第一篇：2016年英語(yǔ)職稱考試?yán)砉-全部補(bǔ)全短文文章

補(bǔ)全短文

Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job 冰激凌品嘗師—一份甜蜜的職業(yè)

John Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States.He’s the official taster for Edy’s Grand Ice Cream, one of the nation’s best-selling brands.Harrison’s taste buds are insured for $1 million.He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edy’s headquarters in Oakland,California.And when he isn’t doing that, he travels, buying Edy’s in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isn’t all Cookies ’n Cream — a flavor that* he invented, by the way.No, it’s extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness.For one thing, he doesn’t swallow on the job.Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits.Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds.Next he smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample.Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of his nose.Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream.Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can.A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine.Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea.This is a small price to pay for what he calls the world’s best job.Harrison’s family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2.However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness.He even orders ice cream in restaurants for desert.On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart(0.95 liters)each week.By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts(21.96 liters)of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.Edy’s ice cream is available in dozens of flavors.So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla!In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States.aste buds are insured for $1 million.However,you should never call it plain vanilla.“It’s a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.冰淇淋品嘗師一一一份甜蜜的職業(yè)

約翰·哈瑞森擁有一份可能是美國(guó)人最想要的工作。他是一名職業(yè)的冰淇淋品嘗師，供職于美國(guó)最暢銷(xiāo)的冰淇淋品牌之一Edy’s Grand Ice Cream。哈瑞森已經(jīng)給味蕾投保了100萬(wàn)美元。他每天要在位于加州奧克蘭的Edy’s總部嘗試60種冰淇淋樣品。休假時(shí)，他會(huì)去旅行，并且到全國(guó)各地的超市買(mǎi)來(lái)Edy’s產(chǎn)品，以便檢査外觀，質(zhì)地和口味是否完美。

在采訪完哈瑞森之后，我發(fā)現(xiàn)一個(gè)冰淇淋品嘗師的生活并不像他發(fā)明的奶油曲奇味雪糕那樣甜。這是一個(gè)需要克制和無(wú)私的艱難工作。

首先，工作時(shí)他不能咽下冰淇淋，只能像咖啡品嘗師那樣吐出。為了避免其他味道的混入，他用金制的湯匙舀取冰淇淋，咬一小口在口中攪動(dòng)，讓大約9 000個(gè)味蕾全部都能感覺(jué)到味道，然后他不斷咂嘴唇好讓空氣進(jìn)入口中。接著，他輕輕吸一口氣，讓冰淇淋的芳香竄入鼻中。每一個(gè)步驟都有助于哈瑞森判斷出這款冰淇淋的牛奶、甜度和添加劑這三種成分是否已達(dá)到完美的平衡。即使這個(gè)冰淇淋?chē)L起來(lái)極其美味，他接下來(lái)也會(huì)把它扔到垃圾桶里。飽腹感是不可能判斷出口味的品質(zhì)的。

哈瑞森告訴我說(shuō)，在工作周，他也不得不做出很多犧牲：不能吃洋蔥、大蒜或辣的食物以及含咖啡因的食物。因?yàn)榭Х纫驎?huì)限制味蕾，所以他早飯時(shí)只喝一杯花草茶。這只是他為了自己口中世界上最好的工作所付出的一個(gè)小代價(jià)。

哈瑞森的家族中已經(jīng)有四代人以這樣或那樣的方式在冰淇淋行業(yè)工作，所以他已經(jīng)為此付出了一生。但他并沒(méi)有失去對(duì)這種涼爽油膩的甜品的愛(ài)。他甚至?xí)诓蛷d中點(diǎn)冰淇淋作為甜品。在這些時(shí)候，他會(huì)咽下它們，他每周大概會(huì)吃掉一夸脫（0.95升）的冰淇淋。而美國(guó)普通人平均每年要吃掉23.2夸脫（21.96升）的冰淇淋和其他冰凍奶制品。

Edy’s的冰淇淋有幾十種口味。哪種口味才是這個(gè)國(guó)家最有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的冰淇淋品嘗師的最?lèi)?ài)呢？香草味的！事實(shí)上，香草口味是全美最暢銷(xiāo)的。但是，你不能稱它是純香草口味。“這是個(gè)很復(fù)雜的口味，”哈瑞森說(shuō)道。

The Apgar Test 阿普家測(cè)試

The baby was born at 3:36 p.m.At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test.At 3:41, she scored 8 out of 10.The doctor was glad.Another baby, born at 8:24 p.m., scored 3 out of 10 on his first test.He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test.He took another test at 8:34 and scored.The doctor was worried.He called for help.These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test.This test helps doctors diagnose problems.They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care.Most babies take two tests.The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth.If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth.The Apgar test is not an intelligence test.It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is born.The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing.The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2.Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score A doctor named Virginia Apgar developed the test.Apgar went to medical school at Columbia University in New York City in 1929.She faced many challenges because she was the first woman in the program.However, she was one of the best students in her class.After medical school, she started treating patients.Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the time3.During her studies, she learned how to give patients anesthesia.Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousness, so they do not feel any pain during surgery.In the 1940s, many women started to have anesthesia when they gave birth.Apgar had a question: How does anesthesia affect newborn babies? In 1949, when Apgar was a professor at Columbia’s medical school, she created her simple test.She wrote a paper about her methods in 1953.Soon after, people started using the Apgar test around the world.n her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems.She wanted to help these babies survive.She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back to school to get a master’s degree in public health.She spent the rest of her life doing research and raising money to help newborn babies.Today, the Apgar test is still used all over the world.Newborn babies don’t know it, but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their lives.譯文：阿普家測(cè)試

下午3:36，一個(gè)嬰兒出生了。3:37時(shí)，她的第一次健康測(cè)試成績(jī)是4分（總分10分）。3:41時(shí)，她的成績(jī)是8分，醫(yī)生感到非常高興。另一天晚上8:24，另外一個(gè)嬰兒出生了。他的第一次測(cè)試成績(jī)是3分。他的第二次成績(jī)是4分。8:34時(shí)又進(jìn)行了一次測(cè)試，成績(jī)是5分。醫(yī)生非常擔(dān)心，這個(gè)嬰兒需要救助。

這些新生兒進(jìn)行的是一項(xiàng)叫做阿普加的測(cè)試。這項(xiàng)測(cè)試幫助醫(yī)生診斷新生兒的問(wèn)題。他們根據(jù)測(cè)試成績(jī)判斷新生兒是正常的還是需要特殊護(hù)理。第一次是在出生后1分鐘，第二次是在出生后5分鐘。如果嬰兒在第二次測(cè)試中的成績(jī)少于6分，那他們需要在出生10分鐘后再進(jìn)行一次測(cè)試。

阿普加測(cè)試不是一項(xiàng)智力測(cè)試。它是一項(xiàng)在嬰兒出生后表明其健康狀況的測(cè)試。這項(xiàng)測(cè)試會(huì)測(cè)量諸如嬰兒的皮膚顏色、心率、呼吸一類(lèi)的項(xiàng)目，測(cè)試總共包括五部分，每一部分的成績(jī)可以是0分、1分或2分。醫(yī)生把每一部分的成績(jī)加起來(lái)就是這項(xiàng)測(cè)試的總分。一位名叫弗吉尼亞·阿普加的醫(yī)生設(shè)計(jì)了這項(xiàng)測(cè)試。1929年，阿普加去紐約的哥倫比亞大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院就讀。由于是這個(gè)學(xué)科里的第一位女性，使她面臨了許多挑戰(zhàn)。然而，她卻是班上最好的學(xué)生之一。完成醫(yī)學(xué)院的學(xué)業(yè)后，她開(kāi)始給患者治療。

阿普加還是麻醉學(xué)方面的研究者，當(dāng)時(shí)麻醉學(xué)是一項(xiàng)新的醫(yī)學(xué)課題。在求學(xué)過(guò)程中，她學(xué)會(huì)了如何給患者實(shí)施麻醉。麻醉會(huì)使病人失去意識(shí)，因而他們?cè)谑中g(shù)過(guò)程中不會(huì)感到任何疼痛。

20世紀(jì)40年代，許多婦女在分娩時(shí)開(kāi)始使用麻醉。但阿普加有個(gè)疑問(wèn)：麻醉是如何影響新生兒的呢？1949年，當(dāng)阿普加在哥倫比亞醫(yī)學(xué)院擔(dān)任教授時(shí)，她創(chuàng)造了這項(xiàng)簡(jiǎn)單測(cè)試。1953年，她寫(xiě)了一篇關(guān)于該測(cè)試方法的論文。不久之后，人們開(kāi)始在世界范圍內(nèi)使用阿普加測(cè)試。

在工作中，阿普加發(fā)現(xiàn)許多新生兒都有健康問(wèn)題。她想幫助這些新生兒活下來(lái)。1959年，她中止了行醫(yī)，回到學(xué)校攻讀公共衛(wèi)生碩士學(xué)位。她把自己的余生都奉獻(xiàn)給了醫(yī)學(xué)研究以及籌集資金幫助新生兒。今天，阿普加測(cè)試仍然在全世界范圍內(nèi)被廣泛運(yùn)用。今天，阿普加測(cè)試仍然在全世界范圍內(nèi)被廣泛運(yùn)用。

Watching Microcurrents Flow觀察微電流流程

We can now watch electricity as it flows through even the tiniest circuits.By scanning the magnetic field generated as electric currents flow through objects, physicists have managed to picture the progress of the currents The technology will allow manufacturers to scan microchips for faults, as well as revealing microscopic defects in anything from aircraft to banknotes.Gang Xiao and Ben Schrag at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, visualize the current by measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object and converting the information into a color picture showing the density.Their sensor is adapted1 from an existing piece of technology that is used to measure large magnetic fields in computer hard drives.2”We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make it capable of measuring very weak changes in magnetic fields,” says Xiao.The resulting device is capable of detecting a current as weak as 10 microamperes, even when the wire is buried deep within a chip, and it shows up features as small as 40 nanometers across.At present, engineers looking for defects in a chip have to peel off the layers and examine the circuits visually;this is one of the obstacles to making chips any smaller.But the new magnetic microscope is sensitive enough to look inside chips and reveal faults such as short circuits , nicks in the wires or electro migration — where a dense area of current picks up surrounding atoms and moves them along.“It is like watching a river flow,” explains Xiao.As well as scanning tiny circuits, the microscope can be used to reveal the internal structure of any object capable of conducting electricity.3 Fpr example, it could look directly at microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’s fuselage, faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water.The technique cannot yet pick up electrical activity in the human brain because the current there is too small, but Xiao doesn’t rule it out4 in the future.“I can never say never,” he says.Although the researchers have only just made the technical details of the microscope public, it is already on sale,5 from electronics company Micro Magnetics in Fall River, Massachusetts.It is currently the size of a refrigerator and takes several minutes to scan a circuit, but Xiao and Schrag are working to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning

譯文：觀察微電流流程

現(xiàn)在電流流過(guò)哪怕是最窄的電路時(shí)我們都能看到。物理學(xué)家們通過(guò)掃面電流物體時(shí)產(chǎn)生的磁場(chǎng)而繪出電流運(yùn)行圖。這種技術(shù)可以使制造者掃描微芯片上的錯(cuò)誤，同時(shí)可以找出從飛行器到鈔票等物上的細(xì)微缺陷。

羅德島州普羅維登斯的布朗大學(xué)Gang Xiao和Ben Schrag通過(guò)測(cè)量一個(gè)物體的磁場(chǎng)內(nèi)的細(xì)微變化并把信息轉(zhuǎn)化成顯示每一點(diǎn)電流強(qiáng)度的彩色圖片而使電流顯現(xiàn)。

他們的傳感器是由現(xiàn)有的用于測(cè)量電腦硬盤(pán)的大磁場(chǎng)的技術(shù)配件改造而成的。Xiao說(shuō)：“我們重新設(shè)計(jì)了磁性傳感器使它能夠測(cè)量磁場(chǎng)中非常微弱的變化。”

重新設(shè)計(jì)完的裝置能夠探測(cè)微弱到10微安培的電流，甚至是當(dāng)癲癇深藏在芯片中的時(shí)候，它也能夠顯示出直徑只有40納米長(zhǎng)的圖案。

目前，那些在芯片中尋找缺點(diǎn)的工程師們必須要?jiǎng)兊舯韺幽繙y(cè)電路。這是使芯片變得更小的阻礙之一。但是新的磁性顯微鏡非常敏感，能夠看到芯片內(nèi)部，找出短路、電線的裂痕或電遷移等缺點(diǎn)，電遷移是指電流強(qiáng)大的區(qū)域吸引周?chē)脑硬⑹顾鼈円苿?dòng)。Xiao解釋說(shuō)：“那就像看著一條河水在流淌。”

顯微鏡不僅能夠掃描微笑的電路，還可以用于找出能夠?qū)щ姷奈矬w的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。例如，它能夠直接看到飛機(jī)機(jī)身上的極細(xì)微的裂縫、偽鈔的金屬條上的卻掉或者水樣中的細(xì)菌。這種技術(shù)還不能提取人腦中的電活動(dòng)，因?yàn)槟抢锏碾娏魈×耍荴iao并沒(méi)有排除將來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)它的可能。他說(shuō)：“我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)說(shuō)永遠(yuǎn)不能。”

盡管研究者剛剛公開(kāi)電顯微鏡的技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)，位于馬薩諸塞州Fall River的微磁電子設(shè)備公司已經(jīng)在出售它了。目前它大約像冰箱那么大，而且要用幾分鐘掃描一個(gè)電路，但是Xiao和Schrag正在努力使它縮小到臺(tái)式計(jì)算機(jī)那么大，把掃描時(shí)間縮短到30秒。

Lightening Strikes雷擊 Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside.“There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience.“My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house.Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang.When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed.Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000.Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible.“I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power.No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.Occasionally there are warning signs.Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end.And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning.Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again.Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer.In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.The best place to be is inside a car!The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously.The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago.He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature.Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold

Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees.In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock.Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.譯文：雷擊 三年前，一道閃電幾乎將林恩*米勒在亞伯丁的房子夷為平地，當(dāng)時(shí)她的兩個(gè)孩子還在屋里面。“那是一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨”，林恩回憶那場(chǎng)可怕的經(jīng)歷時(shí)說(shuō)道，“我和我的兄弟當(dāng)時(shí)正在外面，拼命阻止雨水流進(jìn)屋子里。突然，我被巨大的爆炸擊倒在地。當(dāng)我爬起來(lái)時(shí)，房子的屋頂和樓頂都不見(jiàn)了。門(mén)被碎石堵住了，我們強(qiáng)行把門(mén)打開(kāi)，找到我的孩子，謝天謝地他們沒(méi)有受傷。過(guò)后我得知，被閃電擊中的概率是百萬(wàn)分之一。”事實(shí)上，有人計(jì)算過(guò)被閃電擊中的概率是六百萬(wàn)分之一，雖然如此，AER技術(shù)中心的馬克*凱斯博士還是認(rèn)為，人們面對(duì)閃電的時(shí)候應(yīng)該小心，AER技術(shù)中心是一個(gè)專門(mén)監(jiān)控閃電影響的組織，馬克說(shuō)：“我不會(huì)在暴風(fēng)雨的天氣到戶外去——我是一個(gè)特別小心的人。”他還建議，要是不幸在戶外遇到暴風(fēng)雨，一定要趴在地上，蜷縮成球狀，使自己的身體盡可能的縮小。

閃電是大自然絕對(duì)力量最可怕的展現(xiàn)方式之一，難怪古希臘人任務(wù)閃電產(chǎn)生原因是因?yàn)楸娚裰钢嫠拱l(fā)怒了，并向周?chē)稊S閃電。250年前，美國(guó)科學(xué)家和政治家本杰明*富蘭克林證明了閃電是一種電，但是科學(xué)家仍然不清楚它的形成機(jī)制。

有時(shí)，閃電的到來(lái)有一些征兆。正電荷順著樹(shù)木或者教堂的頂尖向上流動(dòng)的時(shí)候可能有發(fā)光現(xiàn)象，并伴隨有嗡嗡的噪音，人們的頭發(fā)還有可能會(huì)直立起來(lái)。如果你害怕閃電，那么有一個(gè)好消息，美國(guó)一個(gè)公司生產(chǎn)了一種手持的閃電探測(cè)器，最遠(yuǎn)能夠探測(cè)到70千米以外的閃電，并通過(guò)發(fā)出聲音報(bào)警來(lái)提醒人們暴風(fēng)雨的到來(lái)。

南希*懷爾德被閃電擊中的時(shí)候正在薩里的一個(gè)俱樂(lè)部打高爾夫球。被閃電擊中后，她的心臟停止了，但是隨后她被救了回來(lái)。接下來(lái)的幾天她都待在醫(yī)院，治療頭上、手上和腳上的燒傷，直到康復(fù)出院。從那時(shí)起，她便只在晴朗的天氣才打高爾夫。事實(shí)上，高爾夫球場(chǎng)是暴風(fēng)雨天氣最危險(xiǎn)的地方之一，而最好的地方是汽車(chē)?yán)铩?/p>

在1995年9月發(fā)生了一起多人被閃電擊中的事件，17名足球運(yùn)動(dòng)員在賽場(chǎng)上同時(shí)被擊中。最驚人的是，死者中的11人——包括7名成人和4名兒童——在沒(méi)個(gè)腳趾和腳底上都有燒傷的小洞圖案，沒(méi)個(gè)洞相距3厘米。

哈羅德*迪爾是美國(guó)南卡羅來(lái)納州的一名退休電氣技師，26年前，他被閃電擊中。當(dāng)時(shí)他看上去沒(méi)有受傷，但是后來(lái)人們發(fā)現(xiàn)這次雷擊損壞了他大腦中控制溫度感受的部分。從那以后南卡羅來(lái)納州寒冷的冬天就再也沒(méi)有讓哈羅德發(fā)愁過(guò)，因?yàn)樗呀?jīng)完全感受不到寒冷。

動(dòng)物們也會(huì)成為雷擊的犧牲品，每年都有數(shù)百頭牛羊死于雷擊，多數(shù)情況是因?yàn)樗鼈兛偸窍掠甑臅r(shí)候躲在樹(shù)下。1918年在東盎格利亞，一道閃電掠過(guò)整個(gè)羊群，一下殺死504只羊。閃電每年還在世界范圍內(nèi)引起10000多場(chǎng)火災(zāi)。

How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear 如何讓失聰?shù)娜烁菀茁?tīng)見(jiàn)

Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music.However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view.Solomon argues that Beethoven's deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf.They continue to“hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:“ my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to ' hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods.”

How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both“out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant.No man-made device could replace the ability to hear..However, it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first“ switched on” his cochlear implant,the sound's he heard were not at all clear.Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds.For example,“ The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”

The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.When he war, ted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.He said," I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head.''

Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives.Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,heating is irrelevant.Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.譯文：如何讓失聰?shù)娜烁菀茁?tīng)見(jiàn)

大多數(shù)人把貝多芬的聽(tīng)力受損看作是他作曲的障礙。然而，他的最有力量的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里創(chuàng)作出來(lái)的，那時(shí)他完全失聰。

這是最值得稱道的用意志戰(zhàn)勝不幸的案例之一，但是他的傳記作家梅納德·所羅門(mén)卻持不同的觀點(diǎn)。梅納德認(rèn)為，貝多芬的失聰“促進(jìn)了他作為作曲家的成就，在他完全失聰?shù)氖澜缋铮軘[脫外在世界聲音的干擾，自由地創(chuàng)作新的表現(xiàn)形式與和聲。”

聽(tīng)力受損似乎不會(huì)影響失聰?shù)囊魳?lè)家的音樂(lè)才能。他們能繼續(xù)“聽(tīng)見(jiàn)”音樂(lè)，與他們能真正聽(tīng)見(jiàn)音樂(lè)相比，他們“聽(tīng)”得同樣準(zhǔn)確，甚至更準(zhǔn)確。

2003年去世的邁克爾·伊加，在他21歲時(shí)失聰。他曾經(jīng)描繪過(guò)一幅發(fā)生在三個(gè)月內(nèi)的迷人的事情：“我之前的音樂(lè)經(jīng)歷開(kāi)始在腦中回放，我無(wú)法區(qū)別真正聽(tīng)到的和曾經(jīng)聽(tīng)過(guò)的東西。許多年以后，聽(tīng)到這些回放，“聽(tīng)見(jiàn)”對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是新鮮的音樂(lè)，為我所有的情緒找到伴唱仍然是有所收益的。”

內(nèi)心的感受?把外在刺激和內(nèi)在感知相結(jié)合的最好的例子就是耳蝸植入。沒(méi)有任何人工的裝置能代替聽(tīng)覺(jué)能力，但是，利用大腦非凡的能力來(lái)理解植入物產(chǎn)生的電信號(hào)還是有可能的。

當(dāng)邁克爾·伊加最先“開(kāi)啟”題的人工耳蝸時(shí)，他聽(tīng)到的聲音一點(diǎn)都不清楚。經(jīng)過(guò)艱苦的努力，他漸漸地開(kāi)始辨認(rèn)出日常的聲音，比如他說(shuō)道“持續(xù)的電話響聲幾乎是立刻就變得清晰了。”

耳蝸植入最主要的目的就是能夠與人交流。當(dāng)人們與伊加交談時(shí)，他能聽(tīng)到他們的聲音“像是從接觸不良的長(zhǎng)途電話中傳來(lái)的”。但是當(dāng)聽(tīng)他鐘愛(ài)的音樂(lè)時(shí)，耳蝸植入就毫無(wú)用處。每當(dāng)伊加想要欣賞音樂(lè)時(shí)，他就開(kāi)始彈鋼琴。他說(shuō)“我像往常那樣彈奏鋼琴，同一時(shí)間在頭腦中就聽(tīng)見(jiàn)它。我手指的移動(dòng)以及對(duì)琴鍵的感覺(jué)使得頭腦中聽(tīng)到的聲音更加“清晰”。

耳蝸植入讓耳聰?shù)娜艘砸环N不完美的方式再次聽(tīng)見(jiàn)聲音，但是它改變了他們的生活。盡管如此，正如邁克爾·伊加發(fā)現(xiàn)的那樣，當(dāng)涉及到音樂(lè)和聲時(shí)，聽(tīng)力就無(wú)關(guān)緊要了。甚至最完美的耳蝸植入對(duì)貝多芬在他生命的最后階段創(chuàng)作第九交響曲也毫無(wú)用處。

第二篇：2015職稱英語(yǔ)理工A補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文

2015職稱英語(yǔ)補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文

補(bǔ)全短文：第十一篇Virtual Driver

Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzing with a brain，and coordination between hands, feet and brain.A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains.He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body.(1)D But how does an intelligent car control itself? Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver1.This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too.The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right.If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system： a built-in computer.(2)C This is the brain of the car.The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2，analyzing their position on the road，choosing the right path，and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly.(3)E It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds However, it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn't include the time he needs to take action.With its rapid reaction and accurate control，the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably.In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel3 at ahy time and in any place?(4)Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes.(5)However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.This being the case4, people still have high hopes about driverless cars，and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.譯文：虛擬駕駛員

駕駛需要敏銳的視覺(jué)與聽(tīng)覺(jué)，大腦分析，手、腳和大腦的協(xié)調(diào)配合。人具有敏銳的視覺(jué)與聽(tīng)覺(jué)能力，能用大腦進(jìn)行分析，保持手和大腦的配合。人能用身體不伺部位來(lái)操控一輛快速行駛的 汽車(chē)，但是智能化的汽車(chē)怎樣自動(dòng)駕駛呢?顯然駕駛室里無(wú)人駕駛，但事實(shí)上的確存在一個(gè)虛擬 駕駛員，它有眼睛、大腦和手、腳。汽車(chē)兩邊的小型照相機(jī)就是它的眼睛，負(fù)責(zé)觀察前方的路況信息和左右兩側(cè)的交通狀況。如果你打開(kāi)車(chē)身后部的行李箱，你就會(huì)看到自動(dòng)駕駛系統(tǒng)中最重要的部件：嵌入式計(jì)算機(jī)。它是汽車(chē)的大腦，這個(gè)大腦負(fù)責(zé)計(jì)算汽車(chē)周?chē)矬w移動(dòng)的速度，分析它 在路上的位置，選擇正確的道路，并對(duì)方向盤(pán)和操控系統(tǒng)下達(dá)指令。

與人腦相比，虛擬駕駛員最大的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是反應(yīng)快。對(duì)照相機(jī)發(fā)送的圖像，能在100毫秒內(nèi)完成 對(duì)其的分析處理。可是世界上最好的賽車(chē)手至少要1秒鐘內(nèi)才能做出反應(yīng)，并且這個(gè)時(shí)間還不包 括他采取應(yīng)對(duì)措施的時(shí)間。

由于虛擬駕駛員反應(yīng)迅速，操控準(zhǔn)確，它能大量減少高速公路的事故率。在這種情況下，是不是可以不分時(shí)間、不分地點(diǎn)都讓虛擬駕駛員駕駛汽車(chē)?專家們認(rèn)為目前尚不可以。由于虛擬 駕駛員識(shí)別物體的能力有限，目前這種智能化汽車(chē)只可以在高速公路上行駛。

智能汽車(chē)按清晰標(biāo)出的車(chē)道線決定自己的行車(chē)方向，靠車(chē)輛的常規(guī)形狀識(shí)別其他車(chē)輛。然而, 它卻不能識(shí)別在普通道路上行駛的沒(méi)有清晰標(biāo)記的自行車(chē)和行人。雖然情況是這樣，人們始終認(rèn)為未來(lái)的汽車(chē)就應(yīng)該是高度智能化的汽車(chē)。

第十二篇Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills

American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and language retardation.They found that developing musical skills involves the same process in the brain as learning how to speak.The scientists believe that1 could help children with learning disabilities.(1)Nina Kraus is a neurobiologist(神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家)at Northwestern University in Illinois.She says musical training involves putting together different kinds of information, such as hearing music, looking at musical notes, touching an instrument and watching other musicians.This process is not much different from learning how to speak.(2)A Both involve different senses.The further explains musical training and learning to speak each make us think about what we are doing2.She says speech and music pass through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem.(3)F The brain stem controls our ability to hear.Until recently, experts have thought the brain stem could not be developed or changed.But Professor Kranss and her team found that musical training can improve a person's brain stem activity.The study involved individuals with different levels of musical ability.They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures brain activity.The Individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument--the cello.(4)E Professor Krauss says cellos have sound qualities similar to some of the sounds that are important with speech.The study found that the more years of training people had, the more sensitive they were to the sound and rhythm of the music3.Those who were involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the improvement of sensory events was the strongest.(5)D It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning disabilities.She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they hear sentences and understand facial expressions better.譯文：音樂(lè)訓(xùn)練可以提高交流技能

美國(guó)科學(xué)家稱音樂(lè)訓(xùn)練可以提高交流技能并改善語(yǔ)言障礙。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)在大腦中，培養(yǎng)音樂(lè)技能和學(xué)習(xí)如何講話所經(jīng)歷的過(guò)程是相同的。科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)，音樂(lè)訓(xùn)練可以幫助那些在學(xué)習(xí)上有障礙的兒童。

妮娜·克勞斯是伊利諾伊州西北大學(xué)的神經(jīng)生物學(xué)家。她說(shuō)音樂(lè)訓(xùn)練包括整合不同類(lèi)型的信息，例如聽(tīng)音樂(lè)、看音符、觸摸樂(lè)器和觀察其他音樂(lè)家。這個(gè)過(guò)程和學(xué)習(xí)講話并沒(méi)有太大的不同，它們都需要不同的感官參與。

她又進(jìn)一步解釋了音樂(lè)訓(xùn)練和學(xué)習(xí)說(shuō)話兩者都使我們思考正在做的事。她說(shuō)，話語(yǔ)和音樂(lè)都會(huì)通過(guò)稱為腦干的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)組織，腦干控制我們的聽(tīng)力。直到近日，專家們還都認(rèn)為腦干是不能被改善或改變的。但是克勞斯教授和她的團(tuán)隊(duì)卻發(fā)現(xiàn)音樂(lè)訓(xùn)練可以改善一個(gè)人的腦干活動(dòng)。

這項(xiàng)研究包含音樂(lè)能力水平各不相同的人。這些人被要求帶上一種可以測(cè)量腦部活動(dòng)的電極裝置。在這些人帶著電極裝置的同時(shí)，他們會(huì)觀看某人講話和某人演奏樂(lè)器——大提琴——的視頻。克勞斯教授說(shuō)大提琴的音質(zhì)和一些對(duì)演講很重要的聲音的音質(zhì)非常相似。這項(xiàng)研究表明人們接收音樂(lè)訓(xùn)練的年份越長(zhǎng)，其對(duì)音樂(lè)聲音和節(jié)奏的敏感性也越高。那些接受過(guò)音樂(lè)訓(xùn)練的人在感官測(cè)試中取得的進(jìn)步也最大。這表明了音樂(lè)訓(xùn)練對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)上有障礙的兒童的重要性。克勞斯教授說(shuō)使用音樂(lè)來(lái)改善聽(tīng)力意味著兒童可以更好地聽(tīng)一些句子和更好地理解一些面部表情 +第十三篇（重點(diǎn)）Affectionate Androids

Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1.And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence.They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades.____1 C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.____ Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months.____2_ F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.___ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler.When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3 E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine.Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children.Few consider that unethical.____4__ B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.__ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr.or Ms.Right could be mighty tempting.As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”

A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired.And that’s the big disadvantage.Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships.People will always seem imperfect in comparison.When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you.____5 D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.____ People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences.It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser.A robot companion will be perfect at the start.However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.參考譯文：計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)已經(jīng)足夠成熟，能支持人形機(jī)器人的誕生和普及，進(jìn)人人形機(jī)器人的時(shí)代。那些有著人類(lèi)的皮膚、敏捷性、智力的機(jī)器人已經(jīng)離我們不遠(yuǎn)了。它們將被設(shè)計(jì)成能滿足我們所有的需求。

我們會(huì)不會(huì)想和機(jī)器人結(jié)婚呢？人工智能研究人員大衛(wèi)?萊維曾出版過(guò)一本書(shū)，在書(shū)中他認(rèn)為，人與機(jī)器人之間的交互在幾十年內(nèi)將會(huì)變得很常見(jiàn)。而如果你想和你的特別的電子朋友戀愛(ài)結(jié)婚，萊維認(rèn)為，這種婚姻關(guān)系將在2050年左右得到社會(huì)認(rèn)可。

人們真的能夠?qū)C(jī)器產(chǎn)生深厚的感情嗎？事實(shí)上，產(chǎn)生這種感情不難，因?yàn)槿四X喜歡將物體擬人化，也就是給其他生物甚至物體賦予人類(lèi)的特質(zhì)。

比如說(shuō)，圣地亞哥的研究人員曾將小型的人形機(jī)器人放置在一個(gè)兒童游樂(lè)場(chǎng)里幾個(gè)月時(shí)間。：這個(gè)機(jī)器人認(rèn)識(shí)每一個(gè)孩子，因?yàn)閮?nèi)在的程序系統(tǒng)賦予了他人臉識(shí)別和聲音識(shí)別能力，并且當(dāng)有人給它撓癢癢的時(shí)候它還會(huì)笑。最后,孩子們都把它當(dāng)作自己的同伴。當(dāng)它因?yàn)闆](méi)電而躺倒在地的時(shí)候，孩子們甚至給它蓋上毯子。

幾十年之后，當(dāng)人形機(jī)器人有著類(lèi)似人類(lèi)的皮膚，并且看上去和摸上去都非常像真人的時(shí)候，人們會(huì)不會(huì)想和它們發(fā)展深入的關(guān)系呢？要是機(jī)器人能進(jìn)行對(duì)話，情況會(huì)怎樣呢？要是編程能使它們變成完美的同伴，甚至心靈伴侶，結(jié)果會(huì)怎樣呢？可能我們這一代人會(huì)反對(duì)這種情況，但是最終會(huì)有一代人將同機(jī)器人一同長(zhǎng)大，將機(jī)器人視為正常生活的一部分。像實(shí)驗(yàn)中的這些機(jī)器人，他們很受歡迎。

下一個(gè)問(wèn)題是，與機(jī)器人發(fā)展感情關(guān)系有沒(méi)有什么問(wèn)題。即使是現(xiàn)在，也有許多人對(duì)他們的寵物產(chǎn)生深厚的依戀，并以此替代朋友甚至孩子。很少有人認(rèn)為這種行為有違道德。

但是，一個(gè)復(fù)雜的機(jī)器人將很可能變得更有吸引力。對(duì)于那些看上去老是和錯(cuò)誤的人結(jié)婚的人來(lái)說(shuō)，一個(gè)機(jī)器人伴侶可能非常有誘惑力的。人工智能之父馬文?明斯基談到孤獨(dú)的老人與機(jī)器人產(chǎn)生親密關(guān)系這一問(wèn)題時(shí)說(shuō)：“如果機(jī)器人有人類(lèi)所擁有的所有美德，并且更聰明更善解人意，那么老人干嗎還要費(fèi)勁同另一個(gè)脾氣暴躁的老人交談呢?” —臺(tái)機(jī)器人可以按照主人的要求被設(shè)定成蠢笨的，也可以設(shè)定成聰明的，或者性格獨(dú)立的。而這正是機(jī)器人的一大缺陷。擁有這樣一個(gè)完美的機(jī)器人伙伴會(huì)損害人們形成親密的人與人之間關(guān)系的能力。人們同機(jī)器人比起來(lái)，總是顯得不夠完美。當(dāng)你有做得不對(duì)的地方時(shí)，好朋友總是會(huì)告訴你.但是很少有人會(huì)將自己的機(jī)器人設(shè)定為會(huì)指出自己的不足。

處在人際關(guān)系中的人必須要學(xué)會(huì)互相適應(yīng)：享受共同的興趣，同時(shí)妥善處理分歧，這使得我們更充盈、更強(qiáng)大、更富有智慧。在一開(kāi)始的時(shí)候機(jī)器人會(huì)顯得很完美。但這對(duì) 于我們將關(guān)系深入發(fā)展沒(méi)有益處。

第十四篇Robotic Highway Cones

A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels.F These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made milesThey can even be programmed to move on their own1 at any particular part of the day, said Shane Fanitor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.For example, if workers arrived at 6 am, the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time.____2 And they can return to the original place at the end of the day____ “It just seems like a very good application for robots,” Farritor said.“The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place，” Fanitor said in a report oh his creation.____3_ Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant.__The fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students2 at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides.“It would look exactly the same,” Farritor said.“Normally there’s a kind of rubbery, black base to them.____4 We replace that with a robot.____”

Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they3 might need.The robots could come in handy4 following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds.“That way you don’t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation,5” Fanitor said.While6 prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere.Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next.____5_ He is thinking about starting a small business.__ He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who7 may benefit from them.譯文：機(jī)器人高速路錐形路標(biāo)

一名耐伯拉斯卡(Nebraska)大學(xué)的教授開(kāi)發(fā)出了機(jī)器人錐形路標(biāo)和路障。幾英里以外的電腦就可以發(fā)出指令將這些機(jī)器人錐形路標(biāo)和路障移開(kāi)或者移入某一地點(diǎn)。耐伯拉斯卡大學(xué)機(jī)械工程助教謝恩·福瑞特說(shuō)人們甚至可以編程讓這些機(jī)器人路標(biāo)和路障在一天的某個(gè)時(shí)段自行移動(dòng)。

例如，如果工人們上午6點(diǎn)要在高速公路上施工，錐形路障就可以在這個(gè)時(shí)候從高速公路邊上移動(dòng)到施工的行車(chē)道上設(shè)置障礙。并且它們還能再一天工作結(jié)束后回到原地。福瑞德說(shuō)：“這看起來(lái)是對(duì)機(jī)器人非常好的應(yīng)用。”福瑞德還在他的一篇發(fā)明報(bào)告中說(shuō)：“機(jī)器人還可以使人們從在高速公路上放置路標(biāo)和路障的危險(xiǎn)工作中解脫出來(lái)。”

這個(gè)想法起始于2002年國(guó)家科學(xué)研究院的一個(gè)授權(quán)項(xiàng)目。這項(xiàng)基金使得福瑞德可以和耐伯拉斯卡大學(xué)的研究生以及助理史蒂文·戈達(dá)德共同開(kāi)發(fā)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。

機(jī)器人被安裝在錐形路標(biāo)和路障的底部。它們非常 小，足以不改變這些路標(biāo)、路障的原貌。福瑞德說(shuō)：“它們看起來(lái)和普通的路標(biāo)、路障一模一樣。普通的路標(biāo)、路障帶有一個(gè)黑色的橡膠底座。現(xiàn)在的底座被換成了機(jī)器人。”

福瑞德和耐伯拉斯卡大學(xué)公路系的職員曾經(jīng)探討怎樣才能使機(jī)器人最有利于他們的需要。

機(jī)器人可以用于緩慢移動(dòng)的維護(hù)性的操作，例如在胃公路粉刷白色的標(biāo)線操作中需要隨時(shí)擺放和移動(dòng)路標(biāo)、路障的地方。福瑞德說(shuō)：“采用了這種方法，人們就不用在施工中一次封鎖10英里長(zhǎng)的地帶。”

雖然發(fā)明的樣機(jī)已經(jīng)做成了，但還沒(méi)有投入使用。福瑞德說(shuō)他已經(jīng)申請(qǐng)了專利并且正在考慮下一步的打算。他計(jì)劃開(kāi)一家小型公司，并打算向公路部門(mén)和其他國(guó)內(nèi)能受益于這項(xiàng)發(fā)明的地方推銷(xiāo)。第十五篇A Memory Drug?

IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug.____1_ B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.___ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work.As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.1

Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice.The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor，which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.___ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments.____3_ Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.___ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues.Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs.If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise.How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life?

____4__What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?__ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services.Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?

Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t.4 The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup.As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones.Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals.But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.譯文：記憶藥物?

很難想象還有比能增強(qiáng)記憶力的藥物更受人們歡迎的東西了。增強(qiáng)記憶的藥物能讓人消除因變老和疾病造成的遺忘。而且這種藥物能夠幫助人們更加清晰地記起過(guò)去的經(jīng)歷，更容易地在學(xué)習(xí)和工作中獲取新信息。隨著科學(xué)家對(duì)記憶了解增多，我們正在接近這一誘人的目標(biāo)。

一些最激動(dòng)人心的證據(jù)來(lái)自于一項(xiàng)研究，這項(xiàng)研究是基于早期通過(guò)將LTP 和記憶連接起來(lái)識(shí)別老鼠中能提升記憶力的基因所得到的發(fā)現(xiàn)。這種基因能夠制造一種輔助NMDA 受體的蛋白質(zhì)，這個(gè)受體通過(guò)幫助啟動(dòng)LTP而在長(zhǎng)期記憶中起到重要作用。被喂養(yǎng)這種基因復(fù)制品的老鼠的NMDA受體表現(xiàn)得更活躍，具有更多的LTP，在許多不同的記憶實(shí)踐中有更好的表現(xiàn)——學(xué)習(xí)空間布置，辨認(rèn)熟悉物品，回憶起引起驚嚇的沖擊。

如果這些有關(guān)記憶基因、LTP 的基本認(rèn)識(shí)和記憶的突觸原理能夠轉(zhuǎn)用到人身上去——那還有待觀察——那么它們就為增強(qiáng)記憶的治療鋪平道路。就像類(lèi)固醇可以強(qiáng)壯肌肉，這些藥物可以增強(qiáng)記憶。盡管聽(tīng)起來(lái)令人激動(dòng)，它們也會(huì)引起令人苦惱的問(wèn)題。考慮一下增強(qiáng)記憶的藥物潛在的教育影響，如果記憶增強(qiáng)劑能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，使用它們的孩子就有可能獲取并記住大量的信息，在學(xué)校里就比不用藥物要進(jìn)步更快。大腦對(duì)這些洶涌而來(lái)的信息能處理得多好?無(wú)法得到最新記憶增強(qiáng)劑的孩子該怎么辦?他們?cè)趯W(xué)校中就會(huì)落在后面，以后的人生就有殘缺嗎?

增強(qiáng)記憶的藥物在職場(chǎng)潛在的影響又是什么?想象一下你正申請(qǐng)一個(gè)需要記憶力好的工作，比如一家科技公司的經(jīng)理或需要記住顧客名字以及不同產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)特征的銷(xiāo)售崗位。你會(huì)服用增強(qiáng)記憶的藥物來(lái)增加你得到職位的概率嗎?服用這種藥物感到不舒服的人會(huì)失去獲利頗豐的工作機(jī)會(huì)嗎?

記憶藥物使我們想忘記卻又不能忘記的令人煩擾的記憶變得令人易于接受。2004年的賣(mài)座電影《美麗心靈的永恒陽(yáng)光》講述的是一個(gè)年輕人找尋能夠擺脫愛(ài)情破裂的痛苦記憶方法的故事。正如你會(huì)在后面的情節(jié)中看到有關(guān)堅(jiān)持不懈的那部分，從情感上喚起的事件經(jīng)常能夠形成令人煩惱的記憶，并且研究者已經(jīng)用阻擋主要荷爾蒙活動(dòng)的藥物消除了情感的記憶。應(yīng)該給那些必須直面恐怖的事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)并且被相關(guān)記憶煩擾的急救人員提供這類(lèi)藥物嗎?應(yīng)該給那些不能忘記創(chuàng)傷的被強(qiáng)奸的受害者服用這些藥物嗎?記憶藥物可能會(huì)給這些人帶來(lái)一絲慰藉，但它們也會(huì)干擾一個(gè)人吸收消化的能力，以及對(duì)困境妥協(xié)讓步的能力嗎?在不久的將來(lái)，我們可能會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在與這類(lèi)問(wèn)題做斗爭(zhēng)。

第三篇：2014年職稱英語(yǔ)綜合類(lèi)考試教材補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文

中華會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校&職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng)聯(lián)合推出

2014年職稱英語(yǔ)綜合類(lèi)考試教材補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文（3）

2014年職稱英語(yǔ)考試時(shí)間為3月29日。小編為您整理職稱英語(yǔ)教材中，補(bǔ)全短文部分的文章及譯文，希望對(duì)您有所助益。

Are Online Friends Real Friends?

Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship.____(1)____.Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate1.Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends.It’s convenient, it’s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world.When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours2.Information updates and photos add to the experience.Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations.It’s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online.____(2)____.They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage.____(3)____.Online friends only tell you what they want you to know.They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can’t be sure of what they really like3.That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you’re totally sure of who that person is.Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view.Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States.The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends.____(4)____.In contrast, there are many people who believe that it’s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends.A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy，says，“it’s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends.”____(5)____.They say that it’s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection _____________________________________________________________________

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中華會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校&職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng)聯(lián)合推出

when you don’t share experiences in person4.People continue to express different opinions about online friendship.However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships.As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the ‘a(chǎn)dd on’ in any relationship.”

注釋：

1.Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.：現(xiàn)今這些問(wèn)題成了人們熱議的話題。

2.When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours.：當(dāng)你瀏覽社交網(wǎng)站和進(jìn)人聊天室聊天時(shí)，你會(huì)很容易找到志趣相投的人。

3.They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can’t be sure of what they really like.：他們有時(shí)會(huì)夸大自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)而掩蓋缺點(diǎn)，讓你看不清他們的廬山真面目。

4.They say that it’s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don’t share experiences in person.：他們認(rèn)為，由于缺乏共同的經(jīng)歷，與網(wǎng)友發(fā)展信任和聯(lián)系很困難。

練習(xí)：

A.In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support.B.When you’re not face to face, it’s much easier to deceive people.C.Many people would agree.D.Researchers also found that it’s not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends.E.Online friends may be of help in many ways.F.Online friends，or virtual friends，are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet.答案與題解：

1.F開(kāi)頭第一句講了現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)給人類(lèi)帶來(lái)了一種新型的人際關(guān)系，即網(wǎng)友。而這一句是對(duì)網(wǎng)友的定義，即人們通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)認(rèn)識(shí)的朋友。第二句的開(kāi)頭online friends與第一句的結(jié)尾online friendship承上啟下，是文章寫(xiě)作的要素。

2.A本段講的是網(wǎng)上交友的有利因素：方便快捷;分享真情實(shí)感比社交場(chǎng)合容易得多。本句的開(kāi)頭_____________________________________________________________________

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中華會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校&職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng)聯(lián)合推出

in addition(另外)引出對(duì)以上有利因素的補(bǔ)充。

3.B本段講的是網(wǎng)上交友的不利因素。本段第一句是一個(gè)總括句：網(wǎng)上交友有一大不利。本句說(shuō)明這一不利是什么，即沒(méi)有而對(duì)而的接觸，人們很容易受騙，緊接著下一句講怎樣被騙：網(wǎng)友只會(huì)告訴你他們想讓你知道的信息。

4.D該句的前一句講的是：調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，超過(guò)40%的受訪者認(rèn)為“網(wǎng)上的友誼”同“線下的友誼”一樣牢固。而這一句是對(duì)上一句的進(jìn)一步解釋：調(diào)查還顯示，網(wǎng)友轉(zhuǎn)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)中的朋友也不是不尋常的。also —詞也表明了該句和前一句的關(guān)系。

5.C該句的前一句和后一句都講的是網(wǎng)絡(luò)可以使人們多聯(lián)系，但耍使人們成為親密的朋友比較難。所以，該句(很多人也認(rèn)同這一點(diǎn))恰當(dāng)?shù)匕阉鼈冞B接起來(lái)。

譯文：網(wǎng)友算真正的朋友嗎?

現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)使得一種新的人際關(guān)系成為可能，即網(wǎng)友。網(wǎng)友，或稱虛擬朋友，是指在網(wǎng)上認(rèn)識(shí)的人。網(wǎng)友是否能像現(xiàn)實(shí)中的朋友一樣互相幫助?交網(wǎng)友的利弊分別有哪些?網(wǎng)絡(luò)上能建立起牢固的聯(lián)系嗎?現(xiàn)金，這些問(wèn)題引起了激烈的爭(zhēng)論。

有的人認(rèn)為，網(wǎng)絡(luò)是結(jié)交朋友最好的方式。網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅方便快捷，還能讓你聯(lián)系到全世界各種類(lèi)型的人。當(dāng)你瀏覽社交網(wǎng)站或進(jìn)入聊天室聊天時(shí)，你會(huì)很容易找到志趣相投的人，信息更新和照片也能增進(jìn)這種體驗(yàn)。在網(wǎng)上交友對(duì)于內(nèi)向的人來(lái)說(shuō)尤其有利，因?yàn)樗麄冊(cè)谏缃粓?chǎng)合可能會(huì)感到不自在。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上，分享思想和情感也變得更為容易。另外，虛擬的朋友能夠給人們以情感支持，減少人們的孤獨(dú)感，幫助他們解決問(wèn)題。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)雖然可以增進(jìn)友誼，但也存在不少缺陷。由于沒(méi)有面對(duì)面的接觸，人們很容易受騙。網(wǎng)友只會(huì)告訴你他們想讓你知道的信息。他們有時(shí)會(huì)夸大自己的優(yōu)點(diǎn)而掩蓋缺點(diǎn)，讓你看不清他們的廬山真面目。正因如此，在不完全確定對(duì)方是誰(shuí)之前，不要隨便將個(gè)人信息提供給網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的任何人。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的朋友能和現(xiàn)實(shí)中的朋友一樣有意義嗎?對(duì)此有許多不同的觀點(diǎn)。南加州大學(xué)的研究人員對(duì)美國(guó)2000戶家庭進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示，超過(guò)40%的受訪者認(rèn)為“網(wǎng)上的友誼”同“線下的友誼”一樣牢固。調(diào)查還顯示，網(wǎng)友不能轉(zhuǎn)變成現(xiàn)實(shí)中的朋友也不是尋常的。與此相對(duì)的是，許多人認(rèn)為與網(wǎng)友發(fā)展深厚友誼不太可能。拉麗莎·拉什米帕西是一名年輕的軟件工程師，她說(shuō)：“同許多人保持聯(lián)系給人感覺(jué)很好，但是我網(wǎng)上的朋友不都是我親密的朋友。”很多人也認(rèn)同這一點(diǎn)，他們認(rèn)為，由于缺乏共同的經(jīng)歷，與網(wǎng)友發(fā)展信任和聯(lián)系很困難。

人們還在為網(wǎng)友的問(wèn)題爭(zhēng)論不休。不過(guò)，大部分人仍認(rèn)為，虛擬的朋友不能代替現(xiàn)實(shí)中的朋友。正如一位人生導(dǎo)師說(shuō)：“社交網(wǎng)站只能成為人際關(guān)系的助益，而不能取而代之。”

_____________________________________________________________________

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第四篇：2014年職稱英語(yǔ)綜合類(lèi)考試教材補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文

中華會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校&職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng)聯(lián)合推出

2014年職稱英語(yǔ)綜合類(lèi)考試教材補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文（2）

2014年職稱英語(yǔ)考試時(shí)間為3月29日。小編為您整理職稱英語(yǔ)教材中，補(bǔ)全短文部分的文章及譯文，希望對(duì)您有所助益。

Teamwork in Tourism

Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned.Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.(1)They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns.They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects.⑵

Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling.(3)Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement.(4)(5)Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours.All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.注釋：

concerned:作定語(yǔ)時(shí)常常放在所修飾的詞或短語(yǔ)的后面，表示“有關(guān)的”。例如:Everyone concerned must sign their names here.carriers and properties:指運(yùn)輸公司和房地產(chǎn)公司。

optimum:形容詞，意為“最佳的”。又如:an optimum temperature for this kind of flower：適合 這種花生長(zhǎng)的最佳溫度。

brochure:指具有宣傳性質(zhì)的小冊(cè)子。seminar：研討會(huì)

conversely:相反地，反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō)0 又如：The teacher gave the students knowledge, and conversely，the students offered the teacher their warmest gratitude._____________________________________________________________________

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中華會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校&職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng)聯(lián)合推出

練習(xí)：

A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services.B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs.D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.答案與題解：

1.C本段第二句和第三句話都以人稱代詞they作主語(yǔ)，但所指不明。在大多數(shù)情況下，其指 代對(duì)象應(yīng)在同一段落的前文中找。C與這兩個(gè)句子在結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上都是平行的，時(shí)態(tài)也一 致，而且用travel operators這個(gè)名詞去替代這兩個(gè)句子中的they都講得通。

2.B這一句繼續(xù)講旅游經(jīng)紀(jì)人的工作,它同本段前三句話在時(shí)態(tài)、結(jié)構(gòu)和意思上一致或平行。3.F指示詞this/that及其復(fù)數(shù)形式在英語(yǔ)中是重要的銜接手段，多數(shù)情況下this指上文剛剛 提到的事情或說(shuō)過(guò)的話。本段第一句話說(shuō)旅游顧問(wèn)召開(kāi)研討會(huì)使代理人熟悉新業(yè)務(wù)和銷(xiāo)售 技巧。承接這句話，F(xiàn)說(shuō)“通過(guò)這種方式，代理人學(xué)會(huì)了怎樣對(duì)旅行自的地加以解釋以及向 游客建議各種不同的旅行方式及組合方式，如飛機(jī)、船、火車(chē)、公共汽車(chē)、汽車(chē)出租，甚至汽車(chē) 的購(gòu)買(mǎi)”。“這種方式”就是指上一句話中的召開(kāi)研討會(huì)，因而F是最合適的選項(xiàng)。

4.E本段第一句話說(shuō)房地產(chǎn)公司和旅行社密切合作，達(dá)成了最為適當(dāng)?shù)膮f(xié)議。這種協(xié)議兼顧 了顧客的方便和他們自己的財(cái)政方面的安排。E實(shí)際上進(jìn)一步闡述了二者之間相互依賴的 緊密關(guān)系。

5.A寫(xiě)文章講究句子和段落之間的銜接。第四段講到了房地產(chǎn)公司和旅行社之間相互依賴 的合作關(guān)系,A說(shuō)“旅行社和運(yùn)輸公司之間也存在著同等程度的信任”，像same, different(ly), similar(ly), otherwise這樣的詞語(yǔ)有很強(qiáng)的銜接力，屬于指稱銜接(reference)中的比 較銜接。下一句話詳細(xì)解釋旅行社和運(yùn)輸公司之間的關(guān)系，進(jìn)一步印證了應(yīng)該選A。

譯文：旅游業(yè)中的團(tuán)隊(duì)合作

不同旅游部門(mén)之間越來(lái)越多的合作證明對(duì)有關(guān)各方都有益。政府機(jī)構(gòu)、貿(mào)易與旅游協(xié)會(huì)、運(yùn) 輸公_____________________________________________________________________

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中華會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校&職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng)聯(lián)合推出

司和房地產(chǎn)公司都一齊致力于為旅行者創(chuàng)造良好的條件。

旅游經(jīng)紀(jì)人作為旅游計(jì)劃的專家提出廣泛的研究方案。他們了解所有的旅游區(qū)和所有運(yùn)輸公 司的服務(wù)。他們的專長(zhǎng)是組織不同類(lèi)型的旅游活動(dòng)以及準(zhǔn)備有效的廣告宣傳。他們把材料分發(fā)給 旅行社。這些材料包括雜志、小冊(cè)子和廣告項(xiàng)目。他們提供熟悉情況和組織研討問(wèn)題的旅游，從 而使旅行社在短時(shí)間內(nèi)就能獲得有關(guān)他們正在推出的旅行活動(dòng)的第一手資料。

旅游顧問(wèn)舉辦各種重要的研討會(huì)以便使旅行社代理人熟悉新的方案和技巧。通過(guò)這種方式, 代理人學(xué)會(huì)了怎樣對(duì)旅行目的地加以解釋以及向游客建議各種不同的旅行方式及組合方式，如飛 機(jī)、船、火車(chē)、公共汽車(chē)、汽車(chē)出租，甚至汽車(chē)的購(gòu)買(mǎi)。

房地產(chǎn)公司與旅行社之間密切合作，達(dá)成了最為適當(dāng)?shù)膮f(xié)議。這種協(xié)議兼顧了顧客的方便和 他們自己的財(cái)政方面的安排。旅行社依靠旅館提供良好的服務(wù)，反過(guò)來(lái)，旅館依靠旅行社來(lái)完成 合同，招攬顧客。

在旅行社與運(yùn)輸公司(包括汽車(chē)出租和觀光服務(wù))之間也存在著同種程度的信任。運(yùn)輸公司 依靠旅行社來(lái)提供乘客，而旅行社依靠運(yùn)輸公司提供受游客歡迎的旅行活動(dòng)。所有服務(wù)機(jī)構(gòu)都以 提高效率、價(jià)格公平及使顧客滿意為宗旨。

_____________________________________________________________________

[3]

第五篇：2014年職稱英語(yǔ)綜合類(lèi)考試教材補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文

中華會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校&職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng)聯(lián)合推出

2014年職稱英語(yǔ)綜合類(lèi)考試教材補(bǔ)全短文文章及譯文（5）

2014年職稱英語(yǔ)考試時(shí)間為3月29日。小編為您整理職稱英語(yǔ)教材中，補(bǔ)全短文部分的文章及譯文，希望對(duì)您有所助益。

Financial Risks

Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing;the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.(1)They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills.The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.(2)Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld.One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany.(3)The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.Political risk relates to2 the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility3,expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses.(4)Management information systems and— effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk.As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk4，so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years，most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects5.(5)International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981.Before rates were permitted to float,devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.詞匯：

solvency 償付能力 contract terms 合同條款 d _____________________________________________________________________

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中華會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校&職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng)聯(lián)合推出

ehydrated potato 脫水土豆

expropriation 剝奪??所有權(quán);沒(méi)收、征用 expulsion.逐出，開(kāi)除;呼出, 排出 cancellation 取消，注銷(xiāo);作廢，廢除 import license 進(jìn)口許可證

exchange-rate fluctuation 匯率率波動(dòng) floating exchange rate 浮動(dòng)匯率

International Business Machine Corporation(美國(guó))國(guó)際商用機(jī)器公司 注釋：

1....encountered in day-to-day business.????在日常的商務(wù)活動(dòng)中遇到的。2.relate to?：與??有關(guān)。例如：

We are interested in what relates to ourselves.我f門(mén)關(guān)、注與我f門(mén)自己有關(guān)的事。3.currency inconvertibility:貨幣的不可兌換性

4....sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk： ????有時(shí)政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是不可避免的

5....to minimize their unfavorable effects.把它們的不利影響—到最低程度。練習(xí)：

A Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.B One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.C Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.1 D The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.E Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especiallyaware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.F Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.答案與題解：

1.C從文章結(jié)構(gòu)上看，第一段提出要討論三種主要的金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)：商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和外匯 險(xiǎn)。第_____________________________________________________________________

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中華會(huì)計(jì)網(wǎng)校&職業(yè)培訓(xùn)教育網(wǎng)聯(lián)合推出

三、第四段的主題句告訴我們這兩段分別討論了政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，第二段自然是 談商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),用C作該段主題句是最合適的。

2.B本段第二、第三句話列舉了商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的種種表現(xiàn)形式，B說(shuō):“國(guó)際市場(chǎng)獨(dú)有的一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 與金融調(diào)節(jié)有關(guān)。”后一句話的主語(yǔ)Such risk指的就是這一獨(dú)特的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，such在句子之間起 到了銜接作用。

3.D本句和前一句舉例說(shuō)明因產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量爭(zhēng)議而引起的所謂國(guó)際市場(chǎng)獨(dú)有的商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。本句 主語(yǔ)the distributor指的就是上句中出現(xiàn)的a distributor in Germany，這里distributor通過(guò)重復(fù) 在句子之間起到了銜接作用。

4.A本段主要談?wù)物L(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因而選項(xiàng)A最合適。、5.E本段主要談外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，E說(shuō)：“世界主要貨幣的浮動(dòng)匯率制迫使所有商家特別關(guān)注匯率的 波動(dòng)，并意識(shí)到需要調(diào)整金融計(jì)劃來(lái)作補(bǔ)償。”后一句以國(guó)際商用機(jī)器公司為例說(shuō)明這一情況。

譯文：金融風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

國(guó)際金融市場(chǎng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在幾種類(lèi)型，主要是商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和外匯風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。

商業(yè)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)事實(shí)上是日常商務(wù)活動(dòng)中一般的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。包括償債能力、違約和拒絕付款。然而 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)才是最主要的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，需要持續(xù)有效的管理和營(yíng)銷(xiāo)才能在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中立足。國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的二個(gè)獨(dú)特的 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是金融調(diào)節(jié)方面的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)產(chǎn)生于有關(guān)貨物質(zhì)量、合同條款及貨款不兌現(xiàn)方面引起的 爭(zhēng)執(zhí)。例如，有一家公司將幾百噸脫水土豆運(yùn)給德國(guó)一家批發(fā)商，這^^批發(fā)商經(jīng)過(guò)檢驗(yàn)認(rèn)為這些 土豆的味道和質(zhì)地不合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。對(duì)于出口商這方來(lái)說(shuō),可以降低價(jià)格、另尋買(mǎi)主或?qū)⑼炼惯\(yùn)回國(guó)內(nèi)，兩者均需要付出相當(dāng)大的代價(jià)。

政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)與戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)、變革、貨幣的不可兌換性、土地征用、驅(qū)逐出境、進(jìn)口許可的限制或取消 有關(guān)。政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是所有商務(wù)活動(dòng)都需要考慮的環(huán)境因素。是通過(guò)信息管理系統(tǒng)和有效的決策程序 防范政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的最好辦法。許多公司都發(fā)現(xiàn)，有時(shí)政治風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是不可避免的，所以商家必須心中有 數(shù)或是放棄某些市場(chǎng)的交易o(hù) 匯率不穩(wěn)定也必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生不利影響。但多年來(lái)，大多數(shù)公司都能采取預(yù)防性措施將這種不利 影響降到最低限度。世界主要貨幣的浮動(dòng)匯率制迫使所有商家尤為關(guān)注匯率的波動(dòng)，并意識(shí)到需 要調(diào)整金融計(jì)劃來(lái)作補(bǔ)償。例如，國(guó)際商用機(jī)器公司曾報(bào)道1981年第三季度的收益額因?yàn)閰R率變 動(dòng)而急劇下降了 21.6%。實(shí)行浮動(dòng)匯率制以前，主要貨幣的貶值并不常見(jiàn)，而且通常可以預(yù)測(cè)得 到。但是在浮動(dòng)匯率制度下，匯率的波動(dòng)是很常見(jiàn)的。

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