第一篇：英語語言學概論大綱（大全）

一、課程性質及其設置目的與要求

（一）課程性質和特點

《英語語言學概論》課程是我省高等教育自學考試英語專業（本科段）的一門重要的專業理論課程，其任務是培養應考者系統地學習英語語言學的基本知識，掌握語言系統內部語言學各分支之間的關系和各分支的重要概念和基本理論，了解語言學在其它學科領域的應用，熟悉現代語言學重要的流派及其代表人物；通過該課程的學習，考生可以從不同的角度了解語言（的性質），了解語言學習和語言教學，為日后進一步學習語言學、從事語言教學實踐和語言學研究打下扎實基礎。本課程的特點是：專業術語多，概念多，內容抽象，所以，考生最好在學習本課程之前先學習提高語言讀寫能力的課程，如高級英語、泛讀

（三）、寫作等，這樣可以減少語言障礙，有利于學好語言學的理論知識。

（二）本課程的基本要求

本課程共分為本書共分四編，計十三章。第一編（一至二章）介紹了語言和語言學；第二編（三至八章）介紹了語言學的主要分支 — 語音學、音位學、形態學、句法學、語義學和語用學；第三編（九至十二章）為跨學科領域與應用 — 話語分析、社會語言學、心理語言學，以及語言學理論與外語教學；第四編（十三章）介紹了現代語言學流派。通過對本書的學習，要求應考者對英語語言學有一個全面和正確的了解。具體應達到以下要求：

1、掌握語言的性質、功能，以及語言學的研究范圍、語言學的分支和重要的語言學概念；

2、掌握語言系統內部語言學各分支之間的關系和各分支的重要概念和基本理論；

3、了解語言學在其它學科領域的應用；

4、熟悉現代語言學重要的流派及其代表人物。

（三）本課程與相關課程的聯系

英語語言學概論是一門基礎理論課程，其含蓋范圍很廣，既涉及語言系統內部的語音學、音位學、形態學、句法學、語義學和語用學，又涉及許多交叉學科，如話語分析、社會語言學、心理語言學、應用語用學（包括語言學理論與外語教學），以及本教程未涉及的神經認知語言學、計算機語言學、人工智能與機器翻譯等。語言學的進一步研究甚至會涉及到哲學、邏輯學等領域。

在自考課程中，詞匯學與語言學關系最為密切，詞匯學的許多概念、理論和研究方法都來源于語言學。高級英語、泛讀

（三）、寫作、翻譯等課程則是學好語言學的基礎。文學與語言學并非對立的關系，這兩個領域的研究方法可以互相補充、互相借鑒，日后無論從事語言學還是文學研究，這兩個領域都必須同時涉獵。

二、課程內容與考核目標

第一章

語言

（一）課程內容

本章簡要介紹了語言的定義、性質和功能。

（二）學習要求

了解語言的定義、性質和功能。

（三）考核知識點和考核要求

1、領會：語言的功能；

2、掌握：語言的定義和性質。

第二章

語言學

（一）課程內容

本章介紹了語言學的研究范圍、語言學研究的科學程序、語言學的分支和幾組重要的區別性概念。

（二）學習要求 通過本章的學習，要求了解語言學的研究范圍和語言學研究的科學程序，深刻理解并掌握語言學的分支（語音學、音位學、形態學、句法學、語義學和語用學）的研究對象，掌握語言與言語、語言能力與語言運用、共時與歷時、言語與書面語、語言行為潛勢與實際語言行為、橫組合與縱聚合、言語交際與非言語交際、傳統語法與現代語言學等區別性概念。

（三）考核知識點和考核要求

1、掌握：語言學的研究范圍，語言學研究的科學程序，語言學的分支（語音學、音位學、形態學、句法學、語義學和語用學）的研究對象。

2、熟練掌握：語言與言語、語言能力與語言運用、共時與歷時、言語與書面語、語言行為潛勢與實際語言行為、橫組合與縱聚合、言語交際與非言語交際、傳統語法與現代語言學等區別性概念。

第三章

語音學

（一）課程內容

本章介紹了語音學及其分支的定義、發音器官的名稱和位置、英語輔音和元音的描述與分類、協同發音與國際語音表以及語音特征。

（二）學習要求

理解并掌握語音學及其分支的定義、發音器官的名稱和位置、英語輔音和元音的描述與分類、協同發音與國際語音表以及語音特征。

（三）考核知識點和考核要求

1、領會：發音器官的名稱和位置、協同發音與國際語音表。

2、掌握：語音學及其分支的定義。

3、熟練掌握：英語輔音和元音的描述與分類以及語音特征。

第四章

音位學

（一）課程內容

本章介紹了語音學和音位學的區別、音位學的重要概念（音位、音子、音位變體、最小對立體、分布類型等）、鑒別音位的原則、區別性特征、音位規則、超切分特征、嚴式音標和寬式音標等。

（二）學習要求 通過本章的學習，了解并掌握語音學和音位學的區別、音位學的重要概念（音位、音子、音位變體、最小對立體、分布類型等）、鑒別音位的原則、區別性特征、音位規則、超切分特征、嚴式音標和寬式音標等。

（三）考核知識點和考核要求

1、領會：語音學和音位學的區別。

2、掌握：鑒別音位的原則、區別性特征、音位規則、超切分特征、嚴式音標和寬式音標等。

3、熟練掌握：音位學的重要概念（音位、音子、音位變體、最小對立體、分布類型等）。

第五章

形態學

（一）課程內容

本章介紹了形態學的研究范圍、語素的定義、幾組重要概念之間的關系或區別（包括詞根、詞綴、自由語素和粘著語素之間，前綴、后綴和中綴之間，屈折詞綴和派生詞綴之間，詞根、詞干和詞基之間，語素、語子和語素變體之間，空語子和零語子之間）、直接成分分析、以及構詞法。

（二）學習要求

通過本章的學習，了解并掌握形態學的研究范圍、語素的定義、幾組重要概念之間的關系或區別（包括詞根、詞綴、自由語素和粘著語素之間，前綴、后綴和中綴之間，屈折詞綴和派生詞綴之間，詞根、詞干和詞基之間，語素、語子和語素變體之間，空語子和零語子之間）、直接成分分析、以及構詞法。

（三）考核知識點和考核要求

1、領會：形態學的研究范圍。

2、掌握：語素的定義以及幾組重要概念之間的關系或區別（包括詞根、詞綴、自由語素和粘著語素之間，前綴、后綴和中綴之間，屈折詞綴和派生詞綴之間，詞根、詞干和詞基之間，語素、語子和語素變體之間，空語子和零語子之間）。

3、熟練掌握：直接成分分析方法以及構詞法。

第六章

句法學

（一）課程內容

本章介紹了句法學的定義、語法與詞法和句法之間的聯系、三種句法關系（橫組合關系、縱聚合關系、等級關系）、分析句法關系的幾種方法（直接成分分析、標記法直接成分分析、短語標記法、方括標記法）、成分關系與依存關系的區別、表層結構與深層結構的區別、生成句子深層結構的短語結構規則、將深層結構轉化為表層結構的轉化規則、以及結構歧義現象。

（二）學習要求 通過本章的學習，了解并掌握句法學的定義、語法與詞法和句法之間的聯系、三種句法關系（橫組合關系、縱聚合關系、等級關系）、分析句法關系的幾種方法（直接成分分析、標記法直接成分分析、短語標記法、方括標記法）、成分關系與依存關系的區別、表層結構與深層結構的區別、生成句子深層結構的短語結構規則、將深層結構轉化為表層結構的轉化規則、以及結構歧義現象。

（三）考核知識點和考核要求

1、領會：句法學的定義、成分關系與依存關系的區別、以及結構歧義現象。

2、熟練掌握：語法與詞法和句法之間的聯系、三種句法關系（橫組合關系、縱聚合關系、等級關系）、分析句法關系的幾種方法（直接成分分析、標記法直接成分分析、短語標記法、方括標記法）、表層結構與深層結構的區別、生成句子深層結構的短語結構規則、以及將深層結構轉化為表層結構的轉化規則。

第七章

語義學

（一）課程內容

本章介紹了語義學的定義、語義學的分支、有關意義的理論、語義學的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）、意義的類型、意義的要素、成分分析理論、語義場理論、詞匯關系、決定句子意義的基本因素、句子之間的意義關系以及述位結構理論。

（二）學習要求

通過本章的學習，了解并掌握語義學的定義、語義學的分支、有關意義的理論、語義學的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）、意義的類型、意義的要素、成分分析理論、語義場理論、詞匯關系、決定句子意義的基本因素、句子之間的意義關系以及述位結構理論。

（三）考核知識點和考核要求

1、領會：語義學的定義、語義學的分支、有關意義的理論、語義學的一些重要概念（reference, denotation, referent, sense, extension, intension, concept）以及述位結構理論。

2、掌握：意義的類型、意義的要素、成分分析理論、語義場理論、詞匯關系、決定句子意義的基本因素。

（第八章 —— 第十二章內容不做考核要求）

第十三章

現代語言學流派

（一）課程內容

本章重點介紹了索緒爾與現代語言學的關系、歐洲結構主義（布拉格學派、哥本哈根學派）、美國結構主義、喬姆斯基與轉換生成語法、倫敦學派、韓禮德與系統功能語法等。

（二）學習要求 了解并掌握現代語言學影響較大的重要流派：索緒爾與現代語言學的關系、歐洲結構主義（布拉格學派、哥本哈根學派）、美國結構主義、喬姆斯基與轉換生成語法、倫敦學派、韓禮德與系統功能語法等。

（三）考核知識點和考核要求

1、領會：各個語言學流派的特點。

2、掌握：每個流派的代表人物。

三、有關說明和實施要求

（一）關于“課程內容與考核目標”中的有關說明

在大綱的考核要求中，提出了“領會”、“掌握”、“熟練掌握”等三個能力層次的要求，它們的含義是：

1、領會：要求應考者能夠記憶規定的有關知識點的主要內容，并能夠林歸和理解規定的有關知識點的內涵與外延，熟悉其內容要點和它們之間的區別與聯系，并能根據考核的不同要求，作出正確的解釋、說明和闡述。

2、掌握：要求應考者掌握有關的知識點，正確理解和記憶相關內容的原理、方法步驟等。

3、重點掌握：要求應考者必須掌握的課程中的核心內容和重要知識點。

（二）自學教材

本課程使用教材為：《英語語言學概論》，王永祥、支永碧主編，南京師范大學出版社，2007年版。

（三）自學方法的指導

本課程作為一門的專業理論課程，綜合性強、專業術語和概念多、內容豐富而抽象、理解難度大，應考者在自學過程中應該注意以下幾點：

1、學習前，應仔細閱讀課程大綱的第一部分，了解課程的性質、地位和任務，熟悉課程的基本要求以及本課程與有關課程的聯系，使以后的學習緊緊圍繞課程的基本要求。

2、在閱讀某一章教材內容前，應先認真閱讀大綱中該章的考核知識點、自學要求和考核要求，注意對各知識點的能力層次要求，以便在閱讀教材時做到心中有數。

3、閱讀教材時，應根據大綱要求，要逐段細讀，逐句推敲，集中精力，吃透每個知識點。對基本概念必須深刻理解，基本原理必須牢固掌握，在閱讀中遇到個別細節問題不清楚，在不影響繼續學習的前提下，可暫時擱置。

4、學完教材的每一章節內容后，應認真完成教材中的習題和思考題，這一過程可有效地幫助自學者理解、消化和鞏固所學的知識，增加分析問題、解決問題的能力。

（四）對社會助學的要求

1、應熟知考試大綱對課程所提出的總的要求和各章的知識點。

2、應掌握各知識點要求達到的層次，并深刻理解各知識點的考核要求。

3、對應考者進行輔導時，應以指定的教材為基礎，以考試大綱為依據，不要隨意增刪內容，以免與考試大綱脫節。

4、輔導時應對應考者進行學習方法的指導，提倡應考者“認真閱讀教材，刻苦鉆研教材，主動提出問題，依靠自己學懂”的學習方法。

5、輔導時要注意基礎、突出重點，要幫助應考者對課程內容建立一個整體的概念，對應考者提出的問題，應以啟發引導為主。

6、注意對應考者能力的培養，特別是自學能力的培養，要引導應考者逐步學會獨立學習，在自學過程中善于提出問題、分析問題、作出判斷和解決問題。

7、要使應考者了解試題難易與能力層次高低兩者不完全是一回事，在各個能力層次中都存在著不同難度的試題。

（五）關于命題和考試的若干規定

1、本大綱各章所提到的考核要求中，各條細目都是考試的內容，試題覆蓋到章，適當突出重點章節，加大重點內容的覆蓋密度。

2、試卷對不同能力層次要求的試題所占的比例大致是：“領會”20%，“掌握”40%，“熟練掌握”為40%。

3、試題難易程度要合理，可分為四檔：易、較易、較難、難，這四檔在各份試卷中所占的比例約為2：3：3：2。

4、本課程考試試卷可能采用的題型有：填空題、單項選擇題、問答題、應用題等類型（見附錄題型示例）。

5、考試方式為閉卷筆試，考試時間為150分鐘。評分采用百分制，60分為及格。

附錄

題型舉例

I.Fill in the following blanks with appropriate words and expressions.For example: Deep structures are generated by ______ rules, and surface structures are derived from their deep structures by ______ rules.答案：phrase structure … transformational

II.Choose the right answer that fits each blank in the sentences from the four choices given.Write the letter marking the answer in the brackets.For example: The sound [h] is ________.()A.a voiceless glottal fricative B.a voiceless dental plosive C.a voiced alveolar plosive

D.a voiced velar fricative 答案：A

III.Answer the following questions.For example: How does a surface structure differ from a deep structure? 答案：A surface structure corresponds most closely to the linear arrangement of words as they are pronounced;a deep structure corresponds most closely to the meaningful grouping of words.A surface structure is relatively concrete, but a deep structure is abstract.A surface structure gives the form of a sentence as it is used in communication, but a deep structure gives the meaning of a sentence.A surface structure is pronounceable, but a deep structure is not pronounceable.IV.Practical work.For example: Draw the deep structure phrase marker for the following sentence and then apply necessary transformational rules to transform the deep structure into the surface structure:

Has the car been repaired?

參考網頁：http://

第二篇：英語語言學概論--整理

1.Design feature(識別特征)refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2.Productivity(能產性)refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language.3.arbitrariness(任意性)Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning.4.symbol(符號)Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention.5.discreteness(離散性)Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6.displacement(不受時空限制的特性)Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users.7.duality of structure(結構二重性)The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure.8.culture transmission(文化傳播)Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.9.interchangeability(互換性)Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.1.★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.This definition has captured the main features of language.First, language is a system.Second, language is arbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature.2.★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1)Productivity.2)Discreteness.3)Displacement 4)Arbitrariness.5)Cultural transmission 6)Duality of structure.7)Interchangeability.3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules.By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates.And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.4.★(Function of language.)According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1)Instrumental function.工具功能 2)Regulatory function.調節功能

3)Representational function.表現功能 4)Interactional function.互動功能 5)Personal function.自指性功能

6)Heuristic function.啟發功能 [osbQtq`kf`h] 7)Imaginative function.想象功能 II.Adult language has three functional components as following: 1)Interpersonal components.人際 2)Ideational components.概念 3)Textual components.語篇

Chapter 1 Language語言

1.general linguistics and descriptive linguistics(普通語言學與描寫語言學)The former deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language.2.synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics(共時語言學與歷時語言學)Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time.And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.3.theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics(理論語言學與應用語言學)The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.4.microlinguistics and macrolinguistics(微觀語言學與宏觀語言學)The former studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.5.langue and parole(語言與言語)The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community whereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.6.competence and performance(語言能力與語言運用)The former is one’s knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latter is the use of language in concrete situation.7.speech and writing(口頭語與書面語)Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.8.linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior(語言行為潛勢與實際語言行為)People actually says on a certain occasion to a certain person is actual linguistics behavior.And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.9.syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation(橫組合關系與縱聚合關系)The former describes the horizontal dimension of a language while the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.10.verbal communication and non-verbal communication(言語交際與非言語交際)Usual use of language as a means of transmitting information is called verbal communication.The ways we convey meaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.1.★How does John Lyons classify linguistics? According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following: 1)General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2)Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3)Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.4)Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.2.Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1)Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the description.2)Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.3)Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.3.★What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system? Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following: 1)Phonetics.語音學 is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.2)Phonology.音位學 studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.3)Morphology.形態學 studies about how a word is formed.4)Syntax.句法學 studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.5)Semantics.語義學 studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.6)Pragmatics.語用學

★The scope of language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.★The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.Chapter 2 Linguistics語言學

1.articulatory phonetics(發音語音學)The study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2.acoustic phonetics(聲學語音學)The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3.auditory phonetics(聽覺語音學)The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4.consonant(輔音)Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where the opening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.5.vowel(元音)is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the lungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.6.bilabials(雙唇音)Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips.[p] [b] [m] [w] 7.affricates(塞擦音)The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly is called affricates.[tX] [dY] [tr] [dr] 8.glottis(聲門)Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.9.rounded vowel(圓唇元音)Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by the lips forming a circular opening.[u:] [u] [OB] [O] 10.diphthongs(雙元音)Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.[ei][ai][Oi] [Qu][au] 11.triphthongs(三合元音)Triphthongs are those which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly and continuously to a third one.[eiQ][aiQ][OiQ] [QuQ][auQ] 12.lax vowels(松元音)According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classified tense vowels and lax vowels.All the long vowels are tense vowels but of the short vowels,[e] is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax vowels.1.★How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria? The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.1)The position of the soft palate.2)The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.3)The place of articulation.4)The manner of articulation.2.★How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria? Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.1)The state of the velum 2)The position of the tongue.3)The openness of the mouth.4)The shape of the lips.5)The length of the vowels.6)The tension of the muscles at pharynx.3.★What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other? Phonetics has three sub-branches as following: 1)Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2)Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3)Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4.★What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively? I.The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following: 1)Voiced.2)Nasal.3)Consonantal.4)Vocalic.5)Continuant.6)Anterior.Chapter 3 Phonetics語音學 7)Coronal.8)Aspirated.II.The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following: 1)High.2)Low.3)Front.4)Back.5)Rounded.6)Tense.5 1.2.3.4.5.Chapter 4 Phonology 音位學

phonemes(音位)Phonemes are minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.allophones(音位變體)Allophones are the phonetic variants and realizations of a particular phoneme.phones(單音)The smallest identifiable phonetic unit found in a stream of speech is called a phone.minimal pair(最小對立體)Minimal pair means words which differ from each other only by one sound.contrastive distribution(對比分布)If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.6.complementary distribution(互補分布)If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,then they are said to be in complementary distribution.7.free variation(自由變異)When two sounds can appear in the same environment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause any change in meaning, then they are said to be in free variation.8.distinctive features(區別性特征)A distinctive feature is a feature which distinguishes one phoneme from another.9.suprasegmental features(超切分特征)The distinctive(phonological)features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.10.tone languages(聲調語言)Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level.11.intonation languages(語調語言)Intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level.12.juncture(連音)Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features which may demarcate grammatical units.1.★What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology? 1)Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.2)Phonetics is the study of the actual sounds while phonology is concerned with a more abstract description of speech sounds and tries to describe the regularities of sound patterns.2.Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phones and allophones.When we hear [pit],[tip],[spit],etc, the similar phones we have heard are /p/.And /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English, while [ph] and [p] are allophones.3.How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set? A minimal pair should meet three conditions: 1)The two forms are different in meaning.2)The two forms are different in one sound segment.3)The different sounds occur in the same position of the two strings.4.★Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.1)Contrastive distribution.Sounds [m] in met and [n] in net are in contrastive distribution because substituting [m] for [n] will result in a change of meaning.2)Complementary distribution.The aspirated plosive [ph] and the unaspirated plosive [p] are in complementary distribution because the former occurs either initially in a word or initially in a stressed syllable while the latter never occurs in such environments.3)Free variation.In English, the word “direct” may be pronounce in two ways: /di’rekt/ and /dia’rekt/, and the two different sounds /i/ and /ai/ can be said to be in free variation.5.What’s the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features in English? I.1)Distinctive features, which are used to distinguish one phoneme from another and thus have effect on one sound segment, are referred to as segmental features.2)The distinctive(phonological)features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.3)Suprasegmental features may have effect on more than one sound segment.They may apply to a string of several sounds.II.The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, intonation and juncture.6.What’s the difference between tone languages and intonation language?

Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level while intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level

7.★What’s the difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemic transcriptions?

The former was meant to symbolize all possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation, while the latter was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.7

1.morphemes(語素)Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.allomorphs(語素變體)Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.morphs(形素)Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.2.roots(詞根)Roots is defined as the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.affixes(詞綴)Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.free morphemes(自由語素)Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.bound morphemes(粘著語素)Bound morphemes are those which cannot occur on their own as separate words.3.inflectional affixes(屈折詞綴)refer to affixes that serve to indicate grammatical relations, but do not change its part of speech.derivational affixes(派生詞綴)refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.4.empty morph(空語子)Empty morph means a morph which has form but no meaning.zero morph(零語子)Zero morph refers to a morph which has meaning but no form.5.IC Analysis(直接成分分析)IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression(both a word and a sentence)into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.6.immediate constituents(直接成分)A immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction.Immediate constituents are often further reducible.ultimate constituents(最后成分)Ultimate constituents are those grammatically irreducible units that constitute constructions.7.morphological rules(形態學規則)The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.8.word-formation process(構詞法)Word-formation process mean the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.1.★What is IC Analysis?

IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression(both a word and a sentence)into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.2.How are morphemes classified? 1)Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into two categories: root morphemes and affixational morphemes.2)Structurally speaking, they are divided into two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.3.★Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.a)All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.b)All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes.4.What’s the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph? a)Empty morph means a morph that has form but no meaning.b)Zero morph refers to a morph that has meaning but no form.5.Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in term of both function and position.a)Functionally: i.Inflectional affixes sever to mark grammatical relations and never create new words while derivational affixes can create new words.ii.Inflectional affixes do not cause a change in grammatical class while derivational affixes very often but not always cause a change in grammatical class.b)In term of position: i.Inflectional affixes are suffixes while derivational affixes can be suffixes or prefixes.ii.Inflectional affixes are always after derivational affixes if both are present.And derivational affixes are always before inflectional suffixes if both are present.6.What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.For example: a)un-+ adj.->adj.b)Adj./n.+-ify->v.c)V.+-able-> adj.d)Adj.+-ly-> adv.Chapter 5 Morphology 形態學

Chapter 6 Syntax 句法學

1.syntagmatic relations(橫組關系)refer to the relationships between constituents in a construction.paradigmatic relations(縱聚合關系)refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a sentence and those outside the sentence.hierarchical relations(等級關系)refer to relationships between any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels.2.IC Analysis(直接成分分析)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction.labeled IC Analysis(標記法直接成分分析)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction and label each constituent.phrase markers(短語標記法)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction, and label each constituent while remove all the linguistic forms.labeled bracketing(方括號標記法)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which is applied in representing the hierarchical structure of sentences by using brackets.3.constituency(成分關系)

dependency(依存關系)

4.surface structures(表層結構)refers to the mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformational rules.deep structures(深層結構)deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures.5.phrase structure rules(短語結構規則)are a way to describe a given language's syntax.They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts.6.transformational rules(轉換規則)7.structural ambiguity(結構歧義)

1.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure? They are different from each other in four aspects: 1)Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements of sentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful grouping of sentences.2)Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are more abstract.3)Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deep structures give the meanings of sentences.4)Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not.2.Illustrate the differences between PS rules and T-rules.1)PS rules frequently applied in generating deep structures.2)T-rules are used to transform deep structure into surface structures.3.What’s the order of generating sentences? Do we start with surface structures or with deep structures? How differently are they generated? To generate a sentence, we always start with its deep structure, and then transform it into its corresponding surface structure.Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules(PS rules)while surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules(T-rules).4.What’s the difference between a compulsory constituent and an optional one?

Optional constituents may be present or absent while compulsory constituents must be present.5.What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.1)Syntagmatic relations 2)Paradigmatic relations.3)Hierarchical relations.10 1.2.3.4.5.Chapter 7 Semantics 語義學

Lexical semantics(詞匯語義學)is defined as the study of word meaning in language.Sense(意義)refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.Reference(所指)means what a linguistic form refers to in the real world.Concept(概念)is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Denotation(外延)is defined as the constant ,abstract, and basic meaning of a linguistic expression independent of context and situation.6.Connotation(內涵)refers to the emotional associations which are suggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic unit.7.Componential analysis(成分分析法)is the way to decompose the meaning of a word into its components.8.Semantic field(語義場)The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways.The areas are semantic fields.9.Hyponymy(上下義關系)refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.10.Synonymy(同義關系)refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.11.Antonymy(反義關系)refers to the oppositeness of meaning.12.Lexical ambiguity(詞匯歧義)

13.Polysemy(多義性)refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.14.Homonymy(同音(同形)異義關系)refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.15.Sentence semantics(句子語義學)refers to the study of sentence meaning in language.1.What’s the criterion of John Lyons in classifying semantics into its sub-branches? And how does he classify semantics? In terms of whether it falls within the scope of linguistics, John Lyons distinguishes between linguistic semantics and non-linguistic semantics.According John Lyons, semantics is one of the sub-branches of linguistics;it is generally defined as the study of meaning.2.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning? 1)Object, 2)concept, 3)symbol, 4)user, 5)context.3.What is the difference between the theory of componential analysis and the theory of semantic theory in defining meaning of words?

第三篇：《英語語言學概論》精選試題

《英語語言學概論》精選試題

1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true? C A.Language is a system B.Language is symbolic C.Animals also have language D.Language is arbitrary

2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language? A A.Symbolic B.Dual C.Productive D.Arbitrary

3.What is the most important function of language? C A.Interpersonal B.Phatic C.Informative D.Metalingual

4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A

A.Saussure B.Chomsky C.Halliday D.Anonymous

5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language? A A.competence B.parole C.performance D.langue

6.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?” is

B

.A.informative B.phatic C.directive D.performative

7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies

D

.A.the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech B.the perception of sounds C.the combination of sounds D.the production of sounds

8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in

B

.A.the place of articulation B.the obstruction of airstream C.the position of the tongue D.the shape of the lips

9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription? A A.Phonetics B.Phonology C.Semantics D.Pragmatics 10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language? B A.Phonetics B.Phonology C.Semantics D.Pragmatics 11.Minimal pairs are used to

B

.A.find the distinctive features of a language B.find the phonemes of a language C.compare two words

D.find the allophones of language

12.Usually, suprasegmental features include

D

,length and pitch.A.phoneme B.speech sounds C.syllables D.stress 13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable? D A.Coda B.Onset C.Stem D.Peak

14.Which is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content? B A.Word B.Morpheme C.Allomorph D.Root

15.Which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed? A A.Morphology B.Syntax C.Phonology D.Semantics

16.Lexeme is

B

A.a physically definable unit B.the common factor underlying a set of forms C.a grammatical unit D.an indefinable unit

17.Which of the following sounds does not belong to the allomorphs of the English plural morpheme ? C A.[s] B.[iz] C.[ai] D.[is]

18.All words contain a

A

A.root morpheme B.bound morpheme C.prefix D.suffix

19.The relationship between “fruit” and “apple” is

B A.homonymy B.hyponymy C.polysemy D.synonymy

20.The part of the grammar that represents a speaker's knowledge of the structure of phrases and sentences is called

C

A.lexicon B.morphology C.syntax D.semantics

21.Which of the following items is not one of the grammatical categories of English pronouns? D A.gender B.number C.case D.voice

22.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are

B

.A.gradable opposites B.converse opposites C.co-hyponyms D.synonyms 23.“Big” and “Small” are a pair of

B

opposites.A.complementary B.gradable C.complete D.converse

24.According to C.Morris and R.Carnap, which is studies the relationship between symbols and their interpreters? C A.syntax B.semantics C.pragmatics D.sociolinguistics

25.There are

B

diesis in the sentence she has sold it here yesterday.A.3 B.4 C.5 D.6 26.In the following conversation:-Beirut is in Peru, isn't it?

-And Rome is in Romania, I suppose.The second person violates the

C

A.Quantity Maxim B.Quality Maxim C.Relation Maxim D.Manner Maxim 27.The maxim of requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.D A.quantity B.quality C.manner D.relation

三、判斷：Mistake is unintentionally deriant from the target language and not self-corrigible by the learner, which suggests failure in competence.答案是：F

四、簡答題共30分，3題，要求字數不得超過100。1 畫出樹形圖：The president thinks that he will win.這個題型年年考，07年的句子和06年的幾乎是換湯不換藥： 3 分析reference, sense 之間的聯系和區別。

三、判斷

1.Simplification of grammar occurs, so does elaboration or complication.2.Five general types of speech acts share the same illocutionary point, but differ in strength.3.Speakers of all languages are capable of producing and comprehending an infinite set of sentences.4.Phonology is concerned with the abstract set if sounds in a language which allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we say and hear.5.The analyst collects samples of the language as it is used, not according to some views of how it should be used.This is called the prescriptive approach.6.The term “learning”, when used of language, refers to the gradual development of ability in a language by using it naturally in communicative situation.The term “acquisition”, however, applied to a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of voca 7.Broad transcription is normally used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds.8.Sense means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.9.The notion of context is essential to the semantic study of language.10.Language is both arbitrary and non-arbitrary.四、1.Specify the cognitive factors in child language development.2.Draw the tree diagram for the following sentence to show its syntactic structure.The boy who was sleeping was dreaming.3.Specify the five types of synonyms.4.What are the possible causes of language change?

五、評論

Language is not an abstract construction of the learned, pr of the dictionary-makers, but is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys, affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and has its bases broad and low, close to the ground.Walt Whiteman Do you share your opinions with Walt Whiteman or not? What’s your understanding of language?

第四篇：語言學概論感悟 英語

語言學概論感悟

Why do we study linguistics? When we study a particular language, we just study it and actually we are limited by this language.While linguistics can help us study languages in general.In other words, linguistics is a systematic subject for students who want to learn any kind of language better.Just as my teacher said, linguistics is not only useful but also helpful.After I learned the second language-French, I found between English and French, there had something in common.However, language learning is still more difficult than we get our mother tongue.It must because speech is earlier than writing, for example little children hear sound or human voice first, then they learn written language because words are just symbols.There are things, and then there are the names of things.Just as Shakespeare said a rose by any other name would sell as sweet.If we want to have a good command of other language, we should not only focus on one or two point such as grammar or vocabulary.We should keep in mind learn a language is to learn the whole thoughts.That’s why we should study linguistics.Students always have rare interests in language learning for they don’t find a effective way to study it.When we recite words and try to understand the complicated grammar, we may be bored and tired, that’s because we do not know language’s similarities and generalizations.If we study linguistics, we can have a systematic recognition.During a period of time of learning, I find that linguistics has a widely use in language learning.Just like we read a sentence, we should consider the logical meaning of it because we shall know a word by the company it keeps, or we will make mistakes.If we learn linguistic, we can benefit a lot in language learning and find the beauty of the language.

第五篇：語言學概論

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浙江省2008年10月自學考試語言學概論試題

課程代碼：10044

一、單項選擇題(本大題共26小題，每小題1分，共26分)在每小題列出的四個備選項中只有一個是符合題目要求的，請將其代碼填寫在題后的括號內。錯選、多選或未選均無分。

1.按“四呼”來給漢語音節中的韻母歸類，uan屬于（）A.開口呼 C.合口呼 B.齊齒 D.撮口呼

2.音素［h］和［f］和的差別是由__________的差別形成的。（）A.音高 B.音重 C.音長 D.音質 3.輔音［f］是（）A.塞音 B.擦音 C.塞擦音 D.邊音

4．元音［u］具有下列發音特征中（）A.不圓唇元音 C.低元音 B.圓唇高元音

D.前元音

5．漢語普通話系統中沒有下列發音部位（）A.雙唇 B.小舌 C.唇齒 D.舌面前

6．英語可以直接用數詞修飾名詞，漢語數詞修飾名詞一般要加上一個（）A.量詞 B.數詞 C.名詞 D.代詞

7.下列各組詞中全部屬于復合詞的一組是（）www.tmdps.cn 各類考試歷年試題免費免注冊下載 超過2萬套word文檔試題和答案

A.大學、阿姨 B.學習、老虎 C.勞動、孟子 D.道路、蓋兒

8.下列各組詞中，全部屬于單純詞的一組是（）A.花兒、妯娌 B.逶迤、菩薩 C.袈裟、老虎 D.茉莉、木頭

9.下列各組復合詞中屬于偏正式的一組是（）A.漢語、雪白、害蟲 B.司機、丟臉、缺德 C.抓緊、改善、糾正 D.膽怯、性急、口吃

10.“優良”和“優秀”這對近義詞的差別主要體現在詞義的__________不同。（A.范圍大小 B.強調重點 C.程度 D.感情色彩

11.下列反義詞中屬于絕對反義詞的一組是（）A.有限——無限 B.復雜——簡單 C.困難——容易 D.虧本——贏利

12.英語動詞walk后面加上ed，這種變化屬于語法范疇中的__________變化。（A.體 B.時 C.格 D.態

13.與“組織策劃”結構相同的組合是（）A.陽光充足 B.調查研究 C.已經開始 D.在家休息 14.下列句子沒多義的是（）A.我喜歡打蛋 B.我倒了一杯水 C.炮架在山上 D.在火車上寫字

15.句子的__________是根據句子的用途和語氣分出來的句子類型。（）A.句型類 B.句式類 C.功能類 D.簡繁類))

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16.__________的進一步分化就會發展為親屬語言。（）A.共同語 B.地域方言

C.社會方言 D.行業語

17.下列詞語全部屬于漢語借詞的一組是（）A.雷達、拷貝、芭蕾舞 C.籃球、吉他、比薩餅

B.卡車、朋友、哈巴狗 D.沙龍、足球、愛滋病

18.“銀行、電話、青霉素”這三個詞屬于（）A.借詞 B.音譯詞 C.音譯加意譯詞 D.意譯詞

19.漢字“河”屬于下列哪一種結構方式?（）A.象形 B.指事 C.會意 D.形聲

20.下列關于文字起源的說法正確的一項是（）A.結繩記事 B.刻漏記事 C.數珠記事 D.圖畫和契刻

21.漢語普通話兩個上聲相連前面上聲發生的變調現象是下列語流音變中的哪一類?（）A.同化 B.異化 C.弱化 D.脫落

22.英語walks中的［-s］是（）A.虛詞語素 B.詞根語素 C.構形語素 D.構詞語素

23.按語言親屬關系分類，德語屬于__________語系。（）A.印歐 B.漢藏 C.高加索 D.烏拉爾

24.語言的統一只能通過以下哪種方式來實現?（）www.tmdps.cn 各類考試歷年試題免費免注冊下載 超過2萬套word文檔試題和答案

A.消滅現有方言 B.推廣方言，使之取代共同語

C.方言和民族共同語并存 D.推廣民族共同語，逐步用它來取代方言 25.下列詞組中不屬于體詞性詞組的一項是（）A方位詞組 B.動賓詞組 C.定中偏正詞組 D.“的”字詞組

26.關于文字和語言的關系，下列說法正確的一項是（）A.語言是在文字的基礎上產生的

B.語言的特點不會影響文字的特點

C.文字等同于書面語 D.文字是語言的書寫符號系統

二、多項選擇題(本大題共5小題，每小題2分，共10分)在每小題列出的五個備選項中至少有兩個是符合題目要求的，請將其代碼填寫在題后的括號內。錯選、多選、少選或未選均無分。

27.除開詞的意義關系類，詞匯學上詞的分類標準主要包括（）A.根據詞的音節數量分類 B.根據詞的語素數量分類 C.根據詞的音形關系分類 D.根據詞的使用地域分類 E.根據詞的地位用途分類

28.語音中可以起區別意義作用的是（）A.音質 B.音強 C.音長 D.音高 E.音位變體

29.下列各項中屬于語流音變的是（）A.同化 B.擴大 C.縮小 D.異化 E.弱化

30.下列屬于“自源文字”的有（）A.希臘文字 B.古漢字

C.瑪雅文字 D.古埃及的圣書字 www.tmdps.cn 各類考試歷年試題免費免注冊下載 超過2萬套word文檔試題和答案

E.蘇美爾文字

31.下列關于語言與思維關系的說法中正確的是（）A.語言的產生一定先于思維，語言決定思維 B.語言在抽象思維活動中起重要作用 C.語言在非抽象思維活動中同樣起作用

D.思維在很大程度上決定語言，但語言反過來也對思維起作用 E.語言與思維之間沒有任何聯系

三、名詞解釋(本大題共4小題，每小題4分，共16分)每一名詞解釋都須舉例。32.音位變體 33.社會方言 34.聚合關系 35.形態

四、簡答題(本大題共3小題，每小題6分，共18分)36.文字改革的主要類型有哪些？ 37.談談口語和書面語的關系。38.語言規劃的內容主要有哪些？

五、分析題(本大題共2小題，每小題6分，共12分)39.分析下列詞的本義和派生義。皮毛 細軟 首飾

40.分析下列多義句是什么原因引起多義的，通過變換句式或者加上一定的語言環境可以表示哪幾種不同意義：開刀的是我父親。

六、論述題（本大題共2小題，第41小題8分，第42小題10分，共18分）41.漢語方言間的差別表現在哪些方面?舉例說明。www.tmdps.cn 各類考試歷年試題免費免注冊下載 超過2萬套word文檔試題和答案

42.語法規則的性質和特點有哪些？舉例說明。