第一篇：九年級數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)筆記

九年級數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)筆記

作為畢業(yè)班的數(shù)學(xué)老師，我深感肩上的壓力之大，責(zé)任之重。這種壓力不是來自自身的知識水平，也不是來自學(xué)校的升學(xué)壓力，而是來自自身對教學(xué)的一種責(zé)任。今年，我所任教的班級是九年級三班和五班。九年級是一個(gè)重要的階段，如何進(jìn)行有效的教學(xué)才可以使學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成績有所進(jìn)步尤為重要。

一、學(xué)生基本情況

我所教的兩個(gè)班級共有108人，給我的整體印象是學(xué)生的基礎(chǔ)參差不齊，少部分學(xué)生對學(xué)習(xí)感興趣，接受能力強(qiáng)，學(xué)習(xí)態(tài)度端正，但是大多數(shù)學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)較差，學(xué)習(xí)自覺性不高。從每次的練考來看學(xué)生僅僅是在課堂上聽懂了，課后并沒有自覺將知識消化吸收轉(zhuǎn)化為自己的能力，講過的題仍然出錯(cuò)的學(xué)生不在少數(shù)。從考試成績來看，學(xué)生兩極分化嚴(yán)重，中間力量相對薄弱，幾乎沒有中等生，中轉(zhuǎn)優(yōu)工作困難重重。有的學(xué)生基礎(chǔ)很差，上課時(shí)神情恍惚，腦子一片空白，眼睛看著你，眉頭緊鎖，一提問卻什么都不知道。簡單的基礎(chǔ)知識也不能有效掌握，成績較差。以上是我所了解的兩個(gè)班級的現(xiàn)狀。

二、問題解決

根據(jù)班級的現(xiàn)狀，如何提高教學(xué)質(zhì)量？我認(rèn)為可從以下兩個(gè)方面入手：

（一）教師方面

1.教師應(yīng)該先備好課。不論你對教材多么熟悉，如果哪節(jié)課不做準(zhǔn)備的話，那么這節(jié)課肯定是枯燥乏味，學(xué)生接受效果也要大打折扣。

（1）研究教材的科學(xué)性和系統(tǒng)性。

研究教材的科學(xué)性，主要是研究教材的概念、定理、定義、公式、法則、性質(zhì)，等等。要逐字逐句推敲，抓住本質(zhì)屬性的關(guān)鍵詞、句，搞清其間的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)，對于這些內(nèi)容應(yīng)有一個(gè)透徹的理解，并做一定數(shù)量的習(xí)題，看一些有關(guān)的參考資料，使自己對所講的教材達(dá)到熟練掌握、靈活運(yùn)用的程度。研究教材的系統(tǒng)性，就是要研究教材中各內(nèi)容之間有什么關(guān)系，當(dāng)前的內(nèi)容和前面教材、后面教材之間的相互關(guān)系。把本節(jié)內(nèi)容放在整個(gè)教材系統(tǒng)中來分析，充分理解其在本節(jié)內(nèi)容的地位、作用。

（2）確定重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)。

不論一節(jié)課，還是一個(gè)單元或一章的教材都有重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)。因?yàn)榛A(chǔ)知識很多，不可能同樣重要，有主要的、次要的，難易程度也不相同。

確定教材的重點(diǎn)，主要從其應(yīng)用較廣，是否是本段教材的樞紐，是否是后面教材的基礎(chǔ)等多方面著手。

確定教材的難點(diǎn)，應(yīng)從以下幾個(gè)方面考慮：（1）知識由舊到新，要用新觀點(diǎn)、新方法來研究，而學(xué)生掌握新觀點(diǎn)、新方法要有一個(gè)過程。例如，由具體數(shù)字到抽象文字；由常量到變量；平面到空間等過渡；（2）知識本身過于抽象，難以理解，如方差的定義；（3）知識的本質(zhì)屬性比較隱蔽，如算術(shù)根的定義；（4）知識內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，而學(xué)生分析問題、推理能力差。如學(xué)生開始學(xué)習(xí)幾何證明等是教學(xué)中的難點(diǎn)。

（3）確定教學(xué)目標(biāo)。

教師教一節(jié)課，教學(xué)目標(biāo)必須明確，一節(jié)課自始至終都應(yīng)為這一目標(biāo)的完成而努力。一切教學(xué)方法、手段都應(yīng)為達(dá)到教學(xué)目的服務(wù)，課后還要認(rèn)真檢查自己所制定的教學(xué)目標(biāo)是否完成。

（4）了解學(xué)生，指導(dǎo)學(xué)法。

備課必須結(jié)合學(xué)生的實(shí)際，不了解學(xué)生，課就備不好。因此在確定教材的重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)，確定教學(xué)目的，選擇教學(xué)方法和選配例題與習(xí)題時(shí)，都要結(jié)合學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況，把教材與學(xué)生的實(shí)際情況結(jié)合起來，才能設(shè)計(jì)出行之有效的教學(xué)方案。

能夠進(jìn)行實(shí)質(zhì)的、行之有效的集體備課更好。在個(gè)人粗備—集體備課—個(gè)人細(xì)備這一過程中，要求備課組每位老師都能知無不言、言無不盡，不要有任何保留。這樣才能將我們整個(gè)備課組擰成一股繩，充分發(fā)揮大家的智慧，使教學(xué)效果得到顯著提高。

2.教師還應(yīng)該給學(xué)生一個(gè)空間，讓其自己去發(fā)現(xiàn)。在教學(xué)中，多數(shù)情況下，我們提出啟發(fā)性的問題來激發(fā)學(xué)生思考，但問題提出后沒給學(xué)生留下足夠的思維空間，甚至不留思維空間，往往習(xí)慣于追問學(xué)生，急于讓其說出結(jié)果。顯然，這樣學(xué)生對題目只有片面的理解，不能引發(fā)學(xué)生的深思，當(dāng)然也就不能給學(xué)生留下深刻的印象，因此造成很多學(xué)生對于做過的題一點(diǎn)印象也沒有。對于學(xué)過的數(shù)學(xué)定理或公式不能深刻理解，當(dāng)然更談不上靈活運(yùn)用了。在教學(xué)中我發(fā)現(xiàn)，給學(xué)生創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)那榫常ㄟ^教師的引，讓學(xué)生自己去發(fā)現(xiàn)、去總結(jié)、去歸納，效果更好。

3.教師應(yīng)該給自己一個(gè)空間，靈活大膽地去實(shí)踐。

我們在備課的時(shí)候?qū)栴}已備選了一個(gè)或幾個(gè)解決方案，課堂上以“定勢思維”組織教學(xué)，但教學(xué)中的不確定因素很多，當(dāng)學(xué)生的思路與我的思路相左或?qū)W生的想法不切實(shí)際時(shí)，不愿打亂既定的教學(xué)程序，干脆采取回避措施，使學(xué)生的求異思維、批判思維、創(chuàng)造性思維被束縛。另外，我平時(shí)上課總喜歡將一個(gè)問題或一個(gè)習(xí)題講得非常明白，生怕學(xué)生不理解，剝奪學(xué)生自主探索的思考過程。這樣當(dāng)試卷靈活多變時(shí)，特別是遇到操作、找規(guī)律等問題時(shí)，學(xué)生往往會不知所措。

4.給思維一個(gè)空間，讓其循序漸進(jìn)。

問題的坡度設(shè)置也是十分關(guān)鍵的。坡度過小，不值得優(yōu)等生去思考，學(xué)生的思維活躍不起來；坡度過大，導(dǎo)致思維卡殼，學(xué)生的思維活動因不能深入進(jìn)行而流于形式。因此，學(xué)生的思維是循序漸進(jìn)的，要設(shè)置合適的坡度，多給學(xué)生自己練習(xí)的時(shí)間。這樣學(xué)生的思維就會逐漸活躍，成績逐步提高。

5.及時(shí)講評作業(yè)和試卷。

作業(yè)講評是課堂教學(xué)反饋的重要手段，是提高課堂教學(xué)質(zhì)量的重要一環(huán)。作業(yè)講評是批改作業(yè)的延續(xù)，高質(zhì)量的作業(yè)講評，要求教師事先必須做好充分準(zhǔn)備：批改記錄、講評計(jì)劃及注明詳講、略講與不講，善于捕捉典型的錯(cuò)誤和代表性題目。

試卷講評要及時(shí)。趁熱打鐵，及時(shí)講評，可使學(xué)生馬上更正錯(cuò)誤，在自己原有的基礎(chǔ)上再次思考，發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的失誤和不良的思維習(xí)慣、方法，更好地把握知識的準(zhǔn)確性，加深掌握深度。

（二）學(xué)生方面 1.學(xué)會聽課。

學(xué)生學(xué)得好，不是誰教的，而是他們自己悟得好。這說明一個(gè)道理，學(xué)生不能被動地學(xué)習(xí)，而應(yīng)主動地學(xué)習(xí)。在課堂上聽講，學(xué)生不光是學(xué)習(xí)新知識，更重要的是潛移默化地養(yǎng)成數(shù)學(xué)思維習(xí)慣，逐漸地培養(yǎng)起自己對數(shù)學(xué)的一種悟性。

鼓勵學(xué)生積極思考、大膽發(fā)言。學(xué)生如果是積極舉手、積極回答問題，手腦并用，聽課效率必然很高，這樣就不容易走神，課堂效率就得到保證了。一個(gè)學(xué)生能夠做到眼到、耳到、筆到、神到，這才叫聽課。進(jìn)入這種境界的學(xué)生，他的聽課效率才是最高的，也必然會取得事半而功倍的效果。

2.問題不過保質(zhì)期。

給每個(gè)疑難問題注明生產(chǎn)日期。很簡單，練習(xí)冊不會的題，試卷上不會的（前提是自己要真正思考后不會）記上日期，問題要在24小時(shí)內(nèi)得到解決。

當(dāng)然說著簡單，具體實(shí)施很困難。這就需要平時(shí)多與學(xué)生交流，經(jīng)常督促讓學(xué)生將解決問題作為每一天最重要的事去做。

3.正確對待錯(cuò)題集。

一般每次考試出錯(cuò)的題目，多數(shù)同學(xué)都要專門寫到錯(cuò)題本上，有些人是直接將正確的答案寫到上面，下面寫上自己出錯(cuò)的原因。這樣做對比性不太強(qiáng)，建議用下邊這樣的格式：

左邊：試卷上自己最初的做法，右邊：自己重做的最標(biāo)準(zhǔn)答案。

然后在這個(gè)題目下邊寫出自己做題時(shí)出錯(cuò)的原因，不是簡單地寫上粗心大意，應(yīng)寫：步驟是否合理，答題習(xí)慣是否得當(dāng)，并且標(biāo)明自己改進(jìn)的方法。

4.試卷答題優(yōu)化方法。

整體上安排要堅(jiān)持“兩先兩后”。（1）先看后做，平時(shí)訓(xùn)練和模擬考試中，有的同學(xué)便急急忙忙“偷偷”做題，加重自己的心理緊張程度，就有可能影響發(fā)揮，而正確的做法就是應(yīng)是先查看試卷，摸清“題情”。對題型和難度作總體了解，在頭腦中尋找解決這部分題的知識內(nèi)容。（2）先易后難，部分學(xué)生善“鉆研”，先做難題，無功后返，以致該得的分沒得到，浪費(fèi)了寶貴的時(shí)間，造成總分較低。

要求選擇題靈活做，填空題仔細(xì)做。選擇題一定堅(jiān)持“小題小做”原則，采用間接、直接、特殊值代入法、排除法等各種方法，在確保無誤的情況下提高解題效率。中檔題認(rèn)真做，高檔題分解做。中檔題一般學(xué)生都能做，主要缺點(diǎn)是“會而不對，對而不全”，所以對這類題要仔細(xì)審題，減少紕漏；高檔題也不過是低檔題的綜合與疊加，所以只要分解開了，就會變成許多簡單的問題，這樣去分析、解題，就能盡可能得分。

5.進(jìn)行限時(shí)訓(xùn)練。

可以找一組題（比如10道選擇題），爭取限定一個(gè)時(shí)間完成；也可以找1道大題，限時(shí)完成。這主要是創(chuàng)設(shè)一種考試情境，檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生在緊張狀態(tài)下的思維水平。定時(shí)定量的訓(xùn)練是十分重要的，這種訓(xùn)練能提高學(xué)生的題感，使學(xué)生進(jìn)一步明確答題的規(guī)范要求、關(guān)鍵步驟的書寫等。初三學(xué)生每周要做到一大一小兩次限時(shí)訓(xùn)練，其時(shí)也就是練考；同時(shí)每天都要保持一定量的訓(xùn)練，比如交送作業(yè)當(dāng)堂完成；只有這種訓(xùn)練達(dá)到一定的熟練程度，考試時(shí)才能發(fā)揮出優(yōu)異水平。特別對于解答題每一步要言之有理，而不能憑感覺。

以上是我對自己多年的教學(xué)實(shí)踐的一次系統(tǒng)總結(jié)，并不具有普遍性，也還不夠成熟，有很多地方還值得商榷。在教學(xué)工作中，要做個(gè)有心人，讓數(shù)學(xué)真正成為學(xué)生愿學(xué)、樂學(xué)的科目。只有這樣，才能為學(xué)生提供充裕的探索、實(shí)踐的空間和時(shí)間，才能調(diào)動大多數(shù)同學(xué)的學(xué)習(xí)積極性和主動性，才能大面積地提高數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)質(zhì)量。

第二篇：數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)筆記

數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)筆記

今天老師講了一道題：兩個(gè)連續(xù)奇數(shù)的和是100，它們的積是多少？下面寫著讓您選擇的3個(gè)數(shù)，一個(gè)是2459，另一個(gè)是2499，最后一個(gè)是2501。老師說，讓100去除以2，得出的數(shù)一個(gè)加1，一個(gè)減1，再把它們相乘，得出2499。

我舉手說：“還可以用100減去2，再除以2，得出的數(shù)加上2，最后把它們相乘，也可以得到2499。但是，當(dāng)我說“用100減去2”時(shí)，老師問“為什么？”把下面所有的同學(xué)都給問住了。正在大家冥思苦想的時(shí)候，我突然霍地一聲站了起來，說：“因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)連續(xù)奇數(shù)它們都相差2，所以就可以說100減2得出的98就是兩個(gè)相同的較小的奇數(shù)。”隨后，老師在黑板上寫出了1-10幾個(gè)數(shù)，問道：“你們發(fā)現(xiàn)了什么規(guī)律？”大家思索著，卻無一回答。我又站起來說：“一個(gè)奇數(shù)加1必定是偶數(shù)，一個(gè)偶數(shù)加1必定是奇數(shù)。”過了一陣子，老師說：“其實(shí)，一個(gè)奇數(shù)的后面一個(gè)數(shù)必定是偶數(shù)，與一個(gè)偶數(shù)緊挨著的下一個(gè)數(shù)必定是奇數(shù)，這就是奇偶相連。”隨后，老師把我的方法的前半部分給倒了過來，就是把100減2變成100加2，49加2變成49減2，成了一種新方法。

其實(shí)，數(shù)學(xué)是趣味兒的，多樣的，不是死板的，無聊的。雖然一個(gè)人，一個(gè)學(xué)生的知識不夠多多，但是，只要細(xì)心觀察，就能發(fā)現(xiàn)一些奧秘。

第三篇：數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)筆記

既然把老師做為自己的終身職業(yè)，就要努力成為一名好的教師。樹立以人為本的教育理念，關(guān)注學(xué)生的全面成長，站在受教育者的立場思考教育，讓孩子愿意學(xué)習(xí)，凸現(xiàn)尊重學(xué)生的教育思想。讓學(xué)生主動探索答案，注重學(xué)生探究的過程、思考的過程，讓學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)活動中積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)、提升認(rèn)識、增長智慧。課堂教學(xué)因?yàn)橛袑W(xué)生參與，重點(diǎn)是要處理好預(yù)設(shè)與生成的關(guān)系幫助學(xué)生理清思路；培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的歸納能力和幫助學(xué)生積累活動經(jīng)驗(yàn)。數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)不要在知識點(diǎn)上計(jì)較，要看長遠(yuǎn)意義的學(xué)習(xí)興趣與良好學(xué)習(xí)習(xí)慣培養(yǎng)。

一、小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)課堂教學(xué)方式、方法的改革與實(shí)踐

二、小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中學(xué)生情感、態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀的培養(yǎng)：

情感、態(tài)度與價(jià)值觀培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)的設(shè)立，把“過分關(guān)注知識的獲取、技能的訓(xùn)練”轉(zhuǎn)向“關(guān)注學(xué)生的發(fā)展”，實(shí)現(xiàn)知、情、行、意的統(tǒng)一，深入推進(jìn)素質(zhì)教育，促進(jìn)學(xué)生的全面發(fā)展。

情感、態(tài)度、價(jià)值觀的培養(yǎng)是一個(gè)以知識與技能為載體的啟發(fā)、滲透、感染的過程，是教學(xué)的靈魂，貫穿于教學(xué)全過程。

將愛心灑滿課堂，用教師的真情感染學(xué)生，營造民主平等的教學(xué)氛圍；重視創(chuàng)設(shè)生動、有趣、科學(xué)的教學(xué)情景，讓學(xué)生在探索知識、解決問題的活動中經(jīng)歷過程、體驗(yàn)情感、形成積極向上的態(tài)度，建立正確的價(jià)值觀；運(yùn)用多種評價(jià)手段調(diào)動和保護(hù)學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的興趣和自信心；特別要關(guān)注“學(xué)困生”，要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)和放大其閃光點(diǎn)，讓他們在同學(xué)中得到認(rèn)同，獲得進(jìn)步和發(fā)展。

三、現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)在小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)中的運(yùn)用：

要做好現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)輔助教學(xué)，要有領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的督促、要有任務(wù)的驅(qū)動，要實(shí)現(xiàn)校內(nèi)信息技術(shù)資源共享，并注意資源的積累和再利用，促使教師由被 動使用到主動使用，進(jìn)而成為一種習(xí)慣；在課件制作上，教師不能把關(guān)注點(diǎn)放在如何制作課件上，而是要學(xué)會，知道在哪里用，知道到哪里找需要的資源；現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)不僅要用到教學(xué)中，還要用到教師的學(xué)習(xí)與交流中，用到教研活動中，更有效地促進(jìn)教師的專業(yè)成長。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)教研是一種新型的、重要的教研形式，具有跨時(shí)空、多主體、低成本和高效率的優(yōu)勢；教師、教研員、專家共同參與，形成了民主、平等、合作的網(wǎng)絡(luò)教研文化；網(wǎng)絡(luò)教研把一部分教師從網(wǎng)絡(luò)游戲與聊天中拉到教學(xué)研究的網(wǎng)絡(luò)學(xué)習(xí)中，激發(fā)了教師學(xué)習(xí)的興趣和熱情，喚醒了教師的專業(yè)主體意識，調(diào)動教師研究教學(xué)的內(nèi)驅(qū)力，使學(xué)習(xí)與研究成為教師的主動行為，成為一種責(zé)任和追求。

利用論壇、博客以及qq群開展豐富多彩的教研活動，形成了“以教育論壇為基本陣地，以qq群為互動交流平臺，以廣大一線老師為服務(wù)對象，以學(xué)校教研室及骨干老師為專業(yè)支持，以網(wǎng)絡(luò)備課、專題研討為主要內(nèi)容的網(wǎng)絡(luò)教研活動模式。以課題研究為牽動，依托教研室、骨干教師，提高網(wǎng)絡(luò)教研活動的質(zhì)量。

四、小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)教學(xué)評價(jià)改革

五、小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)教師的專業(yè)發(fā)展

六、小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)教研活動的有效開展

第四篇：九年級政治課堂學(xué)習(xí)筆記

第一節(jié)我們的社會主義祖國

第一目 世界舞臺上的中國

1、日益強(qiáng)大的祖國p32-1（黨的十一屆三中全會以來，我們實(shí)行改革開放，集中力量進(jìn)行經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)，中國人民富了起來、國家強(qiáng)了起來。中國是發(fā)展最快、變化最大的國家之一。一個(gè)和平、合作、負(fù)責(zé)任的中國形象已經(jīng)為國際社會所公認(rèn)。）

2、我國還屬于發(fā)展中國家，仍然面臨發(fā)達(dá)國家在經(jīng)濟(jì)科技等方面占優(yōu)勢的壓力。p33-

13、國際局勢p33-2（當(dāng)今世界，國際局勢正在發(fā)生深刻的變化。世界多極化和經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的趨勢在曲折中發(fā)展，科技進(jìn)步日新月異，綜合國力競爭日趨激烈。）

4、我們只有在認(rèn)清基本國情的基礎(chǔ)上加快發(fā)展，才能進(jìn)一步提高我國在國際社會中的地位，實(shí)現(xiàn)中華民族的偉大復(fù)興。p33-

2第二目 我國正處在社會主義初級階段

1、新中國成立以來我國社會主義現(xiàn)代化事業(yè)取得了巨大成就，社會主義制度的優(yōu)越性得到了初步顯示。p33-3（要求列舉三例成就）

2、我國的基本國情：p34-

1（1）我國處于初級階段的原因（①現(xiàn)階段我國社會生產(chǎn)力水平還比較低；②科學(xué)技術(shù)水平、民族文化素質(zhì)還不夠高；③社會主義具體制度還不完善。）

（2）初級階段的含義（所謂初級階段，就是不發(fā)達(dá)階段。這種不發(fā)達(dá)不只是表現(xiàn)在一兩個(gè)方面，而是表現(xiàn)在經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治、文化生活的各個(gè)方面）

（3）初級階段所需時(shí)間（從上世紀(jì)五十年代中期算起，至少需要一百年時(shí)間。）

3、我國社會的主要矛盾p35-1（我國社會的主要矛盾，是人民日益增長的物質(zhì)文化需要同落后的社會生產(chǎn)之間的矛盾。）

4、國家的根本任務(wù)p35-1（沿著中國特色社會主義道路，集中力量進(jìn)行社會主義現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)。）

第三目 高舉旗幟 開創(chuàng)未來

1、我們?nèi)〉贸煽兒瓦M(jìn)步的根本原因 p35-2（改革開放以來，我們?nèi)〉靡磺谐煽兒瓦M(jìn)步的根本原因，歸結(jié)起來就是：開辟了中國特色社會主義道路，形成了中國特色社會主義理論體系。）

2、中國應(yīng)對挑戰(zhàn)、高歌向前的方法p36-1（必須始終堅(jiān)持中國特色社會主義道路和中國特色社會主義理論體系，也就是要始終高舉中國特色社會主義偉大旗幟。）

* 列舉中國特色社會主義理論體系的內(nèi)容及代表人物。

① 毛澤東思想—毛澤東② 鄧小平理論—鄧小平③ “三個(gè)代表”重要思想—xx

④ 科學(xué)發(fā)展觀—xx

第二節(jié)黨的基本路線

第一目 “一個(gè)中心、兩個(gè)基本點(diǎn)”

1、制定基本路線的依據(jù) p37-1（我國正處于并將長期處于社會主義初級階段這一基本國情）

2、制定基本路線的目的 p37-1（全國各族人民的根本利益）

3、基本路線的內(nèi)容p37-1（領(lǐng)導(dǎo)和團(tuán)結(jié)全國各族人民，以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則，堅(jiān)持改革開放，自力更生，艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)，為把我國建設(shè)成為富強(qiáng)民主文明和諧的社會主義現(xiàn)代化國家而奮斗。）

4、基本路線的核心內(nèi)容p37-1（“以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心，堅(jiān)持四項(xiàng)基本原則，堅(jiān)持改革開放”，即“一個(gè)中心、兩個(gè)基本點(diǎn)”）

5、以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心的內(nèi)涵 p38-1（就是在整個(gè)社會主義初級階段，各項(xiàng)工作都必須服從和服務(wù)于經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)，就是要把集中力量發(fā)展社會生產(chǎn)力擺在首要地位。）

6、以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心的意義、地位、原因 p38-1（以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心是興國之要，是我們黨、我們國家興旺發(fā)達(dá)和長治久安的根本要求。）

7、四項(xiàng)基本原則的內(nèi)容p38-2（堅(jiān)持社會主義道路、堅(jiān)持人民民主專政、堅(jiān)持中國共產(chǎn)黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、堅(jiān)持馬克思列寧主義毛澤東思想）

8、四項(xiàng)基本原則的意義、地位、原因p38-2（四項(xiàng)基本原則是立國之本，是我們黨、我們國家生存發(fā)展的政治基石。）

9、改革開放的意義 p38-3（改革開放是強(qiáng)國之路，是我們黨、我們國家發(fā)展進(jìn)步的活力源泉。）

第二目 堅(jiān)持基本路線不動搖

1、堅(jiān)持黨的基本路線獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)成果 p39-1（改革開放以來，我國綜合國力大幅度躍升……民族凝聚力極大增強(qiáng)。我國的社會主義制度顯示了強(qiáng)大的生命力。）

2、堅(jiān)持黨的基本路線不動搖的原因（為什么要堅(jiān)持黨的基本路線不動搖？）

（1）發(fā)展中國特色社會主義偉大實(shí)踐的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，集中到一點(diǎn)，就是毫不動搖地堅(jiān)持了黨在社會主義初級階段的基本路線。p39-

1（2）黨的基本路線是黨和國家的生命線，是實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)發(fā)展的政治保證，必須長期堅(jiān)持下去，貫穿整個(gè)社會主義初級階段，任何時(shí)候都決不能動搖。p40-

33、堅(jiān)持黨的基本路線不動搖的方法（怎樣堅(jiān)持黨的基本路線不動搖？）

（1）要把以經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)為中心同四項(xiàng)基本原則、改革開放這兩個(gè)基本點(diǎn)統(tǒng)一于發(fā)展中國特色社會主義的偉大實(shí)踐。p40-1（把一個(gè)中心同兩個(gè)基本點(diǎn)統(tǒng)一起來）

（2）在實(shí)際工作中就要牢牢把握“抓住機(jī)遇、深化改革、擴(kuò)大開放、促進(jìn)發(fā)展、保持穩(wěn)定”的大局。只有正確處理好改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定三者的關(guān)系，才能總攬全局，保證經(jīng)濟(jì)社會的蓬勃發(fā)展。p40-2（正確處理好三者關(guān)系）

4、堅(jiān)持黨的基本路線的意義 p40-

3第三節(jié)統(tǒng)一的多民族國家

第一目 五十六個(gè)民族是一家

1、我國的民族狀況

（1）我國是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的多民族國家，有56個(gè)民族分布在祖國的四面八方p41-1。

（2）由于漢族以外的其他民族人口相對較少，習(xí)慣上被稱為“少數(shù)民族”。經(jīng)過長期的經(jīng)濟(jì)文化等方面的交往，各族人民形成了你中有我、我中有你的親緣關(guān)系。p41-

22、我國民族關(guān)系特點(diǎn)（形成了你中有我、我中有你的親緣關(guān)系。）p41-

23、民族區(qū)域自治制度的含義p42-

14、民族區(qū)域自制制度的地位（它是我國的一項(xiàng)基本政治制度，是發(fā)展中國特色社會主義民主政治的重要內(nèi)容。）p42-

1第二目 共同澆灌民族團(tuán)結(jié)之花

1、當(dāng)前民族關(guān)系（平等團(tuán)結(jié)互助和諧的關(guān)系）p42-

22、處理民族關(guān)系問題的原則（民族平等、團(tuán)結(jié)和共同繁榮）p42-

23、維護(hù)民族團(tuán)結(jié)的方法（怎樣維護(hù)民族團(tuán)結(jié)？）p43-1（自覺履行我們的責(zé)任和義務(wù)，就要尊重各民族的宗教信仰，尊重各民族的風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，尊重各民族的語言文字。）

第三目 實(shí)現(xiàn)祖國和平統(tǒng)一

1、最廣泛的愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的組成人員 p43-p442、制定愛國統(tǒng)一戰(zhàn)線的目的 p44-

13、“一國兩制”是完成祖國統(tǒng)一的基本方針

（1）制定這一基本方針的原因 p44-2（實(shí)現(xiàn)祖國的完全統(tǒng)一，是海內(nèi)外中華兒女的共同心愿，是中華民族的根本利益所在。為了最終完成祖國統(tǒng)一大業(yè)，黨和政府制定了這一基本方針。）

（2）“一個(gè)國家”的內(nèi)涵p44-2（指中國的主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土必須完整，不容分割，中國是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的國家。）

（3）“兩種制度”的內(nèi)涵p44-2（指在一個(gè)中國的前提下，國家的主體堅(jiān)持社會主義制度，香港、澳門、臺灣保持原有的資本主義制度和生活方式長期不變。）

（4）制定及實(shí)施這一基本方針的意義、作用 p44-

34、為什么兩岸統(tǒng)一是歷史必然？

（1）實(shí)現(xiàn)祖國的完全統(tǒng)一，是海內(nèi)外中華兒女的共同心愿，是中華民族的根本利益所在。p44-

2（2）世界上只有一個(gè)中國……堅(jiān)持一個(gè)中國原則，是兩岸關(guān)系和平發(fā)展的政治基礎(chǔ)。p45-

1（3）解決臺灣問題，實(shí)現(xiàn)祖國完全統(tǒng)一，是全體中華兒女的共同心愿。p45-2

（4）兩岸統(tǒng)一是中華民族走向偉大復(fù)興的歷史必然。p45-

35、解決臺灣問題的方法（怎樣解決臺灣問題？或者 如何貫徹“和平統(tǒng)一、一國兩制”的基本方針？）（我們遵循“和平統(tǒng)一、一國兩制”的方針，就必須堅(jiān)持一個(gè)中國的原則決不動搖，爭取和平統(tǒng)一的努力決不放棄，貫徹寄希望于臺灣人民的方針決不改變，反對“xx”分裂活動決不妥協(xié)，堅(jiān)決維護(hù)國家主權(quán)和領(lǐng)土完整，維護(hù)中華民族的根本利益。）p45-2

第五篇：九年級英語筆記

Unit 1 How can we become good

learners?

Section A

1.ask…for 請求，詢問，向…要

eg He asked me politely for the book.ask sb(not)to do sth 叫某人（不）做某事 2.by prep.通過…靠…(后接Ving)eg She learns English by English magazines.3.conversation cn 交談，會話(have conversations with sb)eg I’ll have a long conversation with her.4.aloud adv.出聲地，大聲地（常與read,think,cry,shout等連用，表示讓人能聽得見）

loud adj/adv 響亮的/地，大聲的/地（指發(fā)音音量大或聲音穿得遠(yuǎn)，做adv時(shí)常與speak,talk, laugh等連用）

loudly adv.大聲地（表示聲音高且喧鬧、不悅耳或令人感到討厭，常與knock,ring,crow連用）

eg Look at the sign---“No one is allowed to read aloud in the library.He makes loud noise.Someone knocked loudly at the door.5.practice v.練習(xí)，操練(practice doing sth)practice un 實(shí)踐，練習(xí)，鍛煉 eg He practices playing football.Practice makes perfect.6.too+adj/adv原形+to+V原形

=so+adj/adv原形+that從句

=not+adj/adv原形+enough+to+V原形 eg He is too young to go to school.=He is so young that he can’t go to school.=He isn’t old enough to go to school.7.spoken English 英語口語

eg His spoken English is not so good as his written English.8.quickly adv.快地，迅速地（指具體的動作迅速敏捷，也指思維反應(yīng)快）

fast adj/adv 快的/地

（指物體或人的運(yùn)動速度快，也指說話快）soon adv 快速地（指動作完成或離現(xiàn)在的時(shí)間間隔短）eg Come quickly,something terrible has happened.She drives very fast.My father will leave for Beijing soon.9.word by word 逐字地

day by day 日復(fù)一日 one by one 逐個(gè)

10.patient adj 有耐心的，耐煩的（be patient with/to…對…有耐心）

n 病人

eg We all like Mr.Smith.He is very patient with us.The nurse is looking after the patient.11.not…everything 表示部分否定，could not understand everything “并非每件事都能理解”

當(dāng)every,all,always等表示整體意義的詞與not連用時(shí)，表示部分否定 eg I didn’t find everyone on the playground.Not all balls are round in the USA.12.secret cn 秘密，機(jī)密（keep a secret保密；in secret秘密地）

adj 秘密的，隱秘的

eg Exercising every day is the secret of health.It’s a secret passage.13.look up（在字典或資料中）查找；向上看，仰視

eg I’ve forgotten the number,you should look it up again.They looked up,and found many locusts.14.repeat =do or say…again 15.take a note/take notes 記筆記

16.memorize v 記憶，記住(指有意識地用心地去記，強(qiáng)調(diào)主觀的動作過程memory n remember v 記得（指某件事或印象在記憶里，一般不需要有意識地去記憶便可以想起）

eg She tried to memorize every event.She remembered event that happened in these years.17.be afraid of doing sth 擔(dān)心而害怕做某事

be afraid to do sth 怕而不敢做某事

eg The girl was afraid to go across the bridge,for she was afraid of falling down from it.Section B

1.increase to 增到，增加到（后+總數(shù)）

eg The population of this city has increased to 3,000,000by now.increase by 以…的幅度增加，增加了…

eg The population of this factory increased by 10 percent last year.2.at the speed of 以…速度

at top/full/high speed 高速，全速

eg Your taxi traveled at the speed of 80 miles an hour.It’s dangerous to turn round the corner at high speed.3.be born 出身于

be born with 天生具有…

be born to do sth 天生能做某事 eg He was born in a small village.Her cousin brother was born with a mole(胎記)on the shoulder.Man was born to cry,so it’s with other animals.4.have the ability to do sth 有能力做某事

eg Jenny is the first person for the job,she has the ability to communicate.5.take an interest in=be interested in 對…感興趣

lose interest in 對…失去興趣

eg She seems to take an interest in discussing the trip.He has lost interest in fishing.6.create v 創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)建，創(chuàng)作

creative adj 創(chuàng)造性的，有創(chuàng)意的 creation n 創(chuàng)造，創(chuàng)建

7.It’s +adj +for sb to do sth 對某人來說做某事是……

It’s +adj +of sb to do sth(adj是表示情感，特征的詞:kind ,nice ,good ,silly ,wrong ,wise等)eg It’s hard for you to finish it.It’s kind of you to say so.8.pay attention to 注意…留心…（to是介詞，后接n/pron/Ving）

eg Your spoken English is a little poor.Please pay attention to it.As you see,Sam didn’t pay much attention to watching TV.9.connect…with…把…和…連接起來

connect…to…把…連上

eg First,the light is connected to a switch.Don’t connect the matter with what happened last week.10.even if =even though即使，縱然

eg I wouldn’t give up even if I should fail a second time.I can still remember even though it happened so long ago.11.unless=if…not…如果不，除非

eg You’ll be late unless you hurry.=You’ll be late if you don’t hurry.Unit 2 I think mooncakes are delicious!

Section A

1.a little too 太……一點(diǎn)

eg Kevin was a little too young to dress himself.2.put on 增加（體重）發(fā)胖

+weight

穿上，戴上

+衣物

eg Last month,Joan put on some weight.Mr.Weevers put on his hat and hurried out.3.pound cn 重量單位“磅”

.貨幣單位“英鎊”

eg two pounds of milk

After the Sichuan earthquake,the British government gave away1,000,000 pounds.4.shoot down 擊落，擊毀

eg An US UAV was shot down in Iran last year.5.try to do sth 盡力做某事（但不一定成功）

.try doing sth 嘗試做某事

eg She tried to climb onto the bank(河岸)，but failed.You always travel by train,why not try taking a bus for a change? 6.steal 偷，竊取（stole stolen）

.steal sth from 從……偷某物

eg The child stole a book from the shelf..have sth stolen 某物被偷

eg She had her purse（錢包）stolen.7.so……that……如此……以至于……

.so+adj/adv+that從句

.so+adj+a/an+單數(shù)名詞+that從句

.so+many/few+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+that從句

.so+much/little+不可數(shù)名詞+that從句

eg He is so young that he can’t go to school.He made so many mistakes that he failed the exam..such……that……如此……以至于……

.such+a/an+單數(shù)名詞+that從句

.such+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+that從句

.such+a/an+adj+n+that從句

.such+adj+復(fù)數(shù)名詞/不可數(shù)名詞+that從句

eg He is such a good student that we all believe him.It was such bad weather that we had to stay at home.8.lay v 平放，放置(lay out 擺開，布置)

產(chǎn)卵，下蛋

eg Mrs,Turner laid out the flowerpots in her garden.How strange it is to see the hen lay two eggs a day!lie----lying----lay----lain 躺，位于

lie----lying----lied----lied 撒謊

lay----laying----laid----laid平放，產(chǎn)卵

9.admire vt 欣賞，觀賞（admire sth 欣賞某物）

Vt 欽佩，羨慕（admire……for……因……而欽佩……）

eg Standing on the top of the mountain,you can admire the beauty of the whole city.We admire Ann for her courage.10.tie cn 領(lǐng)帶

（a shirt and tie）

.v

拴，扎，系，綁（tie…to…將…拴到…）

eg It’s formal（正式）to wear a shirt and tie if you go to a party.Please tie your dog to the tree.11.感嘆句的種類

How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句

(1)How+adj+主語+謂語！(2)How+adv+主語+謂語!(3)How+adj+a/an+單數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語！(4)How+主語+謂語！eg How blue the sky is!

How well she danced that day!

How interesting a book it is!

How time flies!

What引導(dǎo)的感嘆句

(1)What+a/an+單數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語！(2)What +不可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語！(3)What+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語！

(4)What+a/an+adj+單數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語！(5)What+adj+不可數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語！(6)What+adj+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語！eg What a horse it is!

What fun it was!

What colors they are!

What a nice girl she is!

What fine weather it was last week!

What silly questions they are.Section B

1.trick cn 惡作劇，鬧劇

(play a trick on sb 捉弄某人)eg The kids played tricks on Harvey when he was young.2.treat cn 招待，款待

v

對待，把…看作(treat…as…把…看作…)

eg It’s my treat.Don’t treat his words as a joke.3.dress up as+sb 裝扮成某人

dress up in+服裝或顏色

穿上…

eg The kids are dressing up as pirates(海盜)Father Christmas often dresses up in red.4.mean adj 小氣的，吝嗇的，自私的(be mean with…對…吝嗇)

v 意味著，意欲

mean doing sth 意味著做某事

mean to do sth 打算做某事

not mean to do sth 不是有意做某事

eg Mr.Marley was mean with almost everything.That would mean wasting a lot of labor.Really?I don’t mean to waste any labor.I don’t mean to be late ,sir.5.business un 商業(yè)，生意

.un 職責(zé)，事務(wù)，事(on business 出差)

.cn 商鋪，商店

eg Sometimes,business English is hard to learn.Mr.Wang has gone to Hainan Island on business.She has a business in Paris.5.punish sb for(doing)sth 因?yàn)椋ㄗ觯┠呈露幜P某人

eg He was punished for breaking the school rules.6.warn sb of sth 警告某人某事

warn sb(not)to do sth 警告某人（不）做某事 warn sb +that從句

eg We’ve warned the kids of the risk of electricity.We’ve been warned not to go out these days.I warned her that snakes are dangerous.7.end up doing sth 最終成為…結(jié)果為…

eg I didn’t like it at first,but we ended up cheering.end up with 以…告終

eg Their game ended up with a quarrel.7.present un 現(xiàn)在，目前(at present)

.cn 禮物贈品

.adj 現(xiàn)在的，目前的

.出席的，到場的eg At present,everything goes well.My uncle sent me an iPad as a birthday present.What do you think of your present company,David?

The present guests were all in high spirit.8.spread v/n 傳播，蔓延

eg The fire spread in a short time.China has successfully controlled the spread of bird flu.（禽流感）

9.hiding n 躲藏，隱藏處(in hiding 躲藏著;go into hiding 躲起來)eg Tom and his sister went into hiding when they heard the sound of their mother’s footsteps.10.hunt n 搜索，搜尋(hunt for)eg The hunt for the sunk ship(沉船)continue

11.not only…but also…不但…而且…(連接兩個(gè)相對稱的并列成分，若連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)要實(shí)行就近原則)eg Not only Mr.lin bt also his son loves the movies.Unit 3 Could you please tell me where

the restrooms are?

Section A

1.information un 消息（表示通過打聽、學(xué)習(xí)、觀察等方式獲得的資料）

.news un 新聞，消息（指人們感興趣的或近來發(fā)生的事情，尤指通過廣播、電視、報(bào)紙等事情）

.message cn 消息，口信（指口頭或書信傳遞給他人的消息）eg We need some information.He often sends me short messages.We listen to the news on the radio.2.Could you please+V原形…….？ 請你…….好嗎？

.Could you please not+V原形……? 請你不要……好嗎？

（其回答中不能用could,只能用can.即Yes,I can.或No/Sorry,I can’t eg Could you please be here a little earlier? Sorry,I can’t.3.beside prep 在旁邊，在附近=next to/close to besides prep 除…之外還…

eg A girl is standing beside the tree.Dis anyone else come besides Jack? 4.get sb sth=get sth for sb(get是“買到，弄到，得到”之意)eg Who’d like to get some chalk for me?

=Who’d like to get me some chalk? 5.pardon v 原諒（主要用于沒聽清對方說話時(shí)，懇請對方再說一遍）

.excuse me 打擾一下（主要用于吸引別人的注意，有麻煩或打擾之意所做之事可能會使別人不愉快或不方便，諸如插話、失陪、提出請求、紋路等）eg Can I ask you some questions? Pardon? Excuse me,can you tell me where the bank is? 6.need v 需要（實(shí)義動詞）

need to do sth 需要去做某事 need doing sth 需要被做某事 eg Harold needed to bring drinks.Potatoes need cooking a little longer.7.suggest v 使人想到，使人聯(lián)想，提議，建議

suggest sth(to sb)=suggest(to sb)（向某人）提議/建議… suggest doing sth 提議/建議做某事

suggest +that從句（虛擬語氣，其謂語用should+動詞原形，should常被省略）eg What did you suggest to the manager? I suggested going home at once.I suggest(that)we go out to eat.8.psaa by 經(jīng)過，路過，從…旁邊經(jīng)過

.go by 流逝，過去

eg He passed by without greeting me.Time goes by.8.賓語從句(2)類型

① 連詞that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句由陳述句轉(zhuǎn)化而來，that無意義，that可省略 eg I think(that)she’ll be back soon.He didn’t know(that)his brother was also there.that在下列情況中不宜省略

主句與賓語從句間有插入語

eg She said here,in her letter,that she was getting on well with her studies.出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)或以上的賓語從句，此時(shí)只有第一個(gè)that可以省略，其余的不能省略

eg Danny told me(that)he would go to Canada and that he had been there once.② 連詞代詞who,whom,what,which,whose和when, where,why,how等引導(dǎo)的賓語從句由特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化而來，這些連接代詞或連接副詞在賓語從句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)成分，因此不能省略。

eg I want to know when he will come.I don’t know how many people have been to Tibet.Can you tell me how I can get to the train station? I wondered who would teach us English.③ 連詞if或whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句由一般疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化而來，一般情況下這兩個(gè)詞可以互換，它們的意思為“是否”

eg She asked us if we would visit the West Farm.Please tell me whether it’ll rain or not tomorrow.下列情況中只能用whether

作介詞的賓語從句

eg It depends on whether he’ll ready tomorrow.在“whether or not”結(jié)構(gòu)中

eg I asked him whether or not he would go on a picnic.位于句首的賓語從句

eg Whether he’s alive,they’re not sure.在discuss后的賓語從句

eg They’re discussing whether they’ll go there.與動詞不定式連用

eg I don’t know whether to visit her.(3)賓語從句的語序

賓語從句只能用陳述語序

① 疑問句轉(zhuǎn)化為賓語從句時(shí)，一定要將疑問句語序轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z序 eg Can you tell me where he lives? ② 疑問詞本身作主語或修飾主語，因?yàn)樵摼渥颖緛砭褪顷愂鼍湔Z序，變?yōu)橘e語從句時(shí)，語序保持不變

eg Do you know who is going to speak at the meeting?(4)賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)

賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)受主句時(shí)態(tài)的限制

① 主句是現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)不受限制，可依實(shí)際情況選用所需的時(shí)態(tài)。eg I hope we’ll have a happy year together.He tells me how it happened in the 1950s.② 主句是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)一般選用過去某一時(shí)態(tài) eg John said he was watching a movie at that time.Did he tell you he had read that story? ③ 從句是客觀真理，或是一種自然現(xiàn)象、科學(xué)原理、諺語、格言等，或是經(jīng)常性的動作等，其時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

eg She said that east or west, home is best.Didn’t he tll you that the Venus is almost as big as our earth?(5)賓語從句與動詞不定式的轉(zhuǎn)換

① 主句的主語與從句的主語同指一人或物時(shí) eg I know what I’ll do with the old bike.=I know what to do with the old bike.② 主句含雙賓語，指人的賓語與賓語從句中的主語同指一人時(shí) eg You didn’t tell me where I could find her.=You didn’t tell me where to find her.Section B

1.convenient adj 便利的，方便的（一般不以人作主語）常用It’s convenient(for sb)to do sth

eg I live just next to the supermarket, so it’s convenient to go shopping.It’s convenient for me to go there by bus 2.ask about sth 詢問（打聽）某事

ask sb for help 向某人求助 eg Did you ask about pets? Ask Mr.Li for help if you have any difficulty.3.request n 要求，請求(make a request/at one’s request 應(yīng)…要求)

v 要求，請求

request sb to do sth 要求/請求某人做某事

request sth(from sb)（向某人）要求某物

request+that從句（從句謂語用should+動詞原形，should可省略）

eg When you need something in a formal party,do you know how to make a request.I request her to go alone.She requested permissionto film(拍攝)at the White House.I request that she(should)go alone.4.whom 誰，什么人(是who的賓格形式，只能作賓語，一般可以用who代替，當(dāng)介詞后的whom不能被who代替)

eg Do you know who/whom Mr.Black is talking to?

With whom will I practice the convation? 4.be polite to 對…禮貌（反義詞組：be impolite to）

eg You should be polite to the elderly.Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark.Section A

1.humorous adj 有幽默感的，滑稽有趣的

humour n 幽默(sense of humour 幽默感)eg We all like Mr.Steen’s class because of his humorous behavior.Keep the sense of humour,and just laugh at your mistakes.2.from time to time 有時(shí)=sometimes/at times eg Mr.Xu swam in the river nearby from time to time./at times.3.It has been +時(shí)間+since +從句

從…以來已是…的時(shí)間。其中it指代時(shí)間，since引導(dǎo)的從句用一般過去時(shí)

eg It’s been nearby 10 years since we parted in the West Point.4.Asian adj 亞洲的，亞洲人的 cn 亞洲人

European adj 歐洲的，歐洲人的cn 歐洲人

African

adj 非洲的,非洲人的cn 非洲人

eg Singapore is one of the richest Asian countries.Asians are different from Europeans in skin and eyes.During the trip, we met some Africans.5.deal with 處理，應(yīng)付（常與how連用，側(cè)重于解決問題，強(qiáng)調(diào)處理問題的方法）

deal n 交易

(eg This is a good deal)do with 處理（常與what連用，側(cè)重于對某物的利用）eg What have you done with the eggs? Have you found how to deal with the problem? 6.dare to do sth 敢做某事

eg Would you dare to ride an elephant? 7.not……anymore=no more 不再

eg The baby didn’t cry anymore.=The baby cried no more.8.be prepared to do sth 愿意做某事

be prepared for sth 準(zhǔn)備某事

eg Are you prepared to help him out? A large camera was prepared for the party.9.a(large/big/small…)number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+謂語動詞復(fù)數(shù)

the number of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+謂語動詞單數(shù)

eg A number of students in their class are from the countryside.The number of students in our school is over 2000.9.make it 辦成功，做到，趕到

eg We’ll make it if you hurry.10.dark n 黑暗，無光

adj 暗的，深色的

eg All the lights went out,and we were left in the dark.It is getting dark,let’s hurry.11.alone adj 單獨(dú)的，獨(dú)自的

adv 單獨(dú)地，獨(dú)自地(=by oneself)

lonely adj 孤獨(dú)的，寂寞的,偏僻的，荒涼的eg The old man lives alone,but he never feels lonely.The old man came from a lonely village.12.speech n 講話，發(fā)言，演講

make a speech on…做關(guān)于…的演講 give a speech 講演，講話

eg People still remember the speech Martain Luther King gave.13.in public 在公眾場合，當(dāng)眾，公開=in public place eg It’s rude to spit in public.14.be good at 擅長…..(長期情況下一直很好)be good in 在……表現(xiàn)出色（不一定在長期情況下一直很好）eg Alex is good at languages.Alex擅長語言。

It has been proved to be good in practice result.實(shí)踐效果良好。

15.get good scores in+科目

get good scores+考試/測試

16.used to 的肯定句：主語 +used to do sth

否定句：主語 +didn’t use(used not/usedn’t)to do sth

一般疑問句：Did +主語+use to do sth?

Yes,主語+did./No,主語+didn’t

特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+did+主語+use to do sth?

Section B

1.one（兩個(gè)中的）一個(gè)……the other另一個(gè)

one（三者或以上中的）一個(gè)……another另一個(gè) …some一些……others另一些（并非全部）…some一些……the others其余的全部

eg He has two sons.One is working in Urumqi,and the other is in Germany.Would you like another cup of tea? Young people may grow quickly in some ways and slowly in others.Some are reading,others are doing their homework.2.influence vt.影響，起作用（influence sb to do sth）

n 影響，作用（have an influence on 對……有影響

with the influence of 在……影響下）

eg LuXun’s works influenced morden Chinese literature.His frequent absence has a bad influence on other students,so I suggest a conversation with his parents.It poured with the influence of the typhoon..3.seldom adv.很少，不常（反義詞：often）

eg Jenny’s parents seldom collect her at school.4.cause v 引起……，導(dǎo)致，使發(fā)生，（給…）帶來，事遭遇

cause sth to/for sb 給某人帶來某事 cause sb to do sth 引起某人做事

eg His son used to cause a lot of trouble for his family.The drought caused the plants to die.5.be absent from 缺席

eg Liu Xiang was absent from many important events because his foot was hurt.6.fail to do sth 未能做……

not fail to do sth 從來不會忘記做…… eg Alison failed to finish working.Though she was hurrying,she didn’t fail to say “sorry”th the old man.7.make the decision to do sth=decide to do sth 決定做某事

eg He made a decision to study in England.8.advise doing sth 建議做某事

advise sb to do sth 建議某人做某事 advise sb on sth 建議某人某事 eg He advised learning early.I strongly advise you to take a plane.They often advises us on our work.9.in person 親自地，親身地

eg You’d better experience water slides in person.10.be there for sb 隨時(shí)樂于幫助（他人），隨叫隨到

eg When I have trouble with something,Mun is always there for me.11.take pride in 對……感到自豪

=be proud of 以……為驕傲

eg They take great pride in their daughter.Mr.Jameson was usually pround of his new car.12.remain 一直保持，仍然處于某種狀態(tài)（后+adj/n/Ving）

eg He remained silent all the time.This still remains a serious problem.She remains working at night.Unit 5 What are the shirts made of?

Section A

1.be made of 由……制成（看得出原材料）

be made from 由……制成（看不出原材料）eg Tables and chairs are made of wood/ Paper is made from wood.be made in 某物生產(chǎn)于某地 be made by 某物由某人制造 eg Is this watch made in China?

These kites were made by my grandpa.2.be known for=be famous for 以/因……聞名

be known as=be famous as 作為……出名 be known to 對……來說有名/為人所熟悉的 eg Li Yundi is known for his piano skills.Li Yundi is known as a pianist.He is known to the policeman because of his criminal record.3.by hand 通過人工或手工

in hand 現(xiàn)有，在手頭，在手中 eg be fed by hand Roses given,fragrance in hand.4.pack v 打包，裝箱

pack sb sth 為某人打包某物 pack up sth 打包某物

eg Mum is packing her kid fast food.Have you packed up all the things needed? 5.no matter 不論，不管（常與特殊疑問詞連用，構(gòu)成讓步狀語從句）

no matter what=whatever 無論什么 no matter who=whoever 不管誰 no matter where=wherever 無論哪里 no matter how=however 無論怎樣 6.product cn 產(chǎn)品，制品

product of ……出品

eg It is the product of Hongjinlong Cigarette Corporation.7.avoid vt 避免，回避

avoid doing sth 避免做某事

eg The traveler took a compass(指南針)with him to avoid taking wrong ways in the forest.8.experience cn 感受，經(jīng)歷

un 閱歷，經(jīng)驗(yàn)(后接in 或 of 表示某方面有經(jīng)驗(yàn))

vt 體驗(yàn)，有……經(jīng)驗(yàn)

eg The car accident was a terrible experience to him.She is a teacher with more than 20 years’ experience in teaching.Have you experienced real hunger? 9． traffic un 車輛，交通（heavy traffic 擁擠的交通）

eg

Heavy traffic is a common problem in big cities.9.accident cn 事故，意外事件(car/traffic accident 交通事故，車禍)

cn 意外(by accident 偶然，意外地)

eg Poor David was killed in a car accident.Grandma fell downstairs by accident.10.sometimes 有時(shí)

some times 幾次，幾倍 sometime 某時(shí)

some time 一段時(shí)間

11.allow to do sth 允許做某事

allow sb（not）to do sth（不）允許某人做某事 be（not）allowed to do sth（不）被允許做某事 eg She allows me to come in.I am allowed to come in by her.Section B

1.paint v（用顏料）畫，繪畫；（用油漆）刷

n 油漆，涂料，顏料

eg He likes painting picyures.Wear old clothes when you are painting.The door will need two more coats of paint.2.form cn 形式，類型

in the form of 以……形式出現(xiàn)

eg The road to the village is in the form of a big “S”.3.send out 送出，發(fā)出，放出

eg It’s important to send out messages in time.4.in trouble 有麻煩，處于困難之中

eg Help him or her when someone is in trouble.5.be covered with 被…覆蓋，長滿…，開滿…

eg The tree is covered with flowers now.He covered his knees with his coat.6.light vt 點(diǎn)燃，照亮

（light----lit----lit）

cn 燈，交通燈

un 光，光線

adj 輕的，淺色的，輕柔的，少量的eg A thunder(雷電)lit the forest.Turn on the light,please.Don’t read in too strong or too poor light.The box was light,you can carry it.7.scissors n 剪刀（常用復(fù)數(shù)形式）

a pair of scissors 一把剪刀

eg In that case,the scissors are more convenient.A pair of scissors is lying on the floor.8.fire v 焙，烘制/開火，開槍/解雇，解聘

n 火，爐火

eg It’ll be more delicious to fire potatoes,I suppose.He fired(his gun)at the animal.Tony was fired because of frequent absence(曠工).Make a fire

9.research un 研究，調(diào)查

research on/in/into/for……“……的研究”

eg She’s doing some research on students’daily life.Unit 6 When was it invented?

Section A

1.used to+V原形

過去常常做某事

be used to+Ving 習(xí)慣于，適應(yīng)于

be used to+V原形=be used for+Ving 被用于… be used as+n名詞

被用于… be used by+sb/sth 被……使用 eg I used to have short hair.I am used to drinking milk every morning.The machine is used to cut things =the machine is used for cutting things.English is used as a foreign language in China.The car is used by my uncle.2.pleasure un 愉快，高興

cn 快樂的事

My pleasure./With pleasure.愿意，樂意

It’s a pleasure.=A pleasure.=My pleasure.不客氣 3.by accident=by chance 偶然地

by accident of 靠……的運(yùn)氣

eg Columbus discovered America by accident.By accident of birth,he was rich.4.fall into=drop into 落入，陷入

eg The boy didn’t notice the pooland fell into it.5.smell v 聞起來，發(fā)出……的氣味

n 氣味

eg The flowers and grass in spring smell nice and pleasant.Some flowers have strong smells.6.taste v 品嘗，嘗起來

n 味覺

eg The fish tastes delicious.Her taste is keen.7.It’s believed that……人們相信……

It’s said that……據(jù)說……

It’s reported that……據(jù)報(bào)道…… It’s known that……眾所周知…… 8.in+the+序數(shù)詞+century 在……世紀(jì)

the 1840s=the 1840’s 19世紀(jì)40年代

eg The computer was invented in the twentieth century.9.until 直到……為止

not……until……直到……才……

eg He worked until 9 o’clock.他一直工作到9點(diǎn)。

He didn’t work until 9 o’clock.他九點(diǎn)才工作。

10.without doubt 毫無疑問，確實(shí)

no doubt 無疑地，很可能

eg China is without doubt one of the countries who own aircraft carriers.There’s no doubt that she’ll fly back to the USA.11.at a low price 價(jià)格的高低要用high/low，要用介詞at the price of…

……的價(jià)格

eg The price of the shoes is so high that I can’t afford them.12.translate……into……把…翻譯成…

LuXun’s works were translated into many different languages.13.被動語態(tài)

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：

肯定句/陳述句：主語+am/is/are+Ved(過去分詞)+其他+（by sb）.否定句：主語+am/is/are+not+Ved(過去分詞)+其他+（by sb）.一般疑問句：am/is/are+主語+Ved(過去分詞)+其他+（by sb）？ 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+ am/is/are+主語+Ved(過去分詞)+其他？ 過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：

肯定句/陳述句：主語+was/were+Ved(過去分詞)+其他+（by sb）.否定句：主語+was/were+not+Ved(過去分詞)+其他+（by sb）.一般疑問句：was/were+主語+Ved(過去分詞)+其他+（by sb）？ 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+ was/were+主語+Ved(過去分詞)+其他？ 情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)：

肯定句/陳述句：主語+情態(tài)動詞+be+Ved(過去分詞)+其他+（by sb）.否定句：主語+情態(tài)動詞+not+be +Ved(過去分詞)+其他+（by sb）.一般疑問句：情態(tài)動詞+主語+be+Ved(過去分詞)+其他+（by sb）？ 特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+情態(tài)動詞+主語+be +Ved(過去分詞)+其他？ 注意：

動詞的主動形式表示被動之意

1).系動詞無被動語態(tài)：以主動形式表示被動之意。常見的系動詞有： be動詞, look, seem, appear, feel, sound, smell, taste等

eg It smells terrible.2).下列動詞(詞組)沒有被動式： happen, take place, break out, belong to, cost, take

An accident happened yesterday.3).不及物動詞sell, wash, read, write, open, close, shut, lock, wear等，常用主動形式表示被動意義。

eg This book sells well.這本書暢銷。

The kind of cloth washes well.這種布很容易洗。

4).在英語口語中，有時(shí)可用“get+過去分詞”構(gòu)成被動語態(tài)。

eg I got dressed as quickly as l could.我盡快穿上衣服。

這樣結(jié)構(gòu)比較常見的搭配有：get arrested, get caught, get dressed, get drowned, get drunk, get lost, get married等。

Section B

1.fun un 有趣的活動或經(jīng)歷，樂趣

（good/great fun 很有趣，很愉快

have fun(in)doing sth=have fun with sth 做某事有趣）

adj 有趣的

funny adj 滑稽的，可笑的eg The Smiths are great fun.Did you have fun working with Brain,Jean?

Your son has a funny book.He is a fun person to be here.2.divide……into……把…分成…

eg Teachers usually divide their class into four groups.3.stop sb/sth from doing sth 阻止某人做某事/某事發(fā)生

stop doing sth 停止做某事 stop to do sth 停下來去做某事 can’t stop doing sth 忍不住做某事

eg We must stop the ship from going down.Please stop smoking.I am tired.Let’s stop to have a rest.I couldn’t stop laughing when I heard this.4.get…into…使…進(jìn)入或陷入…中

eg How can you get the insects into the tower? 4.not only……but also……不但…而且…

(連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí)，謂語動詞要與第二個(gè)主語保持一致)eg He not only named the rock,but also knew where it came from.Not only you but also he has been there before.5.encourage sb to do sth 鼓勵某人做某事

eg The teacher always encourages us to work hard.6.come up with 想出，提出

eg He came up with a new idea for increasing sales.Unit 7 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.Section A

1.smoke v 吸煙，冒煙

un 煙

eg Hey,guy!You mustn’t smoke here at the gas station.It’s dangerous.Don’t you believe that there is no smoke without fire.(無風(fēng)不起浪)2.sixteen-year-old 既可以做adj“16歲的”，也可以做n“16歲的孩子”

eg My pen pal is a sixteen-year-old boy.Sixteen-year-olds should be allowed to choose their own clothes.3.get ears pierced 穿耳洞

get/have+sth+動詞過去分詞

“叫/讓/請別人做某事” eg I’ll have to get my broken bike repaired.4.choose sb sth=choose sth for sb 為某人選某物

choose sb to do sth 推選某人做某事 choose+wh-從句

eg I’m choosing a pair of shoes for my mother.I’d like to choose Mary to go there with me.Our teacher will let us choose where we should have our picnic.5.否定轉(zhuǎn)移的五個(gè)常用詞：suppose猜想；imagine想象；believe相信；think認(rèn)為；expect期待。這幾個(gè)詞否定主句的謂語動詞，而從句用肯定 eg I don’t think he will come.I don’t suppose he has paid yet.I didn’t expect that you would come.6.wear v 穿著，戴著

eg He often wears a sweater.He should stop wearing that silly earring.6.give sb a hug=hug sb 擁抱某人

eg Dad gave me a hug when he heard that I had won the first prize.=Dad hugged me when he heard that I had won the first prize.(hug---hugged---hugged---hugging)7.lift vt 舉起，抬高（lift up）

n 電梯

eg The box is so heavy that I can’t lift it up.Take the lift to the ninth floor.8.talk back/shout back 回嘴，頂嘴

eg It’s impolite to talk back to your parents.9.regret doing sth 后悔做過某事（V）(regret—regretted—regretted—regretting)regret(not)doing sth 后悔沒做過某事 regret to do sth 對要做的事遺憾（未做）to one’s regret 我感到遺憾的是（n）

eg He regretted spending so much on a car like that.I regret to have to do this,but I have no choice.Much to my regret,I’m unable to attend your wedding party.10.keep……(away)from……遠(yuǎn)離……

eg We must keep ourselves away from drugs.11.chance cn 機(jī)會，機(jī)遇

take the chance 抓住機(jī)會 miss a chance 錯(cuò)過機(jī)會

have a chance to do sth 有機(jī)會做某事

by chance=by accident 偶然地，無意之中地

eg You must take the chance to learn a lot when you’re young.The 30th Olympics will be held in London this summer.How I wish to have a chance to watch the games.I met Jim by chance yesterday.12.educate sb(not)to do sth 教育某人做某事

educate sb about sth 教育某人關(guān)于某事

eg The teacher educates the students not to swim in the river alone.12.manage vt 完成，應(yīng)付，管理

manager n 經(jīng)理

eg David managed to pass the driving test.His father is a manager.Section B

1.get in the way of 擋道，妨礙

eg Don’t play computer gamesso much.It will get in the way of your studies.2.against prep 反對，迎著，頂著，與….對比，緊靠，以…為背景

eg I’m against doing anything until the police arrive here.3.enter vt 進(jìn)來，進(jìn)去=come or go into(enter不與into連用)eg He entered the sitting room quietly.4.make a choice 做選擇

eg You have to make the choice of where to spend the vacation,Jeff.5.Only then will I have a chance to chieve my dream.這是一個(gè)倒裝句，助動詞will置于主語I前面。

Only+狀語+系動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞+主語+謂語+其他 eg Only tomorrow will we visit the museum.Only in the park did we see this kind of flower.6.be strict with sb 對某人要求嚴(yán)格

be stricy in sth 對某事要求嚴(yán)格 eg Is your mother strict with you? He is always strict in his work.7.be serious about sth/doing sth 對（做）某事認(rèn)真

eg He was serious about the matter.I was serious about thinking about this problem.8.end up with 以什么結(jié)束

end up as 作為什么的結(jié)束 end up in 結(jié)束于什么

end up for 因?yàn)槭裁炊Y(jié)束

eg The meeting ended up with a song.(a song是主語The meeting 的一部分，即歌曲之后整個(gè)會議結(jié)束).Their effort ended up in failure(failure是主語Their effort 的結(jié)果).He ended up as head of the firm.8.have nothing against doing sth 不反對做某事

eg I have nothing against singing loudly.Unit 8 It must belong to Carla.Section A

1.whose 誰的（用于詢問物品所屬關(guān)系）

eg Whose iPhone 5S is this? I’m not sure.2.belong to 屬于

（后接名詞或賓格代詞）

（belong to 沒有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)，也沒有被動語態(tài)）eg The new pen belongs to me.The honor belongs to Tom.3.happen 發(fā)生

（一般強(qiáng)調(diào)事情發(fā)生的偶然性，不用于被動語態(tài)）

take place 發(fā)生

（表示事先安排或有準(zhǔn)備的“發(fā)生”）eg The sports meeting took place in our school last week.If anything happens to the machine,please let me know.4.sound(泛指人能聽到的任何聲音)voice（指人說話或唱歌的聲音，即嗓音）noise(指難聽的聲音或動物發(fā)出的聲音)eg What a beautiful voice she has!The letter “b” makes no sound in the word “climb”.Don’t make any noise in classd.5.there must be 一定有

eg There must be a way to solve the problem.6.情態(tài)動詞中的must,can,could,may,might都可表推測。其中must的可能性最大,can/could次之,may/might最小。

Section B

1.must,could,might,can’t后用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示對現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作或說話瞬間或現(xiàn)價(jià)段的情況的推測。

eg He might/could be playing basketball now.2.express vt 表示，表達(dá) expression n 表達(dá)方式

eg Everyone expressed his or her opinion at the meeting.It’s a idiomatic expression in English.3.mystery cn 謎，神秘的事情

eg Walk outside to research the mysteries of nature.4.raise vt 提高（強(qiáng)調(diào)把某物從低處抬到較高處，也可以用于提高工資，地位，價(jià)值等）rise上升，升高（表示人或物自身由低移向高處，常用于日月云霧，河水，價(jià)格等上升或上漲）

eg The boss raised his salary.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.5.purpose cn 目的，目標(biāo)，作用

for……purpose 為了……目的 on purpose 故意地

6.prevent vt 阻止，阻撓

prevent…from 阻止做某事

eg I had to think of a way to prevent him from following me around all morning.7.honor v 尊重，表示敬意 n 榮譽(yù)，榮幸

in the honor of 紀(jì)念… honor sb 尊重某人

be honored with 被授予…

eg We should honor our teachers.A pavilion is built in the honor of QuYuan.At the end of the year,she was honored with the title “Advanced Worker”.8.a period of 一段時(shí)間

The Smiths have stayed in Guilin for a period of time.Unit 9 I like music that I can dance to.Section A

1.prefer=like…better 更喜歡

(prefer---preferring---preferred---preferred)prefer sb/sth 更喜歡某人/某事 prefer sb to do sth 更想某人做某事

prefer doing sth to doing sth 比起……更喜歡……/喜歡……勝過…… eg I prefer juice./I prefer her.I prefer you to drive,if you don’t mind.I prefer swimming to skating.2.along with 連同……一起=together with eg He came along with some friends.I sent the books along with the other things.3.suppose 認(rèn)為，猜想，想像=think

suppose +that從句

suppose sb to be

be supposed to

eg Do you suppose that we’ll go for a walk after supper?I suppose not.It’s going to rain.We all suppose Jenny to be an excellent singer.Bin Laden was supposed to be shot in the air assault.4.spare adj 空閑=free

剩下，不用

in one’s spare time 在某人空閑的時(shí)間里

eg What do you usually do in your spare time? 5.in that case 既然那樣，即使那樣的話

eg Sorry, there’s no tea now.Well,in that case,I’ll have coffee.6.stick to 堅(jiān)持，固守

eg Stick to your dream, and it may come true someday.7.down adj 悲哀的，沮喪的

let……down 使……沮喪

eg Recently Rita has been feeling down.Sam worked hard,because he didn’t want to let his boss down.8.cheer up 使振奮，使高興起來

eg Tommy was sad,but he cheered up the next day.9.provide sth for sb 給某人提供某物=provide sb with sth eg The government should provide enough money for school.=The government should provide school with enough money.10.plenty of =a lot of =lots of 大量的，充足的，許多的(即可修飾可數(shù)名詞，也可修飾不可數(shù)名詞)eg There’s plenty of rain in my country.They had plentyof exercisesto do.11.shut off 關(guān)閉，停止運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)

eg Nobody is in the hall.Shut off the fans.The washing machine shuts off every 5 minutes.12.sit back 輕松地坐在椅子上

eg Mum does the colors while dad sits back,watching TV.13.save v 拯救，節(jié)約，儲蓄

save one’s life 救某人年的命

save sb sth 為某人節(jié)省某物或?yàn)槟橙吮Ａ裟澄?save sb from doing sth 免得某人去做某事 save sth for…把某物保存留作…用

eg Millions of lives can be saved if the medicine for AIDS is discovered.Traveling by air will save us at least 2 days.A good command of spoken English saved me from finding an interpreter everywhere.You’d better save some for later.14.once in a while 偶爾地，時(shí)而，間或

eg Since then we’ve never seen each other,but once in a while we write letters.15.定語從句：在復(fù)合句中，修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句叫做定語從句。

定語從句的關(guān)系代詞 who, that, which等和關(guān)系副詞 where, when, why 等.(1)who 和 that 都可指人，在從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。eg

The students who/that do not study hard will not pass the exam.(做主語)

The boy(who/that)we saw yesterday is John’s brother.（做賓語）

(2)which 和 that 都可指物，在從句中作主語或賓語。作賓語時(shí)，可省略。eg The cat which/that is under the chair is called Mimi.(作主語)The story(which/that)he told us is very interesting.（作賓語）

（3）whose 是who的所有格，可指人亦可指物，在從句中作定語，不能省略。

eg This is a house whose door faces the north.(作定語)(4)when 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，通常修飾表示時(shí)間的名詞，when 在從句中作時(shí)間狀語。eg This is the time when he arrived.（作時(shí)間狀語）

(5)where 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，通常修飾表示地點(diǎn)的名詞，where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。eg This is the room where I was born.（作地點(diǎn)狀語）

(6)why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，通常修飾表示原因的名詞，why 在從句中作原因狀語。eg Can you tell usthe reason why you won’t go there?(作原因狀語)只用that引導(dǎo)的定語從句有：

(1)先行詞是不定代詞all, everything, nothing, anything, much, little, few等時(shí)。eg Is there anything(that)you don’t know?(2)先行詞被all, every, any, no, little, much等修飾時(shí)。eg I want to read all the books that were written by LuXun.(3)先行詞被序數(shù)詞及形容詞最高級修飾時(shí)。

eg This is the second book(that)I borrowed from the school library.(4)先行詞被the only, the very, the last, the same修飾時(shí)。eg This is the last thing that I want to do.(5)主句是以who, what, which開頭的特殊疑問詞時(shí)。eg Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat? 定語從句補(bǔ)充

關(guān)系詞只用which不用that的情況： 1.關(guān)系代詞前有介詞時(shí)

This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.2.非限定性定語從句中

That ring, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday.3.先行詞本身是that時(shí)

What’s that which is under the sofa? 關(guān)系副詞when、where、why的用法

當(dāng)主句中的先行詞是表示時(shí)間/地點(diǎn)/原因的名詞時(shí)，它只能作定語從句的時(shí)間狀語/地點(diǎn)狀語/原因狀語，關(guān)系副詞when/where/why放在定語從句句首。如果定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞是作該定語從句的主語或賓語，則要改用關(guān)系代詞that或which來引導(dǎo)。I'll never forget the day when I was born.The day(that/which)I always remember in all my life is my birthday.The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.(地點(diǎn)狀語)That is the factory(that/which)they visited last month.（賓語）He works in a factory that /which makes radio parts.（主語）That’s the reason that/which he explained to us.That’s the reason why she left home.Section B

1.sense vt 感覺到，意識到，后常+that從句

cn（對物體的）感覺

have the sense that

cn 意識

come to one’s senses 恢復(fù)理智，醒悟過來

bring sb to one’s sense 使某人恢復(fù)理智或醒悟過來

eg Durling the talk,I had the sense that he was just pretending.Kevin came to his senses half an hour later.2.pain n（肉體上的）疼痛，痛苦，苦惱

in pain 痛苦

a sharp pain 劇烈的疼痛 a dull pain 隱痛

eg Doctor.I have a pain in my arm.Take this medicine the moment you’re in pain.3.amazing adj 了不起的，令人詫異的

amazed adj 感到驚奇的，覺得詫異的

eg Can I have a look at your amazing bargain? I was not amazed at his visit last week.4.pity cn 可惜的事，遺憾的事

常用于“it’s a pity 可惜”和“what a pity 真可惜”

eg It's a pity that grandma missed the get-together.pity un 遺憾，憐憫

pity for sb 憐憫某人

eg I feel no pity for him at all.pity vt 同情，憐憫

pity sb 同情/憐憫某人

eg Everyone here pities Susan who has to bring up all the five kids by herself.4.in total 總共

a total of 總共……

eg There are 17 students dropping out of school in total.This month we’ve got a total of $500000.5.praise sb for sth 表揚(yáng)某人某事

eg The headmaster praised Tommy for his bravery.6.recall vt 回憶起，回想起

recall doing sth 回想起做某事 eg I can’t recall losing anything.Unit 10 You’re supposed to shake hands.Section A

1.bow vi

鞠躬

bow low 深鞠躬

bow one’s thanks 鞠躬致謝

bow down 鞠躬

2.where I’m from=in/at/to+the place+where+定語從句

eg Where there’s a will,there’s a way.3.be relaxed about 對……寬松（隨意）

eg Our boss was relaxed about the attendance.4.drop by 順便造訪，偶然訪問

eg We dropped by the factory.5.as……as sb can=as……as possible 盡可能……

You’re have to drive as carefully as you can.6.the capital of ……的首都

eg Beijing is the capital of China.7.after all 畢竟，終究，到底（可放于句首，也可放于句末）

eg Mary didn’t pass the exam,but after all, she had done her best.8.get mad at/with sb 生某人的氣

eg Mum got mad at me when I got home at around midnight as usual.9.make an effort to do sth 努力/作出努力做某事

eg Before the party, Betty made an effort to plan everything well.10.clean off 把……從……擦去

eg The boss required us to clean the pictures and drawings off the gate wall.11.take off 脫下

（反義詞組：put on）

起飛

（反義詞組：land）

eg In Japan,it’s polite to take off your shoes before entering the room.By the time the police went there,the UFO had taken off.12.be worth doing sth 值得做某事

eg The movie is so wonderful that it is worth watching a second time.Section B

1.empty adj 空的（反義詞：full）

be empty of

v

排空，倒空（反義詞：fill）

empty sth into 將某物全部倒入…… 2.hit sb+on/in/by+the+身體部位

打/抓某人的……

eg John hit him on the nose.2.point at 近指

point to 遠(yuǎn)指

eg The robber pointed his pistol at Kate.She pointed to the house on the corner and said ,”That’s where I live.”

3.at the table 在餐桌旁

at table 在吃飯

eg At the table is a Christmas tree.The Blacks are at table.4.exchange sth 交換某物

in exchange of 交換

eg We exchanged our opinions about the game before the meeting.Lily gave me some sweets in exchange of a bottle of juice.5.go out of one’s way to do sth=try to do srh 特地做某事，想盡辦法做某事

eg They went out of their way to help her.6.feel……at home 隨便，自由自在（有時(shí)可換成be at home）

eg She always feels at home in her friend’s house.7.except 除了，除去（表示從整體中除去一部分）

expect for 除了，除去（表示除去的部分與前文或后文提到的部分不屬于同一類）besides 除了……以外（還有）

eg Everyone rests on weekends expect the guard.(保安和大家屬于同一類)His composition is really great except for a few spelling mistakes.（除去的mistake與前文提到的composition不屬于同一類）

The students went to the aquarium besides the teachers.8.get used to doing sth=be used to doing sth 習(xí)慣于/適應(yīng)于做某事

eg Did you get used to sleeping late,Jimmy? 9.suggest=advise v 建議

suggestion cn 建議 advice un 建議

suggest doing sth 建議做某事=make a suggestion to do sth suggest sb for……推薦某人做某事 eg He suggested travelling on a train.10.show up 出席，露面

eg Most of the people invited didn’t show up.Unit 11 Sad movies make me cry.Section A

1.would rather(not)+V原形

（不）寧可/愿……

would rather do……than do……寧愿……而不愿意…… =prefer to do……rather than do…… eg He’d rather stay at home.He’d rather not get a lamp on the Internet.The old man would rather walk there than take a bus.=The old preferred to walk there rather than take a bus.2.drive sb +adj(crazy/mad)迫使某人….(強(qiáng)調(diào)一個(gè)逼迫性)drive sb to do sth 迫使某人做某事 drive sb to sw 開車送某人去某地

eg What you’ve done at school nearly drives your parents crazy.It was her pride that drove her to attend the party.It's getting dark/Let me drive you home.3.the +比較級……the+比較級……越……,就越……

more and more……越來越…… eg The more,the better.Our hometown is getting more and more beautiful.4.leave out 忽略，忽視，冷落

be/feel left out 被忽略/被忽視

eg A munber of children feel left out at home.5.call in 叫來，招來

6.neither……nor……既不…也不…(謂語動詞根據(jù)就近原則)eg Neither you nor I am mad either…or…/not only…but also…（適用于就近原則）7.power un 權(quán)力，力量

in power 執(zhí)政 lose power 下臺

take power 取得權(quán)利 8.wealth un 財(cái)富，財(cái)產(chǎn)

wealthy adj 富有的。富裕的=rich 9.it’s true that+從句的確，誠然……

eg It's true that I’m running out of money.10.to start with 首先，第一

=at first start with 以……開始

eg To start with,he is just a child.His illness started with a high fever.11.make +賓語+adj 使…處于某種狀態(tài)

make+賓語+do sth 使…做某事（被動式：be made to do sth）make +賓語+過去分詞

使…怎么樣 make +賓語+n 使…成為…

make +it +adj+that從句

讓…怎么樣 eg Rainy days make me sad.Sad music makes me want to leave.I just couldn’t make myself understand while talking to a foreigner.If someone came to set me free,I would make him king over the earth.I want to make it clear that it’s not a waste of time.Section B

1.search for 搜尋，搜索(v)=in search of(n)eg The neighborhood search for the cat burglar.= The neighborhood are in search of the cat burglar.2.weight un 重量，分量

weigh v 稱…..的重量 lose weight 減少體重 put on weight 增加體重

watch one’s weight 注意體重

under the weight of 在……的重壓下

3.whole 所有的（強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，后接單數(shù)名詞，與冠詞the搭配為the whole）

all 所有的，全部的（強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)體，后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞或不可數(shù)名詞，與冠詞the搭配為all the）eg the whole country/the whole of China all the time/all my friends 4.let……down=disappoint 使失望

let……in/out 讓……進(jìn)入/出去

eg I haven’t done it well.I’ve let you down.5.kick……off 開除

kick off 開球/(會議等)開始

eg The boss won’t kick you off the company if you don’t mean to do that.When did the soccer game kick off,Mike? Be quick!Our class meeting will kick off at 3 o’clock.6.courage un 勇氣，膽量

take courage 需要勇氣

7.rather than=instead of 而不是（常接兩個(gè)人并列的成分，若連接的是兩個(gè)介詞時(shí)，即使介詞相同，rather than后面的介詞也不能省略）

eg I like going out with you rather than with your sister.8.pull together 齊心協(xié)力 eg Soccer is teamwork,so we need to pull together.9.relief un 減輕，解脫，欣慰（to one’s relief 使…感到欣慰）

relieve v 減輕，消除，使…寬慰（be relieved to do sth 做某事感到欣慰）eg To our relief,all the pandas survived the earthquake.They were relieved to hear the news.10.in agreement 同意地

be in agreement with 和….意見一致

eg They were all in agreement with what I said.11.offer sb sth=offer sth to sb 給某人提供某物

= provide sb with sth=provide sth for sb eg The company IBM offered him a good job with good salaries.ofer to do sth 主動做某事

eg My roommate offered to help me wash my sheet.Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected.Section A

1.by the time=before 在……之前

eg By the time I got to the station,the train had already gone.2.go off 發(fā)出響聲，離開，消失

eg Any bells go off? 3.rush out 快速跑出，沖出

eg We rushed out to see what’s happening.4.give……a lift=give……a ride 捎……一程

eg My car runs out of gas,could you give me a lift? 5.be about to 即將，馬上

eg Hurry up!The train is about to leave.6.block n 街區(qū)/木塊，一大塊

eg Could you show us around the block? Just put a block of ice in the pool.7.stare vi 盯著看，凝視（常用于搭配stare at）

eg Caroline stared at the moving creature breathlessly.8.disbelief un 不信，懷疑（常用于in disbelief 不相信地，懷疑地）

disbelieve v 不相信，懷疑

eg Andrew looked over the pack in disbelief.There is no need to disbelieve her.9.above 在……上（不接觸，不垂直）

on 在……上面（接觸）

over 在……上（不接觸，垂直）10．過去完成時(shí)

肯定句：主語+ had+Ved(過去分詞)+其他

否定句：主語+ had +not+Ved(過去分詞)+其他 一般疑問句：Had+主語+Ved(過去分詞)+其他?

Yes,主語+had./No,主語+hadn’t.Section B

1.get dressed=be dressed 給……穿衣（后接人而不是物）

常構(gòu)成短語dress sb 或dress sb in+衣服或顏色 eg He couldn’t dress himself when he was 5.Mum usually dressed her twin sons in the same color.2.costume un 服裝，戲裝，裝束

a costume party 化裝舞會

eg That man is a costume designer.She is in costume in the picture.3.embarrassed adj 窘迫的，害羞的，尷尬的

be embarrassed about 對……感到尷尬 embarrassing 令人為難的，令人尷尬的 eg I’m embarrassed about what to say.That’s an embarrassing moment.4.sell out 賣完，售完

常用于被動結(jié)構(gòu)be sold out eg The tickets for the stars concert were sold out within 2 days.5.discovery cn 發(fā)現(xiàn)，發(fā)覺（尤指重大發(fā)現(xiàn)或第一次發(fā)現(xiàn)），常用于make a discovery discover v 發(fā)現(xiàn)

eg Which of the following discoveries do you think is the most unexpected? The police discovered that Deng’s son was taking drugs.6.ending cn 結(jié)局（指時(shí)間結(jié)束，動作末尾或位置末端）

end n/v 結(jié)尾/結(jié)局（指故事，小說，電影，戲劇等的結(jié)尾，結(jié)局）eg The film has a happy ending.That was not the end of the story.7.announce v 發(fā)表，宣告（尤指新聞之類的消息）

announce sth to sb

eg It was announced that there would be a party on Saturday evening.Jim announced to us his encouragement to Kate.8.fool v 愚弄，欺騙（fool sb into doing sth 哄騙某人做某事）

n 愚人，傻瓜（make a fool of…愚弄…）

eg He fooled me into going with him.What a fool I was to believe what he said!9.disappear vi 消失，不見（反義詞：appear）

disappearance n 消失

eg All the flowers disappeared overnight.The boss’ disappearance was a great worry.10.keep doing sth 一直做某事，繼續(xù)做某事

keep in doing sth 不斷地做某事

keep(sb/sth)+adj 使某人/某物處于某種狀態(tài) keep…from doing sth 阻止做某事 eg My dog keeps bring home something,such as old shoes,tooth brushes and even toys.They kept the fire(in)burning the whole night.It’s first thing to keep warm.Hey,guys!Keep the room clean and tidy.Be careful!Keep the glass from falling to the ground.Unit 13 We’re trying to save the earth.Section A

1.at the bottom of 在…底部（反義詞組：at the top of）2.litter un 垃圾，廢棄物=rubbish/trash

v 亂扔，亂丟

eg Put them into the litter basket.Don’t litter the ground with paper.3.turn…into…把…變成…=change…into…

eg We can turn water into ice when it is cold enough.4.it/sth cost(s)+(sb)+錢

it/sth take(s)+時(shí)間+(to do sth)sb pay(s)+(sb)+錢+for sth/pay for sth(賠償某物 sb spend(s)+時(shí)間/錢+on sth/(in)doing sth eg The English dictionary costs me more than 100 yuan.It took me about 10 minutes to get to the bus stop.You’ll have to pay for the library book if you lose.Hoe long have you spent in learning to ride a bike? 5.make a difference 起作用，有影響

make a big difference=make all the difference 有很大的影響、使…大不一樣 make no difference 沒有影響、對…無所謂 6.be cruel to…對…殘忍

eg We must be cruel to enemies but friendly to friends.7.be harmful to 對…有害

eg Smoking is harmful to our health.8.industry un 工業(yè)，行業(yè)（泛指一個(gè)地區(qū)的工業(yè)）

cn 工廠企業(yè)，生產(chǎn)行業(yè)

eg Industry is preferentially developed in this country.A large number of high-tech industries are springing up in China.9.take part in 參加=play a part in（后接運(yùn)動、比賽、演講等表示一群人的活動，并在活動中負(fù)有責(zé)任）

eg Class Three all want to take part in the sports meeting.9.afford v 負(fù)擔(dān)得起、買得起、抽出（常與can/be able to連用）

afford sth /afford to do sth eg I can’t afford the house.Can you afford to go out for a picnic this week.10.turn off 關(guān)閉（常指關(guān)閉電器，水龍頭，煤氣等）反義詞組：turn on

Section B

1.throw away 扔掉，拋棄

eg Don’t throw away napkins everywhere.2.put sth to good use 好好利用，充分利用

eg I love to read,so I want to work in the after-school care center.I can put my love to good use by helping young children to read.3.hear of=hear about 聽說

hear from 收到……來信

eg I don’t know YuDan,but I have heard of her.She hasn’t heard from her mother for a long time.4.build…out of 用……材料建造……

eg What did they build it out of? 5.pull down 拆除，推到

eg There is nothing to be done with the building but pull it down.6.upside down 上下顛倒，倒轉(zhuǎn)，倒置

eg He put a pot upside down and asked us to guess what’s in it.7.be an inspiration to sb 對某人是一個(gè)鼓舞

eg LeiFeng’s short lfe is an inspiration to people.8.us all 我們大家（all作us的同位語）

eg This is Mr.Li,premier of our country.They can leave it to you three.Happy New Year to you all!9.set up 創(chuàng)建，創(chuàng)辦

eg They’ve set up an afterschool volunteer center.10.bring back 恢復(fù)，使人想起，歸還

eg They’ll bring back physical test in NMT.The TV play always brings back my old days in the hometown.I’d like you to bring it back for you.11.creativity un 創(chuàng)造力，獨(dú)創(chuàng)性

eg Don’t you think some of the world’s wonders were the result of ancient people’s creativity.create v 創(chuàng)造---creative adj 有創(chuàng)意的---creation n 創(chuàng)造---creativity n 創(chuàng)造力

Unit 14 I remember meeting all of you in

Grade 7.Section A

1.standard cn 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，水平

meet/reach a standard 達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

above/below standard 高于/低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

2.in a row 連續(xù)地，一連幾次地/成一排或行

eg Poor Danny,his house has heen broken in a row.The children put the chairs in a row.3.instruction cn 致使，命令，說明（常用復(fù)數(shù)形式）

eg We’ve got the instructions that no one is allowed to enter the campus.Did you follow the instructions,sir? 4.put in 投入

eg More money must be put in if you want it to be finished ahead of time.5.make a mess 弄得一團(tuán)糟，把……搞得一塌糊涂

eg Don’t make a mess in my bedroom,kids.6.graduate vi 畢業(yè)，獲得學(xué)位（常用短語：graduate from）

cn（大學(xué)）畢業(yè)生

graduation un 畢業(yè)

eg She graduated from Cambridge University, a well-known university.The government should create more opportunities to work for graduates，Helen’s worked as an artchitect since graduation.7.keep one’s cool 沉住氣，保持冷靜

eg There’s only 5 minutes left,keep your cool.Section B

1.believe in 相信……存在，信賴

eg People need a government to believe in.2.congratulate vt 祝賀

congratulate sb on/upon sth 因某事向某人祝賀 congratulation n 祝賀

eg We congratulate you on successfully launching Shenzhou X spaceship.3.be thirsty for 渴望，渴求 4.5.6.7.8.9.eg The soccer team is really thirsty for the victory.consider doing sth 考慮做某事

eg She was considering moving to a large city.be thankful to 感激，感謝

eg I’d like to be thankful to all the people who lent me a hand.ahead of 在…前面（常用短語：ahead of time 提前）eg There are 8 people ahead of me.Can you tell me something about it ahead of time.be responsible for 對….負(fù)責(zé)任

eg The police said that Mr.Chen was responsible for the car accident.separate from 從…分離，分開 separate…from…

把…和…分開

divide…into…

把…分成…(強(qiáng)調(diào)把整體分成若干部分)eg We simply will not tolerate that Taiwan separates from our country.Charlie,would you separate your books from mine? Use a knife,divide the apple into parts.set out 動身，啟程，出發(fā)

set out for=set off for=leave for 啟程去…… set out to fo sth 開始做、著手做…

eg We packed our things and set out for the village.He set out to repair the TV set himself.