A型人一樣具備高度的目標(biāo)感、責(zé)任感、毅力和強(qiáng)烈的上進(jìn)心。

無(wú)論工作有沒(méi)有成效，無(wú)論成績(jī)有沒(méi)有得到認(rèn)可，B型人總是自我感覺(jué)良好。也就是說(shuō)，我們要培養(yǎng)一種不受制于成就和成績(jī)的自我感覺(jué)。

沉迷于工作的A型人要比更為放松的B型人更能承受強(qiáng)烈的工作壓力。所以，我們應(yīng)像A型人那樣行動(dòng)。

但同時(shí)，我們的工作環(huán)境比以前的更加辛苦。我們得不到以前那樣的回報(bào)、表?yè)P(yáng)和積極的反饋，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都很忙。另外，有的時(shí)候，我們可能會(huì)失業(yè)，這樣就失去了自我表現(xiàn)的機(jī)會(huì)。這對(duì)A型人來(lái)說(shuō)非常糟糕，因?yàn)樗麄兊淖晕以u(píng)價(jià)完全取決于他們的表現(xiàn)和成就。

所以，我們還得像B型人那樣思考。7.培養(yǎng)情感上的調(diào)適能力

在―臨時(shí)世界‖里，你必須經(jīng)得住失望的折磨，盡力應(yīng)付緊張的局面，沉著地應(yīng)對(duì)壓力。你要自我調(diào)節(jié)，既能面對(duì)成功，也能應(yīng)對(duì)失敗。不要因?yàn)槭《罎ⅲ惚仨殢拇煺壑袑W(xué)習(xí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)以利將來(lái)。成功者誠(chéng)實(shí)地看待失敗，不斷反思，但他們 26 從不沮喪。

8.跟上文化潮流

我常常感到吃驚的是，很多資深商務(wù)和專業(yè)人士在文化上卻是目光短淺。面對(duì)復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化和人口的全球環(huán)境，關(guān)鍵是要跟得上那些影響我們工作環(huán)境和背景的文化大潮。

應(yīng)該閱讀專業(yè)范圍以外的東西。這意味著，無(wú)論是書評(píng)、國(guó)際商務(wù)雜志，還是與社會(huì)總趨勢(shì)有關(guān)的紀(jì)實(shí)文學(xué)，都要廣泛閱讀。要鉆研兼收并蓄的期刊和報(bào)紙或參加網(wǎng)上討論小組。關(guān)注流行文化，了解不同經(jīng)濟(jì)部門和人口群體的觀點(diǎn)。世界大事和文化事件都會(huì)直接影響你的工作。

要盡力從上述渠道中搜集那些能夠影響你的工作的重要?jiǎng)酉颉⒖赡艿募夹g(shù)應(yīng)用新趨勢(shì)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手以及大眾的習(xí)慣走向。公眾觀點(diǎn)從來(lái)沒(méi)有像現(xiàn)在這樣在日常的政治和商務(wù)決策中起到如此重要的作用。

有時(shí)候，老年人告訴我們他們因?yàn)槟挲g受到歧視。這種情況確實(shí)存在，但我發(fā)現(xiàn)他們有些人確實(shí)跟不上時(shí)代潮流。與時(shí)代思潮保持一致有助于你建立人際關(guān)系和更有效地開(kāi)展業(yè)務(wù)。

Text B The Roots of My Ambition

Key to Exercises Reading Comprehension 1.Be ambitious and never give up.2.Russell‘s mother quoted the example of Edwin to show how far a man could go without much talent.She said this to encourage her son.3.He was most interested in reading newspapers.4.When I was employed by the Baltimore Sun and complained about the wages, mum encouraged me by saying ―If you work hard at this job, maybe you can make something of it.Then they‘ll have to give you a raise.‖;When I was sent to cover the White House and puffed up, mum said, ―Well, Russ, if you work hard at this White House job, you might be able to make something of yourself.‖ She always tried to keep me motivated.5.The new age exalted love, self-gratification and passive Asian philosophies that aimed at helping people resign themselves to the status quo.Much of this seemed preposterous to me.6.She might have put too much emphasis on money and position.7.He didn‘t think much of their lifestyle but he gradually accepted it as a different path to success.8.(open)

參考譯文

我的自強(qiáng)之源

我的母親現(xiàn)已離開(kāi)人世，但仍不時(shí)浮現(xiàn)在我心中。她有時(shí)天還未亮就把我叫醒，―如果有什么東西我不能容忍，那就是畏難而退的人。‖

我一生中不斷聽(tīng)到她說(shuō)這句話。現(xiàn)在，躺在床上，在黑暗中慢慢醒來(lái)，想重回夢(mèng)鄉(xiāng)而不愿面對(duì)嶄新的一天，我感覺(jué)到了她正在怒氣沖沖的與我體內(nèi)那個(gè)沒(méi)出息的懶漢作斗爭(zhēng)。

我默默地抗議：我不再是個(gè)孩子了。我已經(jīng)混出了點(diǎn)名堂，我完全可以睡會(huì)兒懶覺(jué)。

―羅素，你一點(diǎn)上進(jìn)心都沒(méi)有，簡(jiǎn)直像個(gè)呆頭呆腦的傻瓜。‖ 自從我還是個(gè)穿短褲的孩子時(shí)，她就用這些話激勵(lì)著我前進(jìn)。―你要干出點(diǎn)名堂！‖ ―不要畏難而退！‖ ―要有點(diǎn)志氣，孩子。‖

我心里的那個(gè)―文明人‖嘲笑實(shí)利主義和那些追求成功的人。―他‖讀過(guò)哲學(xué)家和社會(huì)評(píng)論家的書，認(rèn)為把一生花在追求金錢、權(quán)利和名聲上是庸俗的、無(wú)價(jià)值的，就在這時(shí)母親的話似乎又在耳邊響起---―有時(shí)你的表現(xiàn)簡(jiǎn)直讓人覺(jué)得連拿子彈把你槍斃掉都嫌浪費(fèi)。‖

外祖父死后除了債務(wù)外什么也沒(méi)留下，所以母親的日子一直很艱難。家里的房子沒(méi)有了，兄弟姐妹各奔東西，而外祖母又染上了致命的肺病，情緒沮喪，一心想要自殺，最后被送到了瘋?cè)嗽骸Ｄ赣H那時(shí)候剛上大學(xué)，卻不得不輟學(xué)找工作。

結(jié)婚五年，生了三個(gè)小孩之后，丈夫于1930年死去，留下她一貧如洗，不得不把襁褓中的奧得麗送給別人收養(yǎng)。她做過(guò)的最勇敢的事可能就是把只有十個(gè)月大的奧得麗送給湯姆叔叔和戈?duì)柕蠇饗稹肥迨迨俏腋赣H的兄弟，在鐵路上有份好工作，能使奧得麗過(guò)上舒適的日子。

母親帶著我和另一個(gè)妹妹到新澤西州投奔艾倫舅舅，成了靠別人救濟(jì)的窮親戚。最終，她在一家洗衣店找到了工作---補(bǔ)輟雜貨店的工作服，一個(gè)星期十美元。

如果我長(zhǎng)大之后成為總統(tǒng)或是富商，母親可能會(huì)更喜歡。但是，雖然她很愛(ài)我，她也不會(huì)騙自己。我還在上小學(xué)的時(shí)候，她就看出我缺乏賺大錢和贏得眾人擁戴的天賦。于是，她開(kāi)始促使我對(duì)文字產(chǎn)生興趣。

文字天賦在她家世代相傳。從她的外祖父起，似乎就有一個(gè)文字基因代代傳承。他是個(gè)中學(xué)教師，女兒露莉會(huì)寫詩(shī)，兒子查理成為《巴爾的摩先驅(qū)報(bào)》駐紐約記者。那是正值新舊世紀(jì)之交，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)后的美國(guó)南方仍然貧困，文字工作倒是條出路。

最明顯的例子就是母親的大表兄埃德溫，他是《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》的總編，并且曾去過(guò)歐洲各地，這足以證明文字的魅力。它可以將你從弗吉尼亞州的窮縣僻壤送到那樣遙遠(yuǎn)光輝的地方，讓你的親戚又驚又羨，目瞪口呆。因此，我母親常以埃德溫為例，說(shuō)明一個(gè)人即使天分不高也可以前程遠(yuǎn)大。

―埃德溫·詹姆士并不比別人聰明，可是你看看他如今的地位，‖母親一而再，再而三的說(shuō)。結(jié)果我長(zhǎng)大之后，竟把埃德溫看成個(gè)交了好運(yùn)的呆子。或許，她真的是那么看的，但她的話其實(shí)另有深意。她是在告訴我：達(dá)到埃德溫的地位，不必特別聰明，要想攀上頂峰，秘訣就是：努力，努力，努力！

當(dāng)母親看出我可能有文字天賦時(shí)，便開(kāi)始著意栽培。盡管窮的要命，她仍給我訂了一套《世界文學(xué)名著》，每本39美分，每月一本。

我尊敬那些偉大的作家，但更喜歡讀報(bào)紙。我貪婪地讀著報(bào)上每一個(gè)字---恐怖的犯罪行為、可怕的事故以及發(fā)生在遙遠(yuǎn)戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)的野蠻屠殺。我對(duì)有關(guān)殺人犯死在電椅上的描述很感興趣，甚至還十分留意死囚們點(diǎn)的快餐。

1947年，我從約翰·霍普金斯大學(xué)畢業(yè)，得知《巴爾的摩太陽(yáng)報(bào)》需要一名采訪警方新聞的記者。我有兩三個(gè)大學(xué)同班同學(xué)也在申請(qǐng)這份工作，而為什么選中了我至今仍是個(gè)迷。這工作提供的薪水是每周30美元，我抱怨說(shuō)這對(duì)大學(xué)畢業(yè)生來(lái)說(shuō)簡(jiǎn)直是個(gè)侮辱，但我母親絲毫不同情我。

―要是你努力做事，‖ 她說(shuō)，―也許你能會(huì)干出點(diǎn)名堂，那時(shí)他們就會(huì)給你加薪。‖

七年后，《太陽(yáng)報(bào)》派我報(bào)道白宮新聞。對(duì)于大多數(shù)記者而言，擔(dān)當(dāng)白宮記者不亞于一步登天。我才29歲，不由得沾沾自喜。我去跟母親講了這個(gè)事情，想看到她高興的樣子。其實(shí)，我早該明白我不該抱這樣的期望。

―好啊，羅斯，‖她說(shuō)，―要是你把報(bào)道白宮的事干好，或許你能弄出些名堂。‖

不斷前進(jìn)、不斷向上就是她設(shè)定的道路。不應(yīng)該憑借小小的成績(jī)驕傲自滿。停步不前、自我陶醉的人好景不常。即使攀上頂峰，你也最好不要松懈。―爬的越高，跌的越重‖是她最喜歡的格言之一。

剛投身報(bào)界的頭幾年，我懷有一個(gè)充滿孩子氣的荒誕想法，想給表叔埃德溫來(lái)個(gè)―回敬‖。要是我成為個(gè)著名記者，連《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》都來(lái)聘請(qǐng)我，卻不知道我和偉大的埃德溫是親戚，豈不樂(lè)哉？要是埃德溫本人把我請(qǐng)進(jìn)他的大辦公室，說(shuō)，―小伙子，談?wù)勀愕膫€(gè)人情況，‖豈不妙哉？當(dāng)我回答，―我就是你的窮表妹露西·伊麗莎白·羅賓遜的獨(dú)生子，‖豈不快哉？

一天，事情的發(fā)展竟然完全超出我那孩子氣的最荒唐的幻想。《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》 真的來(lái)叩門了，但當(dāng)我去應(yīng)聘時(shí)，表叔埃德溫已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了報(bào)社。最后，報(bào)社請(qǐng)我在上面開(kāi)辟一個(gè)專欄，這在美國(guó)新聞界乃是最引人注目的目標(biāo)之一。

它不是一個(gè)傳播新聞的專欄，而是作家用不同的文學(xué)形式（隨筆、諷刺、打油詩(shī)，有時(shí)甚至是小說(shuō)）評(píng)論時(shí)事的專欄。這證明了母親早年對(duì)我文學(xué)天賦的判斷和引導(dǎo)是十分正確的。

這個(gè)專欄獲得了各種應(yīng)得的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)，包括1979年的普利策獎(jiǎng)。但母親永遠(yuǎn)都不會(huì)知道了，因?yàn)榍耙荒辏哪X循環(huán)系統(tǒng)出了問(wèn)題，住進(jìn)了療養(yǎng)院，從此和社會(huì)生活斷了聯(lián)系。

我只能猜測(cè)母親得知我獲得普利策獎(jiǎng)的反應(yīng)。她一定會(huì)說(shuō)，―干的不錯(cuò)，孩子。說(shuō)明你只要認(rèn)真做事，努力加油，總有一天你會(huì)混出點(diǎn)名堂的。‖

終于，母親一再灌輸而我畢生身體力行的價(jià)值觀受到了攻擊。二十世紀(jì)六、七十年代，國(guó)內(nèi)意見(jiàn)分化嚴(yán)重。那些承認(rèn)想有所作為的人被看成是―功利主義者，‖ 因?yàn)樗麄儼焉速M(fèi)在無(wú)休無(wú)止的瘋狂競(jìng)爭(zhēng)當(dāng)中。―進(jìn)取‖一詞從語(yǔ)言中消失了。

一開(kāi)始，我試圖順應(yīng)新時(shí)代的潮流，決定不像母親當(dāng)年那樣，用陳腐的要求來(lái)激勵(lì)我的孩子們，要他們有所作為。

新時(shí)代強(qiáng)調(diào)愛(ài)、自足和消極的亞洲哲學(xué)。這種哲學(xué)致力于勸導(dǎo)人們聽(tīng)天由命、安于現(xiàn)狀。可是其中大部分觀點(diǎn)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)都是十分荒謬的，但我也承認(rèn)母親有可能會(huì)把我培養(yǎng)成一個(gè)粗俗的功利主義者（她的生活準(zhǔn)則中，一個(gè)不足之處是強(qiáng)調(diào)金錢和地位），因此我就把這些非正統(tǒng)的疑問(wèn)藏在心底。

可是后來(lái)，認(rèn)識(shí)到我根本沒(méi)有激起孩子的進(jìn)取心，我終于爆發(fā)了。有一天吃晚飯的時(shí)候，我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)自己大聲嚷嚷，―難道你們不想有所作為嗎？‖

孩子們看上去莫名其妙。有所作為？多奇怪的話。我看的出來(lái)他們?cè)谙耄喊职植皇钦娴纳鷼猓际撬埱昂鹊哪菐妆R蒂尼酒在作怪。

我這樣嚷嚷并不是因?yàn)榫疲且驗(yàn)槟赣H。酒不過(guò)給了我勇氣向他們宣布。是的，上帝作證，我一直相信成功，一直相信沒(méi)有苦干和自律，一個(gè)人休想有何作為，因?yàn)樗慌洌?/p>

事態(tài)隨后的發(fā)展表明：孩子們?cè)愀獾某煽?jī)單并不預(yù)示著他們是失敗者。他們只是不愿按照常人的做法亦步亦趨，我本應(yīng)為此而高興。現(xiàn)在，他們已經(jīng)長(zhǎng)大成人，有了自己的孩子，我們相親相愛(ài)，相聚時(shí)非常愉快。

家庭都是這樣：我們繼承老一輩的傳統(tǒng)，留給子女傳之將來(lái)。這使得先人在去世之后人仍長(zhǎng)久地活在我們心中。

―如果有什么東西我不能容忍，那就是畏難而退的人。‖ 上帝啊，我仍聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她在說(shuō)話。

Key to translation exercise:

1.The ceaseless emergence and ceaseless resolution of contradictions constitute the dialectical law of the development of things.2.1967年聯(lián)合國(guó)文件要求在以色列撤出所占領(lǐng)的土地以及阿拉伯承認(rèn)以色列的生存權(quán)的基礎(chǔ)上來(lái)解決中東沖突。

3.侵略有多種方式：?jiǎn)畏矫鎻U除條約與國(guó)際義務(wù)，干涉別國(guó)內(nèi)政，威脅弱小鄰國(guó)，強(qiáng)迫實(shí)行不平等，公然入侵別國(guó)領(lǐng)土瓜分別國(guó)，征服殖民地民族，否認(rèn)自決權(quán)以及基本人權(quán)。

4.海鷗善于飛行。它們可以連續(xù)飛很遠(yuǎn)。能從一個(gè)國(guó)家的一端飛到另一端，此間只需偶爾短暫休息一下。海鷗也善于滑翔。它們仿佛在高空中沿著無(wú)形的滑道輕松滑翔。海鷗還善于游泳。海鷗長(zhǎng)著腳蹼一—腳爪間相連的小塊皮膚一—游泳時(shí)就是小小的漿。海鷗還善于浮水，它們可以像木塊那樣浮在水上。這對(duì)海鷗非常有用，因?yàn)樵诼L(zhǎng)的越洋飛行中，它們可以落到水面上小憩一下。

5.For many people in small towns and villages, the death of someone known to them or the installation of traffic lights at a busy street corner nearby can sometimes attract their attention more than a disaster far away in another country.That‘s why British local newspapers almost have as large a circulation as its national counterparts.The local newspapers often make no comment on problems of national importance and editors rarely hold with sides on political affairs.But they can often be of service to the community in expressing the public‘s feeling on local issues.32

Unit Three Text A Lies

Introductory Remarks People usually have very negative views regarding lies.Liars are frequently criticized, even cursed.Yet this passage exemplifies a different perspective, one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies and that lies are indispensable for happiness, perhaps even our very survival.According to the author, lies are consoling elements that can soothe dying patients and help consolidate the requirements of a society.Lies make us feel superior to other species and disguise our mortal doom.Religions abound with myths and tales, which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety.People need big lies, though they are occasionally taken advantage of, because lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.Text-related Information 1.Pablo Picasso:(October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973)an Andalusian-Spanish painter, draughtsman, and sculptor.As one of the most recognized figures in twentieth-century art, he is best known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for the wide variety of styles embodied in his work.Among his most famous works are the proto-Cubist Les Demoiselles d'Avignon(1907)and his depiction of the German bombing of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War, Guernica(1937).2.Crucifixion: an ancient method of execution, whereby the condemned person is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross(of various shapes)and left to hang until death.3.Immaculate conception: according to Roman Catholic dogma, the conception of Mary, the mother of Jesus without any stain of original sin.The dogma thus says that, from the first moment of her existence, she was preserved by God from the lack of sanctifying grace that afflicts mankind, and that she was instead filled with

divine grace.It is further believed that she lived a life completely free from sin 4.the Flood: also known as the Deluge.The cause of this judgment was the corruption and violence that filled the earth in the ninth generation from Adam.God in righteous indignation determined to purge the earth of the ungodly.5.Resurrection: Christianity uses the term to refer to God's resurrection of Jesus.The resurrection of Jesus is the central doctrine in Christianity.The entire Christian faith hinges upon the centrality of the resurrection of Jesus on the third day, and the hope for a life after our own death.Christians annually celebrate the resurrection of Jesus at Easter time as well as weekly by holding services on Sunday(the day of the week of Jesus' resurrection)or Lord's Day.6.Reincarnation: literally ”to be made flesh again“, is a doctrine or metaphysical belief that some essential part of a living being(in some variations only human beings)survives death to be reborn in a new body.7.Andrew Greeley:(born February 5, 1928 in Oak Park, Illinois, to Andrew and Grace Greeley)is an Irish-American Roman Catholic priest, sociologist, journalist and best selling author.He has given numerous interviews on both radio and television.Greeley is also Professor of Sociology at the University of Arizona and is a Research Associate with the National Opinion Research Center(NORC)at the University of Chicago.He also writes a weekly column for the Chicago Sun-Times and contributes regularly to The New York Times, the National Catholic Reporter, America, and Commonweal.8.Adolf Hitler:(20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945)was an Austrian-born German politician who led the National Socialist German Workers Party, more commonly known as the Nazi Party.He was Chancellor of Germany(1933–1945)and Führer und Reichskanzler of Germany(1934–1945).Hitler was a decorated veteran of World War I who achieved leadership of the Nazi Party in Weimar Germany.Following his imprisonment after a failed coup, he gained support by promoting nationalism, antisemitism and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and

propaganda.The Nazis executed or assassinated many of their opponents, restructured the state economy, rearmed the armed forces and established a totalitarian and fascist dictatorship.Hitler pursued a foreign policy with the declared goal of seizing Lebensraum(”living space“).The German invasion of Poland in 1939 caused the British and French Empires to declare war on Germany, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.The Axis Powers occupied most of continental Europe and parts of Asia and Africa.Eventually the Allies defeated the Wehrmacht and Schutzstaffel(SS).By 1945, Germany was in ruins.Hitler's bid for territorial conquest and racial subjugation caused the deaths of 43 million people, including the systematic genocide of an estimated six million Jews, not including various additional ”undesirable" populations, in what is known as the Holocaust.During the final days of the war in 1945, as Berlin was being invaded by the Red Army, Hitler married Eva Braun.Less than 24 hours later, the two committed suicide in the Führerbunker.9.Jews: A Jew is a member of the Jewish people, an ethnoreligious group originating in the Israelites or Hebrews of the Ancient Near East.The Jewish people and the religion of Judaism are strongly interrelated, and converts to Judaism have been absorbed into the Jewish community throughout the millennia.10.Gypsies: members of a wandering race(by themselves called Romany), of Hindu origin, which first appeared in England about the beginning of the 16th century and was then believed to have come from Egypt.11.Alchemy: a part of the Occult Tradition, is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim, involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of several substances described as possessing unusual properties.The practical aspect of alchemy generated the basics of inorganic chemistry, namely concerning procedures, equipment and the identification and use of many current substances.35

Language Points 1.You may not want to tell your very ill parent or relative or young child that he or she is terminally ill and will die a painful death.You will feel reluctant to tell someone, maybe your parent or relative or young child, the truth that they are suffering from a mortal disease and will die painfully.terminally: adv.A terminal illness or disease causes death, often slowly, and cannot be cured.e.g.He was eventually diagnosed as suffering from terminal cancer.2.Governments lie quite frequently to stay in power by persuading people that their needs and desires are being attended to and that they are safe.Governments often tell lies about how people‘s needs and requirements are fulfilled and how their lives are free from danger in order to maintain their dominance over the public.3.“Art is a lie that tells the truth”

A famous quote from Spanish painter Picasso, which implies that art itself is not real, but it discloses some truth about the world.4.Historians select the information that they can fit into their scheme of history.They never have the whole story so they construct one.Historians do not know every detail of historical events, so they make up some historical facts according to their own understanding and preferences.5.Do you want to know that there is no life after death? That this brief, often perplexing journey on earth is all there is? Do you want to know that death is the end of one‘s life? And that death will put an end to your short and often troublesome life once and for all(i.e.no Resurrection)?

perplex: v.If something perplexes you, it confuses and worries you because you do not understand it or because it causes you difficulty.e.g.It perplexed him because he was tackling it the wrong way.6.…that there are no biological differences that point to the superiority(or inferiority)of any group of people anywhere and that we share 99% of the DNA of chimpanzees? No one group of people is superior or inferior to any other group biologically and human beings are similar to chimpanzees in terms of DNA.superiority: n.If one thing or person is superior to another, the first is better than the second.e.g.The technical superiority of laser discs over tape is well established.inferiority: n.Something that is inferior is not as good as something else.e.g.I found it difficult to shake off a sense of social inferiority.7.We know which lies and which “truths” to transmit in order to maintain the kind of society the people in power(and many of its citizens)want and need.We share only the kinds of lies and truths that socially beneficial, that is, necessary and desired by the ruling class and its citizens.transmit: v.convey.If you transmit an idea or feeling to someone else, you make them understand and share the idea or feeling.e.g.He transmitted his keen enjoyment of singing to the audience.8.Because we need our lies to mask our fear and anxiety about life and death… Because we deliberately use lies to conceal our fear and anxiety about life and death…

mask: v.If you mask your feelings, you deliberately do not show them in your behavior, so that people cannot know what you really feel.Conceal, hide.37 e.g.Dena lit a cigarette, trying to mask her agitation.9.We play the part(s)required by our institutions in order to maintain order, stability and predictability;we participate actively in our own deception!We act in accordance with the requirements of our society so as to keep it orderly, stable and under control.We are conscious of our lies when we use them for such purpose.predictability: noun form of predictable.If you say that an event is predictable, you mean that it is obvious in advance of its occurrence.e.g.This was a predictable reaction, given the bitter hostility between the two countries.10.Security is the result of a social order that has clearly defined rules and rituals and a corpus of necessary lies transmitted from generation to generation that maintain that society.Social safety is derived from the detailed principles, conventions and a collection of lies that are embraced by every generation.corpus: n.A corpus is a large collection of written or spoken texts, usually used for language research.pl.corpora or corpuses

11.It is the price we pay for our sanity and safety.We live in a world of lies in exchange for a sensible and safe life.sanity: n.If there is sanity in a situation or activity, there is a purpose and a regular pattern, rather than confusion, worry and chaos.e.g.Rafsanjani has been considering various ways of introducing some sanity into the currency market.12.Religion offers security in the form of a god or gods who created the world

and who guides and protects man if he does what he is told to do, if not, he will be punished by famine, flood, pestilence, failure in life, or an eternity in some kind of Hell.Religion employs a god or gods and assigns them the role of initiating the world.Further, these [deities] direct and protect obedient man.If man doesn‘t obey, he will suffer certain disasters.pestilence: n.Pestilence is any disease that spreads quickly and kills large numbers of people.eternity: n.Eternity is time without an end or a state of existence outside time, especially the state which some people believe they will pass into after they have died.e.g.I have always found the thought of eternity terrifying.13.Myths and tales abound in all religions that explain man, the world and god.Each religion contains many myths and tales that tell stories about man, the world and god.14.If you say the right prayers in the right way and at the right time and in the right place, you have a good chance of being protected by the omnipotent god or gods and of getting what it is you wish in life.If you pray appropriately, you will be protected by a powerful force and receive the very things you want.omnipotent: n.Someone or something that is omnipotent has complete power over things or people.All-powerful.e.g.Doug lived in the shadow of his seemingly omnipotent father.15.God was constructed out of mankind?s need for hope, for purpose, for meaning: an invisible protector and conscientious father.Human beings need hope, purpose and meaning in life, so God was created to serve the role of a protector and father, who cannot be seen, yet is responsible.39

invisible: a.If you describe something as invisible, you mean that it cannot be seen, for example because it is transparent, hidden, or very small.e.g.The lines were so finely etched as to be invisible from a distance.16.But it is illusion, make believe;there are no gods, just man in nature.But it is just an illusion, a product of our imagination.The truth is that there are no gods, only human beings in the natural world.17.We cannot bear the truth that we are the progeny of thousands of generations of evolution-the result of the random distribution of genetic material that equips us to survive for a time.We will not accept the truth that we are randomly formed by the process of evolution.Confined by our biological nature, we only live temporarily.progeny: n.You can refer to a person's children or to an animal's young as their progeny.(FORMAL)e.g.Davis was never loquacious on the subject of his progeny.18.Such facts deprive us of the illusion of being special, the chosen rulers of the world so we replace them with encouraging lies.We employ encouraging lies to cover the fact that we are not superior to other species and that we are not the chosen citizens of God.19.But the story of evolution is not as dramatic as the intriguing myths about death and resurrection or reincarnation or wonderful visits to Heaven where one meets his God and lives a wonderful life, pain-free, worry-free forever.Compared to the theories of evolution, the stories of religions are more vivid and appealing.These stories elaborate how one dies and comes to life again, goes to heaven to meet God, and thereby lives a life free from pain and worry.40 intrigue: v.If something, especially something strange, intrigues you, it interests you and you want to know more about it.Fascinate.e.g.The novelty of the situation intrigued him.20.…that Catholics like their heritage because it “has great stories.” Stories embody psychological truths and wishes that reassure us…

The religion-believers like the religious stories because they seem to express the psychological truths and wishes that comfort us…

reassure: v.If you reassure someone, you say or do things to make them stop worrying about something.e.g.I tried to reassure her, `Don't worry about it.We won't let it happen again.'...She just reassured me that everything was fine.21.Most people want something more consoling than such facts.Mankind must have lies-the bigger the better.Most people prefer lies that soften cruel facts.This is why people need lies.The bigger the lie the larger its potential audience.console: v.If you console someone who is unhappy about something, you try to make them feel more cheerful.e.g.Often they cry, and I have to play the role of a mother, consoling them.22.Lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.We use lies to conceal such truths as our inevitable death, our shortcomings, our fears, anxieties, and feelings of loneliness,(though outwardly), we present a gregarious demeanor.disguise: v.To disguise something means to hide it or make it appear different so that people will not know about it or will not recognize it.e.g.He made no attempt to disguise his agitation.41 Key to exercises I.Reading Comprehension

1.All kinds of lies: little lies, big lies, necessary lies, in order to insure social and psychological peace and comfort.2.Human beings are biologically similar to chimpanzees.Therefore, we are not superior to other species.3.Lies comprise our ―reality‖.We consciously choose lies over reality in order to keep our worlds ordered.4.Religion offers human minds security in the form of god or gods, myths and tales.5.Because myths and tales are more vivid and appealing while the truth is cruel.6.Without religion, magic, and the arts man would be in constant fear and anxiety regarding the purpose of his existence and what will happen when he dies.7.Hitler and other tyrants told ―big lies‖ to create their own ―truths‖ about German Aryan supremacy over Jews, Gypsies and others.Bigger lies, sensational lies, are more difficult to doubt.8.Open.II.Vocabulary

1.mask 2.embodying 3.shield 4.agonizing 5.manipulating 6.disguise 7.perplexed 8.permeates 9.enchanted 10.consoled

III.Phrases 1.adjusting to 2.gained an advantage over 3.yearning for 4.abound in 5.deprived of 6.by chance 7.points to 8.attend to

IV.Error Correction 1.Considering the great need for improving many aspects of the global environment, one is surely justified in his concern for the money and resources that are poured into space exploration.2.Problem solving is a useful in obtaining happiness, but if you know that, given your inability to resolve a particular concern, you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at a minimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent.3.Knowledge of several languages is essential when studying other majors because without it one can only read books in translation.

4.There are good reasons to be troubled by the violence that spreads throughout the media.One might reasonably wonder what‘s wrong with a society that presents videos of domestic violence as entertainment.5.People with gray hair are often given discounts without even asking for them；yet，millions of Americans above age 60 are healthy and solvent.V.Cloze:(1)funerals(2)yielded to(3)condolence(4)deceased(5)insisted on(6)abrupt(7)turn out(8)tempting to(9)survivors 43(10)makes sense(11)lie in(12)omnipotence(13)wakes up(14)attend to(15)outgrow

參考譯文

謊言

你也許覺(jué)得這個(gè)標(biāo)題很怪，但我希望這篇文章能使你明白這個(gè)標(biāo)題其實(shí)不怪。所有的人都時(shí)而說(shuō)謊――小慌，大慌，善意的慌言，為確保社會(huì)安寧和心情舒暢非說(shuō)不可的慌。你也許不愿對(duì)身患重病的父母、親戚或小孩講真話，告訴他（她）得了不治之癥，會(huì)痛苦地死去。你也許為了顧全面子或者在交際中占上風(fēng)，對(duì)朋友撒謊。商人在貨物的價(jià)格和質(zhì)量上說(shuō)瞎話蒙騙顧客。推銷員為了說(shuō)服人們買下興許不需要的東西而扯謊。政府為了維護(hù)統(tǒng)治，要使老百姓相信他們的需求正在得到關(guān)注、生活安定，而三天兩頭講假話。藝術(shù)家們同意畢加索的說(shuō)法：―藝術(shù)是揭示真理的謊言。‖歷史學(xué)家挑選能編進(jìn)符合他們歷史觀的資料，如果完整的資料無(wú)法弄到，便憑空編造。

你是否想知道自己的癌癥正在迅速擴(kuò)散，在劇痛折磨下最多只能再活半年？你如何改變這處境？你又能夠做些什么呢？你是否想知道死后生命不復(fù)存在？想知道這往往繁復(fù)而短暫的世途便是人生的一切嗎？你是否想知道科學(xué)與歷史的事實(shí)常因某種意圖而被篡改或無(wú)視嗎？你是否真想知道沒(méi)有任何生理差異能夠表明什么地方的什么民族優(yōu)于（劣于）其他民族嗎？你是否真的想知道人類的DNA有99％和黑猩猩相同嗎？你是否想知道政府和企業(yè)操縱經(jīng)濟(jì)以維持各階層之間的不公平？

我們都十分明白應(yīng)該傳播哪些謊言和哪些―事實(shí)‖，以維持執(zhí)政者（以及許多市民們）所企望和需求的社會(huì)。我們?cè)谧约旱牟胖恰⑼饷病⒆龌虿蛔瞿呈碌膭?dòng)機(jī)等等方面說(shuō)謊。既然謊話、真話或事實(shí)都不是絕對(duì)的，所以很容易將它們加工，塑造成合乎我們對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)和真實(shí)看法的東西。

我們不說(shuō)謊就無(wú)法生存。謊言指導(dǎo)我們的日常思想和行動(dòng)，構(gòu)成我們的―現(xiàn)實(shí)‖。那么，為什么我們就不能實(shí)話實(shí)說(shuō)呢？這是因?yàn)槲覀冃枰弥e言掩飾我們對(duì)生死，對(duì)許許多多我們不能理解、不能控制事物的恐懼和焦慮。我們像是社會(huì)訓(xùn)練成的好演員，為了維持社會(huì)的秩序、穩(wěn)定和前瞻性，扮演社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)分配給我們的各種角色；我們是在積極地參與自我欺騙！

有誰(shuí)能長(zhǎng)久生活在一個(gè)動(dòng)蕩不定、難以預(yù)測(cè)的家庭或社會(huì)里？社會(huì)秩序，在它明確規(guī)定維持社會(huì)所必需的法制、禮節(jié)和代代相傳的那一套謊言以后，會(huì)給人以安全感。我們有必要相信，我們能夠信賴他人，我們能夠相當(dāng)準(zhǔn)確地預(yù)料他人對(duì)我們的言行所作的反應(yīng)。因此我們遵從我們所屬群體的思想見(jiàn)解、價(jià)值觀念和行為方式，接受這個(gè)群體的謊言和事實(shí)。這是我們?yōu)樽约壕窠∪桶踩堤┒冻龅拇鷥r(jià)。我們不能接受這一無(wú)可爭(zhēng)辯的事實(shí)：我們必將死亡，永遠(yuǎn)消失，生命是偶然機(jī)遇的產(chǎn)物而已。

宗教則采用一神或多神的形式給人以安全感。這一神或多神創(chuàng)造了世界，人若遵其意旨行事，便會(huì)得到指引和庇護(hù)。反之則會(huì)受到饑荒、洪水、瘟疫、挫折或在地獄中無(wú)盡期受苦等懲罰。解釋人類、世界和神靈的神話故事充斥于每一種宗教。不管這個(gè)神被稱為耶穌基督、佛陀、穆罕默德，還是毗瑟挐，內(nèi)容總是如出一轍：你該這樣做人，你該這樣敬神，這樣才能確保你在這個(gè)兇險(xiǎn)的世界上安康幸福。如果你在適當(dāng)?shù)牡胤揭赃m當(dāng)?shù)姆绞竭M(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)钠矶\，你就大有希望得到全能的神或諸神的保佑，滿足生平的心愿。如若不然，就會(huì)……

每一種宗教都要求形式各異的捐獻(xiàn)和供奉，以充實(shí)其財(cái)力，保持其勢(shì)力。信徒們從出生時(shí)起就受到訓(xùn)導(dǎo)，對(duì)于父母、鄰居、牧師或薩滿教僧或拉比或毛拉要求他們相信的事物篤信并以其教授的方式篤信。比如基督降生和上十字架這樣的神話，圣母無(wú)沾成胎的神話，世界各地的神創(chuàng)造天地萬(wàn)物的神話，洪水滅世的神話等，都對(duì)生命的起源與意義作了解釋。然而，這些都是謊言！人類出于對(duì)希望、意義、價(jià)值的需要而造出了神：一位冥冥之中的保護(hù)者和有良心的養(yǎng)育者。但這是幻覺(jué)，是虛假的。自然界中沒(méi)有神靈，只有人類。我們不能接受我們是經(jīng)歷千萬(wàn)代進(jìn)化的生物的后代――使我們得以存活一時(shí)的遺傳物質(zhì)的偶然配合的產(chǎn)物。人類和黑猩猩的DNA99％以上相同！一切生命互相依存，相互聯(lián)系。這種種事實(shí)使我們自以為特殊、是上帝選定的世界統(tǒng)治者的錯(cuò)誤觀念歸于幻滅，因此我們 45 以謊言替代事實(shí)，給自己打氣。

我們以為自己是唯一能夠思維和交流的生物，但實(shí)際上并非如此。一切生物為了生存――結(jié)成配偶，保護(hù)自身，獲取食物――都會(huì)交流思想。生存的基礎(chǔ)是自然選擇――生物適應(yīng)或改變環(huán)境的能力，不能適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的生物就會(huì)滅亡，被能夠適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化的生物取而代之。這一過(guò)程根本不需要什么神靈。但是進(jìn)化論的描述不如宗教神話那樣激動(dòng)人心。宗教神話令人神往地描述死亡復(fù)活、輪回轉(zhuǎn)世、在天堂里奇妙的游歷，和上帝會(huì)面，過(guò)上幸福生活，永無(wú)痛苦憂慮。這些故事富于感人的魅力。它們給人以希望，一條擺脫這個(gè)你爭(zhēng)我?jiàn)Z，一片混亂的真實(shí)世界的出路。我們迷醉在神話、環(huán)境和戲劇性事件之中。著名神父安德魯格里利說(shuō)，天主教教徒喜歡天主教的精神遺產(chǎn)，因?yàn)槠渲楔D有好多美妙的故事‖。這些故事具體表達(dá)了心理真實(shí)和愿望，給我們安全感。而事實(shí)真相可能是令人心悸的。

然而，有這么一種對(duì)立的說(shuō)法：假如沒(méi)有宗教、巫術(shù)、法道，人類就會(huì)陷入無(wú)窮無(wú)盡的恐懼和焦慮之中：他為什么在這兒？死后會(huì)發(fā)生什么事情？宗教故事使人類不至于看到真相：他之所以在這兒完全是出于偶然，是數(shù)億個(gè)精子中的一個(gè)進(jìn)入卵子的偶發(fā)事件。為什么在此刻進(jìn)入這個(gè)卵子的是這粒精子？純屬偶然。但大多數(shù)人希望能有比這些事實(shí)更令人欣慰的說(shuō)法。人類就是要有謊言――越大越好。越大就越不容易遭到懷疑；誰(shuí)會(huì)相信竟然會(huì)有制造這樣彌天大謊的人嗎？希特勒那幫專制暴君深明此理。他們?nèi)鱿篓D彌天大謊‖，編造了所謂德國(guó)雅利安人比猶太人、吉普賽人以及其他民族優(yōu)越的―事實(shí)‖。它一度奏效。人類一向相信各色各樣的謊言和錯(cuò)誤觀念：巫術(shù)，飛碟，鬼魂，輪回轉(zhuǎn)世，天堂地獄，種族優(yōu)越性，煉金術(shù)，煉丹術(shù)，等等等等。

說(shuō)謊掩蓋了人的必死性，缺陷，恐懼，焦慮，以及在熙熙攘攘的人群中所感到的孤獨(dú)。耳熟能詳?shù)闹e言會(huì)創(chuàng)造一個(gè)較易應(yīng)付的現(xiàn)實(shí)。人渴望從這些謊言中得到安慰。

（方媛媛譯，參考原載The World of English譯文）

Text B Cheating Key to Comprehension Questions 1.Academic cheating is epidemic in the country's high schools and colleges.2.Advances in technology have made cheating easier, but a more significant factor is the change in society‘s values, an increasing ambivalence towards cheating and other dishonest behaviors.3.People try to hide academic cheating by using different forms of technology.So technology helps encourage and mask the act of cheating.4.It's fast and quick and allows you to be in total denial about what you're doing.5.(open)6.Now parents are angry at institutions for doing something that might blot their kids' records.They do not care about cheating because they are practicing it themselves.7.Some schools have banned cell phones, cameras and other gadgets during school hours.Honor codes and honor councils have been reinvigorated.And teachers are using technology to turn the tables on cheaters.A number of institutions now rely on turnitin.com.8.To monitor and prevent the act of academic cheating in schools.Text B參考譯文

作

弊

堪薩斯州立大學(xué)的三年級(jí)學(xué)生打算孤注一擲了。由于受到哮喘病的困擾，大二時(shí)他就是勉勉強(qiáng)強(qiáng)過(guò)關(guān)，被允許大三試讀一年。而今年，他的政治科已經(jīng)兩次缺考，如果再得到一次F，就會(huì)掛掉此科，不得不停學(xué)。而這就意味著他一直期待得到的大學(xué)學(xué)位隨之泡湯了。他決不能讓這發(fā)生。他選擇了另一條路。

出生并成長(zhǎng)于美國(guó)中西部的他熱愛(ài)閱讀，并曾在高中的樂(lè)團(tuán)擔(dān)任司號(hào)。由于曾在學(xué)校的信息技術(shù)系兼職，他可以進(jìn)入到教授的在線記分冊(cè)。只敲擊了幾個(gè)鍵盤，他便將他自己并未參加過(guò)的考試加上了通過(guò)的成績(jī)。然而，他還沒(méi)有聰明到

可以消除一切作弊的蹤跡。很快事情敗露，他被停學(xué)，從此負(fù)疚不已。

在2005年這一事件發(fā)生后，他匿名寫信給學(xué)校的誠(chéng)信委員會(huì)，聲明―對(duì)于我的行為我沒(méi)有任何借口或理由‖。他作弊的原因是―我這樣做完全是一時(shí)的驚恐造成的‖。

這個(gè)學(xué)生和他的教授們都認(rèn)為這是一場(chǎng)源于一時(shí)判斷力失誤的意外，然而可悲的事實(shí)卻是：這并不是一次偶然事件。很多證據(jù)表明學(xué)業(yè)欺騙在高中和高校十分盛行。看看以下幾個(gè)例子：9個(gè)馬里蘭大學(xué)商學(xué)院學(xué)生在會(huì)計(jì)課考試的時(shí)候使用他們的手機(jī)接收答案被抓了現(xiàn)行。一個(gè)德克薩斯州十多歲的小孩被指控向同學(xué)出售偷來(lái)的考試答案，據(jù)稱答案是通過(guò)鏈接到老師電腦上的解碼工具獲得的。7位堪薩斯州德學(xué)生被指抄襲因特網(wǎng)上的論文。

專家們指出了更多的信息，這些信息大多來(lái)自于學(xué)生自己。這些信息揭示了作弊的泛濫。去年六月熱爾省大學(xué)教授 Donald McCabe 提交給學(xué)術(shù)誠(chéng)信中心的報(bào)告中指出：60所大學(xué)70％的學(xué)生承認(rèn)在前一年作弊過(guò)，四分之一的學(xué)生承認(rèn)有過(guò)很嚴(yán)重的作弊行為，如抄襲別人的答案，使用小抄，或幫助別人作弊。McCabe所調(diào)查的高中同樣形式嚴(yán)峻：在過(guò)去四年被調(diào)查的來(lái)自全國(guó)的18000學(xué)生中，70％的來(lái)自公立學(xué)校的學(xué)生承認(rèn)有過(guò)至少一次嚴(yán)重的學(xué)術(shù)作弊行為。十分之六的人有過(guò)某種剽竊行為。而私立學(xué)校則有差不多一半的學(xué)生承認(rèn)曾經(jīng)作弊過(guò)。

蓋洛普民意調(diào)查證實(shí)了這些結(jié)果。2003年和2004年對(duì)13至17歲學(xué)生連續(xù)兩年的調(diào)查結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：65％的學(xué)生認(rèn)為他們所在的學(xué)校存在―相當(dāng)數(shù)量‖或者說(shuō)―大規(guī)模‖的作弊。一半被調(diào)查學(xué)生承認(rèn)他們?cè)?jīng)以某種形式在考試中作弊過(guò)。同樣在2004年，位于洛杉磯的非營(yíng)利性組織，致力于提升個(gè)人和組織道德水平的Josephson道德研究所發(fā)布了對(duì)24763名高中學(xué)生的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查結(jié)果，結(jié)果顯示62％的學(xué)生承認(rèn)在考試中作弊。

作弊并不是什么新鮮事。自從人類有了規(guī)矩，就不斷有人試圖打破它們。然而，研究所的創(chuàng)始人Michael Josephson指出：目前作弊行為的泛濫和囂張令人擔(dān)憂。

Josephson說(shuō)：―在過(guò)去，作弊的人只占少數(shù)，他們努力地掩蓋自己的行為，即使是朋友間也不能說(shuō)。而今天作弊的人占到了大多數(shù)，而且對(duì)此他們直言不諱。今天如果你問(wèn)孩子們對(duì)作弊的看法，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)他們認(rèn)為作弊代表了一種騎士精 48 神，比你的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果還要駭人。‖

堪薩斯州教授Phil Anderson同意這種看法：―我們很多學(xué)生持有這種態(tài)度：為了成功我要不惜一切代價(jià)。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)十分盛行。‖

為了成功不惜代價(jià)

Josephson，Anderson以及其他正與作弊行為作斗爭(zhēng)的人士都認(rèn)為道德的敗壞有兩個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)力量：一個(gè)是科技的進(jìn)步，特別是因特網(wǎng)和移動(dòng)電子設(shè)備，使得作弊原來(lái)越容易。另外一個(gè)重要的因素就是充斥現(xiàn)代社會(huì)的反面例子：球手們服用興奮劑，經(jīng)理們篡改數(shù)據(jù)，新聞?dòng)浾邆兡笤煨侣劊踔吝B老師們都會(huì)偽造考試成績(jī)好讓學(xué)校看起來(lái)更體面。這種種現(xiàn)實(shí)都傳遞了一個(gè)信號(hào)：為了讓成功不受威脅，什么都可以不受限制。

《作弊的文化》作者，David Callahan說(shuō)：―作弊已經(jīng)被正常化了。每個(gè)人都在這么做。如果你不做，你會(huì)覺(jué)得自己像笨蛋。‖

紐約私立學(xué)校朋友學(xué)院的畢業(yè)班學(xué)生Tomas Rua認(rèn)為是想要成功的壓力使得一些人從很早就開(kāi)始作弊。

他說(shuō)：―你所做的一切無(wú)非是為了最大限度地發(fā)掘你的潛能。很多人會(huì)使用一切可能的手段去實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)。大學(xué)里瘋狂的事太多了，而從中學(xué)開(kāi)始你就會(huì)有所耳聞。‖

印地安那州埃文斯鎮(zhèn)的北高中畢業(yè)班學(xué)生Emily Borerman同樣認(rèn)為：―每天都可以見(jiàn)到作弊。太多的成功都是不擇手段的。‖

加利福尼亞州Central Valley的 Turlock高中學(xué)生Daniel的態(tài)度是：―如果我想要得到更高的成績(jī)，我就會(huì)作弊。毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的。總之呢，真實(shí)的世界里為了得到更好地工作你就得竭盡所能。‖

Daniel說(shuō)他和他的大多數(shù)朋友都會(huì)從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上下載材料，考試的時(shí)候用短信接收答案，或是在考試的時(shí)候使用流行多年了的小抄條。

他說(shuō)：―我從七年級(jí)就開(kāi)始作弊，我有進(jìn)取心，所以常常尋找更好的作弊方法。‖

Turlock校長(zhǎng)Dana Trevethan聲稱Daniel的話記載了一些學(xué)生毫無(wú)羞恥的態(tài)度。她說(shuō)：―他是個(gè)好孩子，但是很有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)精神。他的名字中間應(yīng)該加個(gè)割喉者（指非常有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)精神者）的稱號(hào)。‖

數(shù)碼作弊

在當(dāng)今的作弊之風(fēng)中，很難理解技術(shù)扮演的角色。學(xué)生涌向在線的論文制作工場(chǎng)，那里可以提供任何題目的文章，而且常常是格式正確，參考書目俱全。他們使用可拍照手機(jī)發(fā)送傳輸試卷的圖片。他們的MP3可以保存電子版的筆記。他們的圖表計(jì)算器可以儲(chǔ)存解決數(shù)學(xué)難題的所需公式。

朋友學(xué)院的英語(yǔ)系主任Maria Fahey指出：―作弊與因特網(wǎng)及即時(shí)通訊的匿名性質(zhì)有關(guān)。它們是快捷的，且能容你全盤否認(rèn)自己所做的事情。‖

康涅狄格大學(xué)教育心理學(xué)副教授Jason Stevens將之與現(xiàn)今社會(huì)的―抓一把就走‖的文化聯(lián)系起來(lái)：―下載音樂(lè)或是論文，或是剪切和粘貼句子和段落都和這個(gè)文化有關(guān)。‖

對(duì)一些人來(lái)說(shuō)，對(duì)和錯(cuò)之間界限模糊不清了。Jonathan Cross, 維吉尼亞州Fairfax縣Robinson 中學(xué)畢業(yè)班學(xué)生，也同意這個(gè)看法。過(guò)去人們要是作弊，一般都是兩個(gè)鄰座傳遞紙條，或是一個(gè)人偷看另外一人的試卷，這是非常明顯的，是赤裸裸的明確的作弊行為。而今人們使用不同形式的技術(shù)努力隱藏這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的行為。

父母干嘛去了

技術(shù)的進(jìn)步或許可以解釋當(dāng)今作弊―如何‖盛行的問(wèn)題。那么―為什么‖的問(wèn)題呢？

Stevens說(shuō)：―教育已經(jīng)變成了一個(gè)商品，能夠幫助我們得到物質(zhì)財(cái)富和地位，而這兩樣是我們文化中值得褒獎(jiǎng)和炫耀的東西。傳遞給青少年的大量信息就是：經(jīng)濟(jì)上的富裕要比成為一個(gè)道德高尚的人更加重要和有價(jià)值。‖

Michael Josephson聲稱如果這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)占了上風(fēng)，結(jié)果就太過(guò)可怕了。他說(shuō)：―我們正在將下一代訓(xùn)練成海盜。如果你覺(jué)得安然或是Worldcom公司發(fā)生的事情已經(jīng)夠糟糕了，那么你就等著瞧吧。我們?nèi)鄙俚氖钦钡膽嵖赖律系牧x憤，以及一點(diǎn)真實(shí)的害怕之情。‖

教育者們認(rèn)為還缺少的是父母的聲音。他們太喜歡為孩子們的家庭作業(yè)提供幫助，但是卻不能清楚地教導(dǎo)孩子們遵守規(guī)則的重要性。

圣地亞哥大學(xué)教授Larry Hinman說(shuō)：―過(guò)去20年發(fā)生的一個(gè)大的變化是在過(guò)去如果學(xué)生被抓到作弊，他們會(huì)覺(jué)得羞辱。他們的父母也會(huì)責(zé)備他們。而今天，50